464:
348:
302:
762:
325:
144:
788:
426:
838:
863:
813:
716:
256:
518:
1692:
198:
397:
691:
1094:
30:
616:
564:
1346:
1272:
1211:
1396:
1165:
1517:
998:
1564:
1371:
662:
541:
493:
1421:
1468:
952:
587:
1248:
1634:
1494:
1142:
975:
1663:
1119:
1540:
926:
1071:
1046:
892:
371:
1320:
231:
1587:
739:
639:
279:
169:
1188:
1297:
1023:
72:
amateurs solely because they might become patrons of the society, and in 1847 the society decided that
Fellows would be elected solely on scientific merit. Since the 1870s, it has been usual (with a few exceptions) for each President to serve for exactly five years. Under the current statutes, a president cannot serve for more than five years. The current President is
83:, the President was one of only a few people authorized to certify that a particular experiment on an animal was justified, and in addition he acted as the government's chief (albeit informal) advisor for scientific matters. At the same time, the President was tasked with entertaining distinguished foreign guests and scientists.
1610:
71:
The details of the presidency were described by the second Royal
Charter, which did not set any limit on how long a president could serve. There were considerable fluctuations in the president's term of office until well into the 19th century. By then, sentiment had turned against electing wealthy
1444:
86:
The changeover of presidents occurs on the Royal
Society Anniversary Day, the weekday on or nearest to 30 November, after the departing President's Anniversary Address. Of the 26 presidents since 1901, 18 have been
56:, the Royal Society was officially founded on 28 November 1660 when a group of academics decided to found "a College for the Promoting of Mathematical Experimental Learning", acquiring a
1720:
91:(seven in Physiology or Medicine, four in Physics and seven in Chemistry). Many past presidents, including all those in the 20th century, have been appointed to the
60:
on 15 July 1662. King
Charles II granted the society a royal charter in 1662, formally establishing it as the "Royal Society of London." The Royal Charter nominated
1936:
64:
as president and stipulated that future presidents should be elected by the
Council and Fellows of the Society at anniversary meetings each year on
2547:
17:
2542:
463:
2186:
793:
2178:
1964:
767:
149:
61:
2537:
2210:
868:
2301:
2087:
1905:
1124:
523:
1793:
1972:
1929:
174:
347:
2202:
843:
2036:
2020:
376:
330:
1819:
2194:
2095:
818:
546:
2480:
2373:
2012:
1922:
1351:
1051:
307:
2532:
773:
2472:
2028:
1615:
1076:
2381:
2258:
1376:
1028:
761:
301:
2044:
1988:
644:
402:
236:
2504:
1725:
1426:
353:
324:
80:
73:
143:
2349:
2333:
1277:
1216:
2389:
2127:
1401:
88:
787:
2527:
2154:
2111:
696:
592:
837:
425:
2242:
2234:
1842:
1772:
1691:
1056:
980:
957:
862:
812:
197:
1797:
715:
517:
8:
2357:
2250:
2226:
1381:
1302:
1003:
931:
65:
1846:
396:
255:
2496:
2413:
2365:
1697:
1473:
1325:
690:
441:
1093:
79:
Historically, the duties of the president have been both formal and social. Under the
2421:
2341:
1858:
1499:
1253:
615:
563:
29:
2405:
2309:
1980:
1850:
1563:
1449:
1406:
1147:
203:
98:
1914:
1345:
1271:
1210:
2317:
2293:
1854:
1395:
1356:
1221:
1170:
1099:
53:
2445:
2170:
1677:
1648:
1569:
1516:
1330:
1229:
1164:
744:
92:
1820:"Sir Adrian Smith becomes President of the Royal Society | Royal Society"
2521:
2437:
2429:
2397:
2325:
2274:
2218:
2079:
1949:
1876:
1757:
1545:
1522:
1370:
1193:
910:
897:
661:
540:
498:
179:
154:
57:
46:
1420:
492:
2162:
2135:
2119:
2103:
2063:
2004:
1862:
1730:
1702:
1479:
1467:
997:
951:
906:
873:
721:
667:
621:
569:
431:
284:
1609:
586:
2266:
2071:
1996:
1841:(146). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 442–3. 1885.
1644:
1639:
601:
503:
469:
261:
45:), also known as the Royal Society of London, is the elected Head of the
1247:
2488:
2453:
1673:
1668:
1633:
1592:
1493:
1282:
1141:
1104:
974:
937:
902:
848:
823:
672:
597:
478:
449:
437:
411:
382:
212:
183:
1662:
1539:
1118:
925:
891:
1233:
1225:
1070:
1008:
474:
216:
208:
1045:
1319:
798:
676:
370:
230:
1586:
1443:
877:
738:
701:
445:
1719:
638:
407:
278:
241:
168:
49:
of London who presides over meetings of the society's council.
