Prairie dog - Knowledge

1400:); yet it seems to possess scarce any other quality in common with this animal except that of burrowing. ...I have the concurrent testimony of several persons, who have been upon the Prairies in winter, that, like rabbits and squirrels, they issue from their holes every soft day; and therefore lay up no doubt a hoard of 'hay' (as there is rarely anything else to be found in the vicinity of their towns) for winter's use. A collection of their burrows has been termed by travelers a 'dog town,' which comprises from a dozen or so, to some thousands in the same vicinity; often covering an area of several square miles. They generally locate upon firm dry plains, coated with fine short grass, upon which they feed; for they are no doubt exclusively herbivorous. But even when tall coarse grass surrounds, they seem commonly to destroy this within their 'streets,' which are nearly always found 'paved' with a fine species suited to their palates. They must need but little water, if any at all, as their 'towns' are often, indeed generally, found in the midst of the most arid plains—unless we suppose they dig down to subterranean fountains. At least they evidently burrow remarkably deep. Attempts either to dig or drown them out of their holes have generally proved unsuccessful. Approaching a 'village,' the little dogs may be observed frisking about the 'streets'—passing from dwelling to dwelling apparently on visits—sometimes a few clustered together as though in council—here feeding upon the tender herbage—there cleansing their 'houses,' or brushing the little hillock about the door—yet all quiet. Upon seeing a stranger, however, each streaks it to its home, but is apt to stop at the entrance, and spread the general alarm by a succession of shrill yelps, usually sitting erect. Yet at the report of a gun or the too near approach of the visitor, they dart down and are seen no more till the cause of alarm seems to have disappeared. 1364:"In their habits, they are clannish, social, and extremely convivial, never living alone like other animals, but on the contrary, always found in villages or large settlements. They are a wild, frolicsome, madcap set of fellows when undisturbed, uneasy and ever on the move, and appear to take especial delight in chattering away the time, and visiting from hole to hole to gossip and talk over each other's affairs—at least so their actions would indicate. On several occasions I crept close to their villages, without being observed, to watch their movements. Directly in the centre of one of them I particularly noticed a very large dog, sitting in front of the door or entrance to his burrow, and by his own actions and those of his neighbors it really seemed as though he was the president, mayor, or chief—at all events, he was the 'big dog' of the place. For at least an hour I secretly watched the operations in this community. During that time the large dog I have mentioned received at least a dozen visits from his fellow-dogs, which would stop and chat with him a few moments, and then run off to their domiciles. All this while he never left his post for a moment, and I thought I could discover a gravity in his deportment not discernible in those by which he was surrounded. Far is it from me to say that the visits he received were upon business, or had anything to do with the local government of the village; but it certainly appeared so. If any animal has a system of laws regulating the body politic, it is certainly the prairie dog." 904:

while at other times, they are surrounded by mounds of soil either left as piles or hard-packed. Some mounds, known as dome craters, can be as high as 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in). Other mounds, known as rim craters, can be as high as 1 m (3 ft 3 in). Dome craters and rim craters serve as observation posts used by the animals to watch for predators. They also protect the burrows from flooding. The holes also possibly provide ventilation as the air enters through the dome crater and leaves through the rim crater, causing a breeze though the burrow. Prairie dog burrows contain chambers to provide certain functions. They have nursery chambers for their young, chambers for night, and chambers for the winter. They also contain air chambers that may function to protect the burrow from flooding and a listening post for predators. When hiding from predators, prairie dogs use less-deep chambers that are usually 1 m (3 ft 3 in) below the surface. Nursery chambers tend to be deeper, being 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) below the surface.

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offspring and one or two female offspring. Females remain in their natal groups for life, thus are the source of stability in the groups. Males leave their natal groups when they mature to find another family group to defend and breed in. Some family groups contain more breeding females than one male can control, so have more than one breeding adult male in them. Among these multiple-male groups, some may contain males that have friendly relationships, but the majority contain males that have largely antagonistic relationships. In the former, the males tend to be related, while in the latter, they tend not to be related. Two or three groups of females may be controlled by one male. However, among these female groups, no friendly relationships exist.

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the nursery chamber and collects grass for the nest. Males play their part by defending the territories and maintaining the burrows. The young spend their first six weeks below the ground being nursed. They are then weaned and begin to surface from the burrow. By five months, they are fully grown. The subject of cooperative breeding in prairie dogs has been debated among biologists. Some argue prairie dogs will defend and feed young that are not theirs, and young seemingly sleep in a nursery chamber with other mothers; since most nursing occurs at night, this may be a case of communal nursing. In the case of the latter, others suggest communal nursing occurs only when mothers mistake another female's young for their own.

692: 785: 1392:. ...The flesh, though often eaten by travelers, is not esteemed savory. It was denominated the 'barking squirrel', the 'prairie ground-squirrel', etc., by early explorers, with much more apparent propriety than the present established name. Its yelp, which resembles that of the little toy-dog, seems its only canine attribute. It rather appears to occupy a middle ground betwixt the rabbit and squirrel—like the former in feeding and burrowing—like the latter in frisking, flirting, sitting erect, and somewhat so in its barking. The prairie dog has been reckoned by some naturalists a species of the 758: 979: 945:

families to defend their territories. These interactions may happen 20 times per day and last five minutes. When two prairie dogs encounter each other at the edges of their territories, they stare, make bluff charges, flare their tails, chatter their teeth, and sniff each other's perianal scent glands. When fighting, prairie dogs bite, kick, and ram each other. If their competitor is around their size or smaller, the females participate in fighting. Otherwise, if a competitor is sighted, the females signal for the resident male.

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predator than the caller. Studies of black-tailed prairie dogs suggest that alarm-calling is a form of kin selection, as a prairie dog's call alerts both offspring and indirectly related kin, such as cousins, nephews, and nieces. Prairie dogs with kin close by called more often than those that did not have kin nearby. In addition, the caller may be trying to make itself more noticeable to the predator. Predators, though, seem to have difficulty determining which prairie dog is making the call due to its "

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black-tailed and Mexican prairie dogs are called "coteries", while "clans" describes family groups of white-tailed, Gunnison's, and Utah prairie dogs. Although these two family groups are similar, coteries tend to be more closely knit than clans. Members of a family group interact through oral contact or "kissing" and grooming one another. They do not perform these behaviors with prairie dogs from other family groups.

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colony immediately rush inside the burrows. For coyotes, the prairie dogs move to the entrance of a burrow and stand outside the entrance, observing the coyote, while those prairie dogs that were inside the burrows come out to stand and watch, as well. For domestic dogs, the response is to observe, standing in place where they were when the alarm was sounded, again with the underground prairie dogs emerging to watch.

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competition for the female's offspring and for increased foraging area due to a decrease in territorial defense by the victimized mother. Supporters of the theory that prairie dogs are communal breeders state that another reason for this type of infanticide is so that the female can get a possible helper. With their own offspring gone, the victimized mother may help raise the young of other females.

