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Rectification (geometry)

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The rectified polyhedron turns out to be expressible as the intersection of the original platonic solid with an appropriately scaled concentric version of its dual. For this reason, its name is a combination of the names of the original and the dual:
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by placing a vertex at each edge midpoint of the original graph, and connecting two of these new vertices by an edge whenever they belong to consecutive edges along a common face. The resulting medial graph remains polyhedral, so by
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A regular 4-polytope {p,q,r} has cells {p,q}. Its rectification will have two cell types, a rectified {p,q} polyhedron left from the original cells and {q,r} polyhedron as new cells formed by each truncated vertex.
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Rectification is the final point of a truncation process. For example, on a cube this sequence shows four steps of a continuum of truncations between the regular and rectified form:
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If a polyhedron is not regular, the edge midpoints surrounding a vertex may not be coplanar. However, a form of rectification is still possible in this case: every polyhedron has a
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There are different equivalent notations for each degree of rectification. These tables show the names by dimension and the two type of
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Higher degree rectification can be performed on higher-dimensional regular polytopes. The highest degree of rectification creates the
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The dual of a polygon is the same as its rectified form. New vertices are placed at the center of the edges of the original polygon.
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Higher degree rectifications can be constructed for higher dimensional polytopes. In general an n-rectification truncates
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as the final sequence from a cube to the dual where the original faces are truncated down to a single point:
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cube is an octahedron – faces are reduced to points and new faces are centered on the original vertices.
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A rectified {p,q,r} is not the same as a rectified {r,q,p}, however. A further truncation, called
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have the same rectified polyhedron. (This is not true of polytopes in higher dimensions.)
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This article is about an operation on polyhedra. For rectification of curves, see
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polyhedron or tiling will result in another regular polyhedron or tiling with a
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A first rectification truncates edges down to points. If a polytope is
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A rectification operator is sometimes denoted by the letter
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facets and the rectified facets of the original polytope.
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at those points. The resulting polytope will be bounded by
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Example of birectification as a final truncation to a face
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Example of rectification as a final truncation to an edge
3224:{\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}r,q\\s\ \ \end{Bmatrix}}} 3029:{\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}q\ \ \\r,s\end{Bmatrix}}} 2972:{\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}q,p\\r\ \ \end{Bmatrix}}} 2792:{\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}p\ \ \\q,r\end{Bmatrix}}} 2366:{\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}q,p\\r\ \ \end{Bmatrix}}} 2208:{\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}p\ \ \\q,r\end{Bmatrix}}} 3353: 3188: 3113: 2993: 2936: 2915:{\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}q,p\\r,s\end{Bmatrix}}} 2879: 2756: 2684: 2390: 2330: 2229: 2172: 1887: 894:, is symmetric between a 4-polytope and its dual. See 386:
are each other's dual, and their rectification is the
