Ancient Roman architecture

942: 2618: 855: 3720: 3477: 2664: 922: 1832: 4097: 2945: 3859: 2477: 2102: 3385: 1753: 1701: 147: 1938: 1387: 1774:, a popular facility for public bathing, exercising and socializing. Exercise might include wrestling and weightlifting, as well as swimming. Bathing was an important part of the Roman day, where some hours might be spent, at a very low cost subsidized by the government. Wealthier Romans were often accompanied by one or more slaves, who performed any required tasks such as fetching refreshment, guarding valuables, providing towels, and at the end of the session, applying olive oil to their masters' bodies, which was then scraped off with a 603: 2192: 764: 1469: 1028: 252: 3763: 2012: 2773: 1441: 3845: 2374: 1138: 415: 292: 1686:. Common Roman apartments were mainly masses of smaller and larger structures, many with narrow balconies that present mysteries as to their use, having no doors to access them, and they lacked the excessive decoration and display of wealth that aristocrats' houses contained. Luxury in houses was not common, as the life of the average person did not consist of being in their houses, as they instead would go to public baths, and engage in other communal activities. 1233: 11523: 3539: 3276: 74: 3834: 3782:, preserve the remains of these schemes, which show the very logical way the Romans designed their cities. They would lay out the streets at right angles, in the form of a square grid. All roads were equal in width and length, except for two, which were slightly wider than the others. One of these ran east–west, the other, north–south, and they intersected in the middle to form the center of the grid. All roads were made of carefully fitted 46: 2833: 4210: 4182: 1557: 4196: 4168: 3110: 3605:, Rome. The timber truss roof had a width of 31.67 m, slightly surpassing the postulated limit of 30 m for Roman roof constructions. Tie-beam trusses allowed for much larger spans than the older prop-and-lintel system and even concrete vaulting. Nine out of the ten largest rectangular spaces in Roman architecture were bridged this way, the only exception being the groin vaulted 1542:

could serve as cache's for large amounts of products. These storehouses were also used to keep large sums of money and were used much like personal storage units today are. "These horrea were divided and subdivided, so that one could hire only so much space as one wanted, a whole room (cella), a closet (armarium), or only a chest or strong box (arca, arcula, locus, loculus)."

2985:). A segmental arch is an arch that is less than a semicircle. The advantages of the segmental arch bridge were that it allowed great amounts of flood water to pass under it, which would prevent the bridge from being swept away during floods and the bridge itself could be more lightweight. Generally, Roman bridges featured wedge-shaped primary arch stones ( 2891:, sustaining a population of over a million people in a water-extravagant economy; most of the water supplied the city's many public baths. Cities and municipalities throughout the Roman Empire emulated this model and funded aqueducts as objects of public interest and civic pride, "an expensive yet necessary luxury to which all could, and did, aspire." 2695:– a square triumphal arch erected over a crossroads, with arched openings on all four sides – were built, especially in North Africa. Arch-building in Rome and Italy diminished after the time of Trajan (AD 98–117) but remained widespread in the provinces during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD; they were often erected to commemorate imperial visits. 1278:, a public basilica for transacting business had been part of any settlement that considered itself a city, used in the same way as the late medieval covered market houses of northern Europe, where the meeting room, for lack of urban space, was set above the arcades. Although their form was variable, basilicas often contained interior 833:, and other government buildings. All across the US the seats of regional government were normally built in the grand traditions of Rome, with vast flights of stone steps sweeping up to towering pillared porticoes, with huge domes gilded or decorated inside with the same or similar themes that were popular in Rome. 1522:), but it could also be applied to a place where artworks were stored, or even to a library. Some public horrea functioned somewhat like banks, where valuables could be stored, but the most important class of horrea were those where foodstuffs such as grain and olive oil were stored and distributed by the state. 3759:, and wrapped in a wall for defense. To reduce travel times, two diagonal streets crossed the square grid, passing through the central square. A river usually flowed through the city, providing water, transport, and sewage disposal. Hundreds of towns and cities were built by the Romans throughout their Empire. 139:. Few substantial examples survive from before about 100 BC, and most of the major survivals are from the later empire, after about 100 AD. Roman architectural style continued to influence building in the former empire for many centuries, and the style used in Western Europe beginning about 1000 is called 972:. Roman brick was almost invariably of a lesser height than modern brick, but was made in a variety of different shapes and sizes. Shapes included square, rectangular, triangular and round, and the largest bricks found have measured over three feet in length. Ancient Roman bricks had a general size of 1½ 2871:

Aqueducts moved water through gravity alone, being constructed along a slight downward gradient within conduits of stone, brick or concrete. Most were buried beneath the ground, and followed its contours; obstructing peaks were circumvented or, less often, tunnelled through. Where valleys or lowlands

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decreed that only emperors would be granted triumphs. The triumphal arch changed from being a personal monument to being an essentially propagandistic one, serving to announce and promote the presence of the ruler and the laws of the state. Arches were not necessarily built as entrances, but – unlike

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is a structure which has been excavated as a unit from a surrounding matrix or outcropping of rock. Monoliths are found in all types of Roman buildings. They were either: quarried without being moved; or quarried and moved; or quarried, moved and lifted clear off the ground into their position (e.g.,

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During the years of the Republic, Augustus claimed he "found the city in brick and left it in marble". While chances are high that this was an exaggeration, there is something to be said for the influx of marble use in Roman Forum from 63 BC onwards. During Augustus' reign, the Forum was described to

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The Romans were fond of luxury imported coloured marbles with fancy veining, and the interiors of the most important buildings were often faced with slabs of these, which have usually now been removed even where the building survives. Imports from Greece for this purpose began in the 2nd century BC.

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The development of Greek and Roman urbanization is well-known, as there are relatively many written sources, and there has been much attention to the subject, since the Romans and Greeks are generally regarded as the main ancestors of modern Western culture. It should not be forgotten, though, that

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above), but actual widths have been measured at between 3.6 ft (1.1 m) and more than 23 ft (7.0 m). Today, the concrete has worn from the spaces around the stones, giving the impression of a very bumpy road, but the original practice was to produce a surface that was much closer

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does indeed make a distinction between the two words. He describes the horreum as a structure made of brick, the walls of which were not less than three feet thick; it had no windows or openings for ventilation". Furthermore, the storehouses would also host oil and wine and also use large jars that

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or thin panels of marble or other coloured stones called a "revetment". Concrete construction proved to be more flexible and less costly than building solid stone buildings. The materials were readily available and not difficult to transport. The wooden frames could be used more than once, allowing

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Inscriptions on Roman triumphal arches were works of art in themselves, with very finely cut, sometimes gilded letters. The form of each letter and the spacing between them was carefully designed for maximum clarity and simplicity, without any decorative flourishes, emphasizing the Roman taste for

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is a tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top. These were originally called "tekhenu" by the builders, the ancient Egyptians. The Greeks who saw them used the Greek 'obeliskos' to describe them, and this word passed into Latin and then English. The

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as stone, and no examples have survived except as fragments. However, unlike the Greek models, which generally gave equal treatment to all sides of the temple, which could be viewed and approached from all directions, the sides and rear of Roman temples might be largely undecorated (as in the

941: 1306:. Other early examples include the basilica at Pompeii (late 2nd century BC). After Christianity became the official religion, the basilica shape was found appropriate for the first large public churches, with the attraction of avoiding reminiscences of the Greco-Roman temple form. 1508:. By the end of the Imperial period, the city of Rome had nearly 300 horrea to supply its demands. The biggest were enormous, even by modern standards; the Horrea Galbae contained 140 rooms on the ground floor alone, covering an area of some 225,000 square feet (20,900 square metres). 1647:

was a word used to describe apartment buildings, or the apartments themselves, meaning apartment, or inhabitable room, demonstrating just how small apartments for plebeians were. Urