Red River Trails - Knowledge

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civilized garments and barbaric adornments". One trader from the north called his host city "a wretched little village" where "drinking whisky seems to occupy at least half the time of the worth citizens", while the rest were "employed in cheating each other or imposing upon strangers. The economic benefits of trade, and the separation of the carters' camp from the village below, may have helped keep relations civil. After about three weeks of trading, the "wild" carters from the north, now laden with goods, took their leave of the "den of blackguards" that was Saint Paul, returning to what they felt was a more civilized world. Their erstwhile hosts, on the other hand, thought their visitors were returning to an uncivilized and frozen wilderness.

1416: 1366:. A cart could handle up to 800–1,000 pounds (360–450 kg). On their return the traders carried staples, trade goods, and manufactured goods unavailable at Fort Garry. In both directions, the cargo was covered with hide or canvas. The carts were lashed together in brigades of ten carts, with three drivers and an overseer. These brigades could join in trains up to two miles (three km) in length. Carts numbering in the low hundreds annually used the trails in the 1840s, many hundreds in the 1850s, and thousands in the late 1860s. These cart trains travelled about two miles (three km) an hour, and about twenty miles (thirty km) in a day. 1185: 1102: 4075: 1351:, which shrank and tightened as they dried. The axles connected two spoked wheels, five or six feet in diameter, which were "dished" or in the form of a shallow cone, the apex of which was at the hubs, which were inboard of the rims. The carts were originally drawn by small horses obtained from the First Nations. After cattle were brought to the colony in the 1820s, oxen were used to haul the carts. They were preferred because of their strength, endurance, and cloven hooves which spread their weight in swampy areas. 1518:

influences and the tensions which resulted. The United States sent military expeditions along the route of the trails to assert national interests in the face of the continued British presence in the northwestern fur posts on soil which the U.S. claimed. The Americans were also concerned about the establishment of Lord Selkirk's colony as well as British claims to the Red River Valley. Finally the U.S. wanted to curtail Britain's attempts to get access to the Mississippi, access implicit in the

1569:, leading to increased trade between the two nations. This trade now coursing up and down the valleys of the Red and Mississippi rivers more than fulfils Lord Selkirk's predictions made nearly two centuries ago; while he first sought access over U.S. territory for the succour of his nascent colony, now commerce in manufactures and commodities goes in both directions. The trade corridor once occupied by the long-gone Red River Trails continues to be employed for its historic purposes. 1273:

goods in the span of a single summer. In the face of these relative inconveniences and the economy of shipping over the trails, the Hudson's Bay Company was unable to compel all trade to go by way of York Factory on Hudson Bay, and by 1850 the company's monopoly was broken. In fact, the company itself all but abandoned the York Factory route for heavy trade in 1857, and instead shipped its own traffic in bond through the United States and over the Red River Trails.

20: 4086: 1291: 942: 1388:. Streams often had to be forded; where the water was too deep, the carts were unloaded, the wheels were taken off and lashed together or affixed under the cart, the assemblage was covered with hide to form a hull, and the makeshift craft was reloaded and floated across. The traders endeavoured to ford a stream at the end of the day rather than start the next day with the crossing, to allow time to dry out overnight. 1370: 583: 567: 151: 647: 631: 615: 599: 535: 519: 503: 487: 471: 439: 423: 407: 375: 343: 327: 215: 199: 183: 663: 263: 311: 231: 167: 1458:, Minnesota the following year. Each end-of-track town in its turn became the terminus for many of the cart trains. In 1871, the railway reached the Red River at Breckenridge, where revived steamboat service carried the traffic the rest of way to Fort Garry. The long trains of carts drawn by oxen were replaced by railway trains powered by steam, and the trails reverted to nature. 551: 455: 391: 359: 295: 279: 247: 1355:

squeal sounded like an untuned violin, giving it the sobriquet of "the North West fiddle". One visitor wrote that "a den of wild beasts cannot be compared with its hideousness". The noise was audible for miles. The carts were completely unsprung, and only their flexible construction cushioned the shocks transmitted from the humps and hollows of the trail.

1526:, and which Britain sought into the nineteenth century. The United States' assertion of dominion over its new territories parried and reversed the British domination of the fur trade in the upper Mississippi valley, which had continued for decades after the Revolutionary War settlement which had assigned those territories to the new nation. 1395:. Prairie fires, driven by winds, were a risk in dry spells. Wet weather turned rivers into torrents, approaches to streams into bogs, and worn paths into morasses. Blizzards could strand traders and threaten them with starvation. Insects harassed both the traders and their draft animals, depriving them of sleep and weakening them. 1532:"I have had occasion to observe the great facilities which nature offers, for a commercial intercourse between the country which I propose to establish, & the American settlements in the Missouri & Illinois Territories; from whence our people might draw their supplies of many articles, by way of the Mississipi & 1503:

battles (with the exception of the Dakota War of 1862), and although hazardous at times, other trails presented greater dangers. It may be that this relative lack of attention is due to the fact they did not lead to annexation of any territory to either of the nations in which the trails were located.

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The trails had profound political effects during a time of Anglo-American tension. Both Britain and the U.S. were concerned about each other's cross-border influences. Born out of commercial needs and located by the dictates of geography, the trails helped create and contribute to these international

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Later, the economic dependence of the Selkirk Settlement and the Canadian northwest on the Red River trade routes to U.S. markets came to pose a threat to British and Canadian control of their territory. At a time when a sense of Canadian nationality was tenuous in the northwest, that region relied

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neighbours a route for migration as well as a highway for trade that was not dependent on the Hudson's Bay Company. As usage grew, old fur trading posts became settlements and new communities were established along the cart routes. The trails pioneered by the fur brigades accelerated development of

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herds declined, and traffic in furs began to be replaced by the produce and needs of settlers. As settlement developed the trails became a "common carrier" for all manner of goods that could be carried by ox cart, including lamps and coal oil to burn in them, fine cloth, books, general merchandise,

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The settlement at Fort Garry was isolated and at the end of a 700-mile (1,100 km) water and land route from York Factory, which was served by only one or two ships each year. Orders from Britain had to be placed a year in advance. But from Saint Paul, the settlers could obtain staples and other

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Sporadic at first, trade between Fort Garry and the Mississippi became more regular in 1835, when a caravan of traders from the Red River came to Mendota. The efforts of the Hudson's Bay Company to enforce its monopoly only induced the fur traders to avoid the company's jurisdiction by moving across

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From the Red River Settlement, the trail went south upstream along the Red River's west bank to Pembina, just across the international border. Pembina had been a fur-trading post since the last decade of the eighteenth century. From there, some traffic continued south along the river, but most cart

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and link to the outside world for the Selkirk Settlement. The trade, developed by and along the trails connecting Fort Garry with Saint Paul, stimulated commerce, contributed to the settlement of Minnesota and North Dakota in the United States, and accelerated the settlement of Canada to the west of

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arrived in Saint Paul in 1849, he found a stark treeless settlement of low crude buildings inhabited by unwashed and unshaven men. In 1851 he journeyed to the north, finding Pembina (then part of his territory) to be populated by 1,134 people, with more grain stored than his whole territory raised.

