47:. The respiratory quotient value indicates which macronutrients are being metabolized, as different energy pathways are used for fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. If metabolism consists solely of lipids, the respiratory quotient is approximately 0.7, for proteins it is approximately 0.8, and for carbohydrates it is 1.0. Most of the time, however, energy consumption is composed of both fats and carbohydrates. The approximate respiratory quotient of a mixed diet is 0.8. Some of the other factors that may affect the respiratory quotient are energy balance, circulating insulin, and insulin sensitivity.
674:, non-protein respiratory quotient (npRQ) values act as good indicators in the prediction of overall survival rate. Patients having a npRQ < 0.85 show considerably lower survival rates as compared to patients with a npRQ > 0.85. A decrease in npRQ corresponds to a decrease in glycogen storage by the liver. Similar research indicates that non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases are also accompanied by a low respiratory quotient value, and the non protein respiratory quotient value was a good indication of disease severity.
663:, will increase it. Underfeeding is marked by a respiratory quotient below 0.85, while a respiratory quotient greater than 1.0 indicates overfeeding. This is particularly important in patients with compromised respiratory systems, as an increased respiratory quotient significantly corresponds to increased respiratory rate and decreased
599:). Historically, it was assumed that 'average fat' had an RQ of about 0.71, and this holds true for most mammals including humans. However, a recent survey showed that aquatic animals, especially fish, have fat that should yield higher RQs on oxidation, reaching as high as 0.73 due to high amounts of docosahexaenoic acid.
452:
590:
being the predominant fuel source, and a value between 0.7 and 1.0 suggests a mix of both fat and carbohydrate. In general a mixed diet corresponds with an RER of approximately 0.8. For fats, the RQ depends on the specific fatty acids present. Amongst the commonly stored fatty acids in vertebrates,
681:
using different single substrates suggested that RQ is linked to the elemental composition of the respired compounds. By this way, it is demonstrated that bacterioplankton RQ is not only a practical aspect of
Bacterioplankton Respiration determination, but also a major ecosystem state variable that
602:
The range of respiratory coefficients for organisms in metabolic balance usually ranges from 1.0 (representing the value expected for pure carbohydrate oxidation) to ~0.7 (the value expected for pure fat oxidation). In general, molecules that are more oxidized (e.g., glucose) require less oxygen to
577:
124:
The RER can exceed 1.0 during intense exercise. A value above 1.0 cannot be attributed to the substrate metabolism, but rather to the aforementioned factors regarding bicarbonate buffering. Calculation of RER is commonly done in conjunction with exercise tests such as the
39:(BMR) when estimated from carbon dioxide production. It is calculated from the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the body to oxygen consumed by the body, when the body is in a steady state. Such measurements, like measurements of oxygen uptake, are forms of indirect
313:
603:
be fully metabolized and, therefore, have higher respiratory quotients. Conversely, molecules that are less oxidized (e.g., fatty acids) require more oxygen for their complete metabolism and have lower respiratory quotients. See
647:, in which patients spend a significant amount of energy on respiratory effort. By increasing the proportion of fats in the diet, the respiratory quotient is driven down, causing a relative decrease in the amount of CO
634:
Insulin, which increases lipid storage and decreases fat oxidation, is positively associated with increases in the respiratory quotient. A positive energy balance will also lead to an increased respiratory quotient.
458:
1301:
McClave, Stephen A.; Lowen, Cynthia C.; Kleber, Melissa J.; McConnell, J. Wesley; Jung, Laura Y.; Goldsmith, Linda J. (2003-01-01). "Clinical use of the respiratory quotient obtained from indirect calorimetry".
1478:
Vachon, Dominic; Sadro, Steven; Bogard, Matthew J.; Lapierre, Jean-François; Baulch, Helen M.; Rusak, James A.; Denfeld, Blaize A.; Laas, Alo; Klaus, Marcus; Karlsson, Jan; Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A. (August 2020).
