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These forces are attenuated through increased stride length via increased hip flexion and extension through decreased ground contact time and more energy being used in propulsion. With increased propulsion in the horizontal plane, less impact occurs from the decreased force in the vertical plane. Increased hip flexion allows for increased use of the hip extensors through midstance and toe-off, allowing for more force production. The difference even between world-class and national-level 1500-m runners has been associated with more efficient hip joint function. The increase in velocity likely comes from the increased range of motion in hip flexion and extension, allowing for greater acceleration and speed. The hip extensors and extension have been linked to more powerful knee extension during toe-off, contributing to propulsion. Stride length must be appropriately increased with some degree of knee flexion maintained through the terminal swing phases, as excessive knee extension during this phase along with footstrike has been associated with higher impact forces due to braking and an increased prevalence of heel striking. Elite runners tend to exhibit some degree of knee flexion at footstrike and midstance, which first serves to eccentrically absorb impact forces in the quadriceps muscle group. Secondly it allows for the knee joint to contract concentrically and provides significant aid in propulsion during toe-off as the quadriceps group is capable of producing large amounts of force. Recreational runners have been shown to increase stride length through increased knee extension rather than increased hip flexion, as exhibited by elite runners, which provides an intense braking motion with each step and decreases the rate and efficiency of knee extension during toe-off, slowing down speed. Knee extension, however, contributes to additional stride length and propulsion during toe-off and is seen more frequently in elite runners as well.
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limb is again directly underneath the trunk, pelvis, and hip with the knee joint flexed and hip flexion continuing. Terminal swing then begins as hip flexion continues to the point of activation of the stretch reflex of the hip extensors. The knee begins to extend slightly as it swings to the anterior portion of the body. The foot then makes contact with the ground with a foot strike, completing the running cycle of one side of the lower extremity. Each limb of the lower extremity works opposite to the other. When one side is in toe-off/propulsion, the other hand is in the swing/recovery phase preparing for footstrike. Following toe-off and the beginning of the initial swing of one side, there is a flight phase where neither extremity is in contact with the ground due to the opposite side finishing terminal swing. As the footstrike of the one hand occurs, the initial swing continues. The opposing limbs meet with one in midstance and midswing, beginning the propulsion and terminal swing phases.
854:(MTSS) which is the accurate name for shin splints. This is caused during running when the muscle is being overused along the front of the lower leg with symptoms that affect 2 to 6 inches of the muscle. Shin Splints have sharp, splinter-like pain, that is typically X-rayed by doctors but is not necessary for shin splints to be diagnosed. To help prevent shin splints it is commonly known to stretch before and after a workout session, and also avoid heavy equipment especially during the first couple of workout sessions. Also to help prevent shin splints do not increase the intensity of a workout more than 10% a week. To treat shin splints it is important to rest with the least amount of impact on your legs and apply ice to the area. A survey showed that shin splints make up 12.7% of the most common injuries in running, with blisters being the top percentage at 30.9%.
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contact forces. Thus a mid/forefoot strike may aid in propulsion. However, even among elite athletes, there are variations in self-selected footstrike types. This is especially true in longer distance events, where there is a prevalence of heel strikers. There does tend however to be a greater percentage of mid/forefoot striking runners in the elite fields, particularly in the faster racers and the winning individuals or groups. While one could attribute the faster speeds of elite runners compared to recreational runners with similar footstrikes to physiological differences, the hip, and joints have been left out of the equation for proper propulsion. This raises the question of how heel-striking elite distance runners can keep up such high paces with a supposedly inefficient and injurious foot strike technique.
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pressures from a heel strike traveling through bones for shock absorption rather than being absorbed by muscles. Since bones cannot disperse forces easily, the forces are transmitted to other parts of the body, including ligaments, joints, and bones in the rest of the lower extremities up to the lower back. This causes the body to use abnormal compensatory motions in an attempt to avoid serious bone injuries. These compensations include internal rotation of the tibia, knee, and hip joints. Excessive compensation over time has been linked to a higher risk of injuries in those joints and the muscles involved in those motions. Conversely, a mid/forefoot strike has been associated with greater efficiency and lower injury risk due to the
702:, even after running; one will continue to burn an increased level of calories for a short time after the run. Different speeds and distances are appropriate for different individual health and fitness levels. For new runners, it takes time to get into shape. The key is consistency and a slow increase in speed and distance. While running, it is best to pay attention to how one's body feels. If a runner is gasping for breath or feels exhausted while running, it may be beneficial to slow down or try a shorter distance for a few weeks. If a runner feels that the pace or distance is no longer challenging, then the runner may want to speed up or run farther.
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seen in elite athletes) with the elbow joint at approximately 90 degrees or less, the hands swinging from the hips up to mid-chest level with the opposite leg, the
Humerus moving from being parallel with the trunk to approximately 45 degrees shoulder extension (never passing the trunk in flexion) and with as little movement in the transverse plane as possible. The trunk also rotates in conjunction with arm swing. It mainly serves as a balance point from which the limbs are anchored. Thus trunk motion should remain mostly stable with little motion except for slight rotation, as excessive movement would contribute to transverse motion and wasted energy.
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syndrome is also known as "runner's knee" or "jogger's knee" because it can be caused by jogging or running. Once pain or swelling is noticeable it is important to put ice on it immediately and it is recommended to rest the knee for better healing. Most knee injuries can be treated by light activity and much rest for the knee. In more serious cases, arthroscopy is the most common to help repair ligaments but severe situations reconstructive surgery would be needed. A survey was taken in 2011 with knee injuries being 22.7% of the most common injuries.
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250:, were changes caused by this type of activity (Bramble & Lieberman 2004, et al.). The theory as first proposed used comparative physiological evidence and the natural habits of animals when running, indicating the likelihood of this activity as a successful hunting method. Further evidence from observation of modern-day hunting practices also indicated this likelihood (Carrier et al. 1984). According to Sears (p. 12) scientific investigation (Walker & Leakey 1993) of the
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794:. Repetitive stress on the same tissues without enough time for recovery or running with improper form can lead to many of the above. Runners generally attempt to minimize these injuries by warming up before exercise, focusing on proper running form, performing strength training exercises, eating a well balanced diet, allowing time for recovery, and "icing" (applying ice to sore muscles or taking an ice bath).
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829:, caused by repetitive rubbing of one piece of skin against another, or against an article of clothing. One common location for chafe to occur is the runner's upper thighs. The skin feels coarse and develops a rash-like look. A variety of deodorants and special anti-chafing creams are available to treat such problems. Chafe is also likely to occur on the
327:: stance and swing. These can be further divided into absorption, propulsion, initial swing, and terminal swing. Due to the continuous nature of running gait, no certain point is assumed to be the beginning. However, for simplicity, it will be assumed that absorption and footstrike mark the beginning of the running cycle in a body already in motion.
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exercise can be a treatment for serious depression and anxiety even some physicians prescribe exercise to most of their patients. Running can have a longer-lasting effect than anti-depressants. The non-threatening environment offered by running generates a sense of achievement and belonging which helps with mental illness.
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mass. Although maintaining an upright posture is crucial, runners should also keep their frame relaxed and engage their core to keep their posture stable. This helps prevent injury as long as the body is neither rigid nor tense. The most common running mistakes are tilting the chin up and scrunching shoulders.
905:. Over the next two decades, as many as 25 million Americans were doing some form of running or jogging – accounting for roughly one tenth of the population. Today, road racing is a popular sport among non-professional athletes, who included over 7.7 million people in America alone in 2002.
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being used as a lever system to absorb forces with the muscles eccentrically rather than through the bone. Landing with a mid/forefoot strike has also been shown to properly attenuate shock and allow the triceps surae to aid in propulsion via reflexive plantarflexion after stretching to absorb ground
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In a full stride length model, elements of both the terminal swing and footstrike contribute to propulsion. The setup for propulsion begins at the end of the terminal swing when the hip joint flexes, allowing the hip extensors to generate force as they accelerate through the maximal range of motion.
