1797:
1926:
1939:
2164:
135:
204:
354:
1584:
393:
2183:
2057:
25:
2301:
2315:
1776:, Bund aktiver Demokraten e.V. as an association for political education. The post war club is no longer a paramilitary organization but organizes remembrance and educational activities such as seminars and panels. Congruent with its historical makeup, it is officially open for members of all democratic parties but is closely associated with the SPD. It has connections with the
2252:
The political organization was headed by the
Federal Administration comprising a first and second chairman, three deputies, the federal treasurer, federal cashier, secretary, technical manager, federal youth leader, the sitting representatives and 15 assessors. The Federal Chairman was Otto Hörsing
1894:
was a veterans' organization, in which former soldiers of the First World War enlisted their military experience in the service of the
Republic. Its main goal was the defense of the Weimar Republic against usurpations of democracy from the National Socialist, Monarchist, and Communist camps. Social
1698:
adopted in 1919, the colors of which were associated with the Weimar
Republic and liberal German nationalism, and incidentally, were also the traditional party colours of its three founding parties: the Centre Party (black), the Social Democratic Party (red), and the Democratic Party (gold).
2286:. The command personnel of the military organisation were recognized by badges of rank. The Federal Commander, for example, wore on his lower sleeve the federal eagle (black on a red field, with golden circular border) and two black-red-golden stripes over all.
2154:
continued its historical practice of publishing magazines. In its modern form, the publication informs members and the public of current social issues and often contains interviews with high-ranking German politicians.
2260:
Parallel to it, the operational organization was modeled as a military structure. The smallest unit was the group, with a group leader and eight men. Two to five groups formed a platoon (
2549:
2363:
1168:
1154:
1691:
Organized militarily, the members wanted to ensure non-violent protection from the enemies of democracy. They refused to arm themselves, but were partly made up of veterans.
3164:
1755:(SA) on the far-right. Alongside these two primary opponents, they also combatted various reactionary nationalist paramilitary organizations. Following the Nazi takeover,
2584:
1161:
3159:
3129:
930:
2278:
and
Federal levels, operational and political level structures overlapped so that the Federal Chairman was concurrently the Federal Commander, while each of the 32
2638:
628:
717:
2040:
1981:, the Workers' Gymnastic and Sporting Federation (ATSB), the General German Trade Union Federation (ADGB), and the Social Democratic Party formed the
633:
2548:
On its regional organization, especially in the state of Saxony, see
Carsten Voigt: Das Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold in Sachsen 1924 bis 1933, in:
3169:
2939:
1097:
2535:
3134:
2204:
2078:
1614:
42:
3149:
2743:
89:
3154:
1452:
61:
3124:
2257:. The executive committees of all organizational levels were elected from the membership of the all republican parties in the coalition.
925:
638:
505:
3144:
3062:
Das
Reichsbanner Schwarz Rot Gold. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte und Struktur der politischen Kampfverbände zur Zeit der Weimarer Republik
1796:
1013:
2872:
Hermann Beck (2010). "The
Fateful Alliance: German Conservatives and Nazis in 1933: The Machtergreifung in a New Light". p. 271.
1708:
was set up as a multiparty organization, it came to be strongly associated with the Social
Democratic Party. The headquarters of the
842:
68:
2367:
1180:
935:
3139:
1139:
830:
530:
2614:
959:
606:
75:
2592:
854:
2877:
2429:
2171:
837:
695:
2987:
2858:
498:
2807:
57:
2562:
2249:, two organizational structures existed in parallel: a registered political association and an organized fighting force.
825:
448:
796:
1852:
1677:
1607:
1439:
1208:
810:
803:
218:
2832:
1925:
3093:
3086:
Kampfbünde der
Arbeiterbewegung. Das Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold und der Rote Frontkämpferbund in Sachsen 1924–1933
3079:
3055:
3041:
3027:
2646:
2230:
2104:
1777:
1258:
488:
108:
2510:
2212:
2086:
2782:
2668:
1938:
1539:
722:
2769:
Chronik der deutschen
Sozialdemokratie. 2. Vom Beginn der Weimarer Republik bis zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges
2039:, which led to an incident where a mass registration in Braunschweig was raided by the Nazis, who called it the
1960:
units with a restructuring of the operational organization. Active members were divided into master formations (
2208:
2082:
593:
46:
1600:
1458:
1003:
947:
915:
685:
443:
1226:
663:
565:
256:
82:
1913:'. Members saw themselves as guardians of the continuation of Germany's democratic traditions such as the
2338:
2122:
1914:
1883:
1445:
1305:
991:
910:
820:
781:
690:
483:
423:
2767:
2455:
2328:
1785:
1732:
1149:
1076:
771:
739:
849:
707:
658:
428:
1830:
468:
319:
2436:
Zentrum: Roman Catholic party which moved from the political centre to the right in the late 1920s.