658:
Respiratory
Quotient can be used as an indicator of over or underfeeding. Underfeeding, which forces the body to utilize fat stores, will lower the respiratory quotient, while overfeeding, which causes
627:
as measured includes a contribution from the energy produced from protein. However, due to the complexity of the various ways in which different amino acids can be metabolized, no single
1026:
Ramos-Jiménez, Arnulfo; Hernández-Torres, Rosa P.; Torres-Durán, Patricia V.; Romero-Gonzalez, Jaime; Mascher, Dieter; Posadas-Romero, Carlos; Juárez-Oropeza, Marco A. (2008-02-01).
1255:
Kuo, C. D.; Shiao, G. M.; Lee, J. D. (1993-07-01). "The effects of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet loads on gas exchange and ventilation in COPD patients and normal subjects".
1028:"The Respiratory Exchange Ratio is Associated with Fitness Indicators Both in Trained and Untrained Men: A Possible Application for People with Reduced Exercise Tolerance"
1350:
Nishikawa, Hiroki; Enomoto, Hirayuki; Iwata, Yoshinori; Kishino, Kyohei; Shimono, Yoshihiro; Hasegawa, Kunihiro; Nakano, Chikage; Takata, Ryo; Ishii, Akio (2017-01-01).
447:{\displaystyle 23\ \mathrm {O} _{2}+\mathrm {C} _{16}\mathrm {H} _{32}\mathrm {O} _{2}\to 16\ \mathrm {CO} _{2}+16\ \mathrm {H} _{2}\mathrm {O} +129\ \mathrm {ATP} }
677:
Recently the respiratory quotient is also used from aquatic scientists to illuminate its environmental applications. Experimental studies with natural
1807:
670:
Because of its role in metabolism, respiratory quotient can be used in analysis of liver function and diagnosis of liver disease. In patients with
1190:
710:. Using this quotient we could shed light on the metabolic behavior and the simultaneous roles of chemical and physical forcing that shape the
572:{\displaystyle \mathrm {RER} ={\frac {\mathrm {VCO} _{2}}{\mathrm {VO} _{2}}}={\frac {16\ \mathrm {CO} _{2}}{23\ \mathrm {O} _{2}}}\approx 0.7}
137:
and the limits of their cardio-respiratory system. An RER greater than or equal to 1.0 is often used as a secondary endpoint criterion of a VO
97:
The ratio is determined by comparing exhaled gases to room air. Measuring this ratio is equal to RQ only at rest or during mild to moderate
621:
consumption numbers are available, they are usually used directly, since they are more direct and reliable estimates of energy production.
607:
for a discussion of how these numbers are derived. A mixed diet of fat and carbohydrate results in an average value between these numbers.
2173:
1530:"Using O<sub>2</sub> to study the relationships between soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux and soil respiration"
113:. The body tries to compensate for the accumulation of lactate and minimize the acidification of the blood by expelling more CO
184:
must be given in the same units, and in quantities proportional to the number of molecules. Acceptable inputs would be either
2302:
644:
1800:
1677:
Phinney, Stephen D.; Horton, Edward S.; Sims, Ethan A. H.; Hanson, John S.; Danforth, Elliot; Lagrange, Betty M. (1980).
733:) can be used to derive an apparent respiratory quotient (ARQ). This value reflects a cumulative effect of not only the
2244:
2099:
1166:
1133:
1097:
1010:
923:
2297:
1793:
717:
Moving from a molecular and cellular level to an ecosystem level, various processes account for the exchange of O
686:
functioning. Based on the stoichiometry of the different metabolized substrates, the scientists can predict that
2163:
2282:
1890:
1412:"Magnitude and regulation of bacterioplankton respiratory quotient across freshwater environmental gradients"
1636:
Johnston, Carol S; Tjonn, Sherrie L; Swan, Pamela D; White, Andrea; Hutchins, Heather; Sears, Barry (2006).
2012:
2182:
2131:
1982:
1092:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health. pp. 219–223.
2287:
2136:
1638:"Ketogenic low-carbohydrate diets have no metabolic advantage over nonketogenic low-carbohydrate diets"
2044:
1975:
1956:
725:
between the biosphere and atmosphere. Field measurements of the concurrent consumption of oxygen (-ΔO
110:
1679:"Capacity for Moderate Exercise in Obese Subjects after Adaptation to a Hypocaloric, Ketogenic Diet"
2120:
1987:
1951:
1845:
707:
2153:
2022:
1637:
1726:
Owen, O. E.; Morgan, A. P.; Kemp, H. G.; Sullivan, J. M.; Herrera, M. G.; Cahill, G. F. (1967).
1970:
1917:
1907:
1816:
1528:
Angert, A.; Yakir, D.; Rodeghiero, M.; Preisler, Y.; Davidson, E. A.; Weiner, T. (2015-04-07).
32:
1204:
Price, E. R.; Mager, E. M. (2020). "Respiratory quotient: Effects of fatty acid composition".
2158:
2094:
1352:"Prognostic significance of nonprotein respiratory quotient in patients with liver cirrhosis"
737:
of all organisms (microorganisms and higher consumers) in the sample, but also all the other
51:
2068:
2032:
1867:
1862:
1541:
1492:
1423:
1213:
882:
738:
604:
596:
36:
8:
2292:
1895:
1481:"Paired O 2 –CO 2 measurements provide emergent insights into aquatic ecosystem function"
734:
1589:"Ketogenic diet treatment in adults with refractory epilepsy: A prospective pilot study"
1545:
1496:
1427:
1217:
1025:
2223:
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2198:
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1932:
1618:
1587:
Mosek, Amnon; Natour, Haitham; Neufeld, Miri Y.; Shiff, Yaffa; Vaisman, Nachum (2009).
1452:
1411:
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1237:
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1027:
978:
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687:
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Practical applications of the respiratory quotient can be found in severe cases of
98:
1605:
1588:
2256:
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2073:
711:
1367:
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2192:
2049:
2007:
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Widmaier, Eric P.; Vander, Arthur J.; Raff, Hershel; Strang, Kevin T. (2018).
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1964:
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1514:
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1375:
1323:
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969:
944:
Ellis, Amy C; Hyatt, Tanya C; Gower, Barbara A; Hunter, Gary R (2017-05-02).
853:
768:
304:
212:
1554:
1268:
16:
Ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the body to oxygen consumed by the body
2148:
2017:
1999:
1857:
1663:
1614:
1461:
1435:
1410:
Berggren, Martin; Lapierre, Jean-François; del
Giorgio, Paul A (May 2012).
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1233:
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987:
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587:
44:
1761:
1712:
1284:
885: – Measurement of the heat of living organisms through indirect means
2187:
1785:
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832:
702:) in aquatic ecosystems should covary inversely due to the processing of
660:
216:
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185:
102:
40:
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2249:
2168:
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1840:
1835:
1505:
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821:
253:
and thus metabolism of this compound gives an RQ of x/(x + y/4 - z/2).
191:
Many metabolized substances are compounds containing only the elements
75:
1743:
1694:
891: – Principle applied to the measurement of blood flow to an organ
2125:
1225:
671:
223:. For complete oxidation of such compounds, the chemical equation is
133:. This can be used as an indicator that the participants are nearing
946:"Respiratory Quotient Predicts Fat Mass Gain in Premenopausal Women"
810:
778:
208:
196:
1032:
Clinical
Medicine. Circulatory, Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine
1128:(5th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. pp. 117–118.
799:
788:
220:
134:
126:
586:
is the predominant fuel source, a value of 1.0 is indicative of
1830:
1124:
Kenney, W. Larry.; Wilmore, Jack H.; Costill, David L. (2012).