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The Red River Trails are less well known today than many other pioneer trails and trade routes in North America, and do not occupy as large a place in folklore as the great western trails in the United States and the fur-trading canoe routes of Canada. They were neither fought over nor the locus of

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After six or so weeks on the trail, the brigades reached Saint Paul. There the carters camped on the bluff above the town growing on the riverfront. Not all was harmonious. To the locals, the swarthy-complected carters up on the hill had a "devil-may-care" aspect, with their "curious commingling of

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The cart, constructed of native materials, could easily be repaired. A supply of shaganappi and wood was carried as a cart could break a half-dozen axles in a one-way trip. The axles were unlubricated, as grease would capture dust which would act as sandpaper and immobilize the cart. The resultant

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and the community of that name which was growing on the east bank of the Mississippi. The trail then left the river and crossed open country to Saint Paul. The carters camped on the uplands west of the steamboat landing during the interval between their arrival with the furs and their return to the

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When we contemplate the mighty tide of immigration which has flowed towards the North these six years past, and has already filled the valley of the Upper Mississippi with settlers, and which will this year flow over the height of land and fill up the valley of the Red River, is there no danger of

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There were compensations. Game was plentiful and the traders rarely lacked fresh meat. Some saw in the seemingly boundless prairies a colourful ocean of grass, and summer storms could be awe-inspiring, although dangerous. While the prairie had its own grandeur, after weeks of travel over treeless

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In 1815, 1822, and 1823, cattle were herded to the Red River Colony from Missouri by a route up the Des Moines River Valley to the Minnesota River, across the divide, then down the Red River to the Selkirk settlement. In 1819, following a devastating plague of locusts which left the colonists with

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and then shallow-draft steamboats ascended the Minnesota River to Traverse des Sioux and upstream points, where they were met by cart brigades travelling the West Plains Trail. In 1851, weekly steamboat service on the Mississippi began between Saint Anthony Falls and Sauk Rapids on the Middle and

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The principal export from the Red River settlements was fur, but as the colony passed from a subsistence economy to one producing more than could be consumed locally the agricultural surplus was also sent south by ox cart. The imports were more varied; originally they were seed, spices, and other

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Inferior in terrain to other routes, the Woods Trail was superior in safety, as it was well within the lands of the Ojibwa. It was less well used during times of relative calm. In the late 1850s, its utility was increased by improvements made by the U.S. Army, which straightened and improved the

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and the international border. In Minnesota, the trail was joined by a route coming from Pembina to the northwest, and continued south on a level prairie in the former lakebed of prehistoric Lake Agassiz. It ascended to and followed a firm gravelly ridge which was once among the higher beaches or

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whose enormous fur-trading and shipping enterprise along the West Plains Trail started with one six-cart train in 1844. In later years, trains consisting of hundreds of ox carts were sent from Kittson's post at Pembina, just inside U.S. territory and safely outside the reach of the Hudson's Bay

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within the Hudson's Bay Company's 1670 charter. Major Stephen Long's expedition to Pembina located the border and was an assertion of U.S. control over the lands to its south. Nute (1950), pp. 27–28. As the Mississippi rose south of that line of latitude, no access to the river was given to the

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used in French Canada, or from Scottish carts. From 1801 on, this cart was modified so that it was made solely from local materials. It contained no iron at all. Instead it was constructed entirely of wood and animal hide. Two twelve-foot-long parallel oak shafts or "trams" bracketed the draft

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the land, there are still places where soils remain compacted and resistant to the plow. Some of these subtle artifacts are marked or are visible to those with discerning eyes, but in most places the trails have been obliterated. Their locations are noted at parks and wayside signs, and trail

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near the border and then south, or else cut the corner to the southwest in order to intercept the southbound trail from St. Joseph. This north-south trail paralleled the Red River about thirty miles (50 km) to the west. By staying on the uplands west of the Red River, this route avoided

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neighbours were fur traders, and many of the colonists also turned to that more lucrative endeavour. The sole legal outlet for their fur, and for that matter the sole legal source of supply, was the Hudson's Bay Company, the charter of which gave it a monopoly on trade. Kelsey (1951), pp.

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both north and south of the border, and the transportation corridor through which the trails once ran declined in importance. That corridor has now seen a resurgence of traffic, carried by more modern means of transport than the crude ox carts that once travelled the Red River Trails.

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As the first of these names indicates, the path was partially wooded, as its southern reaches crossed the transition zone between the western prairies and eastern woodland. From Fort Garry, southbound cart trains followed the eastern edge of the Red River's Great Plains, crossing the

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Ledohowski, p. 75, map highlighting sites related to aboriginal and fur trade history overlaid with Crow Wing Trail and prairie/ridgeland line: Shows Trail a) close to, and first to the east then to the west of, this ridgeland line from the international border up to what became

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Upon assimilation of the North West Company in 1821, the Hudson's Bay Company abandoned use of the former concern's border route in favour of the route to York Factory, which was cheaper to operate and allowed single-season shipments to and from Europe. Morse (1969), p. 48;

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Over most of its route, the East Plains Trail went through a post-glacial landscape of lakes, moraines, and drumlins, with beautiful scenery and difficult swamps. As the area became settled during Minnesota's territorial and early statehood days, the routes were improved,

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was the first official U.S. representative to reach Pembina; his expedition came by way of the Minnesota and Red Rivers. These early expeditions on the watersheds of these two streams were among the earliest known through trips on the route of the first Red River Trail.

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faction in Minnesota sought to exploit these commercial ties as a means of acquiring northwestern Canada for the United States. This pressure prompted Canada to take over the Hudson's Bay Company territory in return for monetary and land compensation. It contributed to

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to Hudson Bay or in canoes on the border route. Both routes required navigation of large and hazardous lakes, shallow and rapid-strewn rivers, and swampy creeks and bogs, connected by numerous portages where both cargo and watercraft had to be carried on men's backs.

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to the Red. The distance from the Selkirk settlement to Lake Superior at Fort William was about 500 miles (800 km), but Lake Superior was only the start of a lengthy journey to Montreal where furs and supplies would be transshipped to and from Europe.

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Company. While some of this fur traffic was shifted to other routes in 1854, the forts, missions, Indian agencies, and remaining through traffic to Fort Garry kept the trails busy, and they were improved in the 1850s and supplemented by military roads.

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Today, the international border is firmly established and peaceful; there is a greater sense of Canadian nationality, and fears of U.S. Manifest Destiny have all but disappeared. Canada and the U.S. have formalized their trading partnership with the

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Travellers began to use the trails by the 1820s, with the heaviest use from the 1840s to the early 1870s, when they were superseded by railways. Until then, these cartways provided the most efficient means of transportation between the isolated

1536:, with greater facility than from Canada or from Europe. This traffic, tho' it might be of small account at first, would increase with the progress of our Settlements, creating a growing demand for many articles of American produce." 1506:

The trails nevertheless were instrumental in the development of central North America. Traffic over the West Plains Trail sustained the Selkirk Settlement in its early years. The trails also gave settlers of that colony and their

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smugglers; while one was convicted the jury recommended no penalty and the reaction of the crowd was such that it became clear to local authorities that none could be imposed. The other cases were dismissed; the crowd proclaimed

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A few traces of the vanished trails still exist. Some local roads follow their routes; depressions in the landscape show where thousands of carts once passed, and even after a century and a half of winters and springs

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crossing the tributaries of that river near their confluences with the Red, and also kept out of the swampy, flood-prone, and mosquito-ridden bottomlands in the lakebed of Glacial Lake Agassiz which the river drained.

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to haul its furs and goods. It also developed the trails, and by the early 1830s, an expedition from the Selkirk settlement driving a flock of sheep from Kentucky to the Assiniboine found the trail to be well-marked.

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The East Plains Trail followed the older routes of the West Plains Trail from Pembina to Breckenridge, Minnesota, then struck east by a variety of routes out of the Red River Valley across the upper valleys of the

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on the continental divide, then down either side of Big Stone Lake, source of the Minnesota River, while other carters took a short cut directly south from the Bois des Sioux across the open prairie through modern

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Norman Kittson preferred to transship to keelboats at Traverse des Sioux, and keep his carters away from the diversions and temptations of the tiny settlement which was to grow into Saint Paul. Gilman (1979), p.

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on the Upper Mississippi. Soon however, a branch was added to connect the East Plains Trail with the Woods Trail. This link skirted the west slope of the Leaf Mountains and joined the East Plains routes at

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This settlement had a number of names over the years, including the "Selkirk Colony" or "Selkirk Settlement" and later "Fort Garry". The latter name was current during most of the period covered by this

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retired from the fur trade in 1854. His successor and former partner Norman Kittson moved their company's cart trains from the West Plains Trail in the Minnesota River valley to the East Plains route.

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Lass (1980), pp. 12, 30, 32–33, 72–73. The forty-ninth parallel was established as the border in 1818, extinguishing old British claims to the upper part of the Red River Valley, which was in the

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Streamside camps offered wood, water, and some protection from the hazards of open land. The prairie could be dangerous in time of native unrest, and trade ceased entirely for a time during the

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animal in front and formed the frame of the cart to the rear. Cross-pieces held the floorboards, while front, side and rear boards or rails enclosed the box. These wooden pieces were joined by

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After the Civil War, the age of steam came to the region. After Ojibwe title to the Red River Valley had been extinguished on the United States side of the Canada–United States border by the

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up the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers and down the Red River, arriving back at the settlement in the summer of 1820. In 1821, five dissatisfied settler families left the colony for

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The Red River Settlement had 5,000 inhabitants (not counting First Nations), with two stone forts, a cathedral, other churches and parsonages, and schools. Kelsey (1951), pp. 127–130.