2193:
2067:
1640:
1112:
1017:
438:
2272:), and two to five departments made up a district. At least two districts formed a circle. At the
2026:
and played a role in bringing them to absolute power, with 73 voting in favor and one abstaining.
1905:
as a 'non-partisan protection organization of the Republic and democracy in the fight against the
1414:
2197:
2071:
1860:
1685:
1661:
776:
601:
545:
226:
35:
3020:
Freiheit! Sozialdemokratischer Selbstschutz im München der zwanziger und frühen dreißiger Jahre.
1856:
1681:
1345:
1248:
1069:
966:
540:
222:
1992:
1738:
1386:
1042:
2415:
2289:
According to the organization's own records, membership in 1932 was gauged at three million.
1668:
from the left and right and to compel the population to respect and honor the new Republic's
1566:
1335:
1295:
1268:
1083:
1059:
1054:
976:
754:
668:
376:
2563:"Rede des Bundesvorsitzenden des Reichsbanners Schwarz-Rot-Gold Dr. jur. Volkmar Zühlsdorff"
575:
2954:
2023:
1491:
1273:
1064:
1873:
was diverse, Social Democrats comprised roughly 90 percent of the organization's members.
8:
2772:; Berlin 1980; Elektronische Ausgabe: Bonn: FES-Library (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung), 2001
2343:
1673:
1427:
1421:
1400:
1325:
618:
555:
535:
418:
294:
2722:
2714:
2481:
1556:
1350:
1190:
1175:
766:
653:
290:
277:
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786:
3089:
3075:
3051:
3037:
3023:
2962:
2933:
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2726:
2529:
2425:
1433:
1185:
1023:
888:
749:
570:
550:
522:
493:
453:
269:
791:
3048:"Sturmtrupp der Deutschen Republik". Das Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold im Wuppertal
3034:
Zwischen Kampf und Kapitulation. Zur Geschichte des Reichsbanners Schwarz-Rot-Gold.
2915:"Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold, Bund aktiver Demokraten e.V. - Verbandszeitschrift"
2706:
2389:
2320:
2167:
1844:
1840:
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1534:
1407:
1379:
1330:
1221:
1134:
1107:
986:
952:
893:
869:
859:
643:
2117:
Following its ban, some of the organization's membership, in particular the elite
3067:
2274:
2130:
2016:
and the Iron Front were banned throughout the Reich. Political components of the
1906:
1848:
1695:
1669:
1657:
1653:
1588:
1529:
727:
208:
2147:
was re-formed in 1953 as an association for political and historical education.
1952:
in September sought to strengthen itself against intensified street violence by
1896:
2710:
2306:
1955:
1851:, which had taken place at the end of 1923. On 22 February 1924 members of the
1823:
1750:
1360:
1355:
1285:
1212:
1124:
1047:
560:
328:
265:
134:
3088:(= Geschichte und Politik in Sachsen, Bd. 26). Böhlau, Köln/Weimar/Wien 2009;
761:
3118:
2966:
1816:
1501:
1486:
1481:
673:
515:
337:
2914:
1722:
1511:
1035:
864:
473:
384:
353:
261:
2894:"Bundesverband Reichbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold, Bund aktiver Demokraten e.V."
1917:
and their namesake constitutional national colors of black, red and gold.
2615:"Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold, 1924-1933 – Historisches Lexikon Bayerns"
1835:
continued to radicalize and intensify the armed struggle in Germany. The
1551:
1496:
408:
1985:. Within the Front, defensive operations were the responsibility of the
1583:
2482:"Die Zukunft der Republik? Das Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold 1924-1933"
2333:
1982:
1781:
1744:
1476:
1393:
1242:
876:
458:
3072:
Neighbors and Enemies: The Culture of Radicalism in Berlin, 1929-1933.
