1619:
1614:
1609:
51:
682:
659:
1494:(SNP) rs776746 (also known as CYP3A5 *3/*3) have a non-functional CYP3A5 protein. The frequency of the G allele varies worldwide, from 4% in some African populations to 80–90% in Caucasian populations. Across a large number of studies, individuals homozygous for the G allele have been shown to have higher concentrations of tacrolimus and require lower doses of the drug, as compared to individuals who are not homozygous for the G allele. Achieving target concentrations of tacrolimus is important – if levels are too low, then there is a risk of
1637:
allylmalonyl-CoA as elongation units. However, two molecules of malonyl-CoA are able to be replaced by two molecules of methoxymalonyl CoA. Once two malonyl-CoA molecules are replaced, post-synthase tailoring steps are no longer required where two methoxymalonyl CoA molecules are substituted. The biosynthesis of methoxymalonyl CoA to Acyl
Carrier protein is proceeded by five enzymes (fkbG, fkbH, fkbI, fkbJ, and fkbK). Allylmalonyl-CoA is also able to be replaced by propionylmalonyl-CoA.
748:
955:, but is much more potent. Immunosuppression with tacrolimus was associated with a significantly lower rate of acute rejection compared with ciclosporin-based immunosuppression (30.7% vs 46.4%) in one study. Clinical outcome is better with tacrolimus than with ciclosporin during the first year of liver transplantation. Long-term outcome has not been improved to the same extent. Tacrolimus is normally prescribed as part of a post-transplant cocktail including
42:
1355:
7268:
3532:
3493:
1565:
rejection resistant to treatment with other immunosuppressive medicinal products in adults. In 2009, the indications were expanded to include the prophylaxis of transplant rejection in adult and paediatric, kidney, liver or heart allograft recipients and the treatment of allograft rejection resistant to treatment with other immunosuppressive medicinal products in adults and children.
986:
1297:) were suspected of carrying a cancer risk, though the matter is still a subject of controversy. The FDA issued a health warning in March 2005 for the drug, based on animal models and a small number of patients. Until further human studies yield more conclusive results, the FDA recommends that users be advised of the potential risks. However, current practice by
790:
InChI=1S/C44H69NO12/c1-10-13-31-19-25(2)18-26(3)20-37(54-8)40-38(55-9)22-28(5)44(52,57-40)41(49)42(50)45-17-12-11-14-32(45)43(51)56-39(29(6)34(47)24-35(31)48)27(4)21-30-15-16-33(46)36(23-30)53-7/h10,19,21,26,28-34,36-40,46-47,52H,1,11-18,20,22-24H2,2-9H3/b25-19+,27-21+/t26-,28+,29+,30-,31+,32-,33+,34-,36+,37-,38-,39+,40+,44+/m0/s1
1645:
propionylmalonyl-CoA at C21, which it is an unusual step of general PKS 1. As mentioned, if two methoxymalonyl CoA molecules are substituted for two malonyl-CoA molecules, they will take place in module 7 and 8 (C13 and C15), and fkbA enzyme will enforce this process. After the last step (module 10) of PKS 1, one molecule of
1502:
can result in faster and more frequent achievement of target tacrolimus levels. However, there is a lack of consistent evidence as to whether dosing based on rs776746 genotype results in improved clinical outcomes (such as a decreased risk for transplant rejection or drug toxicities), likely because
1403:
signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Although this activity is similar to that of cyclosporin, the incidence of acute rejection is reduced by tacrolimus use over cyclosporin use. Although short-term immunosuppression concerning patient and graft survival is found to be similar between the two
1632:
syntheses (NRPS). The research shows the hybrid synthesis consists of ten modules of type 1 polyketide synthase and one module of nonribosomal peptide synthase. The synthetic enzymes for tacrolimus are found in 19 gene clusters named fkb. The 19 genes are fkbQ, fkbN, fkbM, fkbD, fkbA, fkbP, fkbO,
1564:
Tacrolimus was approved for medical use in the
European Union in 2002, for the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. In 2007, the indications were expanded to include the prophylaxis of transplant rejection in adult kidney or liver allograft recipients and the treatment of allograft
1644:
is formed by fkbO enzyme and loaded onto CoA-ligase domain (CoL). Then, it proceeds to NADPH dependent reduction(ER). Three enzymes, fkbA,B,C enforce processes from the loading module to the module 10, the last step of PKS 1. fkbB enzyme is responsible of allylmalonyl-CoA synthesis or possibly
1672:. Particularly fkbM enzyme is responsible of alcohol methylation targeting the alcohol of DHCHC starter unit (Carbon number 31 depicted in brown), and fkbD enzyme is responsible of C9 (depicted in green). After these tailoring steps, the tacrolimus molecule becomes biologically active.
1636:
There are several possible ways of biosynthesis of tacrolimus. The fundamental units for biosynthesis are following: one molecule of 4,5-dihydroxycyclohex-1-enecarboxylic acid (DHCHC) as a starter unit, four molecules of malonyl-CoA, five molecules of methylmalonyl-CoA, one molecule of
1016:
It is applied on the active lesions until they heal off, but may also be used continuously in low doses (twice a week), and applied to the thinner skin over the face and eyelids. Clinical trials of up to one year have been conducted. Recently it has also been used to treat segmental
1709:. Although almost exclusively used in trial cases only, tacrolimus has shown to be significantly effective in the suppression of flares of UC. A 2022 updated Cochrane systematic review found that tacrolimus may be superior to placebo in achieving remission and improvement in UC.
1274:
The most common adverse events associated with the use of topical tacrolimus ointments, especially if used over a wide area, include a burning or itching sensation on the initial applications, with increased sensitivity to sunlight and heat on the affected areas. Less common are
1324:
which increases tacrolimus plasma concentrations. As infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the post-transplant patient, the most commonly reported interactions include interactions with anti-microbial drugs. Macrolide antibiotics including
3968:
Lv X, Qi J, Zhou M, Shi B, Cai C, Tang Y, et al. (June 2020). "Comparative efficacy of 20 graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis therapies for patients after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: A multiple-treatments network meta-analysis".
1665:-pipecolic acid synthesis is NRPS enforced by fkbP enzyme. After synthesizing the entire subunits, the molecule is cyclized. After the cyclization, the pre-tacrolimus molecule goes through the post-synthase tailoring steps such as oxidation and
2895:
Abou-Jaoude MM, Najm R, Shaheen J, Nawfal N, Abboud S, Alhabash M, et al. (September 2005). "Tacrolimus (FK506) versus cyclosporine microemulsion (neoral) as maintenance immunosuppression therapy in kidney transplant recipients".
2783:
Devasenapathy N, Chu A, Wong M, Srivastava A, Ceccacci R, Lin C, et al. (January 2023). "Cancer risk with topical calcineurin inhibitors, pimecrolimus and tacrolimus, for atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
2301:
Devasenapathy N, Chu A, Wong M, Srivastava A, Ceccacci R, Lin C, et al. (January 2023). "Cancer risk with topical calcineurin inhibitors, pimecrolimus and tacrolimus, for atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
2538:
Fukatsu S, Fukudo M, Masuda S, Yano I, Katsura T, Ogura Y, et al. (April 2006). "Delayed effect of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tacrolimus in a living-donor liver transplant recipient".
3870:
Baumgart DC, Pintoffl JP, Sturm A, Wiedenmann B, Dignass AU (May 2006). "Tacrolimus is safe and effective in patients with severe steroid-refractory or steroid-dependent inflammatory bowel disease--a long-term follow-up".
3163:
Benkali K, Prémaud A, Picard N, Rérolle JP, Toupance O, Hoizey G, et al. (1 January 2009). "Tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic-pharmacogenetic analysis and
Bayesian estimation in renal transplant recipients".
2755:
2718:
Hanifin JM, Paller AS, Eichenfield L, Clark RA, Korman N, Weinstein G, et al. (August 2005). "Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment treatment for up to 4 years in patients with atopic dermatitis".
1541:
The early development (investigational new drug phase) of tacrolimus, called at the time by the development code FK-506, happened in the next several years. A firsthand account of that process is given in
1428:) reached after one to three hours. Taking the drug together with a meal, especially one rich in fat, slows down resorption and reduces bioavailability. In the blood, tacrolimus is mainly bound to
2363:
Silverberg NB, Lin P, Travis L, Farley-Li J, Mancini AJ, Wagner AM, et al. (November 2004). "Tacrolimus ointment promotes repigmentation of vitiligo in children: a review of 57 cases".
2405:
1301:
dermatologists is not to consider this a significant real concern and they are increasingly recommending the use of these new drugs. A 2023 systematic review and meta-analysis published in
1455:
varies widely and seems to be higher for healthy persons (43 hours on average) than for patients with liver transplants (12 hours) or kidney transplants (16 hours), due to differences in
3071:
Staatz CE, Goodman LK, Tett SE (April 2010). "Effect of CYP3A and ABCB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of calcineurin inhibitors: Part II".
3028:
Staatz CE, Goodman LK, Tett SE (March 2010). "Effect of CYP3A and ABCB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of calcineurin inhibitors: Part I".
