126:
98:
168:
154:
110:
82:
70:
210:
234:
142:
196:
184:
222:
244:
Although cold and dry at present, Mars undergoes major climate changes in which snow and ice are deposited in certain regions. It has been known for some time that Mars undergoes many large changes in its tilt or obliquity because its two small moons lack the gravity to stabilize it, as the Moon
42:
that looks like the ring molds used in baking. They are believed to be caused by an impact into ice. The ice is covered by a layer of debris. They are found in parts of Mars that have buried ice. Laboratory experiments confirm that impacts into ice result in a "ring mold shape." They are also
97:
153:
342:
Kress., A. and J. Head. 2009. Ring-mold craters on lineated valley fill, lobate debris aprons, and concentric crater fill on Mars: Implications for near-surface structure, composition, and age. Lunar Planet. Sci: 40. abstract
125:
62:
An modification of the formation of ring mold craters being formed by impact into an ice layer was presented at a
Planetary Science conference in Texas in 2018. This new hypothesis involves mantle layers.
332:
Baker, D. et al. 2010. Flow patterns of lobate debris aprons and lineated valley fill north of
Ismeniae Fossae, Mars: Evidence for extensive mid-latitude glaciation in the Late Amazonian. Icarus: 207.
109:
167:
245:
stabilizes Earth; at times the tilt has even been greater than 80 degrees As a result of these climate changes layers of ice are created that when struck by an asteroid can form ring mold craters.
81:
352:
Baker, D., L. Carter. 2018. Formation of Impact Crater
Landforms within Glacial Deposits on Mars. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 1589.pdf
69:
1142:
1097:
209:
323:
Kress, A., J. Head. 2008. Ring-mold craters in lineated valley fill and lobate debris aprons on Mars: Evidence for subsurface glacial ice. Geophys.Res. Lett: 35. L23206-8
43:
bigger than other craters in which an asteroid impacted solid rock. Impacts into ice warm the ice and cause it to flow into the ring mold shape. These craters are common in
233:
103:
Ring-mold craters form when an impact goes through to an ice layer. The rebound forms the ring-mold shape, and then dust and debris settle on the top to insulate the ice.
374:
Laskar, J., A. Correia, M. Gastineau, F. Joutel, B. Levrard, and P. Robutel. 2004. "Long term evolution and chaotic diffusion of the insolation quantities of Mars".
141:
159:
Close view of ring mold crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Note: this is an enlargement of the previous image of a field of ring mold craters.
183:
195:
418:
960:
221:
802:
1175:
910:
1314:
3974:
1020:
17:
3880:
2730:
2735:
752:
411:
2184:
2171:
427:
3338:
3643:
672:
131:
Ring mold craters of various sizes on floor of a crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
Location is
3818:
3703:
1130:
1263:
1224:
3748:
3683:
3638:
3618:
3578:
3523:
3458:
3313:
3263:
3188:
3013:
2807:
2635:
1384:
1005:
564:
519:
3793:
3513:
3483:
3408:
3233:
2998:
2983:
2782:
2750:
2655:
2525:
2505:
2455:
2435:
2252:
1690:
1508:
1268:
977:
697:
404:
75:
CTX context image for next image taken with HiRISE. Box indicates image footprint of following image.