1561:. Not until completion of that line in 1885 did Manitoba and the northwest finally have reliable and efficient access to eastern Canada by a route located entirely on Canadian soil. 4021: 3923: 1282:

champagne, sheet-metal stoves, disassembled farm machinery and at least one piano, and a printing press and other accoutrements for the first newspaper in the Fort Garry region.

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also came into common use in the 1840s. Shorter than the competing West Plain Trail, it became the route of the large cart trains originating from Pembina when well-known trader

3954: 3888: 3853: 3928: 3833: 3793: 3618: 2789:. The settlers at Red River used these fears in their efforts to be free of the Hudson's Bay Company, in their petition to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada: 971:, Minnesota, all of which came into existence in consequence of the passing cart traffic. From Breckenridge, the trail continued upstream along the east bank of the Red and 3893: 3883: 3878: 3858: 1263:

for local fur traders, and in the 1830s began to be heavily used by American fur traders operating just south of the international border. The Americans acquired furs from

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Free traders, independent of the Hudson's Bay Company and outside its jurisdiction, developed extensive commerce with the United States, making Saint Paul the principal

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Woods trails. In 1859, steamboat machinery was carried overland to the Red River where a boat was built, but service was intermittent. The Dakota War of 1862 and the

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British, and the 1818 treaty put an end to the claims arising out of the Treaty of Paris based on the erroneous assumption that the river arose in British territory.

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After breaking camp in the morning, the carters set out across the prairie; transits of the unprotected open prairie between places of refuge were known as

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carters were related by blood and marriage. These tensions led to conflicts. One such bloody confrontation in the summer of 1844 (caused by an attack by

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At Saint Cloud, the furs of some of the cart brigades were transshipped to river craft on the Mississippi, which operated to Saint Anthony Falls at

4115: 2901:(1989), p. E–5; Kelsey (1951), p. 146. In 1870, the Dawson Route was established along the general line of the old voyageur's border route from 4110: 2895:. In 1858, the company gave up use of the York Factory route for furs from the Selkirk Settlement and used the Red River Trails instead. Hess, 4089: 3604: 2911: 1172:

winding ox path through the woods along the Leaf and Crow Wing Rivers, and also replaced the old trail along the Mississippi River between

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for the cart trade, continued along the sandplain on the east bank of the Mississippi. This route ran within a few miles of the river to

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on the Red River Trails and its successor steamboat and rail lines as an outlet for its products and a source of supplies. An active

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on the continental divide. Taking a difficult but scenic path east through the woods, the trail crossed the Mississippi River at

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fur traders in British North America who were evading the Hudson's Bay Company monopoly on trade within its chartered domain.

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insufficient seed to plant a crop, an expedition was sent by snowshoe to purchase seed at Prairie du Chien. It returned by

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Gilman (1979), pp. 71–72. Vera Kelsey in fact shows the East Plains Trail along this route. Kelsey (1951), at p. 120 (map).

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as the Lake Superior anchor of this route for freight, but the Grand Portage route continued to be used for express canoes.

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or Mendota, where the Minnesota River joined the Mississippi. From there furs were shipped down the Mississippi River to

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hunters were located in the vicinity of Selkirk's establishment, this colony was the only agricultural settlement between

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at the site of modern Winnipeg. Although fur posts were scattered throughout the Canadian northwest, and settlements of

700: 3535: 4042: 852: 1003:, all established in the 1850s. From Fort Ridgely, the trail struck across the open prairie to the Minnesota River at 3584: 3524: 3433: 3339: 3320: 3251: 3232: 3166: 3002: 2978: 1541:—Letter of 22 December 1817 from Thomas Douglas, Fifth Earl of Selkirk, to U.S. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams 1358:

Southbound, the carts were loaded with fur, packed into the 90-pound (40 kg) bundles known in the fur trade as

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The trail continued on intertwined routes down both sides of the valley of the Minnesota River past fur posts at

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in the valley of the Red River. The paths between these posts became parts of the first of the Red River Trails.

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and the establishment of Manitoba. It also led to the decision that there should be an all-Canada route for the

1660:(1909), states this figure at page 78. Eric Morse however gives the distance from York Factory to Winnipeg via 3504: 3488: 2362: 2294: 3560: 2594: 2010: 1447: 992: 603: 2649: 1900: 1594: 1523: 930: 3443: 2643: 1442:

in 1863, steamboat service was revived on the Red River, and railways were built west from Saint Paul and

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At times, some ox cart trains did not go all the way through, but were supplemented by river craft. First

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spouses. Their conveyance was the Red River ox cart, a simple vehicle derived either from the two-wheeled

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But geology also provided an alternate route, albeit across foreign territory. The valleys of the Red and

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Gilman (1979), p. 38. The French word means "crossing", and was the same term used by French-Canadian

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people, and the shorter East Plains Trail also skirted Dakota land. The Dakota were the enemy of the

780: 235: 2660:(the stage road following the route of the old trail). American Dreams Inc. Retrieved 2012-02-23. 2033:, b) close to, first to the west then to the east of and to the east again, of the Rat River up to 1558: 1061: 1036:

The West Plains Trail, although relatively level, went by a lengthy route through the lands of the

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neighbours had access to outside markets and sources of supply only by two laborious water routes.

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Hudson's Bay and Red River Settlement with a short account of the country, and the routes in 1857

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The trails were first used to obtain seed and supplies for the Selkirk colony. They soon became

1076:, then northwest across the prairie to a crossing of the Red River near its confluence with the 118:, which was unable to enforce its monopoly in the face of the competition that used the trails. 3661: 3556: 2016: 1554: 1519: 1472: 1439: 1240: 1224: 1173: 1147: 1131: 934: 880: 828: 712: 475: 459: 299: 251: 203: 3378: 3358:. Winnipeg: Manitoba Culture, Heritage & Tourism Historic Resources Branch. Archived from 3053: 2548: 2321: 2203: 1644: 975:

to the continental divide at Lake Traverse. Some traffic went along the lakeshore through the

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Several settlements along the trails were the sites of battles or skirmishes during that war.

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Gilman (1979), pp. 7–8. Although founded as an agricultural colony, the Selkirk settlement's

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The Heritage Landscape of the Crow Wing Study Region of Southeastern Manitoba: A Pilot Study

3309: 1236:. At times, this eastern connection may have been the better-travelled of the two variants. 3138: 2262: 1220: 1184: 1151: 1101: 1008: 972: 917: 875:. The large fur companies also built posts, including the North West Company's stations at 824: 816: 812: 315: 3271: 3159:

The Red River Trails: Oxcart Routes Between St. Paul and the Selkirk Settlement, 1820–1870

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had originated with Native Americans, and before the ox cart traffic it connected the fur-

8: 2529: 2019:, July 5, 2007. The trails were not named officially, and local names and usages differ. 1589: 1496: 1306: 1164: 491: 16:

Network of trails connecting the Red River Colony and Fort Garry in British North America

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carters on Dakota hunters) occurred when that year's expedition of free traders were in

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Neither of these routes was suitable for heavy freight. Lighter cargoes were carried in

751:(in which Lord Selkirk was a principal investor), was a sea route from Great Britain to 3464: 3300: 2926: 2030: 1451: 1432: 1392: 1004: 996: 872: 760: 676: 651: 619: 587: 87: 63: 1157:

The final lap of the trail to Saint Paul, which had replaced Mendota as the principal

3580: 3520: 3471: 3429: 3335: 3316: 3277: 3247: 3228: 3162: 3105: 3085: 2998: 2992: 2974: 2968: 1468: 1455: 1443: 1419: 1339:. The axle was also made of seasoned oak. It was lashed to the cart by strips of wet 1336: 1298: 1134:. At Otter Tail Lake, the route left the plains and turned east into a forest in the 921: 784: 708: 67: 59: 43: 31: 3359: 4060:

University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places

3076: 2738: 2533: 1549: 1233: 1142:. It then went south down the east bank of that river on a smooth and open glacial 964: 844: 347: 187: 99: 47: 1514:

Minnesota and North Dakota, and facilitated settlement of the Canadian northwest.