2157:
O'Grady JG, Burroughs A, Hardy P, Elbourne D, Truesdale A (October 2002). "Tacrolimus versus microemulsified ciclosporin in liver transplantation: the TMC randomised controlled trial".
2615:
Miwa Y, Isozaki T, Wakabayashi K, Odai T, Matsunawa M, Yajima N, et al. (2008). "Tacrolimus-induced lung injury in a rheumatoid arthritis patient with interstitial pneumonitis".
6257:
1577:, and is sold under the brand name Prograf, given twice daily. A number of other manufacturers hold marketing authorisation for alternative brands of the twice-daily formulation.
7202:
1388:(NF-AT), which moves to the nucleus of the T-cell and increases the activity of genes coding for IL-2 and related cytokines. Tacrolimus prevents the dephosphorylation of NF-AT.
1258:
In people receiving immunosuppressants to reduce transplant graft rejection, an increased risk of malignancy (cancer) is a recognised complication. The most common cancers are
1404:
drugs, tacrolimus results in a more favorable lipid profile, and this may have important long-term implications given the prognostic influence of rejection on graft survival.
4085:
2766:
2852:
Liu J, Farmer JD, Lane WS, Friedman J, Weissman I, Schreiber SL (August 1991). "Calcineurin is a common target of cyclophilin-cyclosporin A and FKBP-FK506 complexes".
6478:
6468:
1927:
6293:
6483:
7323:
2398:
1781:
191:
6250:
6463:
1482:
that result in changes to the activity of the CYP3A5 protein can affect concentrations of tacrolimus within the body. In particular, individuals who are
1009:, and is equally as effective as a mid-potency steroid. An important advantage of tacrolimus is that, unlike steroids, it does not cause skin thinning (
4048:
806:
7132:
6243:
4078:
3250:"FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a Streptomyces. I. Fermentation, isolation, and physico-chemical and biological characteristics"
3770:"Risk of serious infections with immunosuppressive drugs and glucocorticoids for lupus nephritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
6333:
2960:
6503:
6308:
3821:"Comparative effectiveness of immunosuppressive drugs and corticosteroids for lupus nephritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
1997:
The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)
1317:
system of liver enzymes, and there are many substances that interact with this system and induce or inhibit the system's metabolic activity.
81:
7152:
6114:
5972:
4815:
4202:
1399:(FK506 binding protein), creating a new complex. This FKBP12–FK506 complex interacts with and inhibits calcineurin, thus inhibiting both T-
1212:
762:
6644:
6523:
6403:
6124:
5810:
5251:
7127:
6824:
6764:
4071:
1580:
Once-daily formulations with marketing authorisation include
Advagraf (Astellas Pharma) and Envarsus (marketed as Envarsus XR in US by
2658:
O'Donnell MM, Williams JP, Weinrieb R, Denysenko L (2007). "Catatonic mutism after liver transplant rapidly reversed with lorazepam".
6912:
6518:
6433:
3442:
3398:
3369:
6574:
5731:
1498:, if levels are too high, there is a risk of drug toxicities. There is evidence to suggest that dosing patients based on rs776746
3672:"FK506 maturation involves a cytochrome p450 protein-catalyzed four-electron C-9 oxidation in parallel with a C-31 O-methylation"
1810:"Prograf- tacrolimus capsule, gelatin coated Prograf- tacrolimus injection, solution Prograf- tacrolimus granule, for suspension"
1302:
1809:
1522:
Tacrolimus was discovered in 1987; it was among the first macrolide immunosuppressants discovered, preceded by the discovery of
1561:; the indications were extended to include kidney transplants. Generic versions of tacrolimus were approved in the US in 2017.
1588:). These formulations are intended to reduce pharmacokinetic variation in blood levels and facilitate compliance with dosing.
3353:
2943:
2836:
2028:
935:
938:. In 2021, it was the 296th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 500,000 prescriptions.
2985:
Staatz CE, Tett SE (2004). "Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tacrolimus in solid organ transplantation".
3721:"Enhanced FK506 production in Streptomyces clavuligerus CKD1119 by engineering the supply of methylmalonyl-CoA precursor"
1385:
813:
132:
5674:
5044:
1305:
concluded with moderate-certainty evidence that the two drugs were not associated with any increased risk of cancer.
782:
2409:
6277:
4808:
7052:
3209:"A pharmacogenomic study on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in healthy subjects using the DMETTM Plus platform"
1888:"Effect of topical 0.02% tacrolimus aqueous suspension on tear production in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca"
6083:
361:
232:
113:
7298:
6734:
2693:
1491:
3289:
Pritchard DI (May 2005). "Sourcing a chemical succession for cyclosporin from parasites and human pathogens".
1005:, if topical corticosteroids and moisturisers fail in helping. It suppresses inflammation in a similar way to
7244:
4880:
4054:
3448:
3404:
3375:
1554:
677:
523:
1242:
In addition, it may potentially increase the severity of existing fungal or infectious conditions such as
7333:
7303:
6779:
6473:
6266:
4989:
4801:
1753:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"
1504:
638:
599:
770:
O(C)12(O(O)((C)C1)C(=O)C(=O)N3(C(=O)O(\C(=C\4C(OC)(O)CC4)\C)(C)(O)CC(=O)(CC=C)/C=C(\C)/C(C)C2OC)(CCCC3))
7293:
7258:
4859:
1706:
1585:
1392:
1313:
Also like cyclosporin, it has a wide range of interactions. Tacrolimus is primarily metabolised by the
845:
is moderate. To lower the risk of organ rejection, tacrolimus is given. The drug can also be sold as a
6554:
6549:
2108:
Haddad EM, McAlister VC, Renouf E, Malthaner R, Kjaer MS, Gluud LL (October 2006). McAlister V (ed.).
5537:
4793:
4766:
4621:
3554:
3515:
3476:
1992:
1752:
1259:
7037:
6584:
6423:
4544:
4437:
2459:"Long-term outcomes of 0.1% tacrolimus eye drops in eyes with severe allergic conjunctival diseases"
7328:
7288:
7162:
7077:
5917:
4500:
4041:
1661:
and catalyzed through fkbL enzyme synthesizes with the molecule from the module 10. The process of
1456:
930:
905:
654:
2202:"Improved pharmacokinetic monitoring of tacrolimus exposure after pediatric renal transplantation"
1510:
Studies have shown that genetic polymorphisms of genes other than CYP3A5, such as NR1I2 (encoding
5912:
4697:
4428:
1581:
1143:
971:. Dosages are titrated to target blood levels at specific times after medication administration.
878:
169:
63:
17:
6724:
6353:
5717:
5143:
4824:
4692:
3916:"Tacrolimus (FK506) for induction of remission in corticosteroid-refractory ulcerative colitis"
3248:
Kino T, Hatanaka H, Hashimoto M, Nishiyama M, Goto T, Okuhara M, et al. (September 1987).
1413:
1243:
866:
831:
620:
301:
176:
579:
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7313:
5904:
4535:
4281:
4222:
3549:
3510:
3471:
1860:
1834:
1666:
1558:
1376:, activation of the T-cell receptor normally increases intracellular calcium, which acts via
1369:
6569:
6559:
512:
447:
6907:
6879:
6869:
6488:
4757:
4458:
4389:
4290:
1686:
1629:
1625:
1495:
1452:
1030:
842:
532:
330:
6564:
4063:
1207:
also causes lung damage), and various neuropsychiatric problems such as loss of appetite,
8:
7308:
6709:
6609:
6533:
6235:
5125:
4574:
4477:
4376:
4157:
4128:
2938:(in German). Vol. 9 (18 ed.). Eschborn, Germany: Govi Pharmazeutischer Verlag.
1685:
Tacrolimus has been shown to reduce the risk of serious infections while also increasing
1511:
1421:
1333:, as well as several of the newer classes of antifungals, especially of the azole class (
870:
835:
438:
413:)-8-allyl-5,6,8,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,24,25,26,26a-hexadecahydro-5,19-dihydroxy-3-{(
184:
180:
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3696:
3671:
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3612:
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3140:
3115:
3096:
3053:
3010:
2909:
2877:
2809:
2671:
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2458:
2327:
2275:
2250:
2231:
2182:
2134:
2109:
1969:
1942:
1782:"Drug and medical device highlights 2019: Helping you maintain and improve your health"
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143:
50:
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3302:
2797:
2315:
2170:
6887:
6594:
6079:
6069:
4870:
4828:
4727:
4707:
4642:
4301:
4296:
4192:
4026:
4014:
3998:
3986:
3982:
3945:
3888:
3884:
3852:
3801:
3742:
3701:
3652:
3349:
3306:
3271:
3230:
3181:
3177:
3145:
3088:
3084:
3045:
3041:
3002:
2998:
2939:
2913:
2869:
2865:
2832:
2813:
2801:
2736:
2675:
2632:
2597:
2556:
2490:
2380:
2331:
2319:
2280:
2223:
2218:
2201:
2174:
2139:
1974:
1909:
1904:
1887:
1475:
1276:
1216:
1196:
1002:
850:
610:
246:
105:
3900:
3754:
3193:
3100:
3057:
3014:
2881:
2644:
2235:
2186:
1459:. Tacrolimus is predominantly eliminated via the faeces in form of its metabolites.