3383:
3258:
1160:
3910:
3808:
3663:
3553:
3488:
3478:
3303:
3173:
3158:
3008:
2797:
2715:
2670:
2625:
2575:
2555:
1303:
1214:
667:
652:
642:
290:
174:
132:
116:
3895:
3890:
3823:
3688:
3648:
3613:
3583:
3518:
3493:
3448:
3308:
3283:
3218:
3178:
3163:
3143:
3073:
3033:
2978:
2958:
2867:
2822:
2802:
2787:
2700:
2585:
2495:
2247:
1229:
870:
702:
657:
1258:
1248:
1185:
3930:
3833:
3773:
3723:
3718:
3653:
3503:
3473:
3398:
3388:
3328:
3243:
3168:
3153:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3078:
3048:
3043:
3018:
2968:
2695:
2680:
2475:
2387:
707:
215:
Wide view of ring-mold craters on floor of larger crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
3875:
3728:
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3293:
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3228:
3103:
3083:
3028:
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2410:
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1014:
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692:
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647:
260:
3838:
3598:
3588:
3428:
3273:
3253:
2963:
2929:
2872:
2725:
2610:
2510:
2450:
2420:
1995:
1199:
1070:
1050:
1032:
950:
930:
880:
875:
772:
687:
115:
Ring mold craters on floor of a crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
Location is
3860:
3768:
3633:
3593:
2946:
2812:
2535:
2367:
905:
859:
717:
48:
8:
3925:
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2490:
2322:
2142:
1885:
1645:
1456:
865:
834:
782:
677:
627:
612:
607:
582:
577:
296:
266:
239:
Close view of Ring-mold craters and brain terrain, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
56:
44:
173:
Wide view of ring-mold craters, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
Location is the
3533:
3453:
3443:
3343:
3063:
2973:
2897:
2772:
2760:
2755:
2675:
2565:
2545:
2470:
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2352:
1165:
1115:
777:
767:
712:
682:
637:
622:
617:
592:
3708:
3900:
3870:
3848:
3843:
3783:
3778:
3658:
3573:
3563:
3463:
3433:
3353:
3208:
2993:
2877:
2842:
2827:
2710:
2630:
2337:
2332:
2222:
2097:
1900:
1590:
1555:
1545:
1308:
1238:
1155:
1150:
1122:
1110:
1042:
1000:
945:
935:
920:
854:
797:
792:
632:
602:
597:
587:
572:
554:
494:
3528:
3093:
1965:
3915:
3813:
3788:
3418:
3413:
3348:
3323:
3318:
3288:
3278:
3268:
3123:
3053:
2988:
2922:
2837:
2720:
2650:
2605:
2595:
2560:
2520:
2485:
2480:
2465:
2440:
2415:
2400:
2287:
2197:
2092:
1990:
1910:
1890:
1845:
1813:
1620:
1585:
1560:
1518:
1339:
1219:
1209:
985:
967:
885:
829:
807:
284:
2047:
3885:
3865:
3743:
3738:
3673:
3628:
3608:
3603:
3468:
3438:
3393:
3378:
3363:
3358:
3193:
3133:
3128:
3088:
3068:
3038:
3023:
2953:
2792:
2777:
2685:
2590:
2570:
2500:
2460:
2277:
2262:
2242:
2232:
2202:
2192:
2175:
2052:
1880:
1798:
1778:
1733:
1650:
1630:
1610:
1600:
1595:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1466:
1461:
1441:
1374:
1369:
1344:
1324:
1080:
1060:
925:
844:
839:
824:
819:
740:
524:
509:
479:
431:
272:
263: – Landform where the floor of a crater is mostly covered by parallel ridges
255:
147:
Wide view of a field of ring mold craters, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
396:
3945:
3940:
3920:
3905:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3733:
3678:
3623:
3568:
3543:
3508:
3498:
3403:
3298:
3238:
3203:
3198:
3148:
2907:
2857:
2765:
2745:
2705:
2660:
2645:
2640:
2600:
2430:
2405:
2395:
2347:
2317:
2297:
2292:
2272:
2217:
2159:
2082:
2022:
1985:
1915:
1870:
1860:
1850:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1728:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1670:
1523:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1471:
1451:
1416:
1399:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1090:
1010:
539:
484:
469:
275: – Scientific study of the surface, crust, and interior of the planet Mars
88:
391:
3968:
3935:
3803:
3798:
3668:
3558:
3548:
3538:
3423:
3138:
3098:
3058:
2882:
2862:
2847:
2832:
2540:
2515:
2445:
2357:
2307:
2302:
2237:
2227:
2122:
2087:
2062:
2037:
2027:
2012:
2007:
1980:
1960:
1920:
1895:
1875:
1855:
1840:
1758:
1723:
1665:
1635:
1605:
1476:
1421:
1411:
1406:
1364:
1190:
1065:
955:
900:
849:
762:
514:
504:
489:
392:
Martian Ice - Jim
Secosky - 16th Annual International Mars Society Convention
302:
52:
35:
3333:
3223:
3183:
2934:
2917:
2912:
2615:
2382:
2362:
2327:
2282:
2212:
2207:
2154:
2149:
2137:
2132:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2077:
2072:
2057:
2042:
2032:
2017:
2002:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1835:
1825:
1808:
1803:
1768:
1738:
1718:
1675:
1660:
1640:
1550:
1513:
1481:
1446:
1431:
1426:
1394:
1389:
1379:
1334:
915:
544:
499:
474:
464:
281: – Persistent body of ice that is moving downhill under its own weight
59:. They may be an easy way for future colonists of Mars to find water ice.