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grammar. According to Slobodchikoff, these calls, with their individuality in response to a specific predator, imply that prairie dogs have highly developed cognitive abilities. He also writes that prairie dogs have calls for things that are not predators to them. This is cited as evidence that the animals have a very descriptive language and have calls for any potential threat.

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Debate exists over whether the alarm calling of prairie dogs is selfish or altruistic. Prairie dogs may alert others to the presence of a predator so they can protect themselves, but the calls could be meant to cause confusion and panic in the groups and cause the others to be more conspicuous to the

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in a common space, employees sometimes use the term "prairie dogging" to refer to the action of several people simultaneously looking over the walls of their cubicles in response to a noise or other distraction. This action is thought to resemble the startled response of a group of prairie dogs. The

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which consists of up to 25 barks with a 3- to 15-second pause between each one. Females may try to increase their reproduction success by mating with males outside their family groups. When copulation is over, the male is no longer interested in the female sexually, but will prevent other males from

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For black-tailed prairie dogs, the resident male of the family group fathers all the offspring. Multiple paternity in litters seems to be more common in Utah and Gunnison's prairie dogs. Mother prairie dogs do most of the care for the young. In addition to nursing the young, the mother also defends

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A prairie dog town may contain 15–26 family groups, with subgroups within a town, called "wards", which are separated by a physical barrier. Family groups exist within these wards. Most prairie dog family groups are made up of one adult breeding male, two or three adult females, and one or two male

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in body mass in the prairie dog varies 105 to 136% between the sexes. Among the species, black-tailed prairie dogs tend to be the least sexually dimorphic, and white-tailed prairie dogs tend to be the most sexually dimorphic. Sexual dimorphism peaks during weaning, when the females lose weight and

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Until 2003, primarily black-tailed prairie dogs were collected from the wild for the exotic pet trade in Canada, the United States, Japan, and Europe. They were removed from their burrows each spring, as young pups, with a large vacuum device. They can be difficult to breed in captivity, but breed

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has been affected by direct removal by farmers, as well as the more obvious encroachment of urban development, which has greatly reduced their populations. The removal of prairie dogs "causes undesirable spread of brush", the costs of which to livestock range may outweigh the benefits of removal.

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is known to occur in prairie dogs. Males that take over a family group will kill the offspring of the previous male. This causes the mother to go into estrus sooner. However, most infanticide is done by close relatives. Lactating females will kill the offspring of a related female both to decrease

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include underground consorting, self-licking of genitals, dust-bathing, and late entrances into the burrow at night. The licking of genitals may protect against sexually transmitted diseases and genital infections, while dust-bathing may protect against fleas and other parasites. Prairie dogs also

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Prairie dog burrows are 5–10 m (16–33 ft) long and 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) below the ground. The entrance holes are generally 10–30 cm (3.9–11.8 in) in diameter. Prairie dog burrows can have up to six entrances. Sometimes, the entrances are simply flat holes in the ground,

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and others assert that prairie dogs use a sophisticated system of vocal communication to describe specific predators. According to them, prairie dog calls contain specific information as to what the predator is, how big it is and how fast it is approaching. These have been described as a form of

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Perhaps the most striking of prairie dog communications is the territorial call or "jump-yip" display of the black-tailed prairie dog. A black-tailed prairie dog stretches the length of its body vertically and throws its forefeet into the air while making a call. A jump-yip from one prairie dog

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Alarm response behavior varies according to the type of predator announced. If the alarm indicates a hawk diving toward the colony, all the prairie dogs in its flight path dive into their holes, while those outside the flight path stand and watch. If the alarm is for a human, all members of the

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The typical prairie dog territory takes up 0.05–1.01 hectares (0.12–2.50 acres). Territories have well-established borders that coincide with physical barriers such as rocks and trees. The resident male of a territory defends it, and antagonistic behavior occurs between two males of different

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Prairie dogs live mainly at altitudes ranging from 2,000 to 10,000 ft (600 to 3,000 m) above sea level. The areas where they live can get as warm as 38 °C (100 °F) in the summer and as cold as −37 °C (−35 °F) in the winter. As prairie dogs live in areas prone to

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Prairie dogs are highly social animals. They live in large colonies or "towns", and collections of prairie dog families can span hundreds of acres. The prairie dog family groups are the most basic units of its society. Members of a family group inhabit the same territory. Family groups of

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that can last for several months, in which their personalities can drastically change, often becoming defensive or even aggressive. Despite their needs, prairie dogs are very social animals and come to seem as though they treat humans as members of their colony.

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has been affected by direct removal by farmers, and the more obvious encroachment of urban development, which has greatly reduced their populations. The removal of prairie dogs "causes undesirable spread of brush", the costs of which to livestock range and

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On 8 September 2008, the FDA and CDC rescinded the ban, making it once again legal to capture, sell, and transport prairie dogs. Although the federal ban has been lifted, several states still have in place their own ban on prairie dogs.

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One common concern, which led to the widespread extermination of prairie dog colonies, was that their digging activities could injure horses by fracturing their limbs. According to writer Fred Durso, Jr., of

827:. In the winter, lactating and pregnant females supplement their diets with snow for extra water. They also will eat roots, seeds, fruit, buds, and grasses of various species. Black-tailed prairie dogs in 884:

environmental threats, including hailstorms, blizzards, and floods, as well as drought and prairie fires, burrows provide important protection. Burrows help prairie dogs control their body temperature (

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Prairie dog copulation occurs in the burrows, which reduces the risk of interruption by a competing male. They are also at less risk of predation. Behaviors that signal that a female is in

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Prairie dogs are stout-bodied rodents that, on average, are 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in) long, including the short tail, and weigh between 0.5 and 1.5 kilograms (1 and 3 lb).

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Despite their name, a prairie dog skull has a condylobasal length of between 5.2-6.4 cm shorter than the skull of a canine or actual dog which is between 11.39–17.96 cm in length.

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Black-tailed prairie dogs comprise the largest remaining community. In spite of human encroachment, prairie dogs have adapted, continuing to dig burrows in open areas of

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Prairie dogs are named for their habitat and warning call, which sounds similar to a dog's bark. The name was in use at least as early as 1774. The 1804 journals of the

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and exterminated from agricultural properties because they are capable of damaging crops, as they clear the immediate area around their burrows of most vegetation.

888:) as they are 5–10 °C (41–50 °F) during the winter and 15–25 °C (59–77 °F) in the summer. Prairie dog tunnel systems channel rainwater into the 2520:. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. pp. 19–29. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-298 4775: 4755: 1246:

They can be difficult pets to care for, requiring regular attention and a very specific diet of grasses and hay. Each year, they go into a period called

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color vision, it can detect predators from a great distance; it then alerts other prairie dogs of the danger with a special, high-pitched call.