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An iliotibial band is a muscle and tendon that is attached to the hip and runs the length of the thigh to attach to the upper part of the tibia, and the band is what helps the knee to bend. This is an injury that is located at the knee and shows symptoms of swelling outside the knee. Iliotibial band
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Biomechanical factors associated with elite runners include increased hip function, use, and stride length over recreational runners. An increase in running speeds causes increased ground reaction forces, and elite distance runners must compensate for this to maintain their pace over long distances.
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Initial swing is the response of both stretch reflexes and concentric movements to the propulsion movements of the body. Hip flexion and knee flexion occur, beginning the return of the limb to the starting position and setting up for another foot strike. The initial swing ends at midswing when the
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With a forefoot strike, the ankle and knee joints release their stored elastic energy from the footstrike/absorption phase. The quadriceps group/knee extensors fully extend the knee, pushing the body off the ground. Simultaneously, the knee flexors and stretch reflex pull the knee back into flexion,
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before leaning forward and gradually moving into an upright position as the contest progresses and momentum is gained. Athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events, with the sole exception of the 400 m indoors. Races up to 100 m are largely focused
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and an improved self-esteem and emotional state. Running, like all forms of regular exercise, can effectively slow or reverse the effects of aging. Even people who have already experienced a heart attack are 20% less likely to develop serious heart problems if more engaged in running or any type of
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Leaning forward places a runner's center of mass on the front part of the foot, which avoids landing on the heel and facilitates the use of the spring mechanism of the foot. Additionally, it facilitates avoiding the braking effect that occurs when a runner lands their foot in front of the center of
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With a heel strike, this phase may be just a continuation of momentum from the stretch reflex, gravity, and light hip extension, offering little force absorption through the ankle joint. On the other hand, a mid/forefoot strike helps in shock absorption, supporting plantar flexion from midstance to
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The upper extremity function serves mainly in providing balance in conjunction with the opposing side of the lower extremity. The movement of each leg is paired with the opposite arm, which serves to counterbalance the body, particularly during the stance phase. The arms move most effectively (as
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has been promoted as a means of reducing running related injuries, but this remains controversial and a majority of professionals advocate the wearing of appropriate shoes as the best method for avoiding injury. However, a study in 2013 concluded that wearing neutral shoes is not associated with
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is that the body adjusts to this flat surface running, and some of the muscles will become weaker, along with the added impact of running on a harder surface. Therefore, it can be beneficial to change terrain occasionally – such as trail, beach, or grass running. This is more unstable ground and
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risks and shock absorption capabilities between heel and mid/forefoot footstrikes. It has been shown that heel striking is generally associated with higher rates of injury and impact due to inefficient shock absorption and inefficient biomechanical compensations for these forces. This is due to
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Midstance is when the lower extremity limb of focus is in knee flexion directly underneath the trunk, pelvis, and hips. At this point, propulsion begins to occur as the hips undergo hip extension, the knee joint undergoes extension, and the ankle undergoes plantar flexion. Propulsion continues
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is undergoing extension from being in maximal flexion from the previous swing phase. For proper force absorption, the knee joint should be flexed upon the footstrike, and the ankle should be slightly in front of the body. Footstrike begins the absorption phase as forces from initial contact are
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Footstrike occurs when a plantar portion of the foot makes initial contact with the ground. Common footstrike types include forefoot, midfoot, and heel strike types. These are characterized by initial contact of the ball of the foot, ball and heel of the foot simultaneously and heel of the foot
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Running is an effective way to reduce stress, anxiety, depression, and inflammation. It helps people who struggle with seasonal affective disorder by running outside when it is sunny and warm. Running can improve mental alertness and sleep. Both research and clinical experience have shown that
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may also be classified as a middle-distance event. The 880-yard run, or half-mile, was the forebear to the 800 m distance and it has its roots in competitions in the United
Kingdom in the 1830s. The 1500 m came about as a result of running three laps of a 500 m track, which was
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The final propulsive movements during toe-off involve all three joints: ankle, knee, and hip. The plantar flexors push off from the ground, returning from dorsiflexion in midstance. This can occur either by releasing the elastic load from an earlier mid/forefoot strike or through concentric
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Actual propulsion begins as the lower extremity enters midstance. The hip extensors continue contracting, assisted by gravity and the stretch reflex from maximal hip flexion during the terminal swing. Hip extension pulls the ground underneath the body, propelling the runner forward.
285:...I suspect that the sun, moon, earth, stars, and heaven, which are still the gods of many barbarians, were the only gods known to the aboriginal Hellenes. Seeing that they were always moving and running, from their running nature they were called gods or runners (Thus, Theontas)...
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until the leg is extended behind the body and toe-off occurs. This involves a maximal hip extension, knee extension, and plantar flexion for the subject, resulting in the body being pushed forward from this motion, and the ankle/foot leaves the ground as the initial swing begins.
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Recent research, especially in the footstrike debate, has primarily focused on identifying and preventing injuries during the absorption phases of running. The propulsion phase, which occurs from midstance to toe-off, is crucial for understanding how the body moves forward.
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Exercise physiologists have found that the stride rates are extremely consistent across professional runners, between 185 and 200 steps per minute. The main difference between long- and short-distance runners is the length of stride rather than the rate of stride.
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allows the legs to strengthen different muscles. Runners should be wary of twisting their ankles on such terrain. Running downhill also increases knee stress and should, therefore, be avoided. Reducing the frequency and duration can also prevent injury.
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Different types of stride are necessary for different types of running. When sprinting, runners stay on their toes bringing their legs up, using shorter and faster strides. Long-distance runners tend to have more relaxed strides that vary.
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The majority of popular races do not incorporate a significant change in elevation as a key component of a course. There are several, disparate variations that feature significant inclines or declines. These fall into two main groups.
714:". Running is frequently recommended as therapy for people with clinical depression and people coping with addiction. A possible benefit may be the enjoyment of nature and scenery, which also improves psychological well-being (see
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Rothfeld, G. S., & Romaine, D. S. (2017). jogger's knee. In G. S. Rothfeld, & D. Baker, Facts on File library of health and living: The encyclopedia of men's health (2nd ed.). New, NY: Facts on File. Retrieved from
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David R. Carrier, A. K. Kapoor, Tasuku Kimura, Martin K. Nickels, Satwanti, Eugenie C. Scott, Joseph K. So and Erik
Trinkaus (1984). "The Energetic Paradox of Human Running and Hominid Evolution and Comments and Reply".
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Running can assist people in losing weight, staying in shape and improving body composition. Research suggests that the person of average weight will burn approximately 100 calories per mile run. Running increases one's
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833:. There are a variety of home remedies that runners use to deal with chafing while running such as band-aids and using grease to reduce friction. Prevention is key which is why form fitting clothes are important.
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The science of exercise shows benefits beyond weight loss. (2019). In
Harvard Health Publications (Ed.), Harvard Medical School commentaries on health. Boston, MA: Harvard Health Publications. Retrieved from
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initiating the initial swing phase. The hip extensors extend to the maximum, contributing to forces pulling and pushing off the ground, as well as initiating knee flexion and the initial swing phase.
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Pedisic, Zeljko; Shrestha, Nipun; Kovalchik, Stephanie; Stamatakis, Emmanuel; Liangruenrom, Nucharapon; Grgic, Jozo; Titze, Sylvia; Biddle, Stuart JH; Bauman, Adrian E; Oja, Pekka (4 November 2019).
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attenuated throughout the lower extremity. Absorption of forces continues as the body moves from footstrike to midstance due to vertical propulsion from the toe-off during a previous gait cycle.
916:, or sprint speed, is the maximum speed at which a human can run. It is affected by many factors, varies greatly throughout the population, and is important in athletics and many sports.
894:. Events are usually grouped into several classes, each requiring substantially different athletic strengths and involving different tactics, training methods, and types of competitors.