3102:

Minnesota: The Land of Sky-Tinted Waters; Vol. I: From Wilderness to Commonwealth

2603: 2369: 2343: 2301: 1533: 1189: 1127: 1073: 1065: 808: 735: 363: 283: 129: 102:

and the outside world. They gave the Selkirk colonists and their neighbours, the

19: 1251:

service was instituted, towns were established, and permanent settlement began.

78:, and thence by a variety of routes through what is now the eastern part of the 2793:

being carried away by that flood, and that we may thereby lose our nationality?

2734: 1340: 1278: 1135: 1119: 1069: 1024: 949: 864: 848: 832: 792: 523: 62:

in the United States. These trade routes ran from the location of present-day

4104: 2964: 1584: 1578: 1463: 1139: 1094: 1012: 892: 868: 860: 776: 687:

Not all trails shown; there were many connecting trails and alternate routes.

443: 395: 3281: 3517:

Minnesota History Along the Highways: A Guide to Historic Markers and Sites

3475: 3109: 3089: 3072: 2905:, Ontario, but was much inferior to the trails through the United States. 1661: 1422:

meet the instrument of their demise: carts and traders at a railway station

1290: 1123: 1000: 976: 956: 913: 820: 752: 731: 635: 691:

Hold cursor over waypoints to display settlements; click to go to article.

2766:

A Letter by Lord Selkirk on Trade Between Red River and the United States

1403:

the rivers, lakes, and woods of central Minnesota were a welcome relief.

1260: 959:, the trail veered to the south-southeast to close with the Red River at 941: 788: 171: 133: 1899:

There was a fur post on the west side of Big Stone Lake, in what now is

1159: 827:, a source stream of the Red (which flowed north to Hudson Bay) and the 123: 2038: 2034: 1248: 768: 756: 155: 51: 4055:

List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places

3209:

N.H.R.P. Multiple Property Documentation Form and Continuation Sheets

3156: 1016: 945: 800: 723: 111: 83: 4146:

National Register of Historic Places in Pennington County, Minnesota

1277:

staples, liquor, tools, implements, and hardware. In midcentury the

4141:

National Register of Historic Places in Crow Wing County, Minnesota

3295:

Republished online by Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute,

2433:

carters were descended) for crossings of open water between points.

2218: 1427: 888: 764: 71: 2372:

from the website of the Clay County, Minnesota Historical Society.

2361:

Berton (1972), p. 25. This noise can be endured by listening to a

2176:

In 1849 the Hudson's Bay Company pressed a test case against four

984:, Minnesota thereby avoiding the wet country in the Traverse Gap. 1369: 1325: 1143: 79: 3199: 1753:

Ojakangas (2009), pp. 223–25, 230–31; Sansome (1983), pp. 174–81

2320:. Excellent plan and section drawings can be found at Brehaut, 1400: 1041: 4151:

National Register of Historic Places in Todd County, Minnesota

4136:

Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota

1491: 3626: 2751:

Lass (1980), pp. 17, 19–21, 30–33; Gilman (1979), pp. 2–4, 6.

1037: 738:

and many hundreds of miles of wilderness, settlers and their

734:

and the Pacific Ocean. Isolated by geology behind the rugged

727: 3315:(2d ed.). New York & London: W.W. Norton & Co. 3301:

Historic Trade Corridors: Vital Links Follow Nature's Bounty

3200:

Hess, Jeffrey A.; Minnesota Historical Society (July 1989).

3157:

Gilman, Rhoda R.; Carolyn Gilman; Deborah M. Stultz (1979).

2927:

Historic Trade Corridors: Vital Links Follow Nature's Bounty

646: 630: 614: 598: 582: 566: 534: 518: 502: 486: 470: 438: 422: 406: 374: 342: 326: 214: 198: 182: 150: 3542:(May–June 2008). Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. 3289:

Killion, Rick (December 2004). "Historic Trade Corridors".

3225:

They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the State's Ethnic Groups

2657:

Saint Cloud and Red River Valley Stage Road—Kandota Section

1344: 1294: 855:, were exploited by independent fur traders operating from 843:

The rich fur areas along the upper Mississippi, Minnesota,

662: 310: 262: 230: 166: 779:. Above Superior, this route followed rivers and lakes to 550: 454: 390: 358: 294: 278: 246: 2106: 2104: 3555:. Department of City Planning, Faculty of Architecture, 3211:. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior 2768:, Canadian Historical Review, 17:418–23 (December 1936). 1664:

as a total of 650 miles (1040 km). Morse (1969), p. 20.

1176:(near Crow Wing) and Sauk Rapids with a military road. 3104:. Chicago and New York: The American Library Society. 2101: 3502: 2987: 2041:

heading gradually closer to, east of, the Red River.

1817:

Bryce (1909), pp. 156–58; Kelsey (1951), pp. 102–03.

3657:

History of the National Register of Historic Places

3078:

The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists

1903:, South Dakota. Gilman (1979), pp. 45 (map); 46–47. 1697:

The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists

1658:

The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists

1130:, and angled south by southeast to the fur post at 823:, only a mile (1.6 km) of land separated the 3463: 3448:HBC Heritage. Our History: Acquisitions, Fur Trade 3308: 3178:"The Lord Selkirk Settlement at Red River, Part 3" 2467: 2465: 1804: 1802: 684:Red River Trails between Fort Garry and Saint Paul 3688:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state 4102: 3519:. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. 3487:. Clay County Historical Society. Archived from 3470:. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. 3334:. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. 3227:. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. 3161:. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. 2164:The Lord Selkirk Settlement at Red River, Part 3 2142: 2140: 2134:(1989), pp. E–5, 6; Holmquist (1981), pp. 39–41. 1450:reached St. Cloud in 1866. Its mainline reached 1023:the border to the United States. These included 783:and west along the international border through 4080:National Register of Historic Places portal 3426:Fur Trade Canoe Routes of Canada / Then and Now 3244:Exploring the Fur Trade Routes of North America 3139:"The Nor'Wester and the Men Who Established It" 2462: 1799: 3579:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 3054:"The Red River Cart and Trails: The Fur Trade" 2997:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 1853:Gilman (1979), pp. 27–33; Huck (2002), p. 201. 1446:, Minnesota on Lake Superior. A branch of the 3612: 3014:"Canadian-American Relations: The Background" 2264:The Nor'Wester and the Men Who Established It 2217:Gilman (1979), p. 14. Other exports included 2157: 2155: 2137: 1118:strandlines of that ancient lake, forded the 3269: 3125:. Series 1 (56). Manitoba Historical Society 3096: 3060:. Series 3 (28). Manitoba Historical Society 3040:. Series 3 (23). Manitoba Historical Society 3034:"The United States and Red River Settlement" 3031: 3020:. Series 3 (24). Manitoba Historical Society 3011: 2952:. Series 1 (29). Manitoba Historical Society 2780:Canadian-American Relations: The Background 2428: 2422: 2184: 2177: 1763: 1508: 1382: 1360: 1329: 1319: 1313: 1264: 1051: 1045: 838: 739: 716: 103: 23: 3376: 1105:An ox cart seen at the end of the trail in 3619: 3605: 3514: 3348: 3136: 2872:The United States and Red River Settlement 2841:The United States and Red River Settlement 2797:This petition is reproduced in Kernaghan, 2786:The United States and Red River Settlement 2276:Gilman (1979), p. 5; Berton (1972), p. 25. 2152: 2037:, and c) the last portion of the Trail to 1991:Gilman (1979), p. 9; Hess, (1989), p. E–3. 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 4126:Historic trails and roads in South Dakota 4121:Historic trails and roads in North Dakota 3628:U.S. National Register of Historic Places 3222: 3175: 2866:Canada-America Relations: The Background 2651:Red River Trail: Goose Lake Swamp Section 2198:The company made an arrangement with the 1219:(tributaries of the Minnesota River), to 3396: 3176:Henderson, Anne Matheson (Spring 1968). 2838:(2d ed.) (1978), pp. 116–19; Bowsfield, 2436: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 1490: 1414: 1368: 1289: 1183: 1100: 940: 920:. In fact, that company introduced the 114:and a source of supplies other than the 18: 3385:. Series 3. Manitoba Historical Society 3288: 3145:. Series 3. Manitoba Historical Society 3117:Fonseca, William G. (25 January 1900). 3116: 3051: 1630: 1479:, Minnesota are recognised on the U.S. 4116:Historic trails and roads in Minnesota 4103: 3574: 3260: 3119:"On the St. Paul Trail in the Sixties" 2963: 2510:Gilman (1979), pp. 49, 51, 53, 63, 74. 4111:Historic trails and roads in Manitoba 3600: 3546: 3505:"Some Red River Fur-Trade Activities" 3423: 3071: 2817:(2d ed.) (1978), pp. 115–16; Kelsey, 2800:Hudson's Bay and Red River Settlement 2279: 1581:on the Canadian portion of the trails 1168:north with supplies and trade goods. 3461: 3329: 3306: 3241: 3084:. Toronto: The Musson Book Company. 2943: 2909:Berton (1972), pp. 35–38; Morrison, 2737:of Hudson Bay and therefore part of 2632:Minnesota History Along the Highways 2401:On the St. Paul Trail in the Sixties 2352:, Minnesota Historical Society 2017. 2336: 2317:On the St. Paul Trail in the Sixties 1481:National Register of Historic Places 1410: 1285: 1179: 1068:, west up that river and across the 903: 3577:The Streams and Rivers of Minnesota 3533: 2946:"Some Red River Settlement History" 1567:North American Free Trade Agreement 1495:Postage stamp on the centennial of 1088:; it was also known locally as the 701:Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk 58:with the head of navigation on the 13: 4043:National Historic Preservation Act 3408:. Historica Foundation of Canada. 3265:. New York: Harper & Brothers. 2944:Bell, Charles N. (29 April 1887). 2825:(1972), pp. 14–18, 20, 25, 497–98. 2645:Red River Trail: Crow Wing Section 2232:Minnesota: A History of the State 1973:Gilman (1979), pp. 12, 16, 43–47. 1682:In 1803 Fort William had replaced 991:and downstream locations, and the 703:, started a colony of settlers in 14: 4162: 3482: 3428:. Minocqua, WI: NorthWord Press. 3412:from the original on June 8, 2011 2994:Minnesota: A History of the State 2860:Some Red River Settlement History 2459:(1979), pp. 38–40, 51, 66, 73–74. 4085: 4084: 4073: 3540:Minnesota Conservation Volunteer 3332:Minnesota's Boundary with Canada 3223:Holmquist, June D., ed. (1981). 3188:(3). Manitoba Historical Society 2412:Christianson (1935), pp. 193–94. 2059:Gilman (1979), pp. 79–87; Hess, 1528: 675: 661: 645: 629: 613: 597: 581: 565: 549: 533: 517: 501: 485: 469: 453: 437: 421: 405: 389: 373: 357: 341: 325: 309: 293: 277: 261: 245: 229: 213: 197: 181: 165: 149: 128:the rugged barrier known as the 94:, Minnesota on the Mississippi. 3553:Winnipeg & Region Green Map 3536:"Retracing the Red River Trail" 3510:. Minnesota Historical Society. 3032:Bowsfield, Hartwell (1966–67). 3012:Bowsfield, Hartwell (1967–68). 2918: 2878: 2851: 2828: 2807: 2771: 2754: 2745: 2727: 2718: 2703: 2694: 2685: 2676: 2663: 2637: 2624: 2609: 2587: 2570: 2555: 2540: 2528:Gilman (1979), pp. 86–87. When 2522: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2486: 2477: 2449: 2415: 2406: 2393: 2384: 2375: 2355: 2327: 2308: 2270: 2255: 2246: 2237: 2224: 2211: 2200:U.S. Department of the Treasury 2192: 2170: 2122: 2113: 2092: 2083: 2068: 2053: 2044: 2022: 2003: 2000:Gilman (1979), pp. 9–10, 55–56. 1994: 1985: 1976: 1967: 1952: 1943: 1934: 1924: 1915: 1906: 1893: 1884: 1865: 1856: 1847: 1838: 1829: 1820: 1811: 1790: 1781: 1772: 1756: 1747: 1738: 1729: 1720: 1486: 82:and across western and central 50:(the "Selkirk Settlement") and 3996:Federated States of Micronesia 3642:Architectural style categories 3503:Pritchett, John Perry (1924). 2724:Lass (1980), pp. 32–33, 72–73. 2050:Gilman, (1979), pp. 16, 55–68. 1711: 1702: 1689: 1676: 1667: 1650: 1621: 1611: 1435:delayed further improvements. 1031: 1: 3515:Rubinstein, Sarah P. (2003). 3052:Brehaut, Harry Baker (1971). 2973:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2671:Retracing the Red River Trail 2578:Retracing the Red River Trail 2473:Retracing the Red River Trail 2322:The Red River Cart and Trails 2230:Huck (2002), p. 201; Blegen, 1645:The Red River Cart and Trails 1600: 1448:St. Paul and Pacific Railroad 1373:Red River ox cart (1851), by 747:The first, maintained by the 3450:. Hudson's Bay Company. 2007 3276:. London: Algar and Street. 3202:"Minnesota Red River Trails" 2700:Holmquist (1981); pp. 39–41. 2252:Gilman Trails (1980), p. 17. 1949:Kelsey (1951), pp. 126, 139. 1808:Christianson (1935), p. 114. 1595:Territorial era of Minnesota 1524:American War of Independence 955:In what is now southeastern 110:people, an outlet for their 7: 3377:McFadden, Molly (1950–51). 3137:Garland, Aileen (1959–60). 2009:See, e.g., Gunderson, Dan, 1572: 1324:of the fur trade and their 1254: 997:Lower Sioux Indian Agencies 929:trains went west along the 815:and its prehistoric outlet 76:Canada–United States border 10: 4167: 4048:Historic Preservation Fund 4027:American Legation, Morocco 3575:Waters, Thomas F. (1977). 