1088:
Katch, Victor L.; McArdle, William D.; Katch, Frank I. (2011).
655:, thereby reducing the amount of energy spent on respirations.
200:
192:
188:, or else volumes of gas at standard temperature and pressure.
87:
1527:
651:
produced. This reduces the respiratory burden to eliminate CO
613:
value corresponds to a caloric value for each liter (L) of CO
71:
1349:
2227:
1926:
1409:
1300:
914:
Widmaier, Eric P.; Raff, Hershel; Strang, Kevin T. (2016).
752:
1159:
Vander's human physiology: the mechanisms of body function
1005:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 171.
916:
Vander's Human
Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function
1477:
631:
can be assigned to the oxidation of protein in the diet.
583:
1156:
169:
where the term "eliminated" refers to carbon dioxide (CO
1676:
1586:
749:
production and vice versa influencing the observed RQ.
1725:
1635:
667:, placing compromised patients at a significant risk.
943:
461:
316:
1123:
913:
571:
446:
1087:
2274:
1000:
303:For oxidation of a fatty acid molecule, namely
1774:Telugu Academi, Botany text book, 2007 Version
1801:
109:is among others due to factors including the
57:
1161:(15th ed.). New York, NY. p. 460.
1083:
1081:
1079:
1304:Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
1254:
173:) removed from the body in a steady state.
105:. The loss of accuracy during more intense
1815:
1808:
1794:
1642:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1203:
1189:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
256:For glucose, with the molecular formula, C
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1702:
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1604:
1563:
1553:
1504:
1451:
1383:
1076:
1059:
977:
918:(14th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
753:Respiratory quotients of some substances
729:) and production of carbon dioxide (ΔCO
2275:
268:, the complete oxidation equation is C
1789:
1473:
1471:
1405:
1403:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1296:
1294:
1119:
1117:
645:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
2174:oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve
939:
937:
935:
909:
907:
905:
13:
2100:hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
1728:"Brain Metabolism during Fasting*"
1485:Limnology and Oceanography Letters
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682:provides unique information about
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1732:Journal of Clinical Investigation
1683:Journal of Clinical Investigation
1090:Essentials of exercise physiology
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1126:Physiology of sport and exercise
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1206:Journal of Experimental Zoology
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1001:Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut (1997).
994:
374:
144:
1:
1606:10.1016/j.seizure.2008.06.001
895:
582:A RQ near 0.7 indicates that
2303:Underwater diving physiology
101:without the accumulation of
7:
2132:Ventilation/perfusion ratio
1983:pulmonary stretch receptors
1368:10.1097/MD.0000000000005800
876:
176:In this calculation, the CO
10:
2319:
2164:alveolar–arterial gradient
1316:10.1177/014860710302700121
1072:– via SAGE journals.
745:without a corresponding CO
149:The respiratory quotient (
64:respiratory exchange ratio
58:Respiratory exchange ratio
2237:
2113:
2087:
2045:respiratory minute volume
1998:
1957:ventral respiratory group
1916:
1823:
741:processes which consume O
111:bicarbonate buffer system
43:. It is measured using a
1952:dorsal respiratory group
1846:obligate nasal breathing
35:used in calculations of
2154:pulmonary gas pressures
1555:10.5194/bg-12-2089-2015
1269:10.1378/chest.104.1.189
714:of aquatic ecosystems.