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Dupler, D., & Ferguson, D. (2016). Knee injuries. In Gale (Ed.), Gale encyclopedia of children's health: Infancy through adolescence (3rd ed.). Farmington, MI: Gale. Retrieved from
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shinsplints. (2017). In G. S. Rothfeld, & D. Baker, Facts on File library of health and living: The encyclopedia of men's health (2nd ed.). New, NY: Facts on File. Retrieved from
890:. Running races are contests to determine which of the competitors is able to run a certain distance in the shortest time. Today, competitive running events make up the core of the
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Shin splints. (2017). In
Harvard Medical School (Ed.), Health reference series: Harvard Medical School health topics A-Z. Boston, MA: Harvard Health Publications. Retrieved from
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The fastest human footspeed on record is 44.7 km/h (12.4 m/s; 27.8 mph), seen during a 100-meter sprint (average speed between the 60th and the 80th meter) by
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within a stride co-occur, with energy storage accomplished by springy tendons and passive muscle elasticity. The term "running" can refer to a variety of speeds ranging from
1483:, which was a race from one end of the stadium to the other. There are three sprinting events which are currently held at the Olympics and outdoor World Championships: the
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During midstance, the knee should be slightly flexed due to elastic loading from the absorption and footstrike phases, preserving forward momentum. The ankle joint is in
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of speed, in mph or km/h). Some coaches advocate training at a combination of specific paces related to one's fitness to stimulate various physiological improvements.
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Sprints are short running events in athletics and track and field. Races over short distances are among the oldest running competitions. The first 13 editions of the
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1801:"Is running associated with a lower risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and is the more the better? A systematic review and meta-analysis"
1363:, woodlands, hills, flat ground and water. It is a popular participatory sport and is one of the events which, along with track and field, road running, and
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While there exists the potential for injury while running (just as there is in any sport), there are many benefits. Some of these benefits include potential
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4598:"Has the second 'running boom' democratized running? A study on the sociodemographic characteristics of finishers at the world's largest half marathon"
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Running can also have psychological benefits, as many participants in the sport report feeling an elated, euphoric state, often referred to as a "
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It is hypothesized that the ancestors of humankind developed the ability to run for long distances about 2.6 million years ago, probably to
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Lavie, Carl J.; Lee, Duck-Chul; Sui, Xuemei; Arena, Ross; O'Keefe, James H.; Church, Timothy S.; Milani, Richard V.; Blair, Steven N. (2015).
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Nielsen, Rasmus
Oestergaard; Buist, Ida; Parner, Erik Thorlund; Nohr, Ellen Aagaard; Sørensen, Henrik; Lind, Martin; Rasmussen, Sten (2013).
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Person with a bad running form. Heel striking and leaning forward are some of the most common mistakes and cause of injuries among beginners.
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van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage FH (March 1999). "Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus".
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As the hip extensors transition from inhibitory to primary muscle movers, the lower extremity moves back towards the ground, aided by the
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4213:"Foot pronation is not associated with increased injury risk in novice runners wearing a neutral shoe: a 1-year prospective cohort study"
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Barton, J.; Pretty, J. (2010). "What is the Best Dose of Nature and Green
Exercise for Improving Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis".
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Boecker, H.; Sprenger, T.; Spilker, M. E.; Henriksen, G.; Koppenhoefer, M.; Wagner, K. J.; Valet, M.; Berthele, A.; Tolle, T. R. (2008).
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Lafortune, M.A. (2006). "Dominant role of interface over knee angle for cushioning impact loading and regulating initial leg stiffness".
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within the brain. This finding could have significant implications in aging as well as learning and memory. A recent study published in
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as well as the modern
Olympics. The activity of running went through a period of widespread popularity in the United States during the
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The second variety of vertical running is based on human structures, such as stairs and man-made slopes. The foremost type of this is
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Alic, M. (2012). Mental health and exercise. In J. L. Longe, The Gale encyclopedia of fitness. Farmington, MI: Gale. Retrieved from
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upon acceleration to an athlete's maximum speed. All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance.
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The naturalistic group is based on outdoor racing over geographical features. Among these are the cross country-related sports of
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1697:"Gait selection in the ostrich: mechanical and metabolic characteristics of walking and running with and without an aerial phase"
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components. As a sport, it is split into events divided by distance and sometimes includes permutations such as the obstacles in
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Many injuries are associated with running because of its high-impact nature. Change in running volume may lead to development of
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Ardigo, L.P. (2008). "Metabolic and mechanical aspects of foot landing type, forefoot, and rearfoot strike, in human running".
3994:"Daily morning running for 3 weeks improved sleep and psychological functioning in healthy adolescents compared with controls"
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at this point, either elastically loaded from a mid/forefoot strike or preparing for stand-alone concentric plantar flexion.
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Middle-distance running events are track races longer than sprints up to 3000 metres. The standard middle distances are the
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health (reducing the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases), improved cardiovascular fitness, reduced total blood
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Mercer, J.A. (2002). "Relationship between shock attenuation and stride length during running at different velocities".
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It is thought that human running evolved at least four and a half million years ago out of the ability of the ape-like
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Newton, D. E. (2012). Running. In J. L. Longe, The Gale encyclopedia of fitness. Farmington, MI: Gale. Retrieved from
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Schache, A.G. (1999). "The coordinated movement of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex during running: a literature review".
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https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/hhphoh/the_science_of_exercise_shows_benefits_beyond_weight_loss/0
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with an aerial phase in which all feet are above the ground (though there are exceptions). This is in contrast to
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Cross country running takes place over the open or rough terrain. The courses used for these events may include
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Larson, P. (2011). "Foot strike patterns of recreational and sub-elite runners in a long-distance road race".
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Lieberman, D. (2010). "Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners".
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of animals, the activity of following and chasing until a prey is too exhausted to flee, succumbing to "chase
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Larson, P (2011). "Foot strike patterns of recreational and sub-elite runners in a long-distance road race".
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events with athletes racing over specified distances on an oval running track. The events are categorized as
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Leskinen, A. (2009). "Comparison of running kinematics between elite and national-standard 1500-m runners".
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Hasegawa, H. (2007). "Foot Strike
Patterns of Runners at the 15-km Point During Elite-Level Half Marathon".
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Competitive running grew out of religious festivals in various areas such as Greece, Egypt, Asia, and the
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is a common indoor event and it an indoor world championship event. Other less-common events include the
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Thys, H. (1975). "The role played by elasticity in an exercise involving movements of small amplitude".
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Williams, D.S. (2000). "Lower
Extremity Mechanics in Runners with a Converted Forefoot Strike Pattern".
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IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federations) Biomechanical Research Project: Berlin 2009.
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Stergiou, N. (2003). "Subtalara and knee joint interaction during running at various stride lengths".
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Running competitions have probably existed for most of humanity's history and were a key part of the
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Some runners may experience injuries when running on concrete surfaces. The problem with running on
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dictates that a runner's near-top speed cannot be maintained for more than thirty seconds or so as
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Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine
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615:, strengthening of bones (and potentially increased bone density), possible strengthening of the
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3231:"Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements"
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146:. Competitive running grew out of religious festivals in various areas. Records of competitive
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with races across North America, Europe and East Asia) and the mainly trail- and road-centred
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Recent research into various forms of running has focused on the differences in the potential
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1857:"Born To Run – Humans can outrun nearly every other animal on the planet over long distances"
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4123:"Classifying running-related injuries based upon etiology, with emphasis on volume and pace"
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At the professional level, sprinters begin the race by assuming a crouching position in the
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and gravity. The footstrike and absorption phases follow, leading to two possible outcomes.
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Bergmann, G. (2000). "Influence of shoes and heel strike on the loading of the hip joint".
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1325:). These events normally range from distances of 5 kilometers to longer distances such as
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Kubo, K. (2000). "Elastic properties of muscle-tendon complex in long-distance runners".
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Nilson, Finn; Lundkvist, Erik; Wagnsson, Stefan; Gustafsson, Henrik (19 December 2019).