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has not lifted its ban on imports from the U.S. of animals captured in the wild. Major European Prairie Dog Associations, such as the Italian

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Vanderlip, S. L. (2002). Prairie Dogs: Everything about Purchase, Care, Nutrition, Handling, and Behavior. Barron's Educational Series. p. 19

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in addition to buffalo grass and blue grama. White-tailed prairie dogs have been observed to kill ground squirrels, a competing herbivore.

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the males start eating more, and is at its lowest when the females are pregnant, which is also when the males are depleted from breeding.

4765: 1899:"Breed-Specific Skull Morphology Reveals Insights into Canine Optic Chiasm Positioning and Orbital Structure through 3D CT Scan Analysis" 1274: 1167:, though, "after years of asking ranchers this question, we have found not one example." Another concern is their susceptibility to 4598: 2565: 417:, have shown a proclivity for grazing on the same land used by prairie dogs. Prairie dogs have some of the most complex systems of 4637: 3312: 2982: 2958: 729:

Saskatchewan, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico

900:, and can also change the composition of the soil in a region by reversing soil compaction that can result from cattle grazing. 532:) was first described by Lewis and Clark in 1804. Lewis described it in more detail in 1806, calling it the "barking squirrel". 3480: 3277: 2771: 4760: 4745: 4655: 2911: 2367: 2133: 1549: 4642: 2539: 1684: 3410: 353:, with their mounds often being used by other species. Their mound-building encourages grass development and renewal of 4780: 4750: 4197: 3236: 4770: 3088: 2895: 2734: 2061: 1731: 1469:

for both black- and white-tailed prairie dogs, but fossils of prairie dogs are scarce prior to the late Irvingtonian.

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note that in September 1804, they "discovered a Village of an animal the French Call the Prairie Dog". Its genus,

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renewal in the soil, which can be crucial for soil quality and agriculture. They are extremely important in the

4362: 4326: 3608: 3462: 3428: 2820: 1541: 1172: 1097: 394: 2861: 4663: 4398: 4073: 4034: 3437: 3401: 3260: 162: 57: 1388:: "Of all the prairie animals, by far the most curious, and by no means the least celebrated, is the little 4468: 4335: 4317: 4142: 3471: 1278: 691: 276:. In Mexico, prairie dogs are found primarily in the northern states, which lie at the southern end of the 20: 3167: 4650: 4559: 4407: 4170: 4009: 3305: 2247:

Foltz, D. & Hoogland, J. L. (1981). "Analysis of the Mating System in the Black- Tailed Prairie Dog (

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well in zoos. Removing them from the wild was a far more common method of supplying the market demand.

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Prairie dogs that were in captivity at the time of the ban in 2003 were allowed to be kept under a

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Hoogland, J. L. (1983). "Black- Tailed Prairie Dog Coteries are Cooperatively Breeding Units".

1658:"Journals of the Lewis and Clark expedition, "7th September Friday 1804. a verry Cold morning"" 1354: 1311:. The prairie dog ban is frequently cited by the CDC as a successful response to the threat of 4629: 2447: 2357: 4730: 4702: 4694: 4371: 4308: 3843: 3738: 2999: 2179: 1719: 1322:, but were not to be bought, traded, or sold, and transport was permitted only to and from a 1156: 988: 836: 321: 304:, though they have also been introduced in a few eastern locales. They are also found in the 1068:. They are an important prey species, being the primary diet in prairie species such as the 707:

Western Wyoming and western Colorado with small areas in eastern Utah and southern Montana.

4572: 4546: 3879: 3807: 3798: 3789: 3699: 1430: 2637: 2334:(pp. 257–264), M. Beckoff, C. Allen, and G. M. Burghardt (eds) Cambridge: A Bradford Book. 8: 3933: 3915: 3897: 3861: 3663: 3532: 2510: 2154:"Parentage, Multiple Paternity, and Breeding Success in Gunnison's and Utah Prairie Dogs" 1262: 1143: 1135: 1069: 741: 616: 370: 273: 213: 2569: 1925: 1898: 4483: 3960: 3672: 3193: 2937: 2470: 2409: 2303: 2268: 2229: 1990: 1965: 1622: 1513: 1493:"Pliocene-Pleistocene Biogeographic History of Prairie Dogs, Genus Cynomys (Sciuridae)" 1319: 1255: 68: 2979: 2915: 2593:"Open Season on "Varmints" For Saving Endangered Prairie Dogs, It's the Eleventh Hour" 2466: 2355: 4689: 4537: 3942: 3906: 3888: 3564: 3451: 3390: 3227: 3084: 2891: 2799:

Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 2003 – Schedule 2 Prohibited new organisms

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plans to distribute an oral vaccine it had developed by unmanned aircraft or drones.

1017: 978: 793: 305: 301: 285: 3142: 2474: 2307: 1108:, also rely on prairie dog burrows for nesting areas. Even grazing species, such as 4430: 4283: 3834: 3681: 3541: 3000:"Born Free: Summary of State Laws Relating to Private Possession of Exotic Animals" 2775: 2697: 2638:"Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems to Deliver Prairie Dog Sylvatic Plague Vaccination" 2462: 2399: 2295: 2260: 2219: 2165: 1985: 1977: 1920: 1910: 1882: 1877: 1869: 1836: 1699: 1639: 1614: 1505: 1433:, a minor league baseball team, use a nickname for prairie dogs as their cognomen. 1234: 1093: 1065: 885: 840: 763: 625: 350: 339: 269: 219: 3056: 1804: 757: 4023: 3951: 3780: 3717: 3322: 3128: 3078: 2986: 2666: 2592: 2543: 2433: 2123: 1442: 1124: 1101: 1085: 1081: 821: 509: 398: 386: 382: 329: 325: 145: 4668: 4551: 2152:

Haynie, M., Van Den Bussche, R. A., Hoogland, J.L., & Gilbert, D.A. (2002).

1573: 912: 3978: 3852: 3825: 3747: 3222: 2959:"CDC: Notice of Embargo… of certain rodents and Prairie dogs issued 06/18/2003" 2701: 2614: 1334: 1300: 1282: 1168: 1130: 893: 505: 474: 442: 405:, also rely on prairie dog burrows for nesting areas. Grazing species, such as 61: 2750: 461:

Prairie dogs raise their heads from their burrows in response to disturbances.

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Gregg's Commerce of the prairies: or, The journal of a Santa Fé trader, 1831

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have shown a proclivity for grazing on the same land used by prairie dogs.

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Slobodchikoff, C. N. (2002) "Cognition and Communication in Prairie Dogs"

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Ichikawa, Yoichiro; Kanemaki, Nobuyuki; Kanai, Kazutaka (January 2024).

820:. They feed primarily on grasses and small seeds. In the fall, they eat 4603: 2446:

Slobodchikoff, C. N.; Kiriazis, Judith; Fischer, C.; Creef, E. (1991).

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species are classed as a "prohibited new organism" under New Zealand's

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Black-tailed prairie dog forages above ground for grasses and leaves.

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Prairie dogs are chiefly herbivorous, although they occasionally eat

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Fossils of genus Cynomys have been dated to as far back as the late

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The average lifespan of a prairie dog in the wild is 8 to 10 years.