2718:
2694:
2511:"Reichsbanner Geschichte: Thema :: Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold"
392:
2421:
2046:
1989:, which became increasingly important as violence from the Communist
1715:
1665:
1561:
1030:
236:
2695:"A 'National' Socialism: The Old Socialist Party of Saxony, 1926-32"
2182:
2056:
24:
1910:
1506:
1320:
1315:
282:
3050:(= Verfolgung und Widerstand in Wuppertal, vol. 6; Grafenau 2002;
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
1804:
241:
2893:
2314:
2253:
from the 3rd of June 1932. His deputy and later successor was
2022:, including the Centre Party, subsequently voted for the Nazi
2913:
e.V, Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold, Bund aktiver Demokraten.
1886:, accusing the party of seeking alliances with the Fascists.
1647:
2988:"Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold Bund aktiver Demokraten e.V."
2550:
Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung
2441:
1946:
Following substantial Nazi electoral successes in 1930, the
1236:
898:
510:
3107:
2808:"Die Schutzformationen des Reichsbanners Schwarz-Rot-Gold"
2010:
met on the 17th and 18 February 1933 in Berlin. In March,
931:
Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan
364:
306:
Re-established in 1953 as a purely political organisation
2862:
Touchstone Edition, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990
2508:
2158:
3074:
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2004;
1920:
718:
Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
3165:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1933
2296:
2136:
1761:members played a role in the anti-Nazi resistance.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2268:, two to five companies constituted a department (
2047:Reichsbanner members in the Resistance (1933-1945)
1964:) and the elite units into protection formations (
3160:Military units and formations established in 1924
3130:Paramilitary organisations of the Weimar Republic
2744:"Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand - Ausstellung"
2585:"Kampf gegen den Nationalsozialismus 1930 – 1933"
1863:and trade unionists in Magdeburg established the
3116:
2738:
2736:
1098:Romanian resistance movement during World War II
2766:Zitiert nach Franz Osterroth, Dieter Schuster:
1968:). In spring 1931, 250,000 men belonged to the
1839:was initially formed in reaction to the Nazis'
1164:Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia
2952:
2733:
2669:"Gründung des Reichsbanners Schwarz-Rot-Gold"
1813:formation, armed groups like the nationalist
1608:
2938:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2871:
2509:Schwarz-Rot-Gold 1924 - 1933, Reichsbanner.
2244:
2142:
2030:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1990:
1976:
1953:
1947:
1929:
1900:
1889:
1877:
1864:
1828:
1814:
1805:Formation and early developments (1924-1930)
1771:
1765:
1756:
1748:
1736:
1726:
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1703:
1676:. It was formed by members of the left-wing
1629:
335:
326:
317:
153:
139:
124:
2534:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2264:), two to three platoons formed a company (
2211:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2085:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
926:Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan
506:Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals
2783:"In der Tradition der Revolution von 1848"
1615:
1601:
1014:Polish resistance movement in World War II
16:German paramilitary organization (1924–33)
2231:Learn how and when to remove this message
2105:Learn how and when to remove this message
2004:The last federal general assembly of the
1453:(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2850:
2413:
2162:
1972:. The "Young Banners" were also formed.
1937:
1924:
1795:
1181:Liberation Front of the Slovenian People
3170:Anti-communist organizations in Germany
2555:
2129:members formed around individuals like
831:Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance
531:Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias
3117:
2953:ZEIT (Archiv), D. I. E. (1968-03-22).
2121:s, took part in the Social Democratic
1882:expelled all members belonging to the
1680:(SPD), the centre-right to right-wing
1641:[ˈʁaɪçsˌbanɐˈʃvaʁtsˈʁoːtˈɡɔlt]
1155:Anti-fascist Assembly for the National
3135:Anti-fascist organisations in Germany
2172:December 1924 German federal election
2159:Historical structure and organisation
1639:
1169:Anti-Fascist Council for the National
936:Japanese People's Emancipation League
838:National Committee for a Free Germany
3150:Left-wing militant groups in Germany
2859:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
2692:
2209:adding citations to reliable sources
2176:
2083:adding citations to reliable sources
2050:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3155:Military wings of socialist parties
2985:
2619:www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de
2479:
2364:"Das Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold"
1921:End of Weimar democracy (1930-1933)
855:Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization
826:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany
449:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany
13:
3125:Social Democratic Party of Germany
2639:"Gefährdung der Weimarer Republik"
2414:Allinson, Mark (30 October 2014).