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are shrouded by myth and legend, though the first recorded games took place in 776 BCE.
269:, dates back to 1829 BCE and is one of the earliest records of competitive running. The
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took place in 776 BCE. Running has been described as the world's most accessible sport.
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Rubenson, Jonas; Heliams, Denham B.; Lloyd, David G.; Fournier, Paul A. (22 May 2004).
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1996:
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Road running takes place on a measured course over an established road (as opposed to
481:
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5473:
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3525:
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3301:
3252:
3200:
3183:
Pink, M. (1994). "Lower Extremity Range of Motion in the Recreational Sport Runner".
3154:
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1918:
1879:
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1726:
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1216:
878:
Running is both a competition and a type of training for sports that have running or
791:
258:
109:
105:
66:
4084:"Not just a run in the park: a qualitative exploration of parkrun and mental health"
4071:
https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galefit/mental_health_and_exercise/0
3429:
3383:
3313:
3166:
3039:
2967:
Verdini, F. (2005). "Identification and characterization of heel strike transient".
2929:
2858:
2564:
2521:
2478:
2292:
2131:
2021:
Louis Liebenberg (December 2006). "Persistence Hunting by Modern Hunter-Gatherers".
518:
5936:
5885:
5747:
5672:
5579:
5554:
5541:
5478:
5448:
5411:
5406:
5365:
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4224:
4134:
4095:
4044:
4005:
3960:
3940:
3917:
3897:
3826:
3709:
3698:"Effects of Running on Chronic Diseases and Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality"
3452:
3409:
3363:
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3264:
3242:
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2030:
1815:
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Cavagna, G. A.; Saibene, F. P.; Margaria, R. (1964). "Mechanical Work in Running".
1716:
1708:
1520:
1458:
1422:
1380:
1288:
1280:
805:
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An early 20th Century drawing depicting long-distance runners. It is copied from a
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58:
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Nicola, T. L.; Jewison, D. J. (2012). "The Anatomy and Biomechanics of Running".
1819:
1515:
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477:
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136:
3598:"Pete Pfitzinger – Training Information for Runners – Optimal Marathon Training"
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3601:
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1644:
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862:
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636:
570:(steps per minute) by the stride length. Running is often measured in terms of
567:
367:
324:
222:
Early humans most likely developed into endurance runners from the practice of
117:
5692:
3478:
Skoff, B. (2004). "Kinematic analysis of Jolanda Ceplak's running technique".
3413:
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Skoff, B (2004). "Kinematic analysis of Jolanda Ceplak's running technique".
1632:
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2029:(6). Current Anthropology & The University of Chicago Press: 1017–1026.
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1376:
1346:
1312:
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722:
382:
235:
4294:
https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galegchita/knee_injuries/0
3464:
3204:
2921:
2842:
2726:
2686:
2556:
2445:"Foot Strike and Injury Rates in Endurance Runners: a retrospective study"
2284:
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5652:
5642:
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3031:
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1609:
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612:
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201:
4333:
https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/hhphealth/shin_splints/0
3579:
2766:
5783:
5724:
5625:
5526:
5380:
5292:
5182:
5146:
4803:
4768:
4282:
https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/fofmens/jogger_s_knee/0
2988:
2913:
2123:
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1492:
1488:
1484:
1414:
1384:
1284:
920:
699:
665:
243:
216:
3901:
2535:
Smeathers, J.E. (1989). "Transient Vibrations Caused by Heel Strike".
1743:
Biewener, A. A. 2003. Animal Locomotion. Oxford University Press, US.
5900:
5890:
5757:
5714:
5468:
4510:
4321:
https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/fofmens/shinsplints/0
1543:
1539:
1535:
1467:
International-level women athletes competing in 100 m sprint race at
1330:
913:
879:
687:
337:
96:
by which humans and other animals move rapidly on foot. Running is a
1499:
which were later altered to metric: the 100 m evolved from the
5895:
5869:
5334:
5297:
5136:
4789:
2115:
2034:
1900:"Running | the Gale Encyclopedia of Fitness - Credo Reference"
1636:
1605:
1300:
1202:
1027:
798:
754:
721:
In animal models, running has been shown to increase the number of
632:
538:
The runner's posture should be upright and slightly tilted forward.
312:
299:
290:
274:
227:
62:
1798:
731:
has also linked running with improved memory and learning skills.
5416:
5108:
5053:
5038:
4595:
4309:
https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galefit/running/0
3944:
1915:
What Is Sport: A Controversial Essay About Why Humans Play Sports
1701:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
1504:
1356:
1333:, and they may involve scores of runners or wheelchair entrants.
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266:
155:
143:
125:
101:
3545:
Hoffman, K. (1971). "Stature, leg length and stride frequency".
1507:(or 1/8 of a mile), and the 400 m was the successor to the
323:
Running gait can be divided into two phases regarding the lower
27:
Method of terrestrial locomotion allowing rapid movement on foot
5520:
5344:
5252:
4810:
3809:
2615:"Muscle contributions to propulsion and support during running"
1528:
566:
at which the runner moves may be calculated by multiplying the
428:
147:
4642:
3812:"The Runner's High: Opioidergic Mechanisms in the Human Brain"
3564:
Rompottie, K. (1972). "A study of stride length in running".
563:
294:
3975:"Memory improved by protein released in response to running"
2581:
Davis, G.J. (1980). "Mechanisms of Selected Knee Injuries".
1694:
680:
5007:
4580:
4564:
4491:
4475:
4456:
4435:
4419:
3010:
Walter, N.E. (1977). "Stress fractures in young athletes".
493:
112:
fashion. A feature of a running body from the viewpoint of
97:
31:
4660:
1963:
Soviet Sport: The Success Story. p. 49, V. Gerlitsyn, 1987
927:
Speed over increasing distance based on world record times
817:
544:
485:
5221:
4467:
4465:
4403:
3735:
3733:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2158:
1360:
135:
Running in humans is associated with improved health and
3224:
3222:
3055:"Effects of Footwear and Strike Type of Running Economy"
2794:
2792:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2263:
Anderson, T (1996). "Biomechanics and Running Economy".
933:
Category:Athletics (track and field) record progressions
489:
3930:
3741:"How Many Calories Does Running Burn? | Competitor.com"
3509:
2353:
Novacheck, T.F. (1998). "The biomechanics of running".
2348:
2346:
2344:
1974:"The Evolution of Human Running: Training & Racing"
440:
158:
between 632 BCE and 1171 BCE, while the first recorded
4462:
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2733:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
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627:
such as running might bring benefits related to lower
3219:
2789:
2693:
2576:
2574:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
265:, an Irish sporting festival in honor of the goddess
3625:"Phys Ed: Why Doesn't Exercise Lead to Weight Loss?"
3395:
3393:
3178:
3176:
2895:
2893:
2824:
2822:
2660:
2658:
2583:
Journal of the American Physical Therapy Association
2341:
2152:
230:" (Sears 2001), and that human features such as the
3646:"Exercise Could Slow Aging of Body, Study Suggests"
2593:
2299:
2253:
2066:
1527:builds up, and leg muscles begin to be deprived of
3517:
2571:
2431:
2389:
1405:(a tradition associated with Northern Europe) and
578:of minutes per mile or minutes per kilometer (the
254:provided further evidence for the Carrier theory.
3622:
3390:
3173:
2890:
2819:
2655:
5928:
4533:. The Science of Sport. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
4303:
4301:
4127:International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
3695:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2020:
1613:commonplace in continental Europe in the 1900s.
1413:distances), the running/climbing combination of
845:
635:) might have an opposite effect associated with
3329:Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness
3284:Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
3059:Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
2110:(4). The University of Chicago Press: 483–495.
1627:Examples of longer-distance running events are
1275:A man running with a baton during a relay race.
3515:
2877:"How to Run: Running with proper biomechanics"
281:can be traced back to these games of 776 BCE.
5237:
4998:
4984:
4676:
4363:"Long Distance Running – State of the Sport."
4298:
3104:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
2936:
2312:
631:and life extension, an excessive dose (e.g.,
4653:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3924:
3879:
3524:(1st ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2159:Alan Walker; Richard Leakey (16 July 1996).
2144:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1566:set a world best in 1983, Olympic champions
1495:. These events have their roots in races of
1367:, makes up the umbrella sport of athletics.
649:Neurobiological effects of physical exercise
4898:World Athletics Cross Country Championships
4161:
4081:
2449:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
1994:
942:Maximum human speed and pace per distance
836:
405:
5244:
5230:
4991:
4977:
4683:
4669:
4082:Morris, Paul; Scott, Helen (3 July 2019).
2870:
2868:
2014:
825:Another common, running-related injury is
4613:
4138:
3830:
3713:
3643:
3563:
3442:
3295:
3246:
3070:
2744:
2638:
2534:
2460:
2352:
1720:
1503:, the 200 m distances came from the
108:vaults over the stance leg or legs in an
4637:
4570:
4345:"Health Benefits of Jogging and Running"
4192:"Wiggling Their Toes at the Shoe Giants"
4155:
3767:"4 Ways Running is Best for Weight Loss"
3666:"Health - Exercise 'can reverse ageing'"
3399:
3326:
3101:
2951:
2798:
2704:
2262:
2196:Historical Dictionary of Track and Field
2192:
2067:Edward Seldon Sears (22 December 2008).
2062:
2060:
1873:
1462:
1270:
937:
861:
821:Chafing of skin following a marathon run
816:
753:
553:
409:
311:
187:
175:
172:History of physical training and fitness
72:
57:
4554:
4513:(17 May 2009). Retrieved 26 March 2010.
4502:
4500:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4392:
4189:
4120:
3544:
3012:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
2966:
2956:. Champaign, I.L: Human Kinetics Books.
2874:
2865:
2402:
1558:competitions in the United States. The
623:Although an optimal amount of vigorous
545:Upright posture and slight forward lean
471:instructions, advice, or how-to content
14:
5929:
5201:Animal locomotion on the water surface
4030:
3882:Environmental Science & Technology
3356:European Journal of Applied Physiology
3353:
3277:
3228:
3136:
3009:
2831:European Journal of Applied Physiology
2664:
2612:
2491:
2219:
5225:
4972:
4664:
4398:Instone, Stephen (15 November 2009).
4164:"Health Journal: Is barefoot better?"
4033:"Running as treatment for depression"
3991:
3623:Gretchen Reynolds (4 November 2009).
3496:
3477:
2580:
2442:
2162:The Nariokotome Homo Erectus Skeleton
2057:
1912:
1845:from the original on 10 October 2021.
336:respectively. During this time, the
206:Naples National Archaeological Museum
4922:World Mountain Running Championships
4524:Who is the fastest man in the world?
4497:
4441:
4259:"How to Prevent & Treat Chafing"
3182:
3052:
2899:
2828:
453:
441:Stride length, hip and knee function
422:
4699:
4400:The Olympics: Ancient versus Modern
3185:American Journal of Sports Medicine
1662:List of people killed while running
1419:International Skyrunning Federation
782:. Change in running pace may cause
480:so that it is more encyclopedic or
353:
24:
4589:
4507:Superb Bolt storms to 150m record
4217:British Journal of Sports Medicine
3297:10.1249/01.mss.0000048837.81430.e7
2679:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1995.tb09943.x
2315:Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
1808:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1737:
1585:
1582:improved Mennea's record in 2009.
1427:World Mountain Running Association
908:
716:Ecopsychology § Practical benefits
589:
215:, an early ancestor of humans, to
184:from Ancient Greece, circa 333 BCE
25:
5958:
4631:
2549:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1989_203_036_01
2246:Plato (translated by B.Jowett) -
1906:
594:
449:
5691:
5311:
4952:
4010:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.02.020
3789:"How Fast Should Beginners Run?"
3600:. Pfitzinger.com. Archived from
3116:10.1519/00124278-200708000-00040
2954:Biomechanics of Distance Running
2277:10.2165/00007256-199622020-00003
1616:
1554:which are used in some high and
679:
657:
528:
517:
458:
389:contraction from a heel strike.
4536:
4516:
4481:
4425:
4409:
4374:
4355:
4337:
4325:
4313:
4286:
4273:
4251:
4204:
4183:
4114:
4075:
4063:
4024:
3985:
3967:
3873:
3847:
3803:
3781:
3759:
3689:
3676:
3658:
3637:
3616:
3590:
3572:
3557:
3538:
3490:
3471:
3436:
3347:
3320:
3271:
3130:
3095:
3046:
3003:
2960:
2801:Journal of Applied Biomechanics
2528:
2485:
2240:
2213:
2186:
2165:. Springer, 1993. p. 414.
1988:
1966:
1957:
1578:over the distance in 1997, and
4930:Skyrunning World Championships
4906:IAU 100 km World Championships
4361:USA Track & Field (2003).
4162:Parker-Pope, T (6 June 2006).
3743:. 2 March 2015. Archived from
2981:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.07.008
2902:European Journal of Physiology
2667:Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
2631:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.06.025
1931:
1892:
1874:Heinrich, Bernd (7 May 2009).
1867:
1849:
1792:
1757:
1688:
1479:featured only one event – the
749:
396:
307:
13:
1:
4959:Sport of athletics portal
4914:IAU Trail World Championships
4890:World Athletics Championships
4615:10.1080/17430437.2019.1703687
4522:Tucker, Ross (26 June 2008).
4190:Cortese, A (29 August 2009).
4100:10.1080/18387357.2018.1509011
3644:Rob Stein (29 January 2008).
3566:International Track and Field
3457:10.1016/s0021-9290(96)80003-0
3235:Journal of Applied Physiology
2875:Magness, S. (4 August 2010).
2417:10.1016/s0966-6362(99)00025-9
2367:10.1016/s0966-6362(97)00038-6
1876:Why we run: A natural history
1766:Journal of Applied Physiology
1682:
1429:and based mainly in Europe).
852:medial tibial stress syndrome
846:Medial tibial stress syndrome
780:medial tibial stress syndrome
330:
85:Video of human running action
4938:World Snowshoe Championships
4727:(over 3000 m up to marathon)
4229:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092202
4049:10.1016/0010-440X(79)90058-0
3998:Journal of Adolescent Health
3857:. Free Diets. Archived from
3855:"Health benefits of running"
3715:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.001
3248:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.5.1991
3151:10.1080/02640414.2011.610347
3072:10.1249/mss.0b013e318247989e
2719:10.1016/0021-9290(94)00129-r
2506:10.1080/02640414.2011.610347
2462:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182465115
1820:10.1136/bjsports-2018-100493
1814:(15): bjsports–2018–100493.
1447:
764:patellofemoral pain syndrome
664:A U.S. Army soldier wearing
642:
344:
7:
5789:Radio-controlled car racing
5117:Comparative foot morphology
4690:
2226:. Oxford University Press.
1778:10.1152/jappl.1964.19.2.249
1650:
738:
10:
5963:
5444:Mountain bike orienteering
5251:
4494:. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
4478:. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
4459:. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
4438:. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
4422:. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
4406:. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
3197:10.1177/036354659402200418
3139:Journal of Sports Sciences
3024:10.1177/036354657700500405
2494:Journal of Sports Sciences
1943:Health and Fitness History
1620:
1589:
1456:
1452:
1374:
1340:
1310:
1264:
812:
742:
646:
169:
165:
36:
29:
5911:
5878:
5842:
5811:
5776:
5768:Offshore powerboat racing
5738:
5720:Motorcycle chariot racing
5700:
5689:
5633:
5624:
5606:
5578:
5540:
5487:
5429:
5389:
5353:
5320:
5309:
5268:
5259:
5196:
5170:
5107:
5062:
5016:
5006:
5000:Animal locomotion on land
4948:
4881:
4822:
4698:
4583:. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
4567:. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
4551:. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
4088:Advances in Mental Health
3580:"Revel Sports Pace Chart"
3414:10.1080/14763140802632382
3368:10.1007/s00421-002-0646-9
2327:10.1016/j.csm.2011.10.001
1657:Level and incline running
1629:long-distance track races
1279:Track running events are
903:running boom of the 1970s
866:Competitors in the men's
857:
705:
279:Running in Ancient Greece
5763:Inshore powerboat racing
4037:Comprehensive Psychiatry
3499:New Studies in Athletics
3480:New Studies in Athletics
2193:Matthews, Peter (2012).
2070:Running Through the Ages
1995:Ingfei Chen (May 2006).
1255:
837:Iliotibial band syndrome
768:iliotibial band syndrome
745:Running-related injuries
406:Upper extremity function
217:walk upright on two legs
51:Running (disambiguation)
47:Runners (disambiguation)
30:Not to be confused with
5916:List of forms of racing
5283:Middle-distance running
4717:Middle-distance running
4650:Encyclopædia Britannica
4548:Encyclopædia Britannica
4543:Middle-distance running
4169:The Wall Street Journal
3702:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
3516:Michael Yessis (2000).
3445:Journal of Biomechanics
2952:Cavanagh, P.R. (1990).
2707:Journal of Biomechanics
2619:Journal of Biomechanics
1592:Middle-distance running
850:A more known injury is
271:origins of the Olympics
194:Roman bronze sculptures
43:Runner (disambiguation)
5947:Terrestrial locomotion
5758:Jet sprint boat racing
5080:Rectilinear locomotion
4472:100 m – For the Expert
3992:Kalak, Nadeem (2012).
2220:Spivey, Nigel (2006).
1713:10.1098/rspb.2004.2702
1562:, is rarely competed:
1511:or quarter-mile race.
1472:
1276:
943:
875:
822:
759:
629:cardiovascular disease
415:
320:
305:
208:
185:
94:terrestrial locomotion
86:
70:
5361:Cross country running
5288:Long-distance running
5075:Undulatory locomotion
4741:Cross country running
4725:Long-distance running
4577:1500 m – Introduction
4368:11 March 2008 at the
4121:Nielsen, R.O (2013).
4031:Greist, John (1979).
3832:10.1093/cercor/bhn013
3278:Mercer, J.A. (2003).
3229:Weyand, P.G. (2010).
2843:10.1007/s004210050028
2613:Hammer, S.R. (2010).
1623:Long-distance running
1497:imperial measurements
1477:Ancient Olympic Games
1466:
1442:Empire State Building
1343:Cross country running
1323:cross country running
1274:
941:
899:ancient Olympic Games
865:
820:
772:patellar tendinopathy
757:
743:Further information:
723:newly created neurons
686:A woman running in a
668:runs to maintain his
647:Further information:
554:Stride rate and types
413:
315:
283:
191:
179:
114:spring-mass mechanics
84:
61:
5855:Cross-country skiing
5829:Slalom skateboarding
5512:Mountain bike racing
4561:800 m – Introduction
4488:200 m For the Expert
4416:100 m – Introduction
2813:10.1123/jab.16.2.210
2443:Daoud, A.I. (2012).
2223:The Ancient Olympics
2104:Current Anthropology
2023:Current Anthropology
1939:"History of Running"
872:2012 Summer Olympics
809:increased injuries.
562:During running, the
414:Video of man running
252:Nariokotome skeleton
196:of runners from the
39:Run (disambiguation)
37:For other uses, see
5663:Pickup truck racing
5598:Paralympic swimming
5588:Open water swimming
5497:Road bicycle racing
5070:Concertina movement
5024:Arboreal locomotion
4882:World championships
4529:23 May 2012 at the
4386:14 May 2014 at the
3894:2010EnST...44.3947B
3651:The Washington Post
3586:. 25 November 2021.
3402:Sports Biomechanics
2767:10.1038/nature08723
2759:2010Natur.463..531L
2199:. Scarecrow Press.
2073:. McFarland, 2001.
1913:Alpha, Rob (2015).
1707:(1543): 1091–1099.
784:Achilles Tendinitis
478:rewrite the content
224:persistence hunting
198:Villa of the Papyri
182:Panathenaic amphora
116:is that changes in
5879:Multi-sport racing
5678:Touring car racing
5464:Canoe orienteering
5459:Radio orienteering
5454:Trail orienteering
4940:(snowshoe running)
4924:(mountain running)
4873:(snowshoe running)
4857:(mountain running)
4453:400 m Introduction
4432:200 m Introduction
4197:The New York Times
3979:Medical News Today
3630:The New York Times
3604:on 7 February 2016
3053:Perl, D.P (2012).
2969:Gait & Posture
2914:10.1007/bf00584651
2405:Gait & Posture
2355:Gait & Posture
1976:. runtheplanet.com
1945:. 23 November 2018
1878:. Harper Collins.
1863:. 2006. p. 3.
1672:Running energetics
1667:Outline of running
1473:
1417:(organised by the
1277:
944:
892:sport of athletics
876:
823:
760:
620:aerobic activity.
416:
321:
317:Eadweard Muybridge
209:
186:
87:
71:
5924:
5923:
5807:
5806:
5753:Hydroplane racing
5702:Motorcycle racing
5668:Sports car racing
5593:Marathon swimming
5474:Mountain marathon
5439:Foot orienteering
5425:
5424:
5219:
5218:
5103:
5102:
4966:
4965:
3902:10.1021/es903183r
3888:(10): 3947–3955.
3825:(11): 2523–2531.
3708:(11): 1541–1552.
3531:978-0-8092-9899-0
3520:Explosive Running
3451:(12): 1523–1529.
3145:(15): 1665–1673.
2753:(7280): 531–535.
2625:(14): 2709–2716.
2500:(15): 1665–1673.
2233:978-0-19-280604-8
2206:978-0-8108-6781-9
1861:Discover Magazine
1749:978-0-19-850022-3
1425:(governed by the
1253:
1252:
792:plantar fasciitis
511:
510:
423:Footstrike debate
259:East African Rift
150:date back to the
110:inverted pendulum
106:center of gravity
82:
67:Carlsbad Marathon
16:(Redirected from
5954:
5886:Adventure racing
5748:Drag boat racing
5740:Motorboat racing
5695:
5673:Stock car racing
5631:
5630:
5555:Greyhound racing
5479:Car orienteering
5449:Ski orienteering
5412:Snowshoe running
5407:Backward running
5366:Mountain running
5354:Off-road running
5315:
5266:
5265:
5246:
5239:
5232:
5223:
5222:
5014:
5013:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4970:
4969:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4941:
4933:
4925:
4917:
4909:
4901:
4893:
4874:
4866:
4858:
4850:
4842:
4834:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4783:Snowshoe running
4778:
4771:
4764:
4762:Mountain running
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4728:
4720:
4712:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4662:
4661:
4654:
4646:
4627:
4617:
4602:Sport in Society
4584:
4574:
4568:
4558:
4552:
4540:
4534:
4520:
4514:
4504:
4495:
4485:
4479:
4469:
4460:
4450:
4439:
4429:
4423:
4413:
4407:
4396:
4390:
4378:
4372:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4142:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4028:
4022:
4021:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3834:
3816:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3717:
3693:
3687:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3523:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3397:
3388:
3387:
3362:(4–5): 403–408.
3351:
3345:
3344:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3299:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3250:
3241:(5): 1991–1999.
3226:
3217:
3216:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3074:
3065:(7): 1335–1343.
3050:
3044:
3043:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2934:
2933:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2742:
2731:
2730:
2702:
2691:
2690:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2610:
2591:
2590:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2464:
2455:(7): 1325–1334.