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If regular it has notation 1475: 849:, (rectifying a rectification) is Conway's 3480: 3466: 1484:, this form is represented by an extended 808: 401:are duals, and their rectification is the 1539:If an n-polytope is (n-1)-rectified, its 3420:, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, 3393:(pp. 145–154 Chapter 8: Truncation) 896:Uniform 4-polytope#Geometric derivations 49: 37: 25: 1550: 830:it can be represented as a polyhedron. 821:, and from that graph one may form the 4200: 3385:, (3rd edition, 1973), Dover edition, 2503:are regular or rectified 4-polytopes. 3442: 3354: 273:will turn into another square tiling 2011:are regular or rectified polyhedra. 82:by marking the midpoints of all its 1562: 13: 14: 4224: 3436: 859:, which is the same as Johnson's 277:under a rectification operation. 244:The rectification of any regular 78:, is the process of truncating a 3896: 3889: 3882: 3875: 3868: 3861: 3854: 3847: 3840: 3833: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1461: 1450: 1439: 1428: 1413: 1402: 1391: 1380: 1365: 1354: 1343: 1332: 1317: 1306: 1295: 1284: 1269: 1254: 1243: 1232: 1217: 1206: 1195: 1184: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 794: 783: 772: 757: 746: 735: 720: 709: 698: 683: 672: 661: 646: 635: 624: 609: 598: 587: 572: 561: 550: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 320: 288: 165:. And a rectified cuboctahedron 837:equivalent to rectification is 23:Operation in Euclidean geometry 3347: 1573:are edges, represented as {}. 1525:, a birectification creates a 1446:Rectified order-4 dodecahedral 337:In polyhedra and plane tilings 328: 1: 3340: 3234: 3039: 2805: 2612: 2543: 2424: 2266: 2110: 2051: 1926: 1816: 1749: 1652: 1613: 1424: 1376: 1328: 1280: 1228: 1180: 768: 731: 694: 657: 620: 583: 546: 296:Higher degree rectifications 7: 3308: 1502:A second rectification, or 10: 4229: 3335:Conway polyhedron notation 879:has a rectified form as a 835:Conway polyhedron notation 340: 223:Conway polyhedron notation 173:, and also represented as 122:, and also represented as 15: 3533: 3325:List of regular polytopes 2525: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2033: 2026: 2021: 2016: 1731: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1595: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1409:Rectified cubic honeycomb 1398:Rectified cubic honeycomb 877:Convex regular 4-polytope 779:Order-4 pentagonal tiling 727:Order-7 triangular tiling 705:Order-3 heptagonal tiling 237:this operation creates a 56:rectified cubic honeycomb 3422:The Symmetries of Things 1476:Degrees of rectification 3449:Glossary for Hyperspace 3320:Quasiregular polyhedron 1457:Rectified order-5 cubic 809:In nonregular polyhedra 343:quasiregular polyhedron 3225: 3165: 3030: 2973: 2916: 2793: 2736: 2415: 2367: 2254: 2209: 1912: 1709:are regular polygons. 790:Tetrapentagonal tiling 371:, better known as the 312:This sequence shows a 252:of 4, for example the 213: 159: 86:, and cutting off its 59: 47: 35: 30:A rectified cube is a 3461:Polyhedron operators 3330:Truncation (geometry) 3226: 3166: 3031: 2974: 2917: 2794: 2737: 2416: 2368: 2255: 2210: 1913: 918:(Dual rectification) 801:Order-5 square tiling 341:Further information: 266:As a special case, a 233:as this operator. In 214: 160: 53: 41: 29: 3402:, Manuscript (1991) 3180: 3105: 2985: 2928: 2871: 2748: 2676: 2382: 2322: 2221: 2164: 1879: 1551:Notations and facets 1435:Order-4 dodecahedral 716:Triheptagonal tiling 177: 126: 3487: 3455:on 4 February 2007. 3443:Olshevsky, George. 2809:(Birectified dual) 1999:Uniform 4-polytopes 1250:rectified tesseract 679:Trihexagonal tiling 171:rhombicuboctahedron 76:complete-truncation 72:critical truncation 3460: 3356:Weisstein, Eric W. 3221: 3215: 3161: 3155: 3026: 3020: 2969: 2963: 2912: 2906: 2789: 2783: 2732: 2726: 2411: 2405: 2363: 2357: 2250: 2244: 2205: 2199: 1908: 1902: 1361:rectified 600-cell 1350:rectified 120-cell 881:uniform 4-polytope 828:Steinitz's theorem 209: 203: 155: 149: 64:Euclidean geometry 60: 48: 36: 4213:Truncated tilings 4196: 4195: 3531: 3524: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3430:978-1-56881-220-5 3400:Uniform Polytopes 3382:Regular Polytopes 3306: 3305: 3212: 3209: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3043:(Rectified dual) 3004: 3001: 2960: 2957: 2767: 2764: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2486: 2485: 2354: 2351: 2270:(Dual rectified) 2183: 2180: 1994: 1993: 1692: 1691: 1473: 1472: 1313:rectified 24-cell 1302:rectified 24-cell 1260:Rectified 16-cell 