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protection, whereas an earth fault can indicate a Line to Ground or Double Line to Ground fault. Reclosers can then apply a fuse burning policy, where they remain closed for a short period to allow fuses on lateral lines to burn, isolating the fault. If the fault is not cleared, the recloser trips open again. This same policy can be used to deliver energy to fault sites to burn the fault off the line. This could be a branch crossing between multiple lines, or fauna (birds, snakes, etc.) coming into contact with the conductors.
690:
current interruptions by the recloser (or circuit breaker). After a pre-determined number of interruptions, the sectionalizer will open, thereby isolating the faulty section of the circuit, allowing the recloser to restore supply to the other non-fault sections. Some modern recloser controllers can be configured to have reclosers operate in sectionalizer mode. This is used in applications where protection grading margins are too small to provide effective protection co-ordination between electrical assets.
203:
482:
this scenario, and the industry best practice is not to reclose on sensitive earth fault. Reclosers with sensitive earth fault protection capable of detecting 500 mA and below are used as a fire mitigation technique, as they provide an 80% risk reduction in fire starts, however they are never to be used as reclosers in this application, only as single shot distributed circuit breakers which allow for sensitivity to verify the existence of these faults.
673:
lighting during an electrical storm. Autorecloser action may result in electronic devices losing time settings, losing data in volatile memory, halting, restarting, or suffering damage due to power interruption. Owners of such equipment may need to protect electronic devices against the consequences of power interruptions and also power surges.
286:. Interrogation and remote operation capabilities allow utilities to aggregate data about their network performance, and develop automation schemes for power restoration. Automation schemes can either be distributed (executed at the remote recloser level) or centralized (close and open commands issued by a central utility
668:
can occasionally see the effects of an autorecloser in action. If the fault affects the customer's own distribution circuit, they may see one or several brief, complete outages followed by either normal operation (as the autorecloser succeeds in restoring power after a transient fault has cleared) or
635:
As a key overcurrent protection element on single phase laterals, a North
American network style design. 3 single phase units can be combined into a "Single Triple" arrangement, where single phase reclosing can improve reliability to unfaulted phases during transient fault events. Despite the ability
481:
Sensitive earth fault protection in reclosers is typically set to immediate lockout. This detection of small leakage currents (less than 1 ampere) on a medium voltage line can indicate insulator failure, broken cables or lines coming into contact with trees. There is no merit in applying reclosing to
709:
Victorian utilities responded to the Royal
Commission by converting some of their overhead network in high risk areas to underground cable, replacing exposed overhead conductors with insulated cables, and replacing old reclosers with modern ACRs with remote communications to ensure that settings can
649:
Reclosers can be used to protect three phase mining equipment. These devices are occasionally mounted in mobile kiosks that can be moved as the equipment is moved around the mine site. Design complexity of protection equipment is reduced in these applications, as reclosers include all protection and
689:
equipped with a tripping mechanism triggered by a counter or a timer. A sectionalizer is generally not rated to interrupt fault current however it often has a larger Basic
Insulation Level, allowing some sectionalizers to be used as a point of isolation. Each sectionalizer detects and counts fault
427:
Reclosers can also address electric power distribution network damage by dividing up the network into smaller sections, possibly at every electric power distribution downstream branch point, which handle much less power than the breakers at the feeder stations, and can be set to trip at much lower
705:
Incorrectly configured or old model reclosers have been implicated in the starting or spread of wildfires. Research into the
Australian 2009 Black Saturday Bushfires indicated that reclosers operating as single shot circuit breakers with Sensitive Ground Fault protection configured at 500mA would
531:
Traditional reclosers were designed simply to automate the action of a line crew visiting a remote distribution site to close a tripped circuit breaker and attempt to restore power. With the advanced protection functionality of modern reclosers, these devices are used in a multitude of additional
463:
The primary class of fault type on an overhead distribution network is lightning strike. Lightning surges increase voltage which can cause localised breakdown of insulation, allow arcing over insulators. Reclosers can detect this as an overcurrent or earth fault (depending on the asymmetry of the
357:
based electronic protective relays in the 1980s resulted in increased recloser sophistication, allowing for differing responses to the various cases of abnormal operation or fault on an electric power distribution network. The high-voltage insulation and interrupting devices in modern reclosers
472:
If after the first, swift reclose, the recloser closes onto a fault, it is likely that the fault is a secondary class of fault, vegetation contact or equipment failure. An overcurrent fault would indicate a line to line class fault, which can be confirmed by negative phase sequence overcurrent
672:
If the fault is on an adjacent circuit to the customer, the customer may see several brief "dips" (sags) in voltage as the heavy fault current flows into the adjacent circuit and is interrupted one or more times. A typical manifestation would be the dip, or intermittent black-out, of domestic
270:
At two multiples of the rated current, the recloser's rapid trip curve can cause a trip (off circuit) in as little as 1.5 cycles (or 30 milliseconds). During those 1.5 cycles, other separate circuits can see voltage dips or blinks until the affected circuit opens to stop the fault current.