2440:
2429:
2428:
2400:
2387:
2386:
2350:
2339:
2338:
2310:
2297:
2296:
2260:
2251:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2135:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1805:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1761:
1755:
1753:books.google.com
1741:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1692:
1521:Human physiology
1459:Sprint (running)
1423:mountain running
1381:Mountain running
949:Distance metres
946:
945:
868:10,000-metre run
806:Barefoot running
683:
661:
625:aerobic exercise
532:
521:
506:
503:
497:
462:
461:
454:
354:Propulsion phase
303:
275:Marathon running
240:Achilles tendons
213:Australopithecus
122:potential energy
83:
21:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5942:Endurance games
5927:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5907:
5874:
5860:Snowboard cross
5838:
5803:
5794:Slot car racing
5772:
5734:
5696:
5687:
5658:Off-road racing
5620:
5602:
5574:
5570:Sled dog racing
5536:
5483:
5421:
5385:
5349:
5316:
5307:
5255:
5250:
5220:
5215:
5206:Fish locomotion
5192:
5166:
5099:
5058:
5044:Knuckle-walking
5002:
4997:
4967:
4962:
4953:
4951:
4944:
4936:
4928:
4920:
4916:(trail running)
4912:
4908:(ultra running)
4904:
4900:(cross country)
4896:
4888:
4877:
4869:
4861:
4853:
4849:(trail running)
4845:
4841:(ultra running)
4837:
4831:World Athletics
4829:
4818:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4735:(over marathon)
4731:
4723:
4715:
4707:
4694:
4689:
4658:
4644:"Running"
4634:
4592:
4590:Further reading
4587:
4575:
4571:
4559:
4555:
4541:
4537:
4531:Wayback Machine
4521:
4517:
4505:
4498:
4486:
4482:
4470:
4463:
4451:
4442:
4430:
4426:
4414:
4410:
4397:
4393:
4388:Wayback Machine
4379:
4375:
4370:Wayback Machine
4360:
4356:
4351:. 14 July 2020.
4343:
4342:
4338:
4330:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4262:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4209:
4205:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4160:
4156:
4119:
4115:
4080:
4076:
4068:
4064:
4029:
4025:
3990:
3986:
3981:. 24 June 2016.
3973:
3972:
3968:
3929:
3925:
3878:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3861:on 27 July 2009
3853:
3852:
3848:
3819:Cerebral Cortex
3814:
3808:
3804:
3794:
3792:
3791:. February 2013
3787:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3747:on 22 July 2016
3739:
3738:
3731:
3694:
3690:
3681:
3677:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3642:
3638:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3584:revelsports.com
3578:
3577:
3573:
3562:
3558:
3547:Track Technique
3543:
3539:
3532:
3514:
3510:
3495:
3491:
3476:
3472:
3441:
3437:
3398:
3391:
3352:
3348:
3325:
3321:
3276:
3272:
3227:
3220:
3181:
3174:
3135:
3131:
3100:
3096:
3051:
3047:
3008:
3004:
2965:
2961:
2950:
2937:
2898:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2866:
2827:
2820:
2797:
2790:
2743:
2734:
2703:
2694:
2663:
2656:
2611:
2594:
2579:
2572:
2533:
2529:
2490:
2486:
2441:
2432:
2401:
2390:
2351:
2342:
2311:
2300:
2265:Sports Medicine
2261:
2254:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2157:
2153:
2137:
2136:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2065:
2058:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1872:
1868:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1762:
1758:
1742:
1738:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1653:
1625:
1619:
1608:, although the
1594:
1588:
1586:Middle distance
1568:Michael Johnson
1516:starting blocks
1461:
1455:
1450:
1395:
1375:Main articles:
1353:
1341:Main articles:
1315:
1269:
1258:
929:
911:
909:Limits of speed
860:
848:
839:
815:
752:
747:
741:
728:Cell Metabolism
708:
695:
694:
693:
692:
691:
684:
675:
674:
673:
662:
651:
645:
597:
592:
590:Health benefits
574:, expressed in
556:
547:
542:
541:
540:
539:
535:
534:
533:
524:
523:
522:
507:
501:
498:
475:
463:
459:
452:
443:
425:
408:
399:
356:
347:
333:
310:
304:
289:
263:Tailteann Games
261:in Africa. The
232:nuchal ligament
174:
168:
152:Tailteann Games
137:life expectancy
92:is a method of
73:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5960:
5950:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5888:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5706:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5648:Formula racing
5645:
5639:
5637:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5616:Speed climbing
5612:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5584:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5546:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5532:Cycle speedway
5529:
5524:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5493:
5491:
5489:Bicycle racing
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5435:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5326:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5274:
5272:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5249:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5226:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5211:Volant animals
5208:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5020:
5018:
5011:
5004:
5003:
4996:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4973:
4964:
4963:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4934:
4926:
4918:
4910:
4902:
4894:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4867:
4859:
4851:
4843:
4835:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4729:
4721:
4719:(up to 3000 m)
4713:
4704:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4688:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4665:
4656:
4655:
4641:, ed. (1911).
4639:Chisholm, Hugh
4633:
4632:External links
4630:
4629:
4628:
4608:(4): 659–669.
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4569:
4553:
4535:
4515:
4496:
4480:
4461:
4440:
4424:
4408:
4391:
4373:
4354:
4336:
4324:
4312:
4297:
4285:
4272:
4250:
4223:(6): 440–447.
4203:
4182:
4154:
4133:(2): 172–179.
4113:
4094:(2): 110–123.
4074:
4062:
4023:
4004:(6): 615–622.
3984:
3966:
3939:(3): 266–270.
3923:
3872:
3846:
3802:
3780:
3769:. 18 July 2016
3758:
3729:
3688:
3675:
3657:
3636:
3615:
3589:
3571:
3556:
3537:
3530:
3508:
3489:
3470:
3435:
3389:
3346:
3335:(3): 319–326.
3319:
3290:(2): 307–313.
3270:
3218:
3191:(4): 541–549.
3172:
3129:
3110:(3): 888–893.
3094:
3045:
3018:(4): 165–170.
3002:
2959:
2935:
2908:(3): 281–286.
2889:
2864:
2837:(3): 181–187.
2818:
2807:(2): 210–218.
2788:
2732:
2713:(7): 817–827.
2692:
2654:
2592:
2570:
2543:(4): 181–186.
2527:
2484:
2430:
2388:
2340:
2321:(2): 187–201.
2298:
2252:
2239:
2232:
2212:
2205:
2185:
2171:
2151:
2116:10.1086/203165
2093:
2079:
2056:
2043:10.1086/508695
2035:10.1086/508695
2013:
1987:
1965:
1956:
1930:
1923:
1905:
1891:
1885:978-0060958701
1884:
1866:
1848:
1791:
1772:(2): 249–256.