845:. Applying twice 841:, represented by 806: 805: 690:Triangular tiling 642:Icosidodecahedron 403:icosidodecahedron 114:is the rectified 4220: 4192: 4163: 4134: 4105: 4076: 4047: 4018: 3989: 3960: 3931: 3900: 3893: 3886: 3879: 3872: 3865: 3858: 3851: 3844: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3741: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3527: 3520: 3508: 3501: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3459: 3456: 3451:. Archived from 3370: 3369: 3368: 3351: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3230: 3228: 3227: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3210: 3207: 3170: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3092: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3024: 3002: 2999: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2967: 2958: 2955: 2921: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2798: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2787: 2765: 2762: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2730: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2506: 2505: 2467: 2466: 2465: 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1454: 1443: 1432: 1417: 1406: 1395: 1384: 1369: 1358: 1347: 1336: 1321: 1310: 1299: 1288: 1273: 1258: 1247: 1236: 1221: 1213:rectified 5-cell 1210: 1202:rectified 5-cell 1199: 1188: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1004: 1003: 1002: 998: 997: 993: 992: 988: 987: 983: 982: 978: 977: 973: 972: 964: 963: 962: 958: 957: 953: 952: 948: 947: 943: 942: 938: 937: 933: 932: 921:Trirectification 904: 903: 815:polyhedral graph 798: 787: 776: 761: 750: 739: 724: 713: 702: 687: 676: 668:Hexagonal tiling 665: 650: 639: 628: 613: 602: 591: 576: 565: 554: 543: 542: 541: 537: 536: 532: 531: 527: 526: 522: 521: 514: 513: 512: 508: 507: 503: 502: 498: 497: 493: 492: 485: 484: 483: 479: 478: 474: 473: 469: 468: 464: 463: 455: 454: 453: 449: 448: 444: 443: 439: 438: 434: 433: 412: 411: 369:tetratetrahedron 324: 314:birectified cube 292: 276: 272: 265: 258: 228: 218: 216: 215: 210: 208: 207: 168: 164: 162: 161: 156: 154: 153: 118:, also called a 113: 112: 100: 70:, also known as 4228: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4217: 4198: 4197: 4182: 4171: 4166: 4153: 4142: 4137: 4124: 4113: 4108: 4095: 4084: 4079: 4066: 4055: 4050: 4037: 4026: 4021: 4008: 3997: 3992: 3979: 3968: 3963: 3950: 3939: 3934: 3921: 3910: 3905: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3802: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3486: 3445:"Rectification" 3439: 3378:Coxeter, H.S.M. 3374: 3373: 3359:"Rectification" 3352: 3348: 3343: 3311: 3293: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3236:Quadrirectified 3214: 3213: 3201: 3200: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3154: 3153: 3132: 3131: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3019: 3018: 3006: 3005: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2962: 2961: 2949: 2948: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2905: 2904: 2892: 2891: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2782: 2781: 2769: 2768: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2725: 2724: 2706: 2705: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2600: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2528:Schläfli symbol 2522:Schläfli symbol 2520: 2515:Coxeter diagram 2510: 2498: 2473: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2404: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2356: 2355: 2343: 2342: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2243: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2198: 2197: 2185: 2184: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2098: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2036:Schläfli symbol 2030:Schläfli symbol 2028: 2023:Coxeter diagram 2018: 2006: 1981: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1901: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1804: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1734:Schläfli symbol 1728:Schläfli symbol 1726: 1721:Coxeter diagram 1716: 1704: 1679: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1640: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1598:Schläfli symbol 1592:Schläfli symbol 1590: 1585:Coxeter diagram 1580: 1568: 1553: 1527:dual polyhedron 1521:{p,q,...