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Conserving biodiversity on native rangelands: symposium proceedings

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C. N. Slobodchikoff; Bianca S. Perla; Jennifer L. Verdolin (2009).

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Pilny, A.; Hess, Laurie (2004). "Prairie dog care and husbandry".

2511:"Black-tailed prairie dog status and future conservation planning" 1778:"Journal of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Tuesday July 1st 1806" 713: 3379: 2445: 1537:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

1462: 1410: 1273:, and subsequently a few humans were also infected. This led the 1151: 1061: 897: 575: 438: 429: 358: 354: 309: 2772:"Born Free: EU bans rodent imports following monkeypox outbreak" 2015:"Cute prairie dogs are serial killers savaging ground squirrels" 437:

often outweighs the benefits of removal. Other threats include

300:. In the United States, they range primarily to the west of the 3622: 3358: 3351: 3337: 2888:

The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal

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The Black-tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal

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The prairie dog is known by several indigenous names. The name

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in many areas to maintain local populations and ensure natural

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Prairie Dogs: Communication and Community in an Animal Society

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Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice

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Everyday Lakota: An English-Sioux Dictionary for Beginners

523: 369:, being important to the diet of many animals such as the 3020: 2912:"AVMA: Tularemia Outbreak Identified In Pet Prairie Dogs" 2509:

Mulhern, Daniel W.; Knowles, Craig J. (17 August 1995).

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McCollister, Matthew; Matchett, Randy (31 March 2016).

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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1138:) with a prairie dog skeleton, articulated to show the 2566:"The Diary of Virginia D. (Jones-Harlan) Barr b. 1866" 1964:

Hoogland, John L.; Brown, Charles R. (23 March 2016).

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This article is about the animal. For other uses, see

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Fitzgerald, James P.; Lechleitner, Robert R. (1974).

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also banned importation of prairie dogs in response.

256:. There are five recognized species of prairie dog: 2635: 1344:Prairie dogs in captivity may live up to 10 years. 1194:

Prairie dogs are gaining popularity as zoo animals.