1187:
111:
List of presidents of the Royal
Society from 1662 – till date.
52:
After an informal meeting (a lecture) by
Christopher Wren at
1296:
1022:
101:
was the longest serving president of Royal
Society.
1944:
104:
1833:"The Presidency of the Royal Society of London".
76:who began his 5-year tenure on 30 November 2020.
2519:
1903:"Presidents of the Royal Society (1662–2006)".
1930:
1770:
1877:"The Role of President of the Royal Society"
1794:"The role of President of the Royal Society"
794:Spencer Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton
1937:
1923:
768:Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex
150:William Brouncker, 2nd Viscount Brouncker
869:Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet
28:
1906:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1125:John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
524:George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield
127:
121:
14:
2520:
1548:(Baron Porter of Luddenham after 1990)
1256:(later 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson)
2548:Lists of members of learned societies
1918:
1307:Physicist, chemist and mathematician
844:John Wrottesley, 2nd Baron Wrottesley
266:Lawyer, politician and administrator
2543:Lists of presidents of organizations
377:Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax
331:Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke
1796:. The Royal Society. Archived from
24:
819:William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse
547:James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton
25:
2559:
1640:Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow
1052:William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
308:John Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery
1909:. Oxford University Press. 2004.
1718:
1690:
1661:
1632:
1618:(Baron May of Oxford after 2001)
1608:
1585:
1562:
1538:
1515:
1492:
1466:
1442:
1419:
1394:
1369:
1344:
1318:
1295:
1270:
1246:
1209:
1186:
1163:
1140:
1117:
1092:
1069:
1044:
1021:
996:
973:
950:
924:
890:
861:
836:
811:
786:
774:George III of the United Kingdom
760:
749:Engineer, author and politician
737:
714:
689:
660:
637:
614:
585:
562:
539:
516:
491:
462:
424:
395:
369:
346:
323:
300:
277:
254:
229:
196:
167:
142:
2538:Presidents of the Royal Society
1431:Pharmacologist and pathologist
1077:Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister
105:Presidents of the Royal Society
1869:
1826:
1812:
1786:
1764:
1758:"History of the Royal Society"
1750:
1527:Physiologist and biophysicist
1377:Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian
1029:Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet
117:
39:president of the Royal Society
18:President of the Royal Society
13:
1:
1738:
1500:Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd
1278:Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1217:Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
722:Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet
645:Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet
403:John Somers, 1st Baron Somers
289:Civil servant and politician
237:Sir John Hoskyns, 2nd Baronet
33:The arms of the Royal Society
1855:10.1126/science.ns-6.146.442
1402:Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
1033:Mathematician and physicist
985:Mathematician and physicist
470:Sir Hans Sloane, 1st Baronet
7:
1452:(Baron Blackett after 1969)
1427:Howard Florey, Baron Florey
108:
81:Cruelty to Animals Act 1876
10:
2564:
1895:
436:Physicist, mathematician,
2464:
2350:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
2334:Charles Scott Sherrington
2285:
2146:
2055:
1956:
1879:. The Royal Society. 2008
1597:Chemist and biophysicist
130:
124:
116:
2390:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
1743:
958:Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker
2533:Lists of British people
2211:Benjamin Collins Brodie
2187:Marquess of Northampton
1621:Mathematical Biologist
1303:Sir William Henry Bragg
1194:Sir Joseph John Thomson
981:William H. Spottiswoode
932:Sir George Biddell Airy
2155:William Hyde Wollaston
1474:Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
1326:Sir Henry Hallett Dale
1259:Physicist and chemist
1175:Chemist and physicist
1057:Mathematical physicist
962:Botanist and explorer
697:William Hyde Wollaston
34:
2259:George Gabriel Stokes
1254:Sir Ernest Rutherford
1152:Geologist and writer
726:Chemist and inventor
175:Sir Joseph Williamson
32:
2243:William Spottiswoode
2235:Joseph Dalton Hooker
2088:Earl of Macclesfield
1148:Sir Archibald Geikie
354:Sir Robert Southwell
204:Sir Christopher Wren
2358:William Henry Bragg
2251:Thomas Henry Huxley
2227:George Biddell Airy
1847:1885Sci.....6..442.
1771:The Royal Society.