595:) to as high as 0.759 (
29:respiratory coefficient
2298:Respiratory physiology
1908:mechanical ventilation
1817:Respiratory physiology
1655:10.1093/ajcn/83.5.1055
1436:10.1038/ismej.2011.157
760:Name of the substance
591:RQ varies from 0.692 (
573:
448:
50:It can be used in the
2159:alveolar gas equation
2095:pulmonary circulation
763:Respiratory Quotient
574:
449:
292:O. Thus, the RQ= 6 CO
52:alveolar gas equation
2283:Biochemistry methods
2214:respiratory quotient
2069:body plethysmography
1988:Hering–Breuer reflex
1863:pulmonary surfactant
883:Indirect calorimetry
597:docosahexaenoic acid
459:
314:
86:) and the uptake of
37:basal metabolic rate
33:dimensionless number
21:respiratory quotient
2057:Lung function tests
1891:hyperresponsiveness
1546:2015BGeo...12.2089A
1497:2020LimOL...5..287V
1428:2012ISMEJ...6..984B
1218:2020JEZA..333..613P
962:10.1038/oby.2010.96
735:aerobic respiration
238:+ (x + y/4 - z/2) O
203:. Examples include
2224:diffusion capacity
2219:arterial blood gas
2199:carbonic anhydrase
1933:pneumotaxic center
1506:10.1002/lol2.10135
1044:10.4137/CCRPM.S449
569:
444:
119:respiratory system
107:anaerobic exercise
2288:Energy conversion
2270:
2269:
2178:Oxygen saturation
2144:zones of the lung
1883:airway resistance
1744:10.1172/JCI105650
1695:10.1172/JCI109945
1003:Animal Physiology
956:(12): 2255–2259.
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2079:nitrogen washout
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1540:(7): 2089–2099.
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1416:The ISME Journal
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1994:
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1738:(10): 1589–95.
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1689:(5): 1152–61.
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1534:Biogeosciences
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1491:(4): 287–294.
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1422:(5): 984–993.
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1337:
1290:
1263:(1): 189–196.
1247:
1212:(9): 613–618.
1196:
1167:
1149:
1134:
1113:
1098:
1075:
1018:
1011:
993:
931:
924:
900:
899:
897:
894:
893:
892:
889:Fick principle
886:
878:
875:
870:
869:
866:
860:
859:
856:
850:
849:
846:
840:
839:
836:
829:
828:
825:
818:
817:
814:
807:
806:
803:
802:(hypocaloric)
796:
795:
792:
785:
784:
781:
775:
774:
771:
765:
764:
761:
754:
751:
746:
742:
739:biogeochemical
730:
726:
722:
718:
704:photosynthesis
699:
696:carbon dioxide
691:
652:
648:
640:
637:
618:
617:produced. If O
614:
580:
579:
568:
565:
557:
552:
544:
537:
532:
529:
521:
515:
508:
503:
500:
493:
488:
485:
482:
475:
471:
468:
465:
454:
442:
439:
436:
429:
426:
422:
416:
411:
403:
400:
395:
390:
387:
379:
376:
371:
366:
359:
354:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
319:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
219:products, and
181:
177:
170:
164:
160:
146:
143:
138:
128:
114:
91:
83:
80:carbon dioxide
78:production of
59:
56:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2315:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2245:high altitude
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:Insufficiency
2236:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:oxyhemoglobin
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:hysteresivity
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1295:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1168:9781259903885
1164:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1135:9780736094092
1131:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1099:9781608312672
1095:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1012:0-521-57098-0
1008:
1004:
997:
989:
985:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
940:
938:
936:
927:
925:9781259294099
921:
917:
910:
908:
906:
901:
890:
887:
884:
881:
880:
874:
867:
865:
862:
861:
857:
855:
854:Tartaric acid
852:
851:
847:
845:
842:
841:
837:
834:
831:
830:
826:
823:
820:
819:
815:
812:
809:
808:
804:
801:
798:
797:
793:
790:
787:
786:
782:
780:
777:
776:
772:
770:
769:Carbohydrates
767:
766:
762:
759:
758:
750:
740:
736:
715:
713:
709:
705:
697:
689:
685:
680:
675:
673:
668:
666:
662:
656:
646:
636:
632:
630:
626:
622:
612:
608:
606:
600:
598:
594:
589:
585:
566:
563:
555:
542:
535:
519:
513:
506:
491:
473:
455:
427:
424:
414:
401:
398:
393:
377:
369:
357:
345:
335:
330:
317:
310:
309:
308:
306:
305:palmitic acid
301:
254:
251:
224:
222:
218:
214:
213:carbohydrates
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
174:
167:
158:
154:
152:
142:
136:
132:
122:
120:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
89:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
55:
53:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2213:
2149:gas exchange
2114:Interactions
2039:calculations
2000:Lung volumes
1963:
1944:
1925:
1896:constriction
1858:respirometer
1770:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1565:11572/225681
1537:
1533:
1523:
1488:
1484:
1419:
1415:
1362:(3): e5800.