7172:
6892:
6774:
6704:
6589:
6579:
6493:
6343:
5875:
5778:
5441:
5337:
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3935:
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2311:
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2213:
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2129:
2125:
2121:
2000:
1964:
1954:
1899:
838:
694:
472:
283:
215:
204:
3428:
2435:
2050:
2020:
1726:
1618:
91:
7272:
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6624:
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4702:
4627:
4412:
4309:
4207:
4108:
3131:
1690:
1613:
1608:
1574:
1417:
1314:
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311:
291:
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5013:
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4314:
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3637:
3114:
Barbarino JM, Staatz CE, Venkataramanan R, Klein TE, Altman RB (October 2013).
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2475:
2376:
2249:
Cury
Martins J, Martins C, Aoki V, Gois AF, Ishii HA, da Silva EM (July 2015).
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Gordon M, Sinopoulou V, Akobeng AK, Pana M, Gasiea R, Moran GW (April 2022).
3536:
3497:
2079:
1786:
1543:
1535:
1462:
When applied locally on eczema, tacrolimus has little to no bioavailability.
1266:. The risk appears to be related to the intensity and duration of treatment.
1192:
964:
960:
889:
670:
258:
1029:
Tacrolimus solution, as drops, is sometimes prescribed by veterinarians for
7222:
7192:
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7062:
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7042:
7032:
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4117:
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3705:
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3310:
3234:
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3006:
2961:"Molecular diversity and population structure at the CYP3A5 gene in Africa"
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2284:
2227:
2178:
2143:
1978:
1913:
1633:
fkbB, fkbC, fkbL, fkbK, fkbJ, fkbI, fkbH, fkbG, allD, allR, allK and allA.
1550:
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1338:
1326:
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5190:
5095:
5007:
4965:
4950:
4944:
4940:
4887:
4772:
4762:
4742:
4737:
4652:
4632:
4607:
4555:
4550:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4353:
4343:
4251:
4228:
2592:
2575:
1429:
1381:
1334:
1263:
1108:
1091:
1086:
968:
952:
885:
862:
99:
3687:
3345:
3225:
3208:
2552:
2005:
492:
417:)-2--1-methylvinyl}-14,16-dimethoxy-4,10,12,18-tetramethyl-15,19-epoxy-3
7187:
7092:
7082:
7022:
7007:
6992:
6972:
6947:
6942:
6922:
6917:
6874:
6864:
6829:
6804:
6784:
6749:
6728:
6684:
6659:
6443:
6408:
6393:
6388:
6357:
6318:
6298:
6209:
6204:
6189:
6129:
6119:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6044:
6034:
6024:
5989:
5967:
5953:
5865:
5855:
5845:
5835:
5820:
5763:
5758:
5737:
5652:
5647:
5605:
5599:
5500:
5457:
5353:
5343:
5296:
5286:
5261:
5256:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5226:
5185:
5170:
5165:
5149:
5090:
5070:
5019:
4979:
4902:
4777:
4722:
4712:
4672:
4518:
4262:
4187:
4172:
4152:
4146:
3324:
Ponner, B, Cvach, B (Fujisawa
Pharmaceutical Co.): Protopic Update 2005
1959:
1592:
1483:
1448:
1400:
1377:
1321:
1224:
1124:
1080:
998:
724:
503:
4823:
4049:"FDA Approves New Use of Transplant Drug Based on Real-World Evidence"
3670:
Chen D, Zhang L, Pang B, Chen J, Xu Z, Abe I, et al. (May 2013).
3335:
2657:
2296:
2294:
1701:
Tacrolimus has been used to suppress the inflammation associated with
7112:
7102:
7097:
7087:
7072:
7057:
7002:
6957:
6927:
6789:
6769:
6694:
6634:
6629:
6498:
6428:
6418:
6363:
6199:
6194:
6179:
6154:
6109:
6089:
6049:
5984:
5948:
5870:
5666:
5619:
5548:
5514:
5481:
5291:
5271:
5180:
5080:
4920:
4686:
4677:
4579:
4506:
4482:
4394:
4161:
4133:
1523:
1366:
1236:
1204:
1164:
1103:
1075:
926:
912:
854:
458:
343:
85:
3584:
2457:
Yazu H, Fukagawa K, Shimizu E, Sato Y, Fujishima H (February 2021).
1514:), also significantly influence the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus.
918:
that was first discovered in 1987, from the fermentation broth of a
7017:
6997:
6967:
6839:
6799:
6649:
6639:
6513:
6134:
6009:
5698:
5206:
5116:
5052:
4974:
4682:
4647:
4637:
4617:
4338:
4257:
2291:
2087:
1527:
1499:
1470:
The predominant enzyme responsible for metabolism of tacrolimus is
1341:), increase tacrolimus levels by competing for cytochrome enzymes.
1208:
1114:
1098:
1018:
994:
893:
874:
559:
552:
483:
127:
3113:
1940:
1624:
The biosynthesis of tacrolimus is hybrid synthesis of both type 1
747:
626:
41:
7227:
7212:
7142:
6604:
6328:
5627:
3613:"Unraveling Nutritional Regulation of Tacrolimus Biosynthesis in
3610:
3535:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3496:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2156:
1941:
Baldo A, Cafiero M, Di
Caterino P, Di Costanzo L (January 2009).
1373:
1228:
1061:
1034:
1010:
1006:
915:
858:
2352:(in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. Protopic.
5942:
5773:
4272:
3869:
3207:
Choi Y, Jiang F, An H, Park HJ, Choi JH, Lee H (January 2017).
2527:(in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. Prograf.
2110:"Cyclosporin versus tacrolimus for liver transplanted patients"
1658:
1487:
1471:
1396:
1358:
1354:
1232:
1176:
1070:
901:
590:
323:
319:
3247:
2782:
2300:
2107:
5641:
5494:
3282:
2717:
1530:(Easter Island) in 1975. It is produced by a soil bacterium,
1444:
1384:. Calcineurin then dephosphorylates the transcription factor
1220:
1046:
919:
738:
570:
316:
2894:
2362:
1943:"Tacrolimus ointment in the management of atopic dermatitis"
643:
5613:
5561:
5522:
5508:
5062:
4936:
4277:
4093:
3913:
3162:
2248:
2084:
Slide Set Series on
Analyses of Immunosuppressive Therapies
1200:
985:
922:
543:
6265:
2614:
2080:"Long-Term Graft Survival In Kidney Transplant Recipients"
1885:
5470:
3611:
Ordóñez-Robles M, Santos-Beneit F, Martín JF (May 2018).
1991:
1760:
1042:
1038:
6278:
3819:
Singh JA, Hossain A, Kotb A, Wells GA (September 2016).
3719:
Mo S, Ban YH, Park JW, Yoo YJ, Yoon YJ (December 2009).
3116:"PharmGKB summary: cyclosporine and tacrolimus pathways"
2073:
2071:
3768:
Singh JA, Hossain A, Kotb A, Wells G (September 2016).
3334:
Starzl TE (1992). "Chapter 25: The drug with no name".
2765:. British Association of Dermatologists. Archived from
2537:
2456:
2436:"Treatment of Dry Eye Using 0.03% Tacrolimus Eye Drops"
1118:
936:
3725:
Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology
3606:
3604:
3602:
2933:
2580:
Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
1443:
The substance is metabolized in the liver, mainly via
857:. For example, it is prescribed for severe refractory
7256:
3818:
3767:
3582:
2851:
2068:
1420:
of 20 to 25% (but with variations from 5 to 67%) and
849:
in the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases such as
3340:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 288–308.
2573:
1052:
3599:
3327:
2831:(22nd ed.). Lange medical books. p. 530.
1745:
3337:The Puzzle People: Memoirs Of A Transplant Surgeon
3315:Supports source organism, but not team information
3241:
1947:Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology
1719:
3669:
3070:
3027:
2711:
2574:Naesens M, Kuypers DR, Sarwal M (February 2009).
2531:
1253:
338:11.3 h for transplant patients (range 3.5–40.6 h)
7280:
2756:"Advice to dermatologists re topical tacrolimus"
2433:
1802:
471:
3206:
951:It has similar immunosuppressive properties to
446:
296:24% (5–67%), less after eating food rich in fat
2721:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2365:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2343:
2341:
1886:Berdoulay A, English RV, Nadelstein B (2005).
1158:
1049:. It has been studied for use in human eyes.
1021:in children, especially in areas on the face.
7324:World Health Organization essential medicines
6251:
4809:
4079:
2929:
2927:
3718:
3587:. London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press
3578:
3576:
3574:
2845:
2567:
2522:
2347:
1213:posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
131:
6534:
3967:
3920:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2338:
2255:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2114:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1057:Contraindications and precautions include:
275:In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
6585:Allopregnanedione (5α-dihydroprogesterone)
6258:
6244:
4816:
4802:
4086:
4072:
2984:
2924:
2251:"Topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis"
1573:A branded version of the drug is owned by
1503:patients taking tacrolimus are subject to
1412:Oral tacrolimus is slowly absorbed in the
1293:Tacrolimus and a related drug for eczema (
1013:), or other steroid related side effects.