1756:
1736:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1645:multiday races
1641:ultramarathons
1633:half marathons
1621:Main article:
1618:
1615:
1590:Main article:
1587:
1584:
1572:Donovan Bailey
1457:Main article:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1373:
1372:
1339:
1338:
1327:half marathons
1311:Main article:
1309:
1308:
1265:Main article:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
989:
986:
983:
979:
978:
975:
972:
968:
967:
964:
961:
957:
956:
953:
950:
928:
925:
910:
907:
859:
856:
847:
844:
838:
835:
814:
811:
790:injuries, and
776:plica syndrome
751:
748:
740:
737:
707:
704:
685:
678:
677:
676:
663:
656:
655:
654:
653:
652:
644:
641:
637:cardiotoxicity
605:cardiovascular
596:
595:Cardiovascular
593:
591:
588:
555:
552:
546:
543:
537:
536:
527:
526:
525:
516:
515:
514:
513:
512:
509:
508:
466:
464:
457:
451:
450:Good technique
448:
442:
439:
424:
421:
407:
404:
398:
395:
368:stretch reflex
355:
352:
346:
343:
332:
329:
319:photo sequence
309:
306:
287:
167:
164:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5959:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5865:Speed skating
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5850:Alpine skiing
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:Winter racing
5841:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5800:
5799:Street racing
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5694:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5565:Pigeon racing
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5542:Animal racing
5539:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5517:Track cycling
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5507:Gravel racing
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5397:Tower running
5395:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5376:Trail running
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5340:Ultramarathon
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5330:Half marathon
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5314:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5270:Track running
5267:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5242:
5240:
5235:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5122:Arthropod leg
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4989:
4987:
4982:
4980:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4961:
4960:
4947:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4776:Tower running
4773:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4755:Trail running
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4733:Ultra running
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4711:(up to 400 m)
4710:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4686:
4681:
4679:
4674:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4651:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4519:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4437:
4433:
4428:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4302:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4276:
4261:. 27 May 2015
4260:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4186:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3933:Nat. Neurosci
3927:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3790:
3784:
3768:
3762:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3686:
3679:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3640:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3619:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3567:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3533:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3394:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3223:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3177:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2894:
2878:
2871:
2869:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2823:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2793:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2659:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2575:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2257:
2249:
2243:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2174:
2172:9783540563013
2168:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2082:
2080:9780786450770
2076:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2002:
1998:
1997:"Born To Run"
1991:
1975:
1969:
1960:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1926:
1924:9781483555232
1920:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1687:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1617:Long distance
1614:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:Pietro Mennea
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1509:440-yard dash
1506:
1502:
1501:100-yard dash
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:tower running
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:ultramarathon
1408:
1407:trail running
1404:
1399:
1394:
1393:Tower running
1390:
1389:Trail running
1386:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1351:Trail running
1348:
1344:
1337:Cross-country
1336:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1297:long-distance
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1268:
1267:Track running
1260:
1259:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1179:30,000 track
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1157:25,000 track
1156:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1131:Half marathon
1128:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1107:20,000 track
1106:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:10,000 track
1073:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
995:
992:
991:
987:
984:
981:
980:
976:
973:
970:
969:
965:
962:
959:
958:
954:
951:
948:
947:
940:
936:
934:
924:
922:
917:
915:
906:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
873:
869:
864:
855:
853:
843:
834:
832:
828:
819:
810:
807:
803:
800:
795:
793:
789:
788:gastrocnemius
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
756:
746:
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5824:Sandboarding
5819:Longboarding
5812:Board racing
5730:Track racing
5710:Beach racing
5683:Truck racing
5626:Motor racing
5560:Horse racing
5550:Camel racing
5431:Orienteering
5371:Fell running
5322:Road running
5303:Steeplechase
5260:
5048:
5034:Hand-walking
4950:
4932:(skyrunning)
4865:(skyrunning)
4797:Steeplechase
4748:Fell running
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3859:the original
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1474:
1469:ISTAF Berlin
1438:Eiffel Tower
1431:
1403:fell running
1400:
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1377:Fell running
1354:
1347:Fell running
1316:
1313:Road running
1278:
1190:30,000 road
1168:25,000 road
1145:One hour run
1118:20,000 road
1096:15,000 road
1085:10,000 road
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476:Please help
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5834:Street luge
5653:Kart racing
5643:Drag racing
5635:Auto racing
5502:Cyclo-cross
5402:Racewalking
5178:Canine gait
5151:Facultative
5137:Unguligrade
5132:Plantigrade
5127:Digitigrade
5095:Other modes
5090:Sidewinding
5028:Brachiation
4892:(athletics)
4833:(athletics)
4823:Federations
4700:Disciplines
3505:(1): 23–31.
3486:(1): 23–31.
2989:11566/25362
1949:23 November
1610:3000 metres
1602:1500 metres
1525:lactic acid
1365:racewalking
1242:24-hour run
750:High impact
613:cholesterol
609:respiratory
603:, improved
601:weight loss
486:Wikiversity
397:Swing phase
308:Description
244:knee joints
234:, abundant
202:Herculaneum
65:runners at
5931:Categories
5784:Air racing
5725:Rally raid
5527:BMX racing
5381:Skyrunning
5293:Relay race
5188:Human gait
5183:Horse gait
4804:Relay race
4769:Skyrunning
4175:6 November
3865:16 October
3568:: 249–256.
3408:(1): 1–9.
1683:References
1677:Skyrunning
1598:800 metres
1580:Usain Bolt
1560:150 metres
1556:collegiate
1552:500 metres
1548:300 metres
1493:400 metres
1489:200 metres
1485:100 metres
1415:skyrunning
1385:Skyrunning
1281:individual
955:Women m/s
921:Usain Bolt
700:metabolism
666:sportswear
494:Wikivoyage
331:Footstrike
170:See also:
69:, US, 2013
5901:Aquathlon
5891:Triathlon
5715:Motocross
5469:Rogaining
5278:Sprinting
5162:Quadruped
4624:1743-0437
4511:BBC Sport
4108:1838-7357
3670:bbc.co.uk
3608:21 August
2882:3 October
2051:224793846
1836:207895264
1637:marathons
1544:55 metres
1540:50 metres
1536:60 metres
1448:Distances
1331:marathons
914:Footspeed
880:endurance
688:speedsuit
643:Metabolic
633:marathons
490:Wikibooks
469:contains
374:toe-off.
345:Midstance
338:hip joint
325:extremity
130:sprinting
5896:Duathlon
5870:Sledding
5608:Climbing
5580:Swimming
5335:Marathon
5298:Hurdling
5171:Specific
4790:Hurdling
4527:Archived
4384:Archived
4366:Archived
4265:2 August
4237:23766439
4149:23593555
4018:23174473
3953:10195220
3910:20337470
3841:18296435
3795:2 August
3773:2 August
3751:2 August
3724:26362561
3430:25422801
3422:19391490
3384:26016865
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3341:14625513
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3257:11053354
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2851:10638375
2775:20111000
2649:20691972
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2471:22217561
2425:10469939
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2335:22341011
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2248:Cratylus
2132:15432016
2001:Discover
1840:Archived
1828:31685526
1786:14155290
1731:15293864
1651:See also
1606:mile run
1409:(mainly
1371:Vertical
1301:hurdling
1240:303,506
1229:100,000
1217:Comrades
1203:Marathon
952:Men m/s
799:concrete
739:Injuries
300:Cratylus
291:Socrates
288:—
228:myopathy
192:Ancient
63:Marathon
5937:Running
5417:Parkour
5261:Running
5109:Anatomy
5085:Rolling
5063:Legless
5054:Walking
5049:Running
5039:Jumping
4692:Running
4245:9880090
4140:3625796
3961:7170664
3918:1443095
3890:Bibcode
3465:8945650
3265:2448066
3213:1744981
3205:7943522
2922:1167681
2755:Bibcode
2727:7657680
2687:8553873
2640:2973845
2557:2701953
2383:2057865
2285:8857704
2178:9 April
2124:2742907
2086:9 April
2006:26 June
1980:26 June
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1453:Sprints
1289:sprints
1215:90,000
1201:42,195
1143:21,285
1129:21,097
1026:1,609 (
888:hurdles
870:at the
827:chafing
813:Chafing
706:Mental
670:fitness
580:inverse
568:cadence
267:Tailtiu
166:History
156:Ireland
126:jogging
118:kinetic
102:walking
90:Running
18:Runners
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858:Events
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429:injury
242:, big
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2561:S2CID
2518:S2CID
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2047:S2CID
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1843:(PDF)
1832:S2CID
1804:(PDF)
1574:went
1357:grass
1319:track
1285:relay
1261:Track
1256:Types
1249:2.82
1235:4.24
1232:4.46
1224:4.23
1221:4.68
1210:5.19
1207:5.69
1196:5.06
1193:5.69
1185:4.72
1182:5.60
1174:5.22
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1088:6.23
1080:5.64
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1069:5.87
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1033:7.22
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1018:7.28
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988:8.44
985:9.26
977:9.37
966:9.53
931:(see
576:units
564:speed
492:, or
295:Plato
5008:Gait
4871:WSSF
4855:WMRA
4847:ITRA
4620:ISSN
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4565:IAAF
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4457:IAAF
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4267:2016
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