1359:
1355:
1310:(1): 21–26.
1307:
1303:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1158:
1152:
1125:
1089:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1002:
996:
953:
949:
915:
873:
791:(eucaloric)
716:
676:
669:
665:tidal volume
657:
642:
639:Applications
633:
628:
624:
623:
610:
609:
601:
593:stearic acid
588:carbohydrate
581:
302:
255:
252:
225:
190:
175:
168:
161:2 eliminated
156:
155:
150:
148:
123:
117:through the
96:
74:between the
67:
63:
61:
49:
45:respirometer
28:
24:
20:
18:
2188:Bohr effect
2088:Circulation
1824:Respiration
1599:(1): 30–3.
864:Oxalic acid
833:Tripalmitin
708:respiration
661:lipogenesis
217:deamination
205:fatty acids
145:Calculation
41:calorimetry
2293:Metabolism
2277:Categories
2250:death zone
2169:hemoglobin
2064:spirometry
2023:dead space
1976:peripheral
1901:dilatation
1887:bronchial
1868:compliance
1841:exhalation
1836:inhalation
1177:1006516790
896:References
844:Malic acid
822:Oleic acid
783:0.8 - 0.9
165:2 consumed
141:max test.
135:exhaustion
2126:Perfusion
1574:1726-4189
1515:2378-2242
1444:1751-7362
1376:1536-5964
1324:0148-6071
1277:0012-3692
1242:222833275
1185:cite book
1144:747903364
1108:639161214
1052:1178-1157
970:1930-7381
564:≈
375:→
246:+ (y/2) H
76:metabolic
70:) is the
2137:V/Q scan
1664:16685046
1615:18675556
1462:22094347
1394:28099336
1356:Medicine
1332:12549594
1234:33063463
1070:21157516
988:20448540
877:See also
811:Triolein
779:Proteins
209:glycerol
197:hydrogen
131:max test
2262:hypoxia
2183:2,3-BPG
1971:central
1946:medulla
1918:Control
1762:6061736
1713:7000826
1623:2393385
1593:Seizure
1542:Bibcode
1493:Bibcode
1453:3329109
1424:Bibcode
1385:5279081
1285:8325067
1214:Bibcode
1061:2990231
1038:: 1–9.
979:3075532
950:Obesity
800:Ketones
789:Ketones
221:ethanol
103:lactate
31:) is a
1831:breath
1760:
1753:292907
1750:
1711:
1704:371554
1701:
1662:
1621:
1613:
1572:
1513:
1460:
1450:
1442:
1392:
1382:
1374:
1330:
1322:
1283:
1275:
1240:
1232:
1175:
1165:
1142:
1132:
1106:
1096:
1068:
1058:
1050:
1009:
986:
976:
968:
922:
835:(Fat)
824:(Fat)
813:(Fat)
721:and CO
694:) and
546:
523:
431:
405:
381:
321:
284:→ 6 CO
242:→ x CO
201:oxygen
199:, and
193:carbon
88:oxygen
1619:S2CID
1257:Chest
1238:S2CID
848:1.33
827:0.71
816:0.71
805:0.66
794:0.73
296:/ 6 O
288:+ 6 H
280:+ 6 O
186:moles
180:and O
72:ratio
2228:DLCO
2128:(Q)
1927:pons
1758:PMID
1709:PMID
1660:PMID
1611:PMID
1570:ISSN
1511:ISSN
1458:PMID
1440:ISSN
1390:PMID
1372:ISSN
1328:PMID
1320:ISSN
1281:PMID
1273:ISSN
1230:PMID
1191:link
1173:OCLC
1163:ISBN
1140:OCLC
1130:ISBN
1104:OCLC
1094:ISBN
1066:PMID
1048:ISSN
1007:ISBN
984:PMID
966:ISSN
920:ISBN
868:4.0
858:1.6
838:0.7
706:and
300:=1.