680:
657:
511:
4040:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3939:
3846:
3836:
3795:
3785:
3736:
3695:
3663:
3646:
3636:
3571:
3288:
3265:
3224:
3139:
2952:
2786:The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health
2694:"Key Statistics for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma"
2591:
2484:
2474:
2304:The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health
2274:
2217:
2199:
2133:
2004:
1968:
1958:
1903:
997:, tacrolimus is used in the treatment of
888:, which is involved in the production of
531:
6283:Tooltip Constitutive androstane receptor
3873:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
2753:
2463:Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology
2077:
1436:, of which more than 98.8% are bound to
1395:activity by binding to the immunophilin
1353:
1303:The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health
984:
946:
421:-pyrido oxaazacyclotricosane-1,7,20,21(4
3971:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology
3712:
2934:Dinnendahl, V, Fricke, U, eds. (2003).
2747:
2434:Naves FE, Sakassegawa E (10 May 2013).
1985:
1591:The topical formulation is marketed by
1534:. The name tacrolimus is derived from "
1451:found in the circulation are inactive.
1163:Side effects can be severe and include
981:Medications used in treatment of eczema
653:
491:
104:
14:
7281:
7038:Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone)
6424:Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone)
3333:
2826:
2576:"Calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity"
1349:
671:
267:
6239:
4797:
4198:Selenium disulfide (selenium sulfide)
4067:
3585:"British National Formulary (online)"
3427:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
1999:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1696:
1279:, headache, cough, and burning eyes.
619:
598:
578:
252:
122:
90:
2541:Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
2051:"Tacrolimus - Drug Usage Statistics"
2031:from the original on 15 January 2024
1140:Known or suspected malignant lesions
904:, as part of the body's learned (or
625:
214:
203:
2438:. U.S. National Library of Medicine
2406:Plumbs Veterinary Medication Guides
1465:
1422:highest blood plasma concentrations
1407:
1386:nuclear factor of activated T-cells
558:
551:
462:
68:Prograf, Advagraf, Protopic, others
24:
3960:
2910:10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.08.040
2754:Cox NH, Smith CH (December 2002).
2672:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.01.004
2501:
1680:
1568:
1447:, and in the intestinal wall. All
1361:, the target protein of tacrolimus
1037:maladies, in the eyes of domestic
896:that promotes the development and
25:
7345:
4208:Zinc pyrithione (pyrithione zinc)
4007:
2958:
1727:"Tacrolimus Use During Pregnancy"
1640:The starter unit, DHCHC from the
1053:Contraindications and precautions
154:
7266:
3983:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102944
3885:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00524.x
3530:
3491:
3443:"Tacrolimus: FDA-Approved Drugs"
3178:10.2165/11318080-000000000-00000
3085:10.2165/11317550-000000000-00000
3042:10.2165/11317350-000000000-00000
2999:10.2165/00003088-200443100-00001
2219:10.1111/j.1399-3046.2006.00618.x
1905:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00390.x
1617:
1612:
1607:
1269:
711:
705:
49:
40:
4168:Ciclopirox olamine (ciclopirox)
3907:
3863:
3812:
3761:
3542:
3503:
3464:
3435:
3420:
3391:
3362:
3318:
3200:
3156:
3107:
3064:
3021:
2978:
2888:
2820:
2776:
2686:
2651:
2608:
2450:
2427:
2391:
2356:
2242:
2193:
2150:
2101:
2043:
2013:
1602:
1344:
1320:Interactions include that with
1308:
1282:
1153:
941:
795:Key:QJJXYPPXXYFBGM-LFZNUXCKSA-N
6590:Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)
3932:10.1002/14651858.CD007216.pub2
2267:10.1002/14651858.CD009864.pub2
2200:Lee MN, Butani L (June 2007).
2126:10.1002/14651858.CD005161.pub2
1934:
1928:"Tacrolimus for Dogs and Cats"
1920:
1879:
1853:
1827:
1774:
1538:macrolide immunosuppressant".
1492:single nucleotide polymorphism
1391:In detail, tacrolimus reduces
1254:Carcinogenesis and mutagenesis
1131:
714:
699:
241:
13:
1:
7245:Receptor/signaling modulators
7203:Tropanyl 3,5-dimethulbenzoate
7053:Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile
3399:"Prograf: FDA-Approved Drugs"
3370:"Prograf: FDA-Approved Drugs"
3303:10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03395-7
3120:Pharmacogenetics and Genomics
2798:10.1016/S2352-4642(22)00283-8
2316:10.1016/S2352-4642(22)00283-8
2171:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11196-2
1712:
865:transplant, exacerbations of
4881:dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
4055:Food and Drug Administration
3449:Food and Drug Administration
3432:. Accessed 16 December 2021.
3405:Food and Drug Administration
3376:Food and Drug Administration
3213:The Pharmacogenomics Journal
3132:10.1097/fpc.0b013e328364db84
2866:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90124-H
2829:Review of medical physiology
2763:Therapy Guidelines Committee
1555:Food and Drug Administration
826:, sold under the brand name
7:
6780:Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid
6539:Tooltip Pregnane X receptor
6267:Xenobiotic-sensing receptor
4860:purine synthesis inhibitors
3583:Joint Formulary Committee.
3267:10.7164/antibiotics.40.1249
2966:. University College London
2898:Transplantation Proceedings
2660:General Hospital Psychiatry
1675:
1505:therapeutic drug monitoring
1432:; only 5% are found in the
1159:By mouth or intravenous use
10:
7350:
3638:10.3390/antibiotics7020039
3254:The Journal of Antibiotics
2827:Ganong WF (8 March 2005).
2733:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.04.062
2523:Haberfeld, H, ed. (2015).
2476:10.1186/s13223-021-00513-w
2377:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.05.036
2348:Haberfeld, H, ed. (2015).
2078:McCauley J (19 May 2004).
2009:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
1707:inflammatory bowel disease
1584:and marketed in Europe by
1557:(FDA) in 1994, for use in
1517:
1286:
978:
925:sample that contained the
877:. It can be used to treat
689:Chemical and physical data
7236:
6532:
6276:
6002:
5930:
5903:
5788:
5431:
5133:
5124:
5115:
5108:
5061:
5045:IL-1 receptor antagonists
5043:
5034:
4988:
4919:
4849:
4840:
4600:
4534:
4501:Potassium channel openers
4427:
4375:
4352:
4324:
4107:
3838:10.1186/s13643-016-0328-z
3787:10.1186/s12916-016-0673-8
3738:10.1007/s10295-009-0635-7
3615:Streptomyces tsukubaensis
3555:European Medicines Agency
3516:European Medicines Agency
3477:European Medicines Agency
3166:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
3073:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
3030:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
2987:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
2629:10.1007/s10165-008-0034-3
2206:Pediatric Transplantation
1993:World Health Organization
1865:European Medicines Agency
1839:European Medicines Agency
1289:Eczema § Medications
803:
778:
758:
736:
723:
693:
688:
669:
637:
609:
589:
569:
542:
522:
502:
482:
457:
437:
357:
352:
342:
329:
310:
300:
290:
282:
231:
226:
190:
168:
142:
112:
98:
80:
72:
62:
57:
48:
39:
7163:Testosterone isocaproate
7078:Reverse triiodothyronine
5918:Anti-lymphocyte globulin
4042:Medical Subject Headings
2727:(2 Suppl 2): S186–S194.
2399:"Tacrolimus, Ophthalmic"
1892:Veterinary Ophthalmology
1532:Streptomyces tsukubensis
1393:peptidylprolyl isomerase
1146:or similar skin diseases
1001:(eczema), in particular
989:Tacrolimus 0.1% Ointment
931:Streptomyces tsukubensis
6555:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone
6550:17α-Hydroxypregnenolone
5913:Anti-thymocyte globulin
4825:Immunosuppressive drugs
4698:Glycopyrronium tosylate
4613:Aminobenzoate potassium
4545:5α-Reductase inhibitors
4493:Topilutamide (fluridil)
4438:5α-Reductase inhibitors
4413:Topical corticosteroids
4310:Topical corticosteroids
3676:Journal of Bacteriology
1582:Veloxis Pharmaceuticals
1215:, confusion, weakness,
1149:Certain skin infections
1024:
974:
5718:Interleukin-6 receptor
5144:Complement component 5
4693:Glycopyrronium bromide
4536:Hair growth inhibitors
4223:Calcineurin inhibitors
4015:"Tacrolimus Injection"
3426:Tacrolimus (Systemic)
2408:. 2017. Archived from
1689:of kidney function in
1414:gastrointestinal tract
1362:
1260:non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
990:
867:minimal change disease
832:immunosuppressive drug
27:Immunosuppressive drug
7299:Disulfiram-like drugs
6294:6,7-Dimethylesculetin
4282:urea-containing cream
2021:"The Top 300 of 2021"
1559:liver transplantation
1549:Tacrolimus was first
1370:calcineurin inhibitor
1357:
1287:Further information:
1179:problems (tacrolimus
988:
947:Organ transplantation
6881:Hypericum perforatum
6870:Hetacillin potassium
4758:Pregnenolone acetate
4459:Saw palmetto extract
4059:. 30 September 2021.