1123:Nevertheless, prairie dogs are often identified as 3237:"Site Detail - Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks" 2667:"CNN: What's that giant sucking sound on prairie?" 2314: 2208:"Estrus and Copulation of Gunnison's Prairie Dogs" 1600: 1491: 907: 2568:. Kansasheritage.org. 22 May 1940. Archived from 2436:. Prairie Dog Coalition. Retrieved on 2013-01-04. 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 508:two years after Lewis and Clark's expedition. In 4722: 3143:"Definition of prairie-dogging | Dictionary.com" 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 1818: 1816: 1814: 3278:Prairie Dog Management, Kansas State University 2751:"CDC: Questions & Answers About Monkey Pox" 2591:Motavalli, Jim; Durso, Fred Jr. (2 July 2004). 2285: 2205: 1822: 1372:"Dog Town" or settlement of prairie dogs, from 1294:Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 2590: 2508: 2147: 2145: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 3306: 2344:"Cognition and Communication in Prairie Dogs" 2192: 2070: 1963: 1811: 1802: 1762:Karol, Joseph S.; Rozman, Stephen L. (1974). 1269:, several prairie dogs in captivity acquired 1254:In mid-2003, due to cross-contamination at a 948: 2774:. bornfree.org.uk. June 2003. Archived from 2489:"Mammals of Texas: Black-tailed Prairie Dog" 2382: 2184:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1946: 1944: 1726:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 80. 1530: 4776:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque 4756:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States) 2890:. University of Chicago Press. p. 80. 2862:"Endangered, Rescued, Now in Trouble Again" 2839:"Biologist Studies Plague and Prairie Dogs" 2647:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. p. 9 2362:. Harvard University Press. pp. 249–. 2142: 2034: 1761: 3313: 3299: 2439: 1858:"A Systematic Account of the Prairie-Dogs" 1766:. Rosebud Educational Society. p. 55. 1299:Prairie dogs are also very susceptible to 1275:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 751:Coahuila, Nuevo León, and San Luis Potosí 308:. Despite the name, they are not actually 47: 3076: 2687: 2403: 2223: 2169: 2056:. New York, NY: Dodd, Mead, and Company. 1989: 1941: 1924: 1914: 1881: 1855: 1840: 1703: 1339:Associazione Italiana Cani della Prateria 2885: 2121: 1718: 1367: 1347: 1233: 1129: 1052: 1027: 999: 977: 952: 935: 923: 911: 874: 870: 783: 685:Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico 456: 3481:Cascade golden-mantled ground squirrel 3257:"Greycliff Prairie Dog Town State Park" 3232:Greycliff Prairie Dog Town State Park: 2859: 1780:. Libtextcenter.unl.edu. Archived from 1724:Lewis and Clark, Pioneering Naturalists 1660:. Libtextcenter.unl.edu. Archived from 1652: 1650: 1490:Goodwin, Thomas H. (23 February 1995). 1489: 1418:to refer to one who is on the verge of 1409:In companies that use large numbers of 806: 524:Classification and first identification 4723: 2821:"Plague and Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs" 2723:Tynes, Valarie V. (7 September 2010). 2051: 1746: 1682: 1048: 995: 4498: 4497: 3294: 2722: 2012: 1227:Pet prairie dogs can be leash trained 1045:causes others nearby to do the same. 1647: 847:, while Gunnison's prairie dogs eat 4198:Caucasian mountain ground squirrel 3286:Italian association of Prairie dogs 3132:. A. H. Clark, 1905. Vol.2, p. 277. 2980:Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 174 1825:"Sexual Dimorphism of Prairie Dogs" 1134:Skeleton of a black-footed ferret ( 1008:The prairie dog is well adapted to 13: 4766:Fauna of the Western United States 2989:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2013-01-04. 2681: 2376: 2279: 2240: 636:About 14 other genera in subfamily 14: 4792: 3456:(golden-mantled ground squirrels) 3411:Espíritu Santo antelope squirrel 3216: 3168:"Definition of 'prairie-dogging'" 1952:Prairie Dogs: A Wildlife Handbook 1064:consider the prairie dog to be a 879:Prairie dogs at a burrow entrance 646: 2013:Irwin, Aisling (23 March 2016). 1574:"Basic Facts About Prairie Dogs" 1238:Prairie dog at the Minnesota Zoo 1220: 1201: 1187: 756: 734: 712: 690: 668: 72: 56:Black-tailed prairie dog at the 4363:Southern Idaho ground squirrel 4327:Northern Idaho ground squirrel 3609:Thirteen-lined ground squirrel 3463:Golden-mantled ground squirrel 3429:White-tailed antelope squirrel 3186: 3160: 3135: 3117: 3104: 3077:Vanderlip, Sharon Lynn (2002). 3070: 3049: 3031: 3013: 2992: 2973: 2951: 2930: 2904: 2879: 2853: 2831: 2813: 2790: 2764: 2743: 2716: 2659: 2629: 2607: 2584: 2558: 2532: 2502: 2481: 2420: 2349: 2337: 2251:) by Likelihood of Paternity". 2006: 1957: 1890: 1849: 1796: 1770: 1755: 1740: 1607:The American Midland Naturalist 1178: 908:Social organization and spacing 312:; prairie dogs, along with the 4035:Baja California rock squirrel 3438:San Joaquin antelope squirrel 2860:Robbins, Jim (18 April 2006). 2825:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1712: 1676: 1633: 1592: 1566: 1542:Johns Hopkins University Press 1534:; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). 1524: 1483: 1455: 1307:were found to have contracted 1173:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1098:golden-mantled ground squirrel 779: 528:The black-tailed prairie dog ( 395:golden-mantled ground squirrel 349:Prairie dogs are considered a 1: 4469:Round-tailed ground squirrel 4390:Richardson's ground squirrel 3472:Sierra Madre ground squirrel 3198:The Free Dictionary by Farlex 3194:"Farlex Dictionary of Idioms" 3057:"Adoptapet.com: Prairie Dogs" 2542:. KSWO Lawton. Archived from 2467:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80117-4 1954:, Boulder, CO: Johnson Books. 1644:. Online Etymology Dictionary 1476: 1465:and as far back as the early 1404: 1326:under quarantine procedures. 1213:South-central Wisconsin, U.S. 1096:. Other species, such as the 971:mating with her by inserting 421:and social structures in the 393:. Other species, such as the 58:Smithsonian National Zoo Park 4761:Fauna of the Rocky Mountains 4746:Rodents of the United States 4408:Long-tailed ground squirrel 4302:(Holarctic ground squirrels) 4265:(Spermophilus xanthoprymnus) 4171:Red-cheeked ground squirrel 4127:(Old World ground squirrels) 4010:Ring-tailed ground squirrel 2597:E–The Environmental Magazine 1520:– via Oxford Academic. 1279:Food and Drug Administration 1142:relationship between them. ( 452: 21:Prairie dog (disambiguation) 7: 4416:Washington ground squirrel 4399:Townsend's ground squirrel 4263:Asia Minor ground squirrel 4099:Père David's rock squirrel 4074:Franklin's ground squirrel 4044:California ground squirrel 3599:Rio Grande ground squirrel 3402:Harris's antelope squirrel 2843:California State University 1436: 10: 4797: 4345:Columbian ground squirrel 4336:Merriam's ground squirrel 4318:Belding's ground squirrel 4207:Tian Shan ground squirrel 4143:Brandt’s ground squirrel ( 2886:Hoogland, John L. (1995). 2702:10.1016/j.cvex.2004.02.001 1057:A prairie dog and his hole 949:Reproduction and parenting 788:Full view of a prairie dog 467:Lewis and Clark Expedition 18: 4781:Mammals described in 1817 4751:Fauna of the Great Plains 4506: 4480: 4428: 4295: 4274: 4245:Speckled ground squirrel 4153:European ground squirrel 4119: 4085: 4064: 4021: 4001:Tropical ground squirrel 3989: 3900:(N. quadrimaculatus) 3768: 3620: 3583:(little ground squirrels) 3576: 3553: 3524:Black-tailed prairie dog 3515:White-tailed prairie dog 3492: 3449: 3388: 3332: 3112:Texan Santa Fé Expedition 2729:. John Wiley & Sons. 1751:. Routledge. p. 188. 