159:= CO
62:The
19:The
2033:PEF
2013:FRC
1748:PMC
1740:doi
1699:PMC
1691:doi
1650:doi
1601:doi
1560:hdl
1550:doi
1501:doi
1448:PMC
1432:doi
1380:PMC
1364:doi
1312:doi
1265:doi
1261:104
1222:doi
1210:333
1056:PMC
1040:doi
974:PMC
958:doi
698:(CO
605:BMR
584:fat
567:0.7
428:129
163:/ O
94:).
82:(CO
68:RER
27:or
2279::
2028:CC
2018:Vt
2008:VC
1756:.
1746:.
1736:46
1734:.
1730:.
1707:.
1697:.
1687:66
1685:.
1681:.
1658:.
1646:83
1644:.
1640:.
1617:.
1609:.
1597:18
1595:.
1591:.
1568:.
1558:.
1548:.
1538:12
1536:.
1532:.
1509:.
1499:.
1487:.
1483:.
1470:^
1456:.
1446:.
1438:.
1430:.
1418:.
1414:.
1402:^
1388:.
1378:.
1370:.
1360:96
1358:.
1354:.
1340:^
1326:.
1318:.
1308:27
1306:.
1293:^
1279:.
1271:.
1259:.
1236:.
1228:.
1220:.
1208:.
1187:}}
1183:{{
1171:.
1138:.
1116:^
1102:.
1078:^
1064:.
1054:.
1046:.
1034:.
1030:.
982:.
972:.
964:.
954:18
952:.
948:.
934:^
904:^
773:1
690:(O
629:RQ
625:RQ
611:RQ
543:23
520:16
402:16
378:16
358:32
346:16
318:23
307::
274:12
262:12
250:O
215:,
211:,
207:,
195:,
157:RQ
151:RQ
127:VO
121:.
90:(O
54:.
25:RQ
2230:)
2226:(
2205:)
2201:(
2195:)
2176:(
1809:e
1802:t
1795:v
1764:.
1742::
1715:.
1693::
1666:.
1652::
1625:.
1603::
1576:.
1562::
1552::
1544::
1517:.
1503::
1495::
1489:5
1464:.
1434::
1426::
1420:6
1396:.
1366::
1334:.
1314::
1287:.
1267::
1244:.
1224::
1216::
1193:)
1179:.
1146:.
1110:.
1042::
1036:2
1015:.
990:.
960::
928:.
747:2
743:2
731:2
727:2
723:2
719:2
700:2
692:2
653:2
649:2
619:2
615:2
556:2
551:O
536:2
531:O
528:C
514:=
507:2
502:O
499:V
492:2
487:O
484:C
481:V
474:=
470:R
467:E
464:R
441:P
438:T
435:A
425:+
421:O
415:2
410:H
399:+
394:2
389:O
386:C
370:2
365:O
353:H
341:C
336:+
331:2
326:O
298:2
294:2
290:2
286:2
282:2
278:6
276:O
272:H
270:6
266:6
264:O
260:H
258:6
248:2
244:2
240:2
236:z
234:O
232:y
230:H
228:x
226:C
182:2
178:2
171:2
139:2
129:2
115:2
92:2
84:2
66:(
23:(
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