4027:"Tacrolimus Topical"
3291:Drug Discovery Today
2772:on 13 December 2013.
2593:10.2215/CJN.04800908
1670:-adenosyl methionine
1630:nonribosomal peptide
1626:polyketide synthases
1496:transplant rejection
1453:Biological half-life
1219:, vivid nightmares,
1144:Netherton's syndrome
1031:keratoconjunctivitis
911:Chemically, it is a
884:Tacrolimus inhibits
841:, the risk of organ
830:among others, is an
6710:Cyproterone acetate
6610:Amlodipine besylate
4575:Cyproterone acetate
4478:Cyproterone acetate
4429:Alopecia treatments
4377:Anti-inflammatories
4158:Cetrimonium bromide
4129:Cyproterone acetate
3688:10.1128/JB.00033-13
3559:. 17 September 2018
3520:. 17 September 2018
3481:. 17 September 2018
3346:10.2307/j.ctt9qh63b
3226:10.1038/tpj.2016.85
2936:Arzneistoff-Profile
2617:Modern Rheumatology
2553:10.2133/dmpk.21.122
2415:on 18 December 2022
2165:(9340): 1119–1125.
1867:. 17 September 2018
1841:. 17 September 2018
1350:Mechanism of action
967:inhibitors such as
908:) immune response.
36:
7334:Alkene derivatives
7304:Immunosuppressants
7183:Thonzonium bromide
6938:Methylprednisolone
6739:prasterone sulfate
6075:Diroximel fumarate
5748:IL-2 receptor/CD25
5176:Certolizumab pegol
4829:Immunosuppressants
3825:Systematic Reviews
1960:10.2147/ccid.s3378
1790:. 18 November 2020
1703:ulcerative colitis
1697:Ulcerative colitis
1476:Genetic variations
1363:
1250:viral infections.
1167:, cardiac damage,
1137:Occlusive dressing
1083:disease, such as:
991:
881:in cats and dogs.
847:topical medication
32:
7294:CYP3A4 inhibitors
7254:
7253:
6888:Indinavir sulfate
6595:Alpha-Lipoic acid
6570:Δ-Androstenedione
6560:Δ-Androstenedione
6233:
6232:
6080:Efgartigimod alfa
6070:Dimethyl fumarate
5998:
5997:
5926:
5925:
5899:
5898:
5104:
5103:
5030:
5029:
4871:Mycophenolic acid
4791:
4790:
4728:Magnesium sulfate
4708:Hydrogen peroxide
4643:Calcium gluconate
4302:Lithium succinate
4297:Lithium gluconate
4193:Piroctone olamine
3731:(12): 1473–1482.
3355:978-0-8229-3714-2
2945:978-3-7741-9846-3
2838:978-0-07-144040-0
1664:
1656:
1648:
1277:flu-like symptoms
1197:diabetes mellitus
1067:Immunosuppression
1003:atopic dermatitis
821:
820:
749:Interactive image
639:CompTox Dashboard
271:
256:
244:
158:
125:
76:FK-506, fujimycin
16:(Redirected from
7341:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7262:
7173:Thiamylal sodium
6908:γ-linolenic acid
6904:α-Linolenic acid
6902:Linolenic acid:
6893:Lasalocid sodium
6883:(St John's wort)
6775:Docusate calcium
6705:Cyclophosphamide
6580:Allopregnanediol
6565:Δ-Androstenediol
6540:
6536:
6494:Ethinylestradiol
6344:Cyclophosphamide
6284:
6280:
6260:
6253:
6246:
6237:
6236:
5876:Telimomab aritox
5779:Zolimomab aritox
5600:CD62L/L-selectin
5338:Immunoglobulin E
5131:
5130:
5122:
5121:
5113:
5112:
5041:
5040:
4847:
4846:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4795:
4794:
4668:Deoxycholic acid
4658:Cromoglicic acid
4109:Anti-seborrheics
4088:
4081:
4074:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4034:
4022:
4002:
3954:
3953:
3943:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3879:(5): 1048–1056.
3867:
3861:
3860:
3850:
3840:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3799:
3789:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3740:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3699:
3682:(9): 1931–1939.
3667:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3640:
3608:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3580:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3269:
3260:(9): 1249–1255.
3245:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3025:
3019:
3018:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2904:(7): 3025–3028.
2892:
2886:
2885:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2760:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2478:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2403:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2221:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1962:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1757:nctr-crs.fda.gov
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1733:. 3 October 2019
1723:
1705:(UC), a form of
1662:
1654:
1646:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1546:'s 1992 memoir.
1466:Pharmacogenetics
1408:Pharmacokinetics
1365:Tacrolimus is a
879:dry eye syndrome
871:Kimura's disease
839:organ transplant
817:
816:
809:
751:
731:
716:
713:
707:
701:
684:
673:
662:
661:
647:
645:
629:
623:
602:
582:
562:
555:
535:
515:
495:
475:
465:
464:
450:
334:
269:
266:
261:
254:
251:
243:
240:
218:
207:
156:
153:
135:
124:
121:
108:
94:
53:
44:
37:
35:
31:
21:
7349:
7348:
7344:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7339:
7338:
7329:Allyl compounds
7289:Astellas Pharma
7279:
7278:
7277:
7267:
7265:
7257:
7255:
7250:
7232:
7133:Suberoylanilide
6850:Fluorometholone
6745:Dibunate sodium
6625:Aurothioglucose
6538:
6528:
6464:3,17β-Estradiol
6282:
6272:
6264:
6234:
6229:
6175:Rozanolixizumab
6060:Deucravacitinib
5994:
5922:
5895:
5784:
5433:
5427:
5135:
5100:
5057:
5036:
5026:
4984:
4924:
4915:
4851:Antimetabolites
4842:
4836:
4822:
4792:
4787:
4753:Povidone-iodine
4703:Hyaluronic acid
4628:Benzoylperoxide
4596:
4530:
4423:
4371:
4348:
4326:Skin lightening
4320:
4103:
4092:
4047:
4025:
4013:
4010:
4005:
3963:
3961:Further reading
3958:
3957:
3926:(4): CD007216.
3912:
3908:
3868:
3864:
3817:
3813:
3766:
3762:
3717:
3713:
3668:
3664:
3609:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3581:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3550:"Modigraf EPAR"
3548:
3547:
3543:
3531:
3523:
3521:
3511:"Advagraf EPAR"
3509:
3508:
3504:
3492:
3484:
3482:
3472:"Protopic EPAR"
3470:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3380:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3297:(10): 688–691.
3287:
3283:
3246:
3242:
3205:
3201:
3172:(12): 805–816.
3161:
3157:
3126:(10): 563–585.
3112:
3108:
3069:
3065:
3026:
3022:
2993:(10): 623–653.
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2932:
2925:
2893:
2889:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2825:
2821:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2656:
2652:
2613:
2609:
2572:
2568:
2536:
2532:
2521:
2502:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2361:
2357:
2346:
2339:
2299:
2292:
2261:(7): CD009864.
2247:
2243:
2198:
2194:
2155:
2151:
2120:(4): CD005161.
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2076:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2019:
2018:
2014:
1990:
1986:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1861:"Protopic EPAR"
1859:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1835:"Advagraf EPAR"
1833:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1699:
1691:lupus nephritis
1683:
1681:Lupus nephritis
1678:
1605:
1595:under the name
1575:Astellas Pharma
1571:
1569:Available forms
1526:(sirolimus) on
1520:
1468:
1438:plasma proteins
1427:
1418:bioavailability
1416:, with a total
1410:
1352:
1347:
1315:cytochrome P450
1311:
1291:
1285:
1272:
1256:
1203:, lung damage (
1161:
1156:
1134:
1055:
1027:
983:
977:
949:
944:
934:. It is on the
812:
810:
807:(what is this?)