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464:
fault). Lightning surges pass very quickly (reduce in 50ms), so the first reclose can be configured to both trip and reclose quickly. This first reclose allows for interruption of the arcing caused by lightning, but restores the power quickly.
406:
of supply. Using reclosers during a transient fault, for instance, a tree limb blown off a tree during a windstorm that lands on the power line and quickly clear itself as the limb falls to the ground, allows power to be remotely restored.
621:
SWER network design topology is discouraged in modern electrical engineering due to safety reasons, but due to cost savings it is sometimes deployed. Single Phase
Reclosers can be used to improve safety on these lines during fault events.
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or foreign objects coming into contact with exposed distribution lines. Consequently, these transient faults can be resolved by a simple reclose operation. Reclosers are designed to handle a brief open-close duty cycle, where
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Fire risk is an innate risk of an overhead distribution network. Regardless of the choice of distribution protection switchgear, the fire risk is always higher with overhead conductors than with underground transmission.
266:
can optionally configure the number and timing of attempted close operations prior to transitioning to a lockout stage. The number of reclose attempts is limited to a maximum of four by recloser standards noted above.
399:. These protection solutions present a major problem when restoring power immediately following transient events, because repair crews need to manually reset the circuit breakers or replace fuses cutouts.
1237:
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The
Victorian Royal Commission into the 2009 bushfires indicated that reclosing must be disabled on high bushfire risk days, however on low risk days it should be applied for reliability of supply.
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The basic philosophy of reclosing is to actively consider the fault types and provide an effective response based on probabilities of the detected fault type. Fault currents are sensed by
353:
devices with rudimentary mechanical-protection-relaying capabilities. Modern automatic circuit reclosers are significantly more advanced than the original hydraulic units. The advent of
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to lock single phases with a "Single Triple" arrangement during a permanent fault on one phase, the risk of circulating currents is high and typically a 3 phase lockout is implemented.
706:
reduce fire start risk by 80%. Any form of reclosing should be removed on high fire risk days, and reclosing in general should not be applied to detected
Sensitive Earth Fault faults.
428:
power levels. Consequently, a single event on the grid will cut off only the section handled by a single recloser, long before the feeder station would notice a problem and cut power.
402:
Alternatively, reclosers are programmed to automate the reset process remotely after a short circuit and allow a more granular approach to service restoration, resulting in increased
1172:
1202:
Abiri-Jahromi, Amir; Fotuhi-Firuzabad, Mahmud; Parvania, Masood; Mosleh, Mohsen (1 January 2012). "Optimized
Sectionalizing Switch Placement Strategy in Distribution Systems".