}. For 1516: 1504:birectification 1494: 1486:Schläfli symbol 1478: 1466: 1455: 1444: 1433: 1420:Cubic honeycomb 1418: 1407: 1396: 1387:Cubic honeycomb 1385: 1370: 1359: 1348: 1337: 1322: 1311: 1300: 1289: 1274: 1261: 1259: 1248: 1237: 1222: 1211: 1200: 1189: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 968: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 928: 922: 917: 916:Birectification 873: 866: 811: 799: 788: 777: 762: 751: 740: 725: 714: 703: 688: 677: 666: 651: 640: 629: 614: 603: 592: 577: 566: 555: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 517: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 488: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 459: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 429: 345: 339: 331: 310: 298: 283: 274: 270: 263: 256: 226: 202: 201: 195: 194: 184: 183: 178: 175: 174: 166: 148: 147: 141: 140: 130: 129: 127: 124: 123: 107: 106: 105:. For example, 103:Schläfli symbol 98: 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 4226: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4194: 4193: 4169: 4164: 4140: 4135: 4111: 4106: 4082: 4077: 4053: 4048: 4024: 4019: 3995: 3990: 3966: 3961: 3937: 3932: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3873: 3866: 3859: 3852: 3845: 3838: 3830: 3829: 3800: 3771: 3742: 3713: 3684: 3655: 3626: 3597: 3568: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3529:Omnitruncation 3525: 3518: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3492: 3485: 3484: 3477: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3438: 3437:External links 3435: 3434: 3433: 3418:John H. Conway 3415: 3414: 3413: 3397:Norman Johnson 3394: 3372: 3371: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3218: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3175: 3172: 3158: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3007: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2980: 2966: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2923: 2922:= 2r{p,q,r,s} 2909: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2743: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2524: 2517: 2512: 2497: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2377: 2374: 2360: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2261: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2216: 2202: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2054: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2032: 2025: 2020: 2005: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1730: 1723: 1718: 1703: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1594: 1587: 1582: 1567: 1561: 1552: 1549: 1517:{p,q,...} or 2 1514: 1492: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1459: 1448: 1437: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1411: 1400: 1389: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1363: 1352: 1341: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1315: 1304: 1293: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1267: 1252: 1241: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1215: 1204: 1193: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1125: 1072: 1019: 966: 925: 924: 919: 914: 913:Rectification 911: 908: 872: 869: 864: 810: 807: 804: 803: 792: 781: 770: 767: 766: 755: 744: 733: 730: 729: 718: 707: 696: 693: 692: 681: 670: 659: 656: 655: 644: 633: 622: 619: 618: 607: 596: 585: 582: 581: 570: 559: 548: 545: 544: 515: 486: 457: 426: 425: 422: 421:Rectification 419: 416: 407: 406: 391: 376: 349:platonic solid 338: 335: 330: 327: 326: 325: 309: 306: 297: 294: 282: 279: 206: 200: 197: 196: 193: 190: 189: 187: 182: 152: 146: 143: 142: 139: 136: 135: 133: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4225: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3801: 3772: 3743: 3714: 3685: 3656: 3627: 3598: 3569: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3503:Rectification 3500: 3497: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3464: 3463: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3440: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3391:0-486-61480-8 3388: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3357: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3315:Dual polytope 3313: 3312: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3289: 3240: 3235: 3216: 3204: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3185: 3176: 3173: 3171:= r{s,r,q,p} 3156: 3135: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3110: 3101: 3094: 3045: 3040: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3009: 2996: 2990: 2981: 2964: 2952: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2924: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2876: 2867: 