804:
799:
796:
791:
786:
785:
774:
771:
766:
765:
754:
729:
719:
710:
704:
665:
641:
633:
605:
585:
565:
538:
518:
498:
478:
461:
453:
433:
430:
365:
364:
332:
302:Protein binding
292:Bioavailability
284:Pharmacokinetic
278:
259:
222:
209:
171:
164:
145:
138:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7347:
7337:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7276:
7275:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7248:
7241:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7230:
7225:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7198:Troleandomycin
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7118:Spironolactone
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6988:Norelgestromin
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6845:Flucloxacillin
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6732:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6700:Corticosterone
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6665:Chlorpromazine
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6543:
6541:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6484:17-Androstanol
6481:
6479:3β-Androstanol
6476:
6474:3α-Androstenol
6471:
6469:3α-Androstanol
6466:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6324:Chlorpromazine
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6287:
6285:
6274:
6273:
6263:
6262:
6255:
6248:
6240:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6084:+hyaluronidase
6077:
6072:
6067:
6065:Deuruxolitinib
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5938:
5936:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5909:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5538:+hyaluronidase
5531:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5437:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5139:
5137:
5128:
5119:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5049:
5047:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5014:PDE4 inhibitor
5010:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4932:
4930:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4855:
4853:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4821:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4798:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4585:Spironolactone
4582:
4577:
4572:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4488:Spironolactone
4485:
4480:
4475:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4433:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4418:hydrocortisone
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4390:Gamolenic acid
4387:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4354:Skin darkening
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4315:hydrocortisone
4306:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4275:
4270:
4268:Salicylic acid
4265:
4260:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4219:
4216:Antihistamines
4212:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4155:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4139:Spironolactone
4136:
4131:
4126:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4098:preparations (
4096:dermatological
4091:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4045:
4035:
4023:
4009:
4008:External links
4006:
4004:
4003:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3906:
3862:
3811:
3760:
3711:
3662:
3598:
3570:
3541:
3502:
3463:
3434:
3419:
3390:
3361:
3354:
3326:
3317:
3281:
3240:
3219:(1): 105–106.
3199:
3155:
3106:
3079:(4): 207–221.
3063:
3036:(3): 141–175.
3020:
2977:
2951:
2944:
2923:
2887:
2860:(4): 807–815.
2844:
2837:
2819:
2775:
2746:
2710:
2698:www.cancer.org
2685:
2666:(3): 280–281.
2650:
2623:(2): 208–211.
2607:
2586:(2): 481–508.
2566:
2547:(2): 122–125.
2530:
2500:
2449:
2426:
2390:
2371:(5): 760–766.
2355:
2337:
2290:
2241:
2212:(4): 388–393.
2192:
2149:
2100:
2067:
2042:
2012:
1984:
1933:
1919:
1898:(4): 225–232.
1878:
1852:
1826:
1801:
1773:
1744:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1698:
1695:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1651:pipecolic acid
1642:chorismic acid
1604:
1601:
1570:
1567:
1519:
1516:
1467:
1464:
1425:
1409:
1406:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1331:clarithromycin
1310:
1307:
1284:
1281:
1271:
1268:
1255:
1252:
1189:hypomagnesemia
1181:nephrotoxicity
1173:blurred vision
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1054:
1051:
1026:
1023:
976:
973:
948:
945:
943:
940:
819:
818:
801:
800:
798:
797:
794:
792:
789:
781:
780:
779:
776:
775:
773:
772:
769:
761:
760:
759:
756:
755:
753:
752:
744:
742:
734:
733:
727:
721:
720:
717:
708:
702:
697:
691:
690:
686:
685:
675:
667:
666:
664:
663:
650:
648:
635:
634:
632:
631:
615:
613:
607:
606:
604:
603:
595:
593:
587:
586:
584:
583:
575:
573:
567:
566:
564:
563:
556:
548:
546:
540:
539:
537:
536:
528:
526:
520:
519:
517:
516:
508:
506:
500:
499:
497:
496:
488:
486:
480:
479:
477:
476:
468:
466:
455:
454:
452:
451:
443:
441:
435:
434:
432:
431:
368:
360:
359:
358:
355:
354:
350:
349:
346:
340:
339:
336:
327:
326:
314:
308:
307:
304:
298:
297:
294:
288:
287:
280:
279:
277:
276:
273:
264:
249:
237:
235:
229:
228:
224:
223:
221:
220:
196:
194:
188:
187:
174:
172:administration
166:
165:
163:
162:
160:
150:
148:
140:
139:
137:
136:
118:
116:
110:
109:
102:
96:
95:
88:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7346:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7274:
7264:
7263:
7260:
7247:
7246:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7235:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7138:Sulfisoxazole
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7013:Phenobarbital
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6899:
6898:Levothyroxine
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6860:Guggulsterone
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6755:Dicloxacillin
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6740:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6720:Dexamethasone
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6655:Cephaloridine
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6537:
6531:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6455:
6454:Valproic acid
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6414:Phenobarbital
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6359:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6314:Carbamazepine
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6281:
6275:
6271:
6268:
6261:
6256:
6254:
6249:
6247:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6215:Tildrakizumab
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6145:Pegcetacoplan
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6055:Darvadstrocel
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6001:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5962:TNF inhibitor
5959:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5929:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5780:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5628:CD147/Basigin
5625:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5448:Muromonab-CD3
5446:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5430:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5322:Interleukin 5
5319:
5318:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5302:Tildrakizumab
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:(noncellular)
5132:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5109:Extracellular
5107:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5076:Ridaforolimus
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5035:Intracellular
5033:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4922:
4918:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4893:Teriflunomide
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4841:Intracellular
4839:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4814:
4812:
4807:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4748:Oxymetazoline
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4564:Antiandrogens
4561:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4467:Antiandrogens
4464:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4362:Afamelanotide
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4291:Lithium salts
4288:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4118:Antiandrogens
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4058:
4056:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3586:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3538:
3537:public domain
3519:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3499:
3498:public domain
3480:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3430:
3423:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3330:
3321:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
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3214:
3210:
3203:
3195:
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3167:
3159:
3151:
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3110:
3102:
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3016:
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2581:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2525:Austria-Codex
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
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2411:
2407:
2400:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2351:
2350:Austria-Codex
2344:
2342:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2295:
2286:
2282:
2277:
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2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2237:
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2225:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2072:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
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1889:
1882:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1789:
1788:
1787:Health Canada
1783:
1777:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1710:
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1583:
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1566:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1544:Thomas Starzl
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
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1304:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:herpes zoster
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:hyperglycemia
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1110:
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1100:
1097:
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1058:
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1044:
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1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
987:
982:
972:
970:
966:
965:IL-2 receptor
962:
961:mycophenolate
958:
954:
939:
937:
933:
932:
928:
924:
921:
917:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
898:proliferation
895:
891:
890:interleukin-2
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
837:
833:
829:
825:
815:
808:
802:
793:
788:
787:
784:
777:
768:
767:
764:
757:
750:
746:
745:
743:
740:
735:
728:
726:
722:
698:
696:
692:
687:
683:
679:
676:
674:
672:ECHA InfoCard
668:
660:
656:
655:DTXSID5046354
652:
651:
649:
640:
636:
628:
627:RCSB PDB
622:
617:
616:
614:
612:
608:
601:
597:
596:
594:
592:
588:
581:
577:
576:
574:
572:
568:
561:
557:
554:
550:
549:
547:
545:
541:
534:
530:
529:
527:
525:
521:
514:
510:
509:
507:
505:
501:
494:
490:
489:
487:
485:
481:
474:
470:
469:
467:
460:
456:
449:
445:
444:
442:
440:
436:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
366:
363:
356:
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
335:
328:
325:
321:
318:
315:
313:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
274:
272: Rx-only
265:
262:
250:
248:
239:
238:
236:
234:
230:
225:
217:
212:
206:
201:
198:
197:
195:
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
175:
173:
167:
161:
152:
151:
149:
147:
141:
134:
129:
120:
119:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
65:
61:
58:Clinical data
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
30:
19:
7319:Orphan drugs
7314:Nephrotoxins
7243:
7223:Ketoconazole
7220:Antagonists:
7219:
7193:Troglitazone
7168:Tetracycline
7147:
7123:Spiroxatrine
7068:Quingestrone
7063:Progesterone
7048:Pregnenolone
7043:Pregnanolone
7033:Pregnanediol
7028:Prednisolone
6953:Mifepristone
6880:
6855:Griseofulvin
6835:Fenbendazole
6820:Famprofazone
6815:Erythromycin
6810:Epothilone B
6795:Eburnamonine
6690:Clotrimazole
6680:Clofenvinfos
6615:Antimycotics
6546:
6509:Okadaic acid
6461:Antagonists:
6460:
6449:Troglitazone
6384:Mifepristone
6379:Methoxychlor
6374:Griseofulvin
6369:Ellagic acid
6349:Cypermethrin
6339:Clotrimazole
6290:
6225:Upadacitinib
6185:Satralizumab
6170:Ritlecitinib
6165:Risankizumab
5960:
5941:
5881:Teprotumumab
5831:Inebilizumab
5826:Fontolizumab
5806:Atorolimumab
5774:T-lymphocyte
5772:
5746:
5730:
5716:
5697:
5686:Lerdelimumab
5681:Bertilimumab
5673:
5661:
5640:
5626:
5612:
5598:
5579:
5560:
5544:Pascolizumab
5529:Obinutuzumab
5521:
5507:
5493:
5477:Clenoliximab
5469:
5453:Otelixizumab
5440:
5413:
5400:Lebrikizumab
5384:
5368:
5352:
5336:
5320:
5277:Satralizumab
5267:Risankizumab
5199:
5158:
5142:
5134:Serum target
5086:Temsirolimus
5012:
5003:Pomalidomide
4998:Lenalidomide
4960:
4956:Pimecrolimus
4935:
4909:Methotrexate
4901:
4879:
4866:Azathioprine
4858:
4843:(initiation)
4783:Tralokinumab
4767:progesterone
4763:Progestogens
4733:Metandienone
4718:Lebrikizumab
4663:Delgocitinib
4622:testosterone
4592:Eflornithine
4570:Bicalutamide
4562:
4543:
4524:Ritlecitinib
4513:
4499:
4473:Bicalutamide
4465:
4436:
4411:
4404:
4400:Pimecrolimus
4385:Alitretinoin
4367:Melanotan II
4334:Hydroquinone
4308:
4289:
4252:Keratolytics
4250:
4246:Isotretinoin
4238:
4234:Pimecrolimus
4221:
4214:
4183:Ketoconazole
4178:Clotrimazole
4145:
4124:Bicalutamide
4116:
4052:
4030:
4018:
3974:
3970:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3777:
3774:BMC Medicine
3773:
3763:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3679:
3675:
3665:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3614:
3591:24 September
3589:. Retrieved
3561:. Retrieved
3553:
3544:
3522:. Retrieved
3514:
3505:
3483:. Retrieved
3475:
3466:
3454:. Retrieved
3446:
3437:
3422:
3410:. Retrieved
3402:
3393:
3381:. Retrieved
3373:
3364:
3336:
3329:
3320:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3033:
3029:
3023:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2968:. Retrieved
2954:
2935:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2828:
2822:
2792:(1): 13–25.