1749:English-Lakota Dictionary 1360:Texan Santa Fe Expedition 1150:As a result, prairie dog 1018:Constantine Slobodchikoff 284:, north and northeastern 192: 187: 177: 170: 69:Scientific classification 67: 55: 46: 30: 16:Genus of ground squirrels 4771:Fauna of Northern Mexico 4460:Spotted ground squirrel 4435:(pygmy ground squirrels) 4354:Wyoming ground squirrel 4256:(Spermophilus taurensis) 4235:Relict ground squirrel ( 4216:Pallid ground squirrel ( 4162:Daurian ground squirrel 4134:Alashan ground squirrel 4108:Forrest's rock squirrel 3909:(N. quadrivittatus) 3871:Yellow-cheeked chipmunk 3759:(M. vancouverensis) 3757:Vancouver Island marmot 3590:Mexican ground squirrel 3420:Texas antelope squirrel 3321:Living species of tribe 3223:Desert USA: Prairie Dogs 3043:www.canedellaprateria.it 2985:25 February 2012 at the 2802:, New Zealand Government 2645:Environmental Assessment 2432:10 November 2013 at the 2206:Hoogland, J. L. (1998). 1823:Hoogland, J. L. (2002). 1448: 1386:Commerce of the Prairies 1374:Commerce of the Prairies 720:Black-tailed prairie dog 698:White-tailed prairie dog 608:Black-tailed prairie dog 599:White-tailed prairie dog 4451:Perote ground squirrel 4442:Mohave ground squirrel 4381:Arctic ground squirrel 4254:Taurus ground squirrel 4247:(Spermophilus suslicus) 4226:Little ground squirrel 4189:Russet ground squirrel 4180:Yellow ground squirrel 3819:(N. cinereicollis) 3817:Gray-collared chipmunk 3709:Groundhog or woodchuck 3506:Gunnison's prairie dog 2726:Behavior of Exotic Pets 2288:The American Naturalist 2122:Hoogland, J.L. (1995). 2054:Wonders of Prairie Dogs 1883:2027/mdp.39015006867553 1258:-area pet swap from an 1171:. As of July 2016 the 940:A prairie dog at a zoo. 831:eat western bluegrass, 811: 4471:(X. tereticaudus) 4392:(U. richardsonii) 4372:Piute ground squirrel 4309:Uinta ground squirrel 4173:(S. erythrogenys) 4092:(Asian rock squirrels) 4037:(O. atricapillus) 3891:(N. panamintinus) 3741:(M. flaviventris) 3739:Yellow-bellied marmot 3666:(M. camtschatica) 1982:10.1098/rspb.2016.0144 1856:Hollister, N. (1916). 1803:Basic Biology (2015). 1747:Ingham, Bruce (2013). 1720:Cutright, Paul Russell 1376: 1355:George Wilkins Kendall 1239: 1147: 1058: 1033: 1005: 983: 958: 941: 929: 928:A pair of prairie dogs 917: 880: 789: 676:Gunnison's prairie dog 590:Gunnison's prairie dog 477:for "dog mouse" (κυων 462: 335:), part of the larger 4703:Paleobiology Database 4418:(U. washingtoni) 4347:(U. columbianus) 4136:(S. alashanicus) 3808:Gray-footed chipmunk 3790:Yellow-pine chipmunk 3611:(I. tridecemlineatus) 3174:(Dictionary). Collins 3039:"Cane della prateria" 2383:Hoogland, J. (1996). 2052:Chance, G.E. (1976). 1683:Palmer, T.S. (1904). 1578:Defenders of Wildlife 1371: 1348:Literary descriptions 1237: 1133: 1056: 1031: 1003: 982:Juvenile prairie dogs 981: 956: 939: 927: 915: 878: 871:Habitat and burrowing 787: 460: 441:. The prairie dog is 324:genera belong to the 34:Temporal range: Late 4453:(X. perotensis) 4444:(X. mohavensis) 4401:(U. townsendii) 4209:(S. nilkaensis) 4101:(S. davidianus) 4076:(P. franklinii) 4055:(O. variegatus) 3972:(N. townsendii) 3970:Townsend's chipmunk 3918:(N. ruficaudus) 3916:Red-tailed chipmunk 3898:Long-eared chipmunk 3873:(N. ochrogenys) 3862:California chipmunk 3684:(M. himalayana) 3664:Black-capped marmot 3533:Mexican prairie dog 3395:(antelope squirrels) 2849:on 10 February 2008. 2387:Cynomys ludovicianus 2332:The Cognitive Animal 2253:Journal of Mammalogy 2249:Cynomys ludovicianus 2212:Journal of Mammalogy 2158:Journal of Mammalogy 1874:10.3996/nafa.40.0001 1862:North American Fauna 1829:Journal of Mammalogy 1705:10.3996/nafa.23.0001 1692:North American Fauna 1498:Journal of Mammalogy 1431:Amarillo Sod Poodles 1398:arctomys ludoviciana 957:Female with juvenile 807:Ecology and behavior 725:Cynomys ludovicianus 612:Cynomys ludovicianus 570:, and prairie dogs) 530:Cynomys ludovicianus 500:was recorded by Lt. 320:, and several other 274:Mexican prairie dogs 208:Cynomys ludovicianus 4462:(X. spilosoma) 4410:(U. undulatus) 4365:(U. endemicus) 4012:(N. annulatus) 3963:(N. speciosus) 3961:Lodgepole chipmunk 3844:Merriam's chipmunk 3775:(western chipmunks) 3702:(M. menzbieri) 3673:Long-tailed marmot 3639:(M. baibacina) 3567:(E. sibiricus) 3535:(C. mexicanus) 3483:(C. saturatus) 3474:(C. madrensis) 3465:(C. lateralis) 3422:(A. interpres) 3413:(A. insularis) 3021:"Untitled Document" 2346:, C.N Slobodchikoff 1916:10.3390/ani14020197 1263:Gambian pouched rat 1144:Museum of Osteology 1070:black-footed ferret 1049:Conservation status 1004:Prairie dog calling 996:Anti-predator calls 742:Mexican prairie dog 617:Mexican prairie dog 473:, derives from the 371:black-footed ferret 4329:(U. brunneus) 4320:(U. beldingi) 4286:(T. striatus) 4228:(S. pygmaeus) 4164:(S. dauricus) 4155:(S. citellus) 4110:(S. forresti) 4046:(O. beecheyi) 4003:(N. adocetus) 3981:(N. umbrinus) 3945:(N. siskiyou) 3943:Siskiyou chipmunk 3907:Colorado chipmunk 3889:Panamint chipmunk 3880:Palmer's chipmunk 3864:(N. obscurus) 3846:(N. merriami) 3837:(N. durangae) 3828:(N. dorsalis) 3799:Buller's chipmunk 3732:(M. caligata) 3720:(M. sibirica) 3700:Menzbier's marmot 3565:Siberian chipmunk 3517:(C. leucurus) 3431:(A. leucurus) 3404:(A. harrisii) 3325:(ground squirrels) 3172:Collins Dictionary 2866:The New York Times 2669:. 16 December 1996 2572:on 31 January 2009 2427:Associated Species 1976:(1827): 20160144. 1784:on 1 February 2009 1664:on 1 February 2009 1629:– via JSTOR. 1414:same term is also 1377: 1357:'s account of the 1320:grandfather clause 1256:Madison, Wisconsin 1240: 1148: 1059: 1034: 1006: 984: 959: 942: 930: 918: 916:Prairie dog family 881: 790: 463: 4741:Rodents of Mexico 4736:Rodents of Canada 4718: 4717: 4690:Open Tree of Life 4500:Taxon identifiers 4491: 4490: 4383:(U. parryii) 4356:(U. elegans) 4311:(U. armatus) 4284:Eastern chipmunk 3954:(N. sonomae) 3934:Allen's chipmunk 3882:(N. palmeri) 3855:(N. minimus) 3835:Durango chipmunk 3810:(N. canipes) 3801:(N. bulleri) 3792:(N. amoenus) 3783:(N. alpinus) 3750:(M. olympus) 3693:(M. marmota) 3682:Himalayan marmot 3675:(M. caudata) 3657:(M. broweri) 3542:Utah prairie dog 3526:(C. ludovicianus) 3452:Callospermophilus 3440:(A. nelsoni) 3326: 3263:on 7 October 2006 2396:Mammalian Species 2369:978-0-674-03181-4 2135:978-0-226-35118-6 1551:978-0-8018-8221-0 1208: 892:, which prevents 794:Sexual dimorphism 777: 776: 769:Cynomys parvidens 747:Cynomys mexicanus 681:Cynomys gunnisoni 630:Cynomys parvidens 621:Cynomys mexicanus 594:Cynomys gunnisoni 306:Canadian Prairies 302:Mississippi River 227: 226: 220:Cynomys parvidens 214:Cynomys mexicanus 196:Cynomys gunnisoni 166: 4788: 4711: 4710: 4698: 4697: 4685: 4684: 4672: 4671: 4669:NHMSYS0000376570 4659: 4658: 4646: 4645: 4633: 4632: 4620: 4619: 4607: 4606: 4594: 4593: 4581: 4580: 4568: 4567: 4555: 4554: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4495: 4494: 4431:Xerospermophilus 4374:(U. mollis) 4182:(S. fulvus) 4028:(rock squirrels) 3952:Sonoma chipmunk 3781:Alpine chipmunk 3718:Tarbagan marmot 3391:Ammospermophilus 3324: 3315: 3308: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3259:. Archived from 3252: 3250: 3248: 3239:. Archived from 3210: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3139: 3133: 3121: 3115: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2996: 2990: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2914:. Archived from 2908: 2902: 2901: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2845:. Archived from 2835: 2829: 2828: 2827:. 23 March 1999. 