2860: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2759: 2753: 2744: 2742:= r{p,q,r,s} 2727: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2687: 2681: 2672: 2665: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2596: 2547: 2544: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2523: 2516: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2496: 2492: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2469: 2430: 2425: 2406: 2400: 2393: 2387: 2378: 2375: 2358: 2346: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2327: 2318: 2311: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2245: 2239: 2232: 2226: 2217: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2175: 2169: 2160: 2153: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2094: 2055: 2052: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2024: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2004: 2000: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1977: 1930: 1927: 1922: 1919: 1903: 1897: 1890: 1884: 1874: 1867: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1800: 1753: 1750: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1729: 1722: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1702: 1698: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1675: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1636: 1617: 1614: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1586: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1558: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1495:{p,q,...} or 1491: 1487: 1483: 1469: 1468:Order-5 cubic 1464: 1460: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1009: 967: 927: 926: 920: 915: 912: 909: 906: 905: 902: 899: 897: 893: 888: 884: 882: 878: 868: 862: 858: 854: 853: 848: 844: 840: 836: 831: 829: 824: 820: 816: 802: 797: 793: 791: 786: 782: 780: 775: 771: 769: 765: 764:Square tiling 760: 756: 754: 753:Square tiling 749: 745: 743: 742:Square tiling 738: 734: 732: 728: 723: 719: 717: 712: 708: 706: 701: 697: 695: 691: 686: 682: 680: 675: 671: 669: 664: 660: 658: 654: 649: 645: 643: 638: 634: 632: 627: 623: 621: 617: 612: 608: 606: 605:Cuboctahedron 601: 597: 595: 590: 586: 584: 580: 575: 571: 569: 564: 560: 558: 553: 549: 547: 516: 487: 458: 428: 427: 423: 420: 417: 414: 413: 410: 404: 400: 396: 392: 389: 388:cuboctahedron 385: 381: 377: 374: 370: 366: 362: 361: 360: 356: 354: 350: 344: 334: 323: 319: 318: 317: 315: 305: 303: 302:dual polytope 293: 291: 286: 278: 269: 268:square tiling 262: 255: 251: 247: 242: 240: 236: 232: 224: 220: 204: 198: 191: 185: 180: 172: 150: 144: 137: 131: 121: 120:cuboctahedron 117: 110: 104: 95: 93: 92:vertex figure 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 68:rectification 65: 57: 52: 45: 40: 33: 32:cuboctahedron 28: 19: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4173: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4144: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4115: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4086: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4057: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4028: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3999: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3970: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3941: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3912: 3535:Alternations 3510:Bitruncation 3502: 3453:the original 3448: 3432:(Chapter 26) 3421: 3409: 3406:N.W. Johnson 3399: 3380: 3362: 3349: 3041:Trirectified 2499: 2493:and 4-space 2426:Trirectified 2007: 1928:Birectified 1705: 1569: 1554: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1518: 1511: 1506:, truncates 1503: 1501: 1496: 1489: 1479: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1015: 1011: 1007: 900: 892:bitruncation 889: 885: 874: 863:operation, t 861:cantellation 856: 851: 846: 842: 838: 832: 823:medial graph 812: 631:Dodecahedron 408: 399:dodecahedron 368: 357: 346: 332: 313: 311: 299: 287: 284: 259:becoming an 250:tiling order 243: 239:medial graph 235:graph theory 230: 221: 108: 96: 75: 71: 67: 61: 43: 3231:= r{s,r,q} 3036:= r{q,r,s} 2979:= r{r,q,p} 2807:Birectified 2799:= r{p,q,r} 2491:5-polytopes 2373:= r{r,q,p} 2268:Birectified 2215:= r{p,q,r} 1536:to points. 1499:{p,q,...}. 