1382:Electrophysiologist
1352:Sir Robert Robinson
1171:Sir William Crookes
1100:Sir William Huggins
1004:Thomas Henry Huxley
442:natural philosopher
113:
2497:Venki Ramakrishnan
2446:Sir Michael Atiyah
2414:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
2366:Henry Hallett Dale
1965:Viscount Brouncker
1698:Venki Ramakrishnan
1570:Sir Michael Atiyah
936:Mathematician and
109:
35:
2515:
2514:
2342:Ernest Rutherford
1973:Joseph Williamson
1736:
1735:
1546:Sir George Porter
1523:Sir Andrew Huxley
1478:Physiologist and
1333:and physiologist
1222:Neurophysiologist
898:Sir Edward Sabine
62:William Brouncker
16:(Redirected from
2555:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2409:
2406:Patrick Blackett
2401:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2310:Archibald Geikie
2305:
2297:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2029:Robert Southwell
2024:
2021:Earl of Pembroke
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1981:Christopher Wren
1976:
1968:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1773:"Royal Charters"
1768:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1726:Sir Adrian Smith
1722:
1694:
1665:
1636:
1612:
1589:
1566:
1542:
1519:
1496:
1470:
1450:Patrick Blackett
1446:
1423:
1407:Physical chemist
1398:
1373:
1348:
1322:
1299:
1274:
1250:
1213:
1190:
1167:
1144:
1121:
1096:
1073:
1048:
1025:
1000:
977:
954:
928:
894:
865:
840:
815:
790:
764:
741:
718:
693:
668:Sir Joseph Banks
664:
641:
622:Sir James Burrow
618:
589:
570:Sir James Burrow
566:
543:
520:
495:
466:
432:Sir Isaac Newton
428:
399:
373:
350:
327:
304:
281:
258:
233:
200:
171:
146:
119:
114:
112:
99:Sir Joseph Banks
74:Sir Adrian Smith
66:St. Andrew's Day
21:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2374:Robert Robinson
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2318:William Crookes
2316:
2308:
2300:
2294:William Huggins
2292:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2203:Lord Wrottesley
2201:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2051:
2043:
2037:Charles Montagu
2035:
2027:
2019:
2013:Earl of Carbery
2011:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1952:
1943:
1913:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1357:Organic chemist
626:Legal reporter
574:Legal reporter
110:
107:
89:Nobel laureates
68:(30 November).
54:Gresham College
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2561:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2489:Sir Paul Nurse
2485:
2477:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2454:Sir Aaron Klug
2450:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2179:Duke of Sussex
2175:
2171:Davies Gilbert
2167:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2096:Earl of Morton
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1868:
1825:
1811:
1800:on 9 June 2008
1785:
1763:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1678:cell biologist
1671:
1669:Sir Paul Nurse
1666:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1649:astrophysicist
1642:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1616:Sir Robert May
1613:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1593:Sir Aaron Klug
1590:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1574:Mathematician
1572:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1331:Pharmacologist
1328:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1230:bacteriologist
1219:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
994:
991:
987:
986:
983:
978:
971:
968:
964:
963:
960:
955:
948:
945:
941:
940:
934:
929:
922:
919:
915:
914:
900:
895:
888:
885:
881:
880:
871:
866:
859:
856:
852:
851:
846:
841:
834:
831:
827:
826:
821:
816:
809:
806:
802:
801:
796:
791:
784:
781:
777:
776:
770:
765:
758:
755:
751:
750:
747:
745:Davies Gilbert
742:
735:
732:
728:
727:
724:
719:
712:
709:
705:
704:
699:
694:
687:
684:
680:
679:
670:
665:
658:
655:
651:
650:
647:
642:
635:
632:
628:
627:
624:
619:
612:
609:
605:
604:
595:
590:
583:
580:
576:
575:
572:
567:
560:
557:
553:
552:
549:
544:
537:
534:
530:
529:
526:
521:
514:
511:
507:
506:
501:
496:
489:
486:
482:
481:
472:
467:
460:
457:
453:
452:
434:
429:
422:
419:
415:
414:
405:
400:
393:
390:
386:
385:
379:
374:
367:
364:
360:
359:
356:
351:
344:
341:
337:
336:
333:
328:
321:
318:
314:
313:
310:
305:
298:
295:
291:
290:
287:
282:
275:
272:
268:
267:
264:
259:
252:
249:
245:
244:
239:
234:
227:
224:
220:
219:
206:
201:
194:
191:
187:
186:
177:
172:
165:
162:
158:
157:
152:
147:
140:
137:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
106:
103:
93:Order of Merit
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2560:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:Royal Society
2526:
2525:
2523:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2463:
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47:Royal Society
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19:
2505:Adrian Smith
2465:21st century
2286:20th century
2163:Humphry Davy
2147:19th century
2136:Joseph Banks
2128:John Pringle
2120:James Burrow
2104:James Burrow
2064:Isaac Newton
2056:18th century
2005:Samuel Pepys
1989:John Hoskyns
1957:17th century
1945:
1904:
1881:. Retrieved
1871:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1798:the original
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1766:
1752:
1731:Statistician
1713:
1703:Biophysicist
1480:Biophysicist
907:geophysicist
874:Physiologist
285:Samuel Pepys
97:
85:
78:
70:
51:
42:
38:
36:
26:
2382:Lord Adrian
2267:Lord Kelvin
2072:Hans Sloane
2045:Lord Somers
1997:Cyril Wyche
1645:Cosmologist
1504:Biochemist
1234:pathologist
1226:histologist
602:antiquarian
551:Astronomer
528:Astronomer
504:Antiquarian
335:Politician
312:Politician
262:Cyril Wyche
131:Profession
2522:Categories
2112:James West
1946:Presidents
1804:6 December
1739:References
1674:Geneticist
1455:Physicist
1283:Biochemist
1198:Physicist
1129:Physicist
1105:Astronomer
938:Astronomer
903:Astronomer
849:Astronomer
824:Astronomer
673:Naturalist
649:Physician
598:Politician
593:James West
450:theologian
438:astronomer
213:astronomer
184:politician
128:President
2481:Lord Rees
2422:Lord Todd
1687:2015–2020
1658:2010–2015
1629:2005–2010
1605:2000–2005
1582:1995–2000
1559:1990–1995
1535:1985–1990
1512:1980–1985
1489:1975–1980
1463:1970–1975
1439:1965–1970
1416:1960–1965
1391:1955–1960
1366:1950–1955
1341:1945–1950
1315:1940–1945
1292:1935–1940
1267:1930–1935
1243:1925–1930
1206:1920–1925
1183:1915–1920
1160:1913–1915
1137:1908–1913
1114:1905–1908
1089:1900–1905
1066:1895–1900
1041:1890–1895
1018:1885–1890
1009:Biologist
993:1883–1885
970:1878–1883
947:1873–1878
921:1871–1873
887:1861–1871
858:1858–1861
833:1854–1858
808:1848–1854
783:1838–1848
757:1830–1838
734:1827–1830
711:1820–1827
686:1820-1820
657:1778–1820
634:1772–1778
611:1772–1772
582:1768–1772
559:1768–1768
536:1764–1768
513:1752–1764
488:1741–1752
479:collector
475:Physician
459:1727–1741
446:alchemist
421:1703–1727
412:Statesman
392:1698–1703
383:Statesman
381:Poet and
366:1695–1698
358:Diplomat
343:1690–1695
320:1689–1690
297:1686–1689
274:1684–1686
251:1683–1684
226:1682–1683
217:physicist
209:Architect
193:1680–1682
164:1677–1680
139:1662–1677
125:Portrait
2473:Lord May
1863:17749567
1778:14 March
1551:Chemist
1081:Surgeon
799:Nobleman
677:botanist
1948:of the
1896:Sources
1883:2 April
1843:Bibcode
1835:Science
1714:present
878:surgeon
702:Chemist
2507:(2020)
2499:(2015)
2491:(2010)
2483:(2005)
2475:(2000)
2456:(1995)
2448:(1990)
2440:(1985)
2432:(1980)
2424:(1975)
2416:(1970)
2408:(1965)
2400:(1960)
2392:(1955)
2384:(1950)
2376:(1945)
2368:(1940)
2360:(1935)
2352:(1930)
2344:(1925)
2336:(1920)
2328:(1915)
2320:(1913)
2312:(1908)
2304:(1905)
2296:(1900)
2277:(1895)
2269:(1890)
2261:(1885)
2253:(1883)
2245:(1878)
2237:(1873)
2229:(1871)
2221:(1861)
2213:(1858)
2205:(1854)
2197:(1848)
2189:(1838)
2181:(1830)
2173:(1827)
2165:(1820)
2157:(1820)
2138:(1778)
2130:(1772)
2122:(1772)
2114:(1768)
2106:(1768)
2098:(1764)
2090:(1752)
2082:(1741)
2074:(1727)
2066:(1703)
2047:(1698)
2039:(1695)
2031:(1690)
2023:(1689)
2015:(1686)
2007:(1684)
1999:(1683)
1991:(1682)
1983:(1680)
1975:(1677)
1967:(1662)
1861:
1232:, and
448:, and
408:Jurist
242:Lawyer
1744:Notes
1712:2020–
122:Term
1885:2008
1859:PMID
1806:2009
1780:2012
1676:and
1647:and
876:and
675:and
600:and
477:and
410:and
215:and
182:and
37:The
1851:doi
1709:63
1684:62
1655:61
1626:60
1602:59
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556:17
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510:15
485:14
456:13
418:12
389:11
363:10
118:No.
43:PRS
2524::
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1228:,
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440:,
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1853::
1845::
1839:6
1822:.
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1782:.
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41:(
20:)
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