1678:Social Democratic Party of Germany
1440:Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice
696:People's Liberation Insurgent Army
219:Social Democratic Party of Germany
14:
3181:
3145:1933 disestablishments in Germany
3099:
2137:Reichsbanner in post-Nazi Germany
1778:Memorial to the German Resistance
1718:, but it had branches elsewhere.
1646:"Black, Red, Gold Banner of the
1259:Anti-fascist research group Kafka
2313:
2299:
2181:
2055:
1664:against internal subversion and
1582:
1540:Anti-Germans (political current)
391:
352:
202:
133:
23:
3012:
2979:
2946:
2912:
2906:
2886:
2865:
2825:
2800:
2775:
2760:
2699:Journal of Contemporary History
2686:
2661:
2631:
2607:
2456:"Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold"
2150:After its reestablishment, the
2125:. Resistance circles of former
1869:. While the composition of the
1660:with the goal to defend German
58:"Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold"
34:needs additional citations for
3140:1924 establishments in Germany
2955:"Neuauflage des Reichsbanners"
2577:
2542:
2515:www.reichsbanner-geschichte.de
2502:
2473:
2417:Germany and Austria since 1814
2407:
2382:
2356:
1770:was reestablished in 1953, as
1209:Post–World War II anti-fascism
594:Resistance during World War II
1:
3036:; Dietz, Berlin (Est), 1987;
2693:Lapp, Benjamin (April 1995).
2349:
2029:Following the banning of the
1773:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
1694:Its name is derived from the
1631:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
1459:Red and anarchist black metal
1004:Norwegian resistance movement
948:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
916:National Liberation Committee
686:Bulgarian resistance movement
464:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
126:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
2565:. Berlin.de. 14 October 2001
2390:"Reichsbanner 1924 bis 1933"
1150:Yugoslav resistance movement
1140:Moldovan resistance movement
607:National Liberation Movement
566:Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion
7:
3022:, 2 volumes; Andechs 1997;
2339:Republikanischer Schutzbund
2292:
1942:Reichsbanner marching 1930.
1884:Old Social Democratic Party
1731:'s main opponents were the
1446:This machine kills fascists
1306:Aktion Kinder des Holocaust
992:Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten
911:Italian resistance movement
821:German resistance to Nazism
782:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
634:Latvian resistance movement
499:Concentrazione Antifascista
484:1922 Italian general strike
424:Republikanischer Schutzbund
10:
3186:
3064:. Droste, Düsseldorf 1966.
2711:10.1177/002200949503000205
2329:Weimar paramilitary groups
1791:
1733:Communist Party of Germany
1227:Arsch huh, Zäng ussenander
740:Danish resistance movement
723:Jan Žižka partisan brigade
2018:
1975:On 16 December 1931, the
1930:
1876:In the fall of 1927, the
1772:
1766:
1757:
1743:on the far-left, and the
1727:
1710:
1704:
1652:) was an organization in
708:Anti-Fascist Organisation
659:Belgian National Movement
360:
348:
310:
300:
276:
255:
247:
232:
214:
197:
179:
161:
149:
140:
132:
123:
1171:Liberation of Yugoslavia
1113:Slovak National Uprising
1018:Polish Underground State
439:Antifaschistische Aktion
2460:SPD Geschichtswerkstatt
1861:German Democratic Party
1686:German Democratic Party
1662:parliamentary democracy
1157:Liberation of Macedonia
664:Front de l'Indépendance
546:Abraham Lincoln Brigade
278:Political position
227:German Democratic Party
167:; 100 years ago
3046:David Magnus Mintert:
2366:. LeMO. Archived from
2245:
2174:
2143:
2035:, some members joined
2031:
2012:
2006:
1991:
1977:
1954:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1901:
1895:Democratic politician
1890:
1878:
1865:
1831:Roter Frontkämpferbund
1829:
1815:
1801:
1749:
1737:
1630:
967:Jewish Labor Committee
541:International Brigades
469:Roter Frontkämpferbund
365:http://reichsbanner.de
336:
327:
320:Roter Frontkämpferbund
318:
185:; 91 years ago
154:
125:
3018:Günther Gerstenberg:
2166:
1941:
1928:
1799:
1567:Libertarian socialism
1415:Grândola, Vila Morena
1336:Unite Against Fascism
1296:Antifascistisk Aktion
1269:Armed Forces Movement
1060:Narodowe Siły Zbrojne
1055:Kampfgruppe Auschwitz
977:Luxembourg resistance
639:Lithuanian resistance
2205:improve this section
2079:improve this section
1827:, and the Communist
1492:Diversity of tactics
962:during the Holocaust
43:improve this article
2986:Bulmahn, Edelgard.