2817: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2642: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2515: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2455:Animal Behaviour 2452: 2443: 2437: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2407: 2393: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2325: 2312: 2311: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2227: 2203: 2190: 2189: 2183: 2175: 2173: 2164:(4): 1244–1253. 2149: 2140: 2139: 2119: 2068: 2067: 2049: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2010: 2004: 2003: 1993: 1961: 1955: 1950:Long, K. (2002) 1948: 1939: 1938: 1928: 1918: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1835:(4): 1254–1266. 1820: 1809: 1808: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1689: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1654: 1645: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1604: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1540:(3rd ed.). 1528: 1522: 1521: 1495: 1487: 1470: 1459: 1224: 1210: 1209: 1191: 1136:Mustela nigripes 1094:ferruginous hawk 1066:keystone species 973:copulatory plugs 886:thermoregulation 841:six weeks fescue 764:Utah prairie dog 760: 738: 716: 703:Cynomys leucurus 694: 672: 651: 650: 626:Utah prairie dog 603:Cynomys leucurus 428:The prairie dog 351:keystone species 326:ground squirrels 246:ground squirrels 202:Cynomys leucurus 180:Cynomys socialis 161: 77: 76: 51: 28: 27: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4785: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4706: 4701: 4693: 4688: 4680: 4675: 4667: 4662: 4654: 4649: 4641: 4636: 4628: 4623: 4615: 4610: 4602: 4597: 4589: 4584: 4576: 4571: 4563: 4558: 4550: 4545: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4502: 4492: 4487: 4476: 4434: 4424: 4338:(U. canus) 4301: 4291: 4270: 4218:S. pallidicauda 4191:(S. major) 4126: 4115: 4091: 4081: 4060: 4027: 4024:Otospermophilus 4017: 3985: 3979:Uinta chipmunk 3936:(N. senex) 3927:(N. rufus) 3853:Least chipmunk 3826:Cliff chipmunk 3774: 3764: 3748:Olympic marmot 3723: 3711:(M. monax) 3648:(M. bobak) 3626: 3616: 3582: 3572: 3549: 3498: 3488: 3455: 3445: 3394: 3384: 3328: 3319: 3282: 3266: 3264: 3255: 3246: 3244: 3235: 3219: 3214: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3122: 3118: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3025:www.mondocdp.it 3019: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2987:Wayback Machine 2978: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2918:on 2 April 2006 2910: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2884: 2880: 2870: 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1581: 1580:. 15 March 2012 1572: 1571: 1567: 1552: 1529: 1525: 1510:10.2307/1382319 1488: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1473: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1443:Communal burrow 1439: 1407: 1350: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1181: 1102:mountain plover 1086:American badger 1082:red tailed hawk 1051: 1039:ventriloquistic 998: 951: 910: 873: 814: 809: 782: 660:Scientific name 649: 526: 455: 399:mountain plover 387:American badger 383:red tailed hawk 296:, and northern 280:: northeastern 217: 211: 205: 199: 183: 160: 71: 42: 32: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4794: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4699: 4686: 4673: 4660: 4647: 4634: 4621: 4608: 4595: 4582: 4569: 4556: 4543: 4528: 4512: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4489: 4488: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4466: 4457: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4413: 4405: 4396: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4324: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4289: 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1283:European Union 1265:imported from 1226: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1169:bubonic plague 1050: 1047: 997: 994: 950: 947: 909: 906: 872: 869: 813: 810: 808: 805: 781: 778: 775: 774: 771: 766: 761: 753: 752: 749: 744: 739: 731: 730: 727: 722: 717: 709: 708: 705: 700: 695: 687: 686: 683: 678: 673: 665: 664: 661: 658: 655: 648: 647:Extant species 645: 644: 643: 642: 641: 640: 639: 638: 637: 634: 633: 632: 623: 614: 605: 596: 542: 525: 522: 512:, the word is 454: 451: 423:animal kingdom 248:native to the 225: 224: 190: 189: 185: 184: 175: 174: 168: 167: 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 65: 64: 62:Washington, DC 53: 52: 44: 43: 33: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4793: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4678: 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4124:sensu stricto 4123: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4066:Poliocitellus 4063: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3730:Hoary marmot 3727: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3646:Bobak marmot 3644: 3643: 3641: 3640: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3601:(I. parvidens 3597: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3387: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3297: 3296: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3243:on 9 May 2007 3242: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3124:Gregg, Josiah 3120: 3113: 3107: 3092: 3090:9780764121036 3086: 3082: 3081: 3073: 3058: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3001: 2995: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2976: 2960: 2954: 2939: 2933: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2899: 2897:0-226-35117-3 2893: 2889: 2882: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2801: 2800: 2793: 2778:on 1 May 2006 2777: 2773: 2767: 2752: 2746: 2738: 2736:9780813800783 2732: 2728: 2727: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2668: 2662: 2646: 2639: 2632: 2616: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2519: 2512: 2505: 2490: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2442: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2423: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2398:(535): 1–10. 2397: 2390: 2388: 2379: 2371: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2352: 2345: 2340: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2187: 2181: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2146: 2137: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 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E. 1527: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1486: 1482: 1468: 1464: 1458: 1454: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1370: 1363: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1260:unquarantined 1257: 1252: 1249: 1244: 1236: 1223: 1190: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1145: 1141: 1140:predator-prey 1137: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106:burrowing owl 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1055: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1002: 993: 990: 980: 976: 974: 969: 964: 955: 946: 938: 934: 926: 922: 914: 905: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 877: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 837:buffalo grass 834: 830: 826: 823: 819: 804: 801: 798: 795: 786: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 759: 755: 754: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 737: 733: 732: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 715: 711: 710: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 693: 689: 688: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 