3485:"Red River Carts Reviewed" 3303:. Retrieved on 2008-10-26. 3297:University of North Dakota 2991:; Russell Fridley (1975). 2989:Blegen, Theodore Christian 2936: 2898:Minnesota Red River Trails 2834:Lass (1980), p. 72; Lass, 2712:Minnesota Red River Trails 2618:Minnesota Red River Trails 2564:Minnesota Red River Trails 2501:Gilman (1979), pp. 39, 44. 2131:Minnesota Red River Trails 2077:Minnesota Red River Trails 2062:Minnesota Red River Trails 1961:Minnesota Red River Trails 1940:Gilman, (1979), pp. 43–47. 1874:Minnesota Red River Trails 140: 4068: 4035: 4014: 3989:Lists by associated state 3988: 3947: 3680: 3634: 3379:"Steamboating on the Red" 3330:Lass, William E. (1980). 3307:Lass, William E. (1978). 3291:Prairie Business Magazine 3270:Kernaghan, W. (c. 1857). 2519:Gilman (1979), pp. 86–87. 2110:Gilman (1979), pp. 71–75. 2012:Walking the Pembina Trail 1921:Gilman (1979), pp. 43–50. 1912:Gilman (1979), pp. 44–47. 1862:Gilman (1979), pp. 34–38. 1835:Gilman (1979), pp. 5, 43. 1312:The typical carters were 839:Development of the routes 3970:Northern Mariana Islands 3462:Nute, Grace Lee (1950). 3444:"The North West Company" 2821:(1951), p. 143; Berton, 2295:Red River Carts Reviewed 1877:(1989), p. E–3; Gilman, 1844:Gilman (1979), pp. 5, 7. 1796:Gilman (1979), pp. 2, 4. 1787:Huck (2002), pp. 200–03. 1627:Bryce (1909), pp. 27–29. 1605: 1559:Canadian Pacific Railway 948:and cart train operator 3424:Morse, Eric W. (1969). 3349:Ledohowski, E. (2003). 3246:. Winnipeg: Heartland. 2673:]; Gilman (1979), p. v. 2549:Steamboating on the Red 2390:Gilman, (1979), p. 15. 2205:Steamboating on the Red 1778:Gilman (1979), pp. 2–3. 1744:Morse (1961), pp. 27–32 1673:Morse (1961), pp. 71–75 1305:before setting out for 3965:Minor Outlying Islands 3948:Lists by insular areas 3662:Keeper of the Register 3557:University of Manitoba 3547:Walsh, K. (May 2006). 3242:Huck, Barbara (2002). 3098:Christianson, Theodore 2970:The Impossible Railway 2892:The North West Company 2823:The Impossible Railway 2795: 2429: 2423: 2363:recording of the noise 2243:Gillman (1979), p. 13. 2186:Le commerce est libre! 2185: 2178: 2098:Gilman, (1979), p. 16. 2017:Minnesota Public Radio 1764: 1726:Nute (1941), pp. 20–24 1708:Morse (1969), pp. 1–14 1555:Canadian Confederation 1509: 1499: 1440:Treaty of Old Crossing 1423: 1383: 1377: 1361: 1330: 1320: 1318:descended from French 1314: 1309: 1265: 1192: 1109: 1052: 1046: 952: 829:Little Minnesota River 740: 717: 104: 46:routes connecting the 35: 24: 3667:National Park Service 3647:Contributing property 3406:Canadian Encyclopedia 3293:. Grand Forks Herald. 3263:Red River Runs North! 3261:Kelsey, Vera (1951). 2819:Red River Runs North! 2790: 2764:(1979), p. 1, citing 2483:Gilman (1979), p. 49. 2342:Even, Megan Lynn>" 2333:Berton (1972), p. 25. 2089:Gilman (1979), p. 56. 1890:Gilman (1979), p. 41. 1717:Waters (1977), p. 124 1494: 1418: 1375:Frank Blackwell Mayer 1372: 1293: 1187: 1104: 973:Bois des Sioux Rivers 944: 897:Stephen Harriman Long 705:British North America 56:British North America 22: 4022:District of Columbia 3398:Morrison, William R. 3311:Minnesota, A History 2836:Minnesota, a History 2815:Minnesota, a History 2691:Gilman (1979), p. v. 2492:Gilman (1979), p. 49 2381:Waters (1977), p. 84 1982:Gilman (1979), p. 9. 1826:Gilman (1979), p. 6. 1464:freezing and thawing 1064:at the mouth of the 918:Columbia Fur Company 825:Bois des Sioux River 817:Glacial River Warren 813:Glacial Lake Agassiz 791:, and then down the 749:Hudson's Bay Company 116:Hudson's Bay Company 3466:Rainy River Country 2803:(1857), pp. 12–14. 2634:(2003), pp. 245–46. 1735:Gilman (1979), p. 1 1590:History of Winnipeg 1497:Minnesota Territory 1337:mortices and tenons 1307:Saint Anthony Falls 1165:Saint Anthony Falls 1072:to the fur post at 1019:and other markets. 811:lay in the beds of 3534:Shepard, Lansing. 2630:E.g., Rubinstein, 2602:2009-04-04 at the 2584:(1979), pp. 21–26. 2368:2016-07-30 at the 2300:2016-07-30 at the 1500: 1433:American Civil War 1424: 1393:Dakota War of 1862 1378: 1343:hide known by its 1310: 1193: 1188:Red River cart at 1110: 1005:Traverse des Sioux 953: 873:Traverse des Sioux 853:Indigenous peoples 763:'s voyageurs from 761:North West Company 42:were a network of 36: 4098: 4097: 3652:Historic district 3549:"Crow Wing Trail" 2869:, and Bowsfield, 1545: 1544: 1411:End of the trails 1286:Life on the trail 1201:East Plains Trail 1180:East Plains Trail 922:Red River ox cart 910:West Plains Trail 904:West Plains Trail 785:Lake of the Woods 709:Assiniboine River 693: 68:Canadian province 60:Mississippi River 4158: 4131:Red River Colony 4088: 4087: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4001:Marshall Islands 3621: 3614: 3607: 3598: 3597: 3590: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3559:. Archived from 3543: 3530: 3511: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3496: 3479: 3469: 3458: 3456: 3455: 3439: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3383:MHS Transactions 3373: 3371: 3370: 3364: 3357: 3345: 3326: 3314: 3294: 3285: 3266: 3257: 3238: 3219: 3217: 3216: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3182:Manitoba Pageant 3172: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3143:MHS Transactions 3133: 3131: 3130: 3123:MHS Transactions 3113: 3093: 3083: 3068: 3066: 3065: 3058:MHS Transactions 3048: 3046: 3045: 3038:MHS Transactions 3028: 3026: 3025: 3018:MHS Transactions 3008: 2984: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2950:MHS Transactions 2931: 2922: 2916: 2882: 2876: 2855: 2849: 2832: 2826: 2811: 2805: 2775: 2769: 2762:Red River Trails 2758: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2716: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2674: 2667: 2661: 2641: 2635: 2628: 2622: 2621:(1989), §§ F, G. 2613: 2607: 2591: 2585: 2582:Red River Trails 2574: 2568: 2559: 2553: 2544: 2538: 2534:Alexander Ramsey 2526: 2520: 2517: 2511: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2460: 2457:Red River Trails 2453: 2447: 2444:Red River Trails 2440: 2434: 2432: 2426: 2419: 2413: 2410: 2404: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2373: 2359: 2353: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2325: 2312: 2306: 2290: 2277: 2274: 2268: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2228: 2222: 2215: 2209: 2196: 2190: 2188: 2181: 2174: 2168: 2159: 2150: 2144: 2135: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2081: 2072: 2066: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2026: 2020: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1965: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1882: 1879:Red River Trails 1869: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1797: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1770: 1767: 1760: 1754: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1727: 1724: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1700: 1693: 1687: 1680: 1674: 1671: 1665: 1654: 1648: 1641: 1628: 1625: 1619: 1615: 1550:Manifest Destiny 1534:River St. Peters 1529: 1512: 1386: 1364: 1333: 1323: 1317: 1268: 1234:Otter Tail River 1152:East Saint Cloud 1090:Saint Paul Trail 1055: 1049: 1007:near modern-day 965:Fort Abercrombie 857:Prairie du Chien 809:Minnesota Rivers 743: 722: 689: 679: 673: 672: 670: 665: 657: 656: 654: 649: 641: 640: 638: 633: 625: 624: 622: 617: 609: 608: 606: 601: 593: 592: 590: 585: 577: 576: 574: 569: 561: 560: 558: 553: 545: 544: 542: 537: 529: 528: 526: 521: 513: 512: 510: 505: 497: 496: 494: 489: 481: 480: 478: 473: 465: 464: 462: 457: 449: 448: 446: 441: 433: 432: 430: 425: 417: 416: 414: 409: 401: 400: 398: 393: 385: 384: 382: 377: 369: 368: 366: 361: 353: 352: 350: 345: 337: 336: 334: 329: 321: 320: 318: 313: 305: 304: 302: 297: 289: 288: 286: 281: 273: 272: 270: 265: 257: 256: 254: 249: 241: 240: 238: 233: 225: 224: 222: 217: 209: 208: 206: 201: 193: 192: 190: 185: 177: 176: 174: 169: 161: 160: 158: 153: 109: 100:Red River Colony 48:Red River Colony 40:Red River Trails 29: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4074: 4072: 4064: 4031: 4010: 3984: 3943: 3676: 3630: 3625: 3593: 3587: 3566: 3564: 3527: 3507: 3494: 3492: 3453: 3451: 3442: 3436: 3415: 3413: 3388: 3386: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3342: 3323: 3254: 3235: 3214: 3212: 3204: 3191: 3189: 3169: 3148: 3146: 3128: 3126: 3081: 3063: 3061: 3043: 3041: 3023: 3021: 3005: 2981: 2955: 2953: 2939: 2934: 2923: 2919: 2883: 2879: 2856: 2852: 2833: 2829: 2812: 2808: 2776: 2772: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2715:(1989), p. E–1. 