2919:www.reichsbanner.de
2833:"Die Eiserne Front"
2480:Ziemann, Benjamin.
2344:Arbeiter-Schutzbund
1993:Rotfrontkämpferbund
1915:Revolutions of 1848
1857:German Centre Party
1739:Rotfrontkämpferbund
1721:As a pro-democracy
1684:, and the centrist
1682:German Centre Party
1589:Politics portal
1471:Tactics and methods
1428:Rock Against Racism
1422:Nazi Punks Fuck Off
1401:First they came ...
1326:Anti-Fascist Action
1043:Bataliony Chłopskie
629:Estonian resistance
619:Austrian resistance
602:Albanian resistance
556:Dabrowski Battalion
536:Confederal militias
419:Arbeiter-Schutzbund
223:German Centre Party
3032:Helga Gotschlich:
2729:– via JSTOR.
2282:chairmen were all
2175:
1944:
1936:
1802:
1688:in February 1924.
1557:Left-wing politics
1351:Anti-Racist Action
1191:Yugoslav Partisans
1176:Croatian Partisans
1079:Organizacja Bojowa
654:Belgian Resistance
576:Thälmann Battalion
489:Aventine Secession
2879:978-1-84545-680-1
2748:www.gdw-berlin.de
2431:978-1-4441-8652-9
2241:
2240:
2233:
2115:
2114:
2107:
1845:Hamburg rebellion
1625:
1624:
1434:Rock gegen Rechts
1373:Music and culture
1186:Slovene Partisans
960:Jewish resistance
889:Cretan resistance
806:of the Resistance
750:French Resistance
571:Palafox Battalion
551:British Battalion
523:Spanish Civil War
494:Arditi del Popolo
454:Confessing Church
370:
369:
270:Liberal democracy
119:
118:
111:
93:
3177:
3111:
3110:
3108:Official website
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
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2856:William Shirer,
2854:
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2730:
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2684:
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2656:
2654:
2645:. Archived from
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2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2591:. Archived from
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2323:
2321:Socialism portal
2318:
2317:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2248:
2243:In the original
2236:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2185:
2177:
2170:poster from the
2168:Weimar Coalition
2146:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2059:
2051:
2041:Stahlhelm Putsch
2034:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2009:
1996:
1980:
1959:
1951:
1933:
1932:
1904:
1893:
1881:
1868:
1843:and Communist's
1841:Beer Hall Putsch
1834:
1820:
1775:
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1603:
1587:
1586:
1545:Anti-Japaneseism
1535:Anti-nationalism
1408:Fischia il vento
1380:A las Barricadas
1331:Anti-Nazi League
1135:Soviet partisans
1108:Slovak partisans
987:Dutch resistance
894:Greek resistance
870:Oster conspiracy
860:Schwarze Kapelle
804:National Council
799:de la Résistance
691:Fatherland Front
644:Soviet partisans
429:Socialist Action
395:
372:
371:
356:
341:
332:
323:
251:The Reichsbanner
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183:18 February 1933
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3068:Pamela E. Swett
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2139:
2131:Theodor Haubach
2111:
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2060:
2049:
1923:
1809:At the time of
1807:
1800:Meeting in 1929
1794:
1714:was located in
1696:Flag of Germany
1658:Weimar Republic
1636:
1621:
1581:
1574:
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1530:Anti-capitalism
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797:Mouvements Unis
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728:Prague uprising
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1956:Sturmabteilung
1934:marching, 1928
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1847:, both failed
1824:Sturmabteilung
1811:Reichsbanner's
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2064:This section
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2058:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2037:Der Stahlhelm
2033:
2027:
2025:
2014:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1940:
1927:
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1817:Der Stahlhelm
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1502:Popular front