785:
IEC/IEEE International
Standard - High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 111: Automatic circuit reclosers for alternating current systems up to and including 38 kV
349:
Reclosers were invented in the mid 1900s in the USA with the earliest reclosers introduced by Kyle
Corporation in the early 1940s. Reclosers were originally oil-filled
1013:
595:
Modern Recloser Controllers use ANSI 25 Synchrocheck, 59N Neutral Voltage Displacement, Synchrophasors, ANSI 25A Auto-Synchronisor and other voltage protection
608:
Using Reclosers installed in a Substation where peak fault currents do not exceed the maximum rated interrupting capacity, usually only Rural Substations
271:
Automatically closing the breaker after it has tripped and stayed open for a brief amount of time, usually after 1 to 5 seconds, is a standard procedure.
585:
Centralised Automation requires remote communication through SCADA or otherwise. Distributed Automation can be configured at the Recloser Controller
341:. Low voltage can cause severe damage to electronic equipment. But when a recloser is used, all three phases open, thereby eliminating the problem.
916:
318:
and SCADA functions. The ratings of reclosers run from 2.4–38 kV for load currents from 10–1200 A and fault currents from 1–16 kA.
933:, Montenegro, Alejandro & Ennis, Michael G., "Power distribution system lateral protection and method", issued 2022-04-12
569:
No Reclosing at all. Sensitive Ground Fault (North America) or Sensitive Earth Fault protection pickup at 500 mA removes 80% risk of fire start
419:
when operated remotely, as they can reduce the need of field crews to travel to site to reset devices which have transitioned to lockout.
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62271-111/IEEE Std C37.60 and IEC 62271-200 standards. The three major classes of operating maximum voltage are 15.5 kV, 27 kV and 38 kV.
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conversion, when cutouts are used on the wye side and only 1 out of 3 of the cutout fuses open, some customers on the delta side have a
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314:) interrupters. Controls for the reclosers range from the original electromechanical systems to digital electronics with
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278:, as they are effectively computer controlled switchgear which can be remotely operated and interrogated using
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759:"IEC 62271-111:2019 Automatic circuit reclosers for alternating current systems up to and including 38 kV"
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control required to meet the application; which reduces testing and commissioning costs of the equipment.
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To prevent electric power distribution network damage, each station along the network is protected with
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designed for use on overhead electricity distribution networks to detect and interrupt transient
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For overhead electric power distribution networks, up to 80% of faults are transient, such as
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Reclosers may cooperate with down-stream protective devices called sectionalizers, usually a
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Jeremy Blair, Greg Hathway, and Trevor Mattson of Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc.
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a complete outage of service (as the autorecloser exhausts its maximum 4 retries).
1238:"AusNet Services Bushfire Mitigation Plan for the Electricity Distribution Network"
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246:, optimized for use as a protection asset. Commercial ACRs are governed by the
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1159:"Distribution Interconnection Handbook | Pacific Gas and Electric Company"
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1131:"Victorian Royal Commission into the Black Saturday Bushfires Australia"
321:
On a 3-phase circuit, a recloser is more beneficial than three separate
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1071:(9th ed.), New York: McGraw Hill, pp. 18–8 through 18–15,
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issues by reconfiguring the electric power distribution network.
303:
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431:
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903:"Solutions to Common Distribution Protection Challenges"
852:(Second ed.), London: John Wiley and Sons, p.
639:
Single Triple Recloser or Single Phase Recloser System
382:
1066:
845:
242:with integrated current and voltage sensors and a
16:Electricity distribution networks circuit breakers
611:Typically maximum bus fault currents below 16 kA
444:Typical fault conditions and reclosing principles
274:Reclosers are often used as a key component in a
1252:
878:"Auto-Recloser - Safety and Minimising Downtime"
206:Four reclosers on the right side of a substation
1173:"How Do Reclosers Work? Settings and Operation"
1034:
929:
664:Residential customers in areas fed by affected
337:condition, due to voltage transfer through the
477:Sensitive ground fault / sensitive earth fault
290:to be executed by remotely controlled ACRs).
183:
915:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
882:Transmission & Distribution Issue 1 2018
693:
676:
631:Single Phase Laterals Overcurrent Protection
493:Dead Time Intervals For Distribution Systems
366:for current interruption and arc quenching.