2939:
2342:
2312:
2257:
2067:
1975:
1905:
1830:
1788:
1655:
1625:
1436:
1105:
1075:
534:
529:
2267:
2127:
1970:
1865:
1793:
1783:
1748:
1698:
1486:
1085:
189:
Close view of Ring-mold crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
1743:
1329:
1135:
990:
1685:
3213:
1253:
995:
361:
Touma J. and J. Wisdom. 1993. "The
Chaotic Obliquity of Mars".
201:
Group of ring-mold craters, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
1243:
549:
278:
2425:
940:
3828:
2180:
1055:
435:
39:
227:
Ring-mold craters, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
87:
Possible ring mold crater, as seen by HiRISE under the
55:, a channel found along the dichotomy boundary in
426:
3966:
305: – Study of past and present water on Mars
412:
419:
405:
91:. Crater shape is due to impact into ice.
14:
3967:
287: – Extraterrestrial bodies of ice
1291:
738:
446:
400:
299: – Geological features on Mars
24:
25:
3986:
1239:Martian meteorites found on Earth
385:
232:
220:
208:
194:
182:
166:
152:
140:
124:
108:
96:
80:
68:
447:
1292:
368:
355:
346:
336:
326:
317:
13:
1:
310:
7:
739:
248:
51:. Many have been found in
10:
3991:
658:Mare Australe (South Pole)
2731:Eagle (Acidalia Planitia)
2381:
2170:
1684:
1534:
1302:
1298:
1287:
1031:
1021:Classical albedo features
976:
751:
747:
734:
563:
457:
453:
442:
291:Ismenius Lacus quadrangle
175:Ismenius Lacus quadrangle
133:Ismenius Lacus quadrangle
117:Ismenius Lacus quadrangle
3975:Surface features of Mars
2736:Eagle (Meridiani Planum)
1200:Meteorites found on Mars
663:Mare Boreum (North Pole)
788:Concentric crater fill
269: – Mensae on Mars
261:Concentric crater fill
27:Type of crater on Mars
931:Swiss cheese features
2368:Angustus Labyrinthus
961:discovery chronology
906:Scalloped topography
860:Lineated valley fill
49:lineated valley fill
45:lobate debris aprons
2323:Deuteronilus Mensae
1646:Syrtis Major Planum
1457:Syrtis Major Planum
1006:Observation history
866:Lobate debris apron
297:Lobate debris apron
293: – Map of Mars
267:Deuteronilus Mensae
57:Deuteronilus Mensae
3749:Teisserenc de Bort
2373:Noctis Labyrinthus
2353:Nilokeras Scopulus
673:Margaritifer Sinus
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
2401:Tithoniae Catenae
2338:Protonilus Mensae
2333:Nilosyrtis Mensae
2223:Hephaestus Fossae
1591:Eridania Planitia
1556:Amazonis Planitia
1546:Acidalia Planitia
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1244:Balsaltic Breccia
946:Upper plains unit
936:Terrain softening
896:Ring mold craters
871:North Polar Basin
793:Dark slope streak
730:
729:
726:
725:
555:Vastitas Borealis
495:Hyperboreae Undae
18:Ring Mold Craters
16:(Redirected from
3982:
2288:Tithonium Fossae
2198:Ceraunius Fossae
1814:Tithonium Chasma
1621:Meridiani Planum
1586:Elysium Planitia
1561:Arcadia Planitia
1519:Ceraunius Tholus
1340:Apollinaris Mons
1300:
1299:
1289:
1288:
1220:Meridiani Planum
886:Outflow channels
876:Ocean hypothesis
749:
748:
736:
735:
455:
454:
444:
443:
421:
414:
407:
398:
397:
379:
372:
366:
359:
353:
350:
344:
340:
334:
330:
324:
321:
285:Glaciers on Mars
236:
224:
212:
198:
186:
170:
156:
144:
128:
112:
100:
84:
72:
32:Ring mold crater
21:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3950:
2386:
2377:
2278:Tantalus Fossae
2263:Olympica Fossae
2253:Memnonia Fossae
2243:Mareotis Fossae
2233:Labeatis Fossae
2203:Cerberus Fossae
2193:Amenthes Fossae
2179:
2166:
1799:Juventae Chasma
1779:Hydraotes Chaos
1734:Coprates Chasma
1689:
1680:
1651:Utopia Planitia
1631:Planum Australe
1611:Isidis Planitia
1601:Hesperia Planum
1596:Hellas Planitia
1581:Daedalia Planum
1576:Chryse Planitia
1571:Argyre Planitia
1566:Argentea Planum
1537:
1530:
1467:Tartarus Montes
1462:Tartarus Colles
1442:Nereidum Montes
1375:Charitum Montes
1370:Centauri Montes
1345:Ariadnes Colles
1325:Acidalia Colles
1318:
1311:
1307:
1294:
1275:
1215:Mackinac Island
1034:
1027:
972:
951:Valley networks
845:Inverted relief
820:Fretted terrain
754:
743:
722:
698:Phoenicis Lacus
559:
525:Sinus Meridiani
510:Planum Australe
449:
438:
425:
388:
383:
382:
373:
369:
365:259, 1294-1297.
360:
356:
351:
347:
341:
337:
331:
327:
322:
318:
313:
308:
273:Geology of Mars
256:Climate of Mars
251:
240:
237:
228:
225:
216:
213:
202:
199:
190:
187:
178:
171:
160:
157:
148:
145:
136:
129:
120:
113:
104:
101:
92:
85:
76:
73:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3988:
3978:
3977:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
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3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
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3556:
3551:
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3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
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3491:
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3481:
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3471:
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3456:
3451:
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3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
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3401:
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3381:
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3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3079:Jarry-Desloges
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2930:Columbia Hills
2927:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2908:Apollo 1 Hills
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2766:Matijevic Hill
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2406:Tractus Catena
2403:
2398:
2396:Artynia Catena
2392:
2390:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2348:Claritas Rupes
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2318:Cydonia Mensae
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2298:Ulysses Fossae
2295:
2293:Tractus Fossae
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:Sirenum Fossae
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2248:Medusae Fossae
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2218:Elysium Fossae
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1821:List of valles
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1774:Hydaspis Chaos
1771:
1766:
1764:Gorgonum Chaos
1761:
1756:
1754:Galaxias Chaos
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1729:Chasma Boreale
1726:
1721:
1716:
1714:Atlantis Chaos
1711:
1709:Aromatum Chaos
1706:
1704:Arsia Chasmata
1701:
1695:
1693:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1671:Pityusa Patera
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1524:Uranius Tholus
1521:
1516:
1506:
1504:Ulysses Tholus
1501:
1499:Tyrrhenus Mons
1496:
1494:Tharsis Tholus
1491:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1472:Tharsis Montes
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1452:Phlegra Montes
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1417:Hadriacus Mons
1414:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1400:Hecates Tholus
1397:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1360:Avernus Colles
1357:
1355:Ausonia Montes
1352:
1350:Astapus Colles
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1315:list by height
1312:
1296:
1295:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1230:Shelter Island
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1071:Jake Matijevic
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1051:Bathurst Inlet
1039:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
982:
980:
974:
973:
971:
970:
965:
964:
963:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
911:Seasonal flows
908:
903:
901:Rootless cones
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
816:
815:
810:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
759:
757:
745:
744:
732:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
721:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
668:Mare Tyrrhenum
665:
660:
655:
653:Mare Acidalium
650:
645:
643:Ismenius Lacus
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
569:
567:
561:
560:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
540:Terra Cimmeria
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
470:Aspledon Undae
467:
461:
459:
451:
450:
440:
439:
424:
423:
416:
409:
401:
395:
394:
387:
386:External links
384:
381:
380:
367:
354:
345:
335:
325:
315:
314:
312:
309:
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306:
300:
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258:
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214:
207:
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200:
193:
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188:
181:
179:
172:
165:
162:
161:
158:
151:
149:
146:
139:
137:
130:
123:
121:
114:
107:
105:
102:
95:
93:
89:HiWish program
86:
79:
77:
74:
67:
38:on the planet
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3987:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
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3914:
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3899:
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3805:
3802:
3800:
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3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
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3425:
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3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2947:Sleepy Hollow
2945:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2358:Olympus Rupes
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:Ausonia Mensa
2306:
2304:
2303:Aeolis Mensae
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:Mangala Fossa
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:Icaria Fossae
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Ganges Chasma
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Candor Chasma
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1666:Peneus Patera
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:Planum Boreum
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:Icaria Planum
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1533:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1509:Uranius group
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:Hellas Montes
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:Galaxius Mons
1410:
1408:
1407:Erebus Montes
1405:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:Biblis Tholus
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1286:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
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1228:
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1225:Oileán Ruaidh
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881:Ore resources
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773:Chaos terrain
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763:Brain terrain
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703:Sinus Sabaeus
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515:Planum Boreum
513:
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505:Olympia Undae
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490:Eridania Lake
488:
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378:170, 343-364.