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1487:Direct action
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1482:Deplatforming
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1086:Zwiazek Walki
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1031:Armia Krajowa
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767:Armée secrète
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674:Witte Brigade
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516:Volante Rossa
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338:Der Stahlhelm
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150:Also known as
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110:
102:
99:February 2012
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3085:
3071:
3061:
3047:
3033:
3019:
3013:Bibliography
2998:. Retrieved
2994:
2981:
2970:. Retrieved
2958:
2948:
2923:. Retrieved
2918:
2908:
2888:
2867:
2857:
2852:
2840:. Retrieved
2836:
2827:
2815:. Retrieved
2811:
2802:
2790:. Retrieved
2786:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2751:. Retrieved
2747:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2676:. Retrieved
2672:
2663:
2651:. Retrieved
2647:the original
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2024:Enabling Act
2019:Reichsbanner
2013:Reichsbanner
2007:Reichsbanner
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155:Reichsbanner
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41:Please help
36:verification
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3060:Karl Rohe:
2921:(in German)
2517:(in German)
2462:(in German)
1911:Soviet star
1821:, the Nazi
1656:during the
1552:Anti-racism
1497:Milkshaking
1145:Yugoslavia
972:Luxembourg
762:Armée Juive
669:Secret Army
409:Black Lions
3119:Categories
2972:2019-07-04
2925:2023-04-30
2899:2009-04-23
2897:Retrieved
2842:10 October
2817:10 October
2792:10 October
2753:2019-07-04
2678:10 October
2653:10 October
2624:2019-07-04
2599:10 October
2521:2023-10-24
2466:2019-07-04
2399:10 October
2374:10 October
2350:References
2334:Iron Front
2123:Resistance
1983:Iron Front
1899:described
1784:, and the
1747:and their
1745:Nazi Party
1735:and their
1702:While the
1477:Black bloc
1394:Bella ciao
1276:Revolution
1243:Bella ciao
877:White Rose
459:Iron Front
444:Black Band
295:right-wing
215:Allegiance
162:Foundation
69:newspapers
2967:0044-2070
2727:159507767
2422:Routledge
2284:Gauführer
2270:Abteilung
2192:does not
2066:does not
1997:and Nazi
1716:Magdeburg
1666:extremism
1562:Anarchism
1274:Carnation
1264:Portugal
1103:Slovakia
955:partisans
681:Bulgaria
405:Ethiopia
311:Opponents
291:Left-wing
287:Factions:
248:Newspaper
237:Magdeburg
180:Dissolved
2959:Die Zeit
2934:cite web
2530:cite web
2293:See also
1909:and the
1907:Swastika
1524:See also
1507:Squadism
1321:62 Group
1316:43 Group
1217:Germany
1093:Romania
1084:Zydowski
1077:Żydowska
816:Germany
735:Denmark
713:Czechia
649:Belgium
614:Austria
597:Albania
501:Italiana
434:Germany
402:Interwar
377:a series
375:Part of
257:Ideology
2213:removed
2198:sources
2087:removed
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1970:Schufos
1792:History
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361:Website
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1966:Schufo
1859:, the
1855:, the
1786:police
1780:, the
1346:Antifa
1281:Spain
1232:Italy
1222:Antifa
1120:Spain
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1050:Ludowa
1038:Ludowa
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301:Status
283:Centre
242:Berlin
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2991:(PDF)
2723:S2CID
2715:JSTOR
2569:1 May
2485:(PDF)
1962:Stafo
1849:coups
1648:Reich
1065:Olimp
1036:Armia
90:JSTOR
76:books
3090:ISBN
3076:ISBN
3052:ISBN
3038:ISBN
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3002:2019
2963:ISSN
2940:link
2874:ISBN
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2536:link
2496:2019
2426:ISBN
2401:2017
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2196:any
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1672:and
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1627:The
1237:ANPI
1026:Bloc
899:ELAS
843:AKFD
511:TIGR
349:Flag
144:logo
62:news
2707:doi
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