2708: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2668: 2664: 2642: 2638: 2629: 2625: 2614: 2610: 2604:Wayback Machine 2596:Crow Wing Trail 2592: 2588: 2575: 2571: 2567:(1989), p. E–6. 2560: 2556: 2545: 2541: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2463: 2454: 2450: 2441: 2437: 2427:(from whom the 2420: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2370:Wayback Machine 2360: 2356: 2344:Red River Carts 2341: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2313: 2309: 2302:Wayback Machine 2291: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2234:(1975), p. 192. 2229: 2225: 2216: 2212: 2197: 2193: 2175: 2171: 2160: 2153: 2145: 2138: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080:(1989), p. E–3. 2073: 2069: 2065:(1989), p. E–5. 2058: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2027: 2023: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1964:(1989), p. E–4. 1957: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1694: 1690: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1655: 1651: 1642: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1575: 1520:Treaty of Paris 1489: 1467:locations near 1420:Red River carts 1413: 1288: 1257: 1217:Chippewa Rivers 1182: 1086:Crow Wing Trail 1074:Otter Tail Lake 1066:Crow Wing River 1034: 906: 849:Missouri Rivers 841: 736:Canadian Shield 697: 696: 695: 688: 686: 680: 674: 668: 666: 660: 658: 652: 650: 644: 642: 636: 634: 628: 626: 620: 618: 612: 610: 604: 602: 596: 594: 588: 586: 580: 578: 572: 570: 564: 562: 556: 554: 548: 546: 540: 538: 532: 530: 524: 522: 516: 514: 508: 506: 500: 498: 492: 490: 484: 482: 476: 474: 468: 466: 460: 458: 452: 450: 444: 442: 436: 434: 428: 426: 420: 418: 412: 410: 404: 402: 396: 394: 388: 386: 380: 378: 372: 370: 364: 362: 356: 354: 348: 346: 340: 338: 332: 330: 324: 322: 316: 314: 308: 306: 300: 298: 292: 290: 284: 282: 276: 274: 268: 266: 260: 258: 252: 250: 244: 242: 236: 234: 228: 226: 220: 218: 212: 210: 204: 202: 196: 194: 188: 186: 180: 178: 172: 170: 164: 162: 156: 154: 148: 143: 130:Canadian Shield 17: 12: 11: 5: 4164: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4082: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4024: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3982: 3980:Virgin Islands 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3955:American Samoa 3951: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3889:South Carolina 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3854:North Carolina 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3682: 3681:Lists by state 3678: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3672:Property types 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3624: 3623: 3616: 3609: 3601: 3592: 3591: 3585: 3572: 3544: 3531: 3525: 3512: 3500: 3480: 3459: 3440: 3434: 3421: 3394: 3374: 3346: 3340: 3327: 3321: 3304: 3286: 3267: 3258: 3252: 3239: 3233: 3220: 3197: 3173: 3167: 3154: 3134: 3114: 3094: 3069: 3049: 3029: 3009: 3003: 2985: 2979: 2965:Berton, Pierre 2961: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2917: 2889:HBC Heritage, 2877: 2850: 2848:(1979), p. 25. 2827: 2806: 2770: 2753: 2744: 2726: 2717: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2662: 2636: 2623: 2608: 2586: 2569: 2554: 2539: 2521: 2512: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2476: 2461: 2448: 2446:(1979), p. 15. 2435: 2414: 2405: 2392: 2383: 2374: 2354: 2335: 2326: 2307: 2278: 2269: 2254: 2245: 2236: 2223: 2210: 2191: 2169: 2151: 2136: 2121: 2112: 2100: 2091: 2082: 2067: 2052: 2043: 2021: 2002: 1993: 1984: 1975: 1966: 1951: 1942: 1933: 1923: 1914: 1905: 1901:Roberts County 1892: 1883: 1881:(1979), p. 38. 1864: 1855: 1846: 1837: 1828: 1819: 1810: 1798: 1789: 1780: 1771: 1755: 1746: 1737: 1728: 1719: 1710: 1701: 1699:(1909), p. 96. 1688: 1675: 1666: 1649: 1629: 1620: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1574: 1571: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1488: 1485: 1412: 1409: 1287: 1284: 1256: 1253: 1213:Pomme de Terre 1181: 1178: 1136:Leaf Mountains 1120:Red Lake River 1070:height of land 1044:, to whom the 1033: 1030: 1025:Norman Kittson 950:Norman Kittson 905: 902: 865:Big Stone Lake 851:, occupied by 840: 837: 833:Gulf of Mexico 793:Winnipeg River 681: 659: 643: 627: 611: 595: 579: 563: 547: 531: 515: 499: 483: 467: 451: 435: 419: 403: 387: 371: 355: 339: 323: 307: 291: 275: 259: 243: 227: 211: 195: 179: 163: 147: 146: 145: 144: 142: 139: 34:at a rest stop 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4163: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4091: 4083: 4081: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3929:West Virginia 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3834:New Hampshire 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3794:Massachusetts 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3586:0-8166-0821-0 3582: 3578: 3573: 3563:on 2009-04-04 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3526:0-87351-456-4 3522: 3518: 3513: 3506: 3501: 3491:on 2014-04-22 3490: 3486: 3483:Peihl, Mark. 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3467: 3460: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3435:1-55971-045-4 3431: 3427: 3422: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3402:"Dawson Road" 3399: 3395: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3365:on 2014-10-22 3361: 3354: 3353: 3347: 3343: 3341:0-87351-153-0 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3322:0-393-04628-1 3318: 3313: 3312: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3253:1-896150-04-7 3249: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3234:0-87351-155-7 3230: 3226: 3221: 3210: 3203: 3198: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3168:0-87351-133-6 3164: 3160: 3155: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3079: 3074: 3073:Bryce, George 3070: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3004:0-8166-0754-0 3000: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2980:0-394-46569-5 2976: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2929: 2928: 2921: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2867: 2863:, Bowsfield, 2862: 2861: 2854: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2831: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2783:; Bowsfield, 2782: 2781: 2774: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2748: 2740: 2739:Rupert's Land 2736: 2730: 2721: 2714: 2713: 2706: 2697: 2688: 2679: 2672: 2666: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2646: 2640: 2633: 2627: 2620: 2619: 2612: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2590: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2566: 2565: 2558: 2551: 2550: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2525: 2516: 2507: 2498: 2489: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2466: 2458: 2452: 2445: 2439: 2431: 2425: 2418: 2409: 2402: 2396: 2387: 2378: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2358: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2339: 2330: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2311: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2273: 2266: 2265: 2258: 2249: 2240: 2233: 2227: 2220: 2214: 2207: 2206: 2201: 2195: 2187: 2180: 2173: 2166: 2165: 2161:Henderson 3, 2158: 2156: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2133: 2132: 2125: 2116: 2107: 2105: 2095: 2086: 2079: 2078: 2071: 2064: 2063: 2056: 2047: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2025: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2006: 1997: 1988: 1979: 1970: 1963: 1962: 1955: 1946: 1937: 1927: 1918: 1909: 1902: 1896: 1887: 1880: 1876: 1875: 1868: 1859: 1850: 1841: 1832: 1823: 1814: 1805: 1803: 1793: 1784: 1775: 1766: 