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303:Water on Mars
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53:Mamers Valles
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37:
34:is a kind of
33:
19:
3644:Schiaparelli
3589:Robert Sharp
3429:Orson Welles
2726:Du Martheray
2616:Chryse Alien
2611:Chincoteague
2451:Arkhangelsky
2363:Rupes Tenuis
2328:Ganges Mensa
2283:Tempe Fossae
2213:Cyane Fossae
2208:Coloe Fossae
1886:Green Valley
1809:Ophir Chasma
1804:Melas Chasma
1769:Hebes Chasma
1739:Echus Chasma
1719:Aureum Chaos
1676:Siloe Patera
1661:Orcus Patera
1641:Syria Planum
1616:Lunae Planum
1551:Aeolis Palus
1514:Uranius Mons
1447:Olympus Mons
1432:Libya Montes
1427:Jovis Tholus
1395:Albor Tholus
1390:Elysium Mons
1380:Echus Montes
1335:Anseris Mons
1259:Shergottites
1249:Chassignites
1205:Block Island
1143:
1123:
1098:
1043:
895:
708:Syrtis Major
545:Terra Sabaea
500:Ogygis Undae
475:Arabia Terra
465:Abalos Undae
375:
370:
362:
357:
348:
338:
328:
319:
243:
61:
31:
29:
3861:Vinogradsky
3819:Tycho Brahe
3769:Tikhonravov
3704:Spallanzani
3634:Santa Maria
3594:Roddenberry
2813:Flaugergues
2343:Sacra Mensa
2313:Capri Mensa
2258:Nili Fossae
1789:Ister Chaos
1656:Eden Patera
1626:Oxia Planum
1437:Mount Sharp
1210:Heat Shield
1166:Pot of Gold
1116:Last Chance
1099:Opportunity
1001:Volcanology
835:Groundwater
813:Nili Patera
803:Dune fields
783:Composition
693:Phaethontis
648:Lunae Palus
565:Quadrangles
535:Tempe Terra
530:Siton Undae
520:Quadrangles
448:Cartography
3926:Wislicenus
3881:Von Kármán
3856:Vinogradov
3849:Cape Verde
3684:Sklodowska
3639:Schaeberle
3619:Rutherford
3579:Richardson
3524:Ptolemaeus
3459:Perepelkin
3374:Montevallo
3369:Molesworth
3339:Milankovic
3314:McLaughlin
3264:Magelhaens
3189:Le Verrier
3014:Hipparchus
2808:Flammarion
2741:Eberswalde
2636:Copernicus
2551:Bonneville
2531:Boeddicker
2491:Barabashov
2268:Oti Fossae
2185:labyrinthi
2098:Shalbatana
1901:Her Desher
1794:Ius Chasma
1784:Iani Chaos
1749:Eos Chasma
1699:Aram Chaos
1293:Topography
1156:Home Plate
1151:Adirondack
1111:El Capitan
1086:Rocknest 3
1056:Coronation
891:Polar caps
855:Lava tubes
768:Carbonates
688:Oxia Palus
311:References
3794:Trouvelot
3534:Quenisset
3514:Priestley
3484:Pickering
3454:Penticton
3444:Pangboche
3409:Nicholson
3344:Millochau
3234:Lomonosov
3064:Ibragimov
2999:Helmholtz
2984:Heaviside
2974:Hargraves
2898:Grindavik
2783:Escalante
2773:Endurance
2761:Endeavour
2756:Emma Dean
2751:Ejriksson
2676:Danielson
2656:Crommelin
2566:Burroughs
2546:Bonestell