2789:
2785:
2778:
2767:the original
2762:
2749:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2697:
2688:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2524:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2440:. Retrieved
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2410:the original
2393:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2349:
2310:(1): 13–25.
2307:
2303:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2091:. Retrieved
2083:
2058:. Retrieved
2054:
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2024:
2015:
2006:10665/371090
1996:
1987:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1922:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1864:
1855:
1843:. Retrieved
1838:
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1813:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1785:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1756:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1730:
1721:
1700:
1684:
1667:
1653:formed from
1639:
1635:
1628:(PKS 1) and
1623:
1606:
1603:Biosynthesis
1596:
1590:
1579:
1572:
1563:
1548:
1540:
1531:
1521:
1509:
1479:
1469:
1461:
1442:
1430:erythrocytes
1411:
1390:
1380:to activate
1364:
1345:Pharmacology
1339:voriconazole
1327:erythromycin
1319:
1312:
1309:Interactions
1295:pimecrolimus
1292:
1283:Cancer risks
1273:
1264:skin cancers
1257:
1241:
1185:hyperkalemia
1175:, liver and
1169:hypertension
1162:
1154:Side effects
1111:prolongation
1056:
1033:, and other
1028:
1015:
992:
950:
942:Medical uses
929:
910:
883:
827:
823:
822:
811:
805:
600:ChEMBL269732
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
348:Mostly fecal
331:Elimination
233:Legal status
227:Legal status
114:License data
29:
7208:Zafirlukast
7178:Thiothixene
7158:Terconazole
7108:Simvastatin
6983:Nisoldipine
6978:Nilvadipine
6963:Nicardipine
6933:Metacycline
6760:Dimercaprol
6715:Demecolcine
6675:Clindamycin
6670:Ciglitazone
6620:Artemisinin
6600:Ambrisentan
6504:Nigramide J
6439:Telmisartan
6399:Nicardipine
6309:Benfuracarb
6304:Artemisinin
6220:Tofacitinib
6160:Ravulizumab
6150:Pirfenidone
6140:Peficitinib
6040:Canakinumab
6030:Briakinumab
6020:Bimekizumab
6015:Baricitinib
5980:Aflibercept
5891:Vepalimomab
5886:Vapaliximab
5861:Rovelizumab
5851:Pexelizumab
5841:Morolimumab
5816:Cedelizumab
5801:Anifrolumab
5796:Alemtuzumab
5754:Basiliximab
5724:Tocilizumab
5710:Vedolizumab
5705:Natalizumab
5691:Metelimumab
5634:Gavilimomab
5592:Toralizumab
5587:Teneliximab
5573:Lumiliximab
5568:Gomiliximab
5554:Ublituximab
5534:Ocrelizumab
5487:Zanolimumab
5463:Visilizumab
5421:Secukinumab
5405:Ustekinumab
5376:Elsilimomab
5360:Faralimomab
5328:Mepolizumab
5312:Ustekinumab
5307:Tocilizumab
5282:Secukinumab
5232:Canakinumab
5222:Briakinumab
5217:Bimekizumab
5212:Basiliximab
5201:Interleukin
5191:Nerelimomab
5096:Zotarolimus
5037:(reception)
5008:Thalidomide
4966:Voclosporin
4951:Ciclosporin
4945:Calcineurin
4941:Cyclophilin
4888:Leflunomide
4884:inhibitors
4773:Ruxolitinib
4743:Oclacitinib
4738:Nemolizumab
4653:Crisaborole
4633:Brimonidine
4608:Abrocitinib
4556:Finasteride
4551:Dutasteride
4454:Finasteride
4449:Dutasteride
4444:Alfatradiol
4344:Monobenzone
4229:Cyclosporin
4147:Antifungals
4031:MedlinePlus
4019:MedlinePlus
3625:Antibiotics
3621:Approaches"
2703:19 February
1449:metabolites
1382:calcineurin
1335:fluconazole
1270:Topical use
1132:Topical use
1109:QT interval
1092:Lung cancer
1087:Skin cancer
969:basiliximab
953:ciclosporin
886:calcineurin
863:bone marrow
732: g·mol
678:100.155.367
580:CHEBI:61049
448:104987-11-3
353:Identifiers
185:intravenous
100:MedlinePlus
73:Other names
64:Trade names
7309:Macrolides
7283:Categories
7188:Tianeptine
7153:Tenylidone
7148:Tacrolimus
7093:Rimexolone
7083:Rifampicin
7023:Plicamycin
7008:Paclitaxel
6993:Omeprazole
6973:Nifedipine
6948:Mevastatin
6943:Metyrapone
6923:Lovastatin
6918:Loratadine
6875:Hyperforin
6865:Haloprogin
6830:Felodipine
6805:Enzacamene
6785:Dronabinol
6750:Diclazuril
6729:prasterone
6685:Chloroxine
6660:Cephradine
6630:Bile acids
6444:Tolnaftate
6409:Permethrin
6394:Nevirapine
6389:Nefazodone
6358:prasterone
6319:Carvedilol
6299:Amiodarone
6270:modulators
6210:Sutimlimab
6205:Spesolimab
6190:Siltuximab
6130:Olokizumab
6120:Ixekizumab
6115:Itacitinib
6105:Guselkumab
6100:Fingolimod
6095:Filgotinib
6045:Crovalimab
6035:Brodalumab
6025:Blisibimod
5990:Rilonacept
5973:Opinercept
5968:Etanercept
5954:Belatacept
5905:Polyclonal
5866:Siplizumab
5856:Reslizumab
5846:Ofatumumab
5836:Maslimomab
5821:Emapalumab
5764:Inolimomab
5759:Daclizumab
5738:Odulimomab
5653:Ruplizumab
5648:Frexalimab
5606:Aselizumab
5501:Efalizumab
5458:Teplizumab
5354:Interferon
5344:Omalizumab
5297:Spesolimab
5287:Siltuximab
5262:Rilonacept
5257:Olokizumab
5247:Ixekizumab
5242:Guselkumab
5237:Daclizumab
5227:Brodalumab
5186:Infliximab
5171:Afelimomab
5166:Adalimumab
5150:Eculizumab
5126:Monoclonal
5117:Antibodies
5091:Umirolimus
5071:Everolimus
5020:Apremilast
4980:Gusperimus
4961:Tacrolimus
4929:inhibitors
4921:Macrolides
4903:antifolate
4778:Tiratricol
4723:Lokivetmab
4713:Ivermectin
4673:Diclofenac
4519:Nepidermin
4405:Tacrolimus
4263:Resorcinol
4239:Tacrolimus
4203:Xenysalate
4188:Miconazole
4173:Climbazole
4153:Bifonazole
4038:Tacrolimus
3977:: 102944.
3831:(1): 155.
3780:(1): 137.
2959:Bains RK.
2060:14 January
2035:14 January
1766:22 October
1713:References
1593:LEO Pharma
1553:by the US
1486:for the G
1484:homozygous
1401:lymphocyte
1378:calmodulin
1322:grapefruit
1225:neuropathy
1217:depression
1125:Grapefruit
1121:) exposure
1081:Neoplastic
999:dermatitis
979:See also:
824:Tacrolimus
737:3D model (
725:Molar mass
611:PDB ligand
533:Y5L2157C4J
504:ChemSpider
439:CAS Number
362:IUPAC name
312:Metabolism
133:Tacrolimus
34:Tacrolimus
7113:Sirolimus
7103:Ritonavir
7098:Riodipine
7088:Rifaximin
7073:Reserpine
7058:Proadifen
7003:Oxatomide
6958:Nafcillin
6928:Meclizine
6790:Droxidopa
6770:Docetaxel
6695:Colforsin
6645:Bumecaine
6635:Bithionol
6547:Agonists:
6524:T-0901317
6499:Meclizine
6429:Reserpine
6419:Phenytoin
6404:Octicizer
6364:Efavirenz
6291:Agonists:
6200:Sirukumab
6195:Siponimod
6180:Sarilumab
6155:Ponesimod
6125:Netakimab
6110:Iptacopan
6090:Etrasimod
6050:Danicopan
5985:Alefacept
5949:Abatacept
5871:Talizumab
5811:Begelomab
5667:Belimumab
5620:Galiximab
5549:Rituximab
5515:Erlizumab
5482:Keliximab
5292:Sirukumab
5272:Sarilumab
5252:Netakimab
5181:Golimumab
5081:Sirolimus
4687:estradiol
4683:Estrogens
4678:Dupilumab
4618:Androgens
4580:Flutamide
4507:Minoxidil
4483:Flutamide
4395:Oxaceprol
4162:cetrimide
4134:Flutamide
3999:214794350
3631:(2): 39.
3429:Monograph
2814:253470127
2469:(1): 11.
2332:253470127
1731:Drugs.com
1687:remission
1524:rapamycin
1457:clearance
1367:macrolide
1237:catatonia
1205:sirolimus
1165:infection
1104:Pregnancy
1076:Infection
927:bacterium
913:macrolide
855:psoriasis
843:rejection
836:allogenic
429:)-tetrone
344:Excretion
333:half-life
170:Routes of
144:Pregnancy
92:Monograph
86:Drugs.com
7273:Medicine
7240:See also
7128:SR-12813
7018:Piperine
6998:Orlistat
6968:Nicotine
6840:Fentanyl
6825:Febantel
6800:Ecopipam
6765:Dinaline
6650:Cafestol
6640:Bosentan
6514:PK-11195
6135:Ozanimod
6010:Avacopan
6003:Unsorted
5789:Unsorted
5699:Integrin
5432:Cellular
5207:Anakinra
5053:Anakinra
4975:Abetimus
4827: /
4648:Collagen
4638:Caffeine
4339:Mequinol
4258:Coal tar
3991:32247246
3950:35388476
3901:10233231
3893:16573777
3857:27619512
3806:27623861
3755:32967249
3747:19756799
3706:23435975
3657:29724001
3617:through
3563:29 April
3524:29 April
3485:29 April
3456:29 April
3412:29 April
3383:29 April
3311:15896681
3235:27958377
3194:19900291
3186:19902988
3150:23922006
3101:27047235
3093:20214406
3058:28346861
3050:20170205
3015:33877550
3007:15244495
2918:16213293
2882:22094672
2806:36370744
2741:16021174
2680:17484951
2645:39537409
2637:18306979
2602:19218475
2561:16702731
2495:33522964
2442:5 August
2419:5 August
2385:15523355
2324:36370744
2285:26132597
2236:23530214
2228:17493218
2187:10417106
2179:12387959
2144:17054241
2088:Medscape
2055:ClinCalc
2029:Archived
2025:ClinCalc
1995:(2023).
1979:21436963
1914:16008701
1814:DailyMed
1794:28 March
1737:29 April
1676:Research
1597:Protopic
1551:approved
1528:Rapa Nui
1500:genotype
1229:seizures
1209:insomnia
1115:Sunlight
1099:Oliguria
1019:vitiligo
1007:steroids
995:ointment
957:steroids
920:Japanese
906:adaptive
894:molecule
875:vitiligo
861:after a
834:. After
814:(verify)
484:DrugBank
192:ATC code
181:by mouth
146:category
128:DailyMed
7228:Sesamin
7213:Zeranol
7143:Suramin
6913:LOE-908
6605:AMI-193
6519:S-07662
6434:TCPOBOP
6329:Chrysin
5931:-cept (
4765:(e.g.,
4685:(e.g.,
4620:(e.g.,
4416:(e.g.,
4313:(e.g.,
3941:8987360
3848:5020478
3797:5022202
3697:3624582
3648:6022917
3276:2445721
3141:4119065
2970:13 June
2874:1715244
2486:7852099
2276:6461158
2135:8865611
1970:3047924
1953:: 1–7.
1871:16 July
1845:16 July
1819:16 July
1536:Tsukuba
1518:History
1490:at the
1478:within
1374:T-cells
1248:polyoma
1233:tremors
1201:itching
1071:Infants
1064:disease
1062:Hepatic
1035:dry eye
1011:atrophy
916:lactone
902:T cells
859:uveitis
828:Prograf
730:804.031
695:Formula
493:DB00864
459:PubChem
263:Rx-only
260:WARNING
245::
213: (
211:L04AD02
208:)
202: (
200:D11AH01
177:Topical
159: C
130::
106:a601117
18:Prograf
7259:Portal
6735:DHEA-S
6575:AA-861
5943:CTLA-4
5933:Fusion
5434:target
5415:IL-17A
5392:, and
4925:other
4601:Others
4514:Others
4273:Sulfur
4094:Other
4044:(MeSH)
3997:
3989:
3948:
3938:
3899:
3891:
3855:
3845:
3804:
3794:
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2234:
2226:
2185:
2177:
2159:Lancet
2142:
2132:
2093:6 June
1977:
1967:
1912:
1659:lysine
1586:Chiesi
1488:allele
1480:CYP3A5
1472:CYP3A5
1434:plasma
1397:FKBP12
1359:FKBP12
1235:, and
1221:cramps
1177:kidney
1047:horses
1045:, and
993:As an
963:, and
873:, and
851:eczema
763:SMILES
591:ChEMBL
560:D00107
553:D08556
513:393220
473:445643
369:(−)-(3
324:CYP3A5
320:CYP3A4
306:≥98.8%
257:
247:℞-only
126:
6334:CITCO
5732:LFA-1
5642:CD154
5495:CD11a
5394:IL-23
5390:IL-13
5386:IL-12
4990:IMiDs
4057:(FDA)
4053:U.S.
3995:S2CID
3897:S2CID
3751:S2CID
3557:(EMA)
3518:(EMA)
3479:(EMA)
3451:(FDA)
3447:U.S.
3407:(FDA)
3403:U.S.
3378:(FDA)
3374:U.S.
3190:S2CID
3097:S2CID
3054:S2CID
3011:S2CID
2964:(PDF)
2878:S2CID
2810:S2CID
2770:(PDF)
2759:(PDF)
2641:S2CID
2413:(PDF)
2402:(PDF)
2328:S2CID
2232:S2CID
2183:S2CID
1445:CYP3A
1372:. In
1127:juice
783:InChI
739:JSmol
618:FK5 (
571:ChEBI
317:Liver
6906:and
6725:DHEA
6489:AITC
6354:DHEA
5662:BLyS
5614:CD80
5581:CD40
5562:CD23
5523:CD20
5509:CD18
5370:IL-6
5063:mTOR
4937:FKBP
4927:IL-2
4278:Urea
3987:PMID
3946:PMID
3924:2022
3889:PMID
3853:PMID
3802:PMID
3743:PMID
3702:PMID
3653:PMID
3619:omic
3593:2015
3565:2020
3526:2020
3487:2020
3458:2020
3414:2020
3385:2020
3350:ISBN
3307:PMID
3272:PMID
3231:PMID
3182:PMID
3146:PMID
3089:PMID
3046:PMID
3003:PMID
2972:2016
2940:ISBN
2914:PMID
2870:PMID
2854:Cell
2833:ISBN
2802:PMID
2737:PMID
2705:2020
2676:PMID
2633:PMID
2598:PMID
2557:PMID
2491:PMID
2444:2022
2421:2022
2381:PMID
2320:PMID
2281:PMID
2259:2015
2224:PMID
2175:PMID
2140:PMID
2118:2006
2095:2006
2062:2024
2037:2024
1975:PMID
1910:PMID
1873:2021
1847:2021
1821:2021
1796:2024
1768:2023
1739:2020
1329:and
1262:and
1043:dogs
1039:cats
1025:Eyes
975:Skin
923:soil
892:, a
853:and
621:PDBe
544:KEGG
524:UNII
409:,26a
286:data
82:AHFS
6535:PXR
6279:CAR
5675:CAT
5471:CD4
5442:CD3
5160:TNF
4833:L04
4100:D11
3979:doi
3975:150
3936:PMC
3928:doi
3881:doi
3877:101
3843:PMC
3833:doi
3792:PMC
3782:doi
3733:doi
3692:PMC
3684:doi
3680:195
3643:PMC
3633:doi
3342:doi
3299:doi
3262:doi
3221:doi
3174:doi
3136:PMC
3128:doi
3081:doi
3038:doi
2995:doi
2906:doi
2862:doi
2794:doi
2729:doi
2668:doi
2625:doi
2588:doi
2549:doi
2481:PMC
2471:doi
2373:doi
2312:doi
2271:PMC
2263:doi
2214:doi
2167:doi
2163:360
2130:PMC
2122:doi
2001:hdl
1965:PMC
1955:doi
1900:doi
1761:FDA
1512:PXR
1426:max
1246:or
1183:),
900:of
644:EPA
463:CID
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