843:
617:Single Wire Earth Return Network Protection
572:Recloser with SGF/SEF Capability at 500 mA
298:Autoreclosers are made in single-phase and
984:Power Distribution Planning Reference Book
659:
598:Voltage Sensing on both sides of Recloser
578:Smart Grid Distribution Network Automation
190:
176:
653:Recloser in a Kiosk installation format.
710:be adjusted on high bushfire risk days.
432:Reconfiguration and load flow resolution
373:
280:supervisory control and data acquisition
201:
1097:
1039:, Boca Raton: CRC Press, p. 1319,
468:Vegetation contact or equipment failure
395:which turn off power in the event of a
1253:
1100:"Vegetation Conduction Ignition Tests"
979:
964:"Eaton 3 phase autorecloser datasheet"
485:
378:A recloser installed on a rural feeder
1190:The Lineman's and Cableman's Handbook
1125:
1123:
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1069:The Lineman's and Cableman's Handbook
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1204:IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
1037:The Electrical Engineering Handbook
13:
1120:
1084:
645:Mobile Mining Equipment Protection
383:Protection during fault conditions
14:
1287:
1266:Electric power systems components
1098:Marxsen, Dr Tony (15 July 2015).
1067:Edwin Bernard Kurtz, ed. (1997),
788:. February 2019. pp. 1–272.
556:Conventional Recloser Deployment
125:Electric power systems components
496:Typical Setting Range (seconds)
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415:Reclosers can save significant
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1:
1035:Richard C. Dorf, ed. (1993),
988:. Marcel Dekker Inc. p.
745:
238:, ACRs are essentially rated
87:Electric power infrastructure
794:10.1109/IEEESTD.2019.8641507
458:
7:
1261:Electric power distribution
950:"ABB 3 phase Auto Recloser"
713:
604:Substation Circuit Breakers
582:Centralised or Distributed
501:Initial Trip to 1st Reclose
422:
369:
216:automatic circuit reclosers
212:electric power distribution
10:
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1216:10.1109/TPWRD.2011.2171060
1138:royalcommission.vic.gov.au
344:
1242:www.ausnetservices.com.au
694:Fire safety and wildfires
677:Sectionalizer integration
53:Electric power conversion
39:Electric power conversion
1018:www.cooperindustries.com
980:Willis, H. Lee (2004).
730:Spot network substation
660:Autoreclosers in action
517:3rd Trip to 3rd Reclose
509:2nd Trip to 2nd Reclose
417:operational expenditure
848:Electric Power Systems
735:Electrical engineering
625:Single Phase Recloser
559:Conventional Recloser
436:Reclosers can resolve
379:
207:
58:HVDC converter station
1107:www.energy.vic.gov.au
552:Mid-Feeder Protection
377:
358:typically consist of
302:versions, using oil,
205:
96:Electric power system
844:B. M. Weedy (1972),
666:overhead power lines
591:Renewable Connection
565:Fire Risk Mitigation
339:transformer windings
325:. For example, on a
264:electrical engineers
1276:American inventions
1045:1993eeh..book.....D
536:
486:Dead time intervals
364:vacuum interrupters
308:sulfur hexafluoride
535:
411:Remote restoration
380:
208:
68:DC-to-DC converter
63:AC-to-AC converter
1078:978-0-07-036011-2
1054:978-0-8493-0185-8
863:978-0-471-92445-6
803:978-2-8322-4991-8
657:
656:
524:
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520:10 to 30 seconds
512:10 to 20 seconds
282:(SCADA) or other
222:) are a class of
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139:Grid-tie inverter
48:Voltage converter
32:Power engineering
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1020:. Archived from
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362:insulation with
360:solid dielectric
255:lightning strike
244:protection relay
240:circuit breakers
230:. Also known as
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504:0 to 5 seconds
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450:current sensing
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106:Electrical grid
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1210:(1): 362–370.
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1024:on 2011-05-18.
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999:978-0824748753
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331:delta
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