1759: 1750: 1741: 1732: 1723: 1714: 1705: 1698: 1692: 1685: 1684:Grand Portage 1679: 1670: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1646: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1624: 1614: 1610: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1585:Carlton Trail 1583: 1580: 1579:Pembina Trail 1577: 1576: 1570: 1568: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1511: 1504: 1498: 1493: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1429: 1421: 1417: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1396: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1316: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1297:repair on an 1296: 1292: 1283: 1280: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1262: 1252: 1250: 1244: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1191: 1186: 1177: 1175: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1146:sandplain to 1145: 1141: 1140:Old Crow Wing 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1096: 1095:Pembina Trail 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1029: 1026: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1013:Fort Snelling 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 989:Lac qui Parle 985: 983: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 951: 947: 943: 939: 936: 932: 931:Pembina River 926: 923: 919: 915: 914:trading posts 911: 901: 898: 894: 893:Fort Snelling 890: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 869:Lac qui Parle 866: 862: 861:Lake Traverse 858: 854: 850: 846: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 805: 802: 797: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 777:Lake Superior 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 745: 742: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 720: 714: 710: 706: 702: 694: 692: 685: 678: 671: 669: 664: 655: 653: 648: 639: 637: 632: 623: 621: 616: 607: 605: 600: 591: 589: 584: 575: 573: 568: 559: 557: 552: 543: 541: 536: 527: 525: 520: 511: 509: 504: 495: 493: 488: 479: 477: 472: 463: 461: 456: 447: 445: 440: 431: 429: 424: 415: 413: 408: 399: 397: 392: 383: 381: 376: 367: 365: 360: 351: 349: 344: 335: 333: 328: 319: 317: 312: 303: 301: 296: 287: 285: 280: 271: 269: 264: 255: 253: 248: 239: 237: 232: 223: 221: 216: 207: 205: 200: 191: 189: 184: 175: 173: 168: 159: 157: 152: 138: 135: 131: 126: 125: 119: 117: 113: 108: 107: 101: 95: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 33: 28: 27: 21: 3894:South Dakota 3884:Rhode Island 3879:Pennsylvania 3859:North Dakota 3594: 3576: 3565:. 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Retrieved 2949: 2925: 2920: 2910: 2906: 2903:Fort William 2896: 2891: 2886: 2880: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2853: 2845: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2799: 2796: 2791: 2784: 2779: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2747: 2729: 2720: 2711: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2670: 2665: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2639: 2631: 2626: 2616: 2611: 2595: 2589: 2581: 2572: 2562: 2557: 2547: 2542: 2524: 2515: 2506: 2497: 2488: 2479: 2456: 2451: 2443: 2438: 2417: 2408: 2395: 2386: 2377: 2357: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2315: 2310: 2293: 2272: 2263: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2231: 2226: 2213: 2204: 2194: 2172: 2163: 2129: 2124: 2115: 2094: 2085: 2075: 2070: 2060: 2055: 2046: 2024: 2011: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1978: 1969: 1959: 1954: 1945: 1936: 1926: 1917: 1908: 1895: 1886: 1878: 1872: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1831: 1822: 1813: 1792: 1783: 1774: 1758: 1749: 1740: 1731: 1722: 1713: 1704: 1696: 1691: 1678: 1669: 1662:Norway House 1657: 1652: 1623: 1613: 1563: 1546: 1516: 1505: 1501: 1487:Significance 1460: 1454:in 1869 and 1437: 1425: 1405: 1397: 1390: 1381: 1379: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1311: 1275: 1271: 1261:trade routes 1258: 1245: 1238: 1232:or near the 1209: 1205:Henry Sibley 1200: 1196: 1194: 1170: 1158: 1156: 1126:near modern 1124:Old Crossing 1115:Roseau River 1111: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1078:Forest River 1035: 1021: 1001:Fort Ridgely 986: 977:Traverse Gap 969:Breckenridge 957:North Dakota 954: 927: 909: 907: 885: 842: 821:Traverse Gap 806: 798: 781:Lac la Croix 773:Fort William 753:York Factory 746: 732:Upper Canada 698: 690: 683: 682: 134:trade routes 122: 120: 96: 39: 37: 30:drivers and 4015:Other areas 3975:Puerto Rico 3809:Mississippi 3724:Connecticut 2912:Dawson Road 2777:Bowsfield, 2530:territorial 2146:Kernaghan, 1522:ending the 1473:St. Hilaire 1241:Minneapolis 1225:Sauk Rapids 1221:Saint Cloud 1190:Saint Cloud 1174:Fort Ripley 1148:Sauk Rapids 1132:White Earth 1032:Woods Trail 1017:Saint Louis 993:Upper Sioux 789:Rat Portage 724:fur traders 74:across the 4105:Categories 3924:Washington 3844:New Mexico 3839:New Jersey 3714:California 3567:2008-03-23 3495:2014-04-21 3454:2008-02-14 3416:2008-02-14 3389:2008-02-14 3369:2017-06-29 3215:2008-02-14 3192:2008-02-14 3149:2008-10-23 3129:2008-02-14 3064:2008-02-14 3044:2008-02-14 3024:2008-02-14 2956:2008-02-14 2580:; Gilman, 2546:McFadden, 2267:(1959–60). 2039:Fort Garry 2035:Otterburne 1656:Bryce, in 1601:References 1477:West Union 1349:shaganappi 1331:charrettes 1249:stagecoach 1230:Elbow Lake 1107:Saint Paul 1058:Saint Paul 982:Graceville 961:Georgetown 946:Fur trader 935:St. Joseph 881:St. Joseph 845:Des Moines 801:York boats 769:Lake Huron 757:Hudson Bay 711:joins the 707:where the 92:Saint Paul 52:Fort Garry 3934:Wisconsin 3899:Tennessee 3804:Minnesota 3779:Louisiana 2924:Killion, 2735:watershed 2669:Shepard, 2576:Shepard, 2532:Governor 2471:Shepard, 2424:voyageurs 2399:Fonseca, 2349:MNopediea 2314:Fonseca, 2261:Garland, 1643:Brehaut, 1428:flatboats 1384:traverses 1321:voyageurs 1062:Crow Wing 1009:St. Peter 713:Red River 699:In 1812, 84:Minnesota 4090:Category 3919:Virginia 3869:Oklahoma 3849:New York 3824:Nebraska 3814:Missouri 3799:Michigan 3789:Maryland 3774:Kentucky 3754:Illinois 3729:Delaware 3719:Colorado 3709:Arkansas 3410:Archived 3400:(2007). 3282:18264299 3100:(1935). 3075:(1909). 2967:(1972). 2887:see also 2846:see also 2760:Gilman, 2600:Archived 2455:Gilman, 2442:Gilman, 2366:Archived 2298:Archived 2219:pemmican 2031:St. Malo 1769:136–139. 1618:article. 1573:See also 1347:name of 1255:Commerce 1160:entrepôt 889:flatboat 767:through 765:Montreal 124:entrepôt 72:Manitoba 64:Winnipeg 32:ox carts 4036:Related 3939:Wyoming 3914:Vermont 3819:Montana 3759:Indiana 3739:Georgia 3734:Florida 3704:Arizona 3694:Alabama 3476:3921767 3110:3486611 3090:5996683 2937:Sources 2593:Walsh, 2292:Piehl, 2167:(1968). 1695:Bryce, 1452:Willmar 1326:Ojibway 1303:Pembina 1299:ox cart 1279:buffalo 1144:outwash 1122:at the 916:of the 877:Pembina 141:Origins 88:Mendota 80:Dakotas 66:in the 44:ox cart 3874:Oregon 3829:Nevada 3769:Kansas 3744:Hawaii 3699:Alaska 3635:Topics 3583: 3523: 3474: 3432: 3338: 3319: 3280: 3250: 3231: 3165: 3108: 3088: 3001: 2977: 2857:Bell, 2813:Lass, 2709:Hess, 2654:, and 2615:Hess, 2561:Hess, 2128:Hess, 2074:Hess, 1958:Hess, 1871:Hess, 1475:, and 1469:Baxter 1456:Benson 1444:Duluth 1401:steppe 1362:pièces 1197:Middle 1042:Ojibwa 1038:Dakota 967:, and 871:, and 847:, and 4006:Palau 3904:Texas 3784:Maine 3749:Idaho 3508:(PDF) 3363:(PDF) 3356:(PDF) 3299:, as 3205:(PDF) 3082:(PDF) 2430:Métis 2179:Métis 1765:Métis 1606:Notes 1510:Métis 1341:bison 1315:Métis 1266:Métis 1082:Woods 1053:Métis 1047:Métis 741:Métis 728:bison 719:Métis 106:Métis 26:Métis 3960:Guam 3909:Utah 3864:Ohio 3764:Iowa 3581:ISBN 3521:ISBN 3472:OCLC 3430:ISBN 3336:ISBN 3317:ISBN 3278:OCLC 3248:ISBN 3229:ISBN 3163:ISBN 3106:OCLC 3086:OCLC 2999:ISBN 2975:ISBN 1345:Cree 1295:Axle 1223:and 1215:and 1195:The 1150:and 1128:Huot 1092:and 999:and 995:and 908:The 879:and 726:and 112:furs 90:and 38:The 2907:See 2648:, 2346:", 1931:12. 1301:in 1199:or 1084:or 933:to 787:to 775:on 771:to 755:on 86:to 70:of 54:in 4107:: 3551:. 3538:. 3446:. 3404:. 3381:. 3207:. 3186:13 3184:. 3180:. 3141:. 3121:. 3056:. 3036:. 3016:. 2948:. 2844:; 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