671: 667: 666: 663:Distribution 662: 659: 656: 653: 652: 635: 631: 627: 624: 622: 618: 615: 613: 609: 606: 604: 600: 597: 595: 591: 588: 587: 586: 585: 580: 579: 578: 577: 572: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 556: 551: 550: 549: 548: 543: 541: 540: 535: 534: 533: 531: 521: 519: 515: 511: 507: 504:while on the 503: 499: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 459: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 431: 426: 424: 420: 419:communication 416: 412: 408: 404: 403:burrowing owl 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 347: 345: 341: 338: 334: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 254:North America 251: 247: 244: 241: 237: 236: 231: 223: 222: 221: 216: 215: 210: 209: 204: 203: 198: 197: 191: 186: 182: 181: 176: 173: 169: 164: 159: 158: 154: 151: 150: 147: 144: 141: 140: 137: 134: 131: 130: 127: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 110: 107: 104: 101: 100: 97: 94: 91: 90: 87: 84: 81: 80: 75: 70: 66: 63: 59: 54: 50: 45: 41: 37: 29: 26: 22: 4731:Prairie dogs 4507: 4482: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4429: 4417: 4409: 4400: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4319: 4310: 4296: 4285: 4275: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4236: 4227: 4217: 4208: 4200:(S. musicus) 4199: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4154: 4144: 4135: 4122:Spermophilus 4120: 4109: 4100: 4088:Sciurotamias 4086: 4075: 4065: 4054: 4045: 4036: 4022: 4011: 4002: 3992:Notocitellus 3990: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3769: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3726:Petromarmota 3725: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3692: 3683: 3674: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3638: 3637:Gray marmot 3632: 3621: 3610: 3600: 3591: 3577: 3566: 3554: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3507: 3494: 3493: 3482: 3473: 3464: 3450: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3389: 3366:Sciuromorpha 3283:(in Italian) 3265:. Retrieved 3261:the original 3245:. Retrieved 3241:the original 3202:. Retrieved 3200:. Farlex Inc 3197: 3188: 3176:. Retrieved 3171: 3162: 3150:. Retrieved 3146: 3137: 3127: 3119: 3114:, i, p. 192. 3111: 3106: 3094:. Retrieved 3083:. Barron's. 3079: 3072: 3060:. Retrieved 3051: 3042: 3033: 3024: 3015: 3003:. Retrieved 2994: 2975: 2963:. Retrieved 2953: 2941:. Retrieved 2932: 2920:. Retrieved 2916:the original 2906: 2887: 2881: 2869:. Retrieved 2865: 2855: 2847:the original 2842: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2804:, retrieved 2798: 2792: 2780:. Retrieved 2776:the original 2766: 2754:. Retrieved 2745: 2725: 2718: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2671:. Retrieved 2661: 2649:. Retrieved 2644: 2631: 2619:. Retrieved 2609: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2574:. Retrieved 2570:the original 2560: 2548:. Retrieved 2544:the original 2534: 2522:. Retrieved 2517: 2504: 2492:. Retrieved 2483: 2458: 2454: 2441: 2422: 2395: 2386: 2378: 2358: 2351: 2339: 2331: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2215: 2211: 2180:cite journal 2161: 2157: 2124: 2053: 2024:. Retrieved 2018: 2008: 1973: 1969: 1959: 1951: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1868:(40): 1–37. 1865: 1861: 1851: 1832: 1828: 1798: 1786:. Retrieved 1782:the original 1772: 1763: 1757: 1748: 1742: 1723: 1714: 1695: 1691: 1678: 1666:. Retrieved 1662:the original 1640: 1635: 1610: 1606: 1594: 1582:. Retrieved 1577: 1568: 1536: 1526: 1501: 1497: 1485: 1467:Irvingtonian 1457: 1428: 1416:vulgar slang 1408: 1397: 1389: 1385: 1384:'s journal, 1382:Josiah Gregg 1373: 1358: 1343: 1338: 1332: 1328: 1324:veterinarian 1317: 1298: 1289: 1287: 1253: 1245: 1241: 1179:In captivity 1164: 1161: 1149: 1122: 1110:plains bison 1078:golden eagle 1060: 1043: 1035: 1023: 1012:. Using its 1007: 985: 960: 943: 931: 919: 902: 882: 849:rabbit brush 829:South Dakota 815: 802: 799: 791: 768: 746: 724: 702: 680: 629: 620: 611: 602: 593: 583: 581: 573: 552: 547:Sciuromorpha 544: 536: 529: 527: 517: 513: 502:Zebulon Pike 497: 495: 490: 486: 482: 478: 470: 464: 435:soil quality 427: 407:plains bison 379:golden eagle 357:, with rich 348: 343: 332: 278:Great Plains 262:white-tailed 258:black-tailed 234: 233: 230:Prairie dogs 229: 228: 218: 212: 206: 200: 194: 193: 178: 172:Type species 156: 155: 25: 4612:iNaturalist 4532:Wikispecies 4298:Urocitellus 4237:S. relictus 3378:Subfamily: 3228:Prairie dog 2617:. DesertUSA 1584:18 February 1390:prairie dog 1014:dichromatic 989:Infanticide 968:mating call 890:water table 853:tumbleweeds 845:tumblegrass 780:Description 657:Common name 498:wishtonwish 485:– dog; μυς 292:, northern 288:, northern 240:herbivorous 31:Prairie dog 4725:Categories 3364:Suborder: 3323:Marmotini 2806:26 January 2782:13 October 2673:10 October 2621:9 February 2576:9 February 1788:9 February 1668:9 February 1477:References 1420:defecating 1405:In culture 1277:(CDC) and 1165:E Magazine 1104:, and the 1062:Ecologists 1041:" nature. 857:dandelions 833:blue grama 574:Subfamily 493:– mouse). 447:ecosystems 401:, and the 367:food chain 298:Tamaulipas 294:Nuevo León 266:Gunnison's 250:grasslands 163:Rafinesque 3771:Neotamias 3724:Subgenus 3631:Subgenus 3627:(marmots) 3579:Ictidomys 3373:Sciuridae 3336:Kingdom: 3204:29 August 3178:29 August 3152:29 August 3110:Kendall, 3096:6 January 3062:6 January 3005:6 January 2965:6 January 2943:6 January 2524:6 January 1805:"Rodents" 1309:tularemia 1271:monkeypox 1118:mule deer 1114:pronghorn 1074:swift fox 1010:predators 822:broadleaf 564:chipmunks 560:squirrels 555:Sciuridae 545:Suborder 453:Etymology 443:protected 415:mule deer 411:pronghorn 375:swift fox 344:Sciuridae 333:Marmotini 318:chipmunks 286:Chihuahua 243:burrowing 146:Marmotini 136:Sciuridae 92:Kingdom: 86:Eukaryota 4656:12400909 4517:Wikidata 4484:Category 3556:Eutamias 3371:Family: 3359:Rodentia 3352:Mammalia 3345:Chordata 3343:Phylum: 3338:Animalia 2983:Archived 2922:18 April 2756:18 April 2710:15145390 2550:25 March 2494:18 April 2475:53174059 2430:Archived 2308:84323285 2026:26 March 2000:27009223 1935:38254367 1926:10812588 1722:(1989). 1560:62265494 1437:See also 1411:cubicles 1313:zoonosis 1159:cities. 861:saltbush 539:Rodentia 506:Arkansas 481:, κυνος 363:nutrient 337:squirrel 290:Coahuila 188:Species 132:Family: 126:Rodentia 116:Mammalia 106:Chordata 102:Phylum: 96:Animalia 82:Domain: 40:Holocene 36:Pliocene 4695:1005032 4630:1396454 4604:2437231 4552:Cynomys 4538:Cynomys 4508:Cynomys 3642: 3633:Marmota 3623:Marmota 3495:Cynomys 3380:Xerinae 3357:Order: 3350:Class: 2651:18 July 2414:3504202 2273:1380592 2234:1383096 1991:4822469 1903:Animals 1698:: 212. 1641:prairie 1627:2424208 1518:1382319 1463:Blancan 1290:Cynomys 1157:western 1152:habitat 966:have a 898:erosion 818:insects 584:Cynomys 576:Xerinae 568:marmots 553:Family 518:pìspíza 514:pispíza 489:, μυός 471:Cynomys 439:disease 430:habitat 359:mineral 355:topsoil 314:marmots 310:canines 235:Cynomys 232:(genus 157:Cynomys 152:Genus: 142:Tribe: 122:Order: 112:Class: 4643:180183 4591:1KYMSG 4523:Q30359 4465: 4456: 4447: 4421: 4404: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4276:Tamias 4259: 4250: 4241: 4231: 4222: 4212: 4203: 4194: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4139: 4104: 4049: 4040: 4006: 3975: 3966: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3849: 3840: 3831: 3822: 3813: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3753: 3744: 3735: 3714: 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