2526:Bianchini
2506:Becquerel
2471:Bakhuysen
2456:Arrhenius
2436:Antoniadi
2093:Scamander
1991:Marineris
1911:Huo Hsing
1891:Harmakhis
1846:Athabasca
1744:Eos Chaos
1330:Alba Mons
1309:volcanoes
1304:Mountains
1254:Nakhlites
1124:Sojourner
1044:Curiosity
991:Hesperian
986:Amazonian
921:Spherules
798:Dichotomy
718:Thaumasia
428:Geography
3969:Category
3911:Williams
3901:Weinbaum
3871:Vishniac
3844:Victoria
3809:Trumpler
3784:Tombaugh
3779:Timbuktu
3664:Sharonov
3659:Semeykin
3574:Reynolds
3564:Renaudot
3554:Rayleigh
3489:Playfair
3479:Phillips
3464:Peridier
3434:Oudemans
3354:Miyamoto
3304:Masursky
3214:Llanesco
3209:Liu Hsin
3174:Lampland
3159:Kunowsky
3009:Herschel
2994:Heinlein
2878:Gledhill
2843:Galdakao
2828:Fournier
2798:Fesenkov
2716:Douglass
2711:Dinorwic
2671:Da Vinci
2631:Columbus
2626:Coblentz
2576:Campbell
2556:Brashear
2053:Patapsco
1881:Granicus
1538:plateaus
1477:Ascraeus
1191:Monolith
1081:Rocknest
1061:Goulburn
1035:observed
996:Noachian
968:Yardangs
830:Glaciers
755:features
678:Memnonia
628:Eridania
613:Coprates
608:Cebrenia
583:Amenthes
578:Amazonis
480:Cerberus
249:See also
3916:Winslow
3896:Wegener
3891:Wallace
3824:Tyndall
3814:Tugaske
3789:Tooting
3689:Slipher
3649:Schmidt
3614:Russell
3584:Ritchey
3519:Proctor
3494:Pollack
3449:Pasteur
3419:Nipigon
3414:Niesten
3349:Mitchel
3324:Mellish
3319:McMurdo
3309:Maunder
3289:Mariner
3284:Maraldi
3279:Mandora
3269:Maggini
3219:Lockyer
3179:Lassell
3164:Lambert
3144:Korolev
3124:Kinkora
3074:Janssen
3054:Huygens
3034:Huggins
2989:Heimdal
2979:Hartwig
2959:Haldane
2935:Husband
2918:Grissom
2913:Chaffee
2868:Gilbert
2838:Freedom
2823:Fontana
2803:Firsoff
2788:Eudoxus
2721:Dromore
2701:Denning
2651:Crivitz
2606:Chapais
2596:Cerulli
2586:Cassini
2561:Briault
2521:Bernard
2496:Barnard
2486:Bamberg
2481:Baltisk
2466:Bacolor
2441:Arandas
2416:Agassiz
2388:craters
2383:Catenae
2160:Warrego
2083:Sabrina
2023:Naktong
1986:Mangala
1966:Maʼadim
1916:Hypanis
1871:Enipeus
1861:Buvinda
1851:Auqakuh
1691:valleys
1686:Canyons
1536:Plains,
1482:Pavonis
1385:Elysium
1176:Big Joe
1172:Viking
1091:Tintina
978:History
926:Surface
840:Gullies
825:Geysers
753:Surface
741:Geology
713:Tharsis
683:Noachis
638:Iapygia
623:Elysium
618:Diacria
593:Arcadia
550:Tharsis
485:Cydonia
458:Regions
432:geology
363:Science
333:186-209
279:Glacier
3931:Wright
3886:Vostok
3866:Virrat
3834:Vernal
3774:Tikhov
3744:Taytay
3739:Tarsus
3724:Stoney
3719:Stokes
3709:Srīpur
3674:Sinton
3654:Secchi
3629:Saheki
3609:Rudaux
3604:Rossby
3504:Porter
3474:Pettit