855:operation, 653:Icosahedron 579:Tetrahedron 557:Tetrahedron 395:icosahedron 365:tetrahedron 329:In polygons 254:tetrahedron 44:birectified 4202:Categories 3496:Truncation 3341:References 3297:{s,r,q,p} 3294:{p,q,r,s} 3099:{p,q,r,s} 2865:{p,q,r,s} 2670:{p,q,r,s} 2614:Rectified 2604:{p,q,r,s} 2601:{p,q,r,s} 2519:t-notation 2511:{p,q,r,s} 2495:honeycombs 2112:Rectified 2027:t-notation 2003:honeycombs 1818:Rectified 1725:t-notation 1654:Rectified 1589:t-notation 1559:for each. 819:1-skeleton 616:Octahedron 568:Octahedron 380:octahedron 373:octahedron 261:octahedron 18:arc length 4208:Polytopes 3522:Expansion 3364:MathWorld 2526:Extended 2421:= r{q,r} 2260:= r{p,q} 2034:Extended 1875:r{p,q} = 1732:Vertical 1697:polyhedra 1596:Vertical 1523:polyhedra 1488:notation 1239:tesseract 901:Examples 409:Examples 246:self-dual 3309:See also 3302:{s,r,q} 3174:{r,q,p} 2802:{q,r,s} 2607:{p,q,r} 2540:Facet-2 2537:Facet-1 2489:Regular 2477:{r,q,p} 2474:{p,q,r} 2316:{p,q,r} 2158:{p,q,r} 2102:{p,q,r} 2099:{p,q,r} 2048:Facet-2 2045:Facet-1 2019:{p,q,r} 1997:Regular 1746:Facet-2 1743:Facet-1 1695:Regular 1610:Facet-2 1607:Facet-1 1565:polygons 1563:Regular 1372:600-cell 1339:120-cell 397:and the 382:and the 351:and its 167:rr{4,3} 88:vertices 80:polytope 3238:(Dual) 2545:Parent 2428:(Dual) 2053:Parent 1751:Parent 1701:tilings 1615:Parent 1534:n-faces 1482:regular 1324:24-cell 1291:24-cell 1276:16-cell 1264:24-cell 923:(Dual) 910:Parent 907:Family 817:as its 418:Parent 415:Family 101:with a 3428:  3424:2008, 3389:  3211:  3208:  3151:  3148:  3145:  3142:  3139:  3003:  3000:  2959:  2956:  2766:  2763:  2703:  2700:  2697:  2694:  2691:  2501:Facets 2482:{r,q} 2376:{q,r} 2353:  2350:  2263:{q,r} 2182:  2179:  2105:{p,q} 2009:Facets 1985:{q,p} 1982:{p,q} 1872:{p,q} 1808:{p,q} 1805:{p,q} 1717:{p,q} 1707:Facets 1571:Facets 1557:facets 1541:facets 1224:5-cell 1191:5-cell 852:expand 275:{4,4} 271:{4,4} 264:{3,4}. 257:{3,3} 111:{4,3} 3491:Seed 2534:Name 2042:Name 1740:Name 1604:Name 1508:faces 875:Each 424:Dual 347:Each 225:uses 169:is a 84:edges 3516:Dual 3426:ISBN 3387:ISBN 2509:name 2017:name 2001:and 1990:{q} 1923:{q} 1920:{p} 1811:{p} 1715:name 1699:and 1683:{p} 1680:{p} 1644:{p} 1641:{p} 1581:{p} 1579:name 1545:dual 839:ambo 833:The 594:Cube 393:The 384:cube 378:The 363:The 353:dual 231:ambo 229:for 116:cube 4183:sr{ 4170:012 4096:tr{ 4083:012 4067:rr{ 4038:2r{ 4009:2t{ 1688:{} 1647:{} 1165:3r{ 1112:2r{ 865:0,2 74:or 62:In 4204:: 4191:} 4168:ht 4162:} 4154:s{ 4141:12 4139:ht 4133:} 4125:h{ 4110:ht 4104:} 4075:} 4054:02 4046:} 4017:} 3996:12 3988:} 3980:r{ 3959:} 3951:t{ 3938:01 3930:} 3447:. 3408:: 3361:. 1958:= 1848:= 1781:= 1547:. 1529:. 1266:) 1177:} 1124:} 1071:} 1059:r{ 1018:} 898:. 883:. 847:aa 241:. 219:. 66:, 54:A 42:A 4189:q 4187:, 4185:p 4180:} 4178:q 4176:, 4174:p 4172:{ 4160:p 4158:, 4156:q 4151:} 4149:q 4147:, 4145:p 4143:{ 4131:p 4129:, 4127:q 4122:} 4120:q 4118:, 4116:p 4114:{ 4112:0 4102:q 4100:, 4098:p 4093:} 4091:q 4089:, 4087:p 4085:{ 4081:t 4073:q 4071:, 4069:p 4064:} 4062:q 4060:, 4058:p 4056:{ 4052:t 4044:q 4042:, 4040:p 4035:} 4033:q 4031:, 4029:p 4027:{ 4025:2 4023:t 4015:q 4013:, 4011:p 4006:} 4004:q 4002:, 4000:p 3998:{ 3994:t 3986:q 3984:, 3982:p 3977:} 3975:q 3973:, 3971:p 3969:{ 3967:1 3965:t 3957:q 3955:, 3953:p 3948:} 3946:q 3944:, 3942:p 3940:{ 3936:t 3928:q 3926:, 3924:p 3922:{ 3919:} 3917:q 3915:, 3913:p 3911:{ 3909:0 3907:t 3481:e 3474:t 3467:v 3367:. 3292:4 3290:t 3217:} 3205:s 3198:q 3195:, 3192:r 3186:{ 3157:} 3136:s 3129:p 3126:, 3123:q 3120:, 3117:r 3111:{ 3097:3 3095:t 3022:} 3016:s 3013:, 3010:r 2997:q 2991:{ 2965:} 2953:r 2946:p 2943:, 2940:q 2934:{ 2908:} 2902:s 2899:, 2896:r 2889:p 2886:, 2883:q 2877:{ 2863:2 2861:t 2785:} 2779:r 2776:, 2773:q 2760:p 2754:{ 2728:} 2722:s 2719:, 2716:r 2713:, 2710:q 2688:p 2682:{ 2668:1 2666:t 2599:0 2597:t 2472:3 2470:t 2407:} 2401:r 2394:q 2388:{ 2359:} 2347:r 2340:p 2337:, 2334:q 2328:{ 2314:2 2312:t 2246:} 2240:q 2233:p 2227:{ 2201:} 2195:r 2192:, 2189:q 2176:p 2170:{ 2156:1 2154:t 2097:0 2095:t 1980:2 1978:t 1904:} 1898:q 1891:p 1885:{ 1870:1 1868:t 1803:0 1801:t 1678:1 1676:t 1639:0 1637:t 1519:r 1515:2 1512:t 1497:r 1493:1 1490:t 1262:( 1175:r 1173:, 1171:q 1169:, 1167:p 1122:r 1120:, 1118:q 1116:, 1114:p 1069:r 1067:, 1065:q 1063:, 1061:p 1016:r 1014:, 1012:q 1010:, 1008:p 1006:{ 857:e 843:a 405:. 390:. 375:. 227:a 205:} 199:3 192:4 186:{ 181:r 151:} 145:3 138:4 132:{ 109:r 99:r 20:.

Index

arc length

cuboctahedron


rectified cubic honeycomb
Euclidean geometry
polytope
edges
vertices
vertex figure
Schläfli symbol
cube
cuboctahedron
rhombicuboctahedron
Conway polyhedron notation
graph theory
medial graph
self-dual
tiling order
tetrahedron
octahedron
square tiling

dual polytope

quasiregular polyhedron
platonic solid
dual
tetrahedron

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