3469:Persbo
3439:Palana
3399:Newton
3394:Nereus
3389:Nansen
3384:Müller
3379:Moreux
3364:Mojave
3359:Mohawk
3329:Mendel
3259:Mädler
3244:Lowell
3194:Li Fan
3169:Lamont
3154:Kuiper
3134:Knobel
3129:Kipini
3119:Kepler
3114:Keeler
3109:Kaiser
3089:Jezero
3069:Inuvik
3049:Huxley
3044:Hutton
3039:Hussey
3024:Holmes
3019:Holden
2969:Halley
2954:Hadley
2940:McCool
2793:Fenagh
2778:Erebus
2696:Dejnev
2686:Davies
2681:Darwin
2591:Caxias
2571:Burton
2501:Beagle
2476:Baldet
2461:Asimov
2426:Airy-0
2176:mensae
2172:Fossae
2123:Tinjar
2088:Samara
2063:Rahway
2048:Paraná
2038:Nirgal
2028:Nanedi
2013:Mawrth
2008:Maumee
1981:Mamers
1961:Louros
1921:Iberus
1896:Hebrus
1876:Frento
1856:Bahram
1841:Asopus
1182:Other
1144:Spirit
1106:Bounce
1066:Hottah
1011:Canals
941:Tholus
633:Hellas
603:Casius
598:Argyre
588:Arabia
573:Aeolis
376:Icarus
36:crater
3946:Zunil
3941:Zumba
3921:Wirtz
3906:Wells
3876:Vogel
3829:Udzha
3764:Thira
3759:Thila
3754:Terby
3734:Suzhi
3729:Suess
3714:Steno
3699:South
3694:Smith
3679:Sitka
3624:Sagan
3569:Reuyl
3544:Radau
3529:Puńsk
3509:Porth
3499:Poona
3404:Nhill
3299:Martz
3294:Marth
3249:Lyell
3239:Louth
3229:Lohse
3204:Lipik
3199:Liais
3149:Kufra
3104:Jones
3094:Jezža
3084:Jeans
3029:Hooke
3004:Henry
2923:White
2903:Gusev
2893:Green
2888:Graff
2858:Garni
2853:Galle
2818:Focas
2746:Eddie
2706:Dilly
2691:Dawes
2666:Curie
2661:Cruls
2646:Crewe
2641:Corby
2621:Clark
2601:Chafe
2581:Canso
2431:Aniak
2411:Adams
2181:rupes
2155:Verde
2150:Vedra
2138:Uzboi
2133:Tyras
2118:Tinia
2113:Tader
2108:Stura
2103:Simud
2078:Sabis
2073:Reull
2058:Peace
2043:Padus
2033:Niger
2018:Minio
2003:Marte
1996:Labes
1956:Licus
1951:Lethe
1946:Ladon
1941:Labou
1936:Kasei
1931:Ituxi
1926:Indus
1836:Arnus
1826:Apsus
1487:Arsia
1264:Other
1146:rover
1126:rover
1101:rover
1046:rover
1033:Rocks
956:Water
862:(LVF)
850:Lakes
808:Hagal
778:Color
3936:Yuty
3839:Very
3804:Trud
3799:Troy
3669:Sibu
3599:Ross
3559:Redi
3549:Rahe
3539:Rabe
3424:Onon
3274:Main
3254:Lyot
3139:Koga
3099:Joly
3059:Iazu
2964:Hale
2883:Gold
2873:Gill
2863:Gasa
2848:Gale
2833:Fram
2541:Bond
2516:Belz
2511:Beer
2446:Argo
2421:Airy
2068:Ravi
1976:Maja
1906:Hrad
1831:Ares
1269:List
1186:Face
1161:Mimi
1136:Yogi
1076:Link
1015:list
916:Soil
436:Mars
430:and
343:1379
47:and
40:Mars
3334:Mie
3224:Lod
3184:Lau
2536:Bok
2143:ULM
2128:Tiu
1971:Mad
1866:Dao
434:of
3971::
2183:,
2174:,
30:A
2385:,
2178:,
1688:,
1317:)
1313:(
1306:,
1017:)
1013:(
420:e
413:t
406:v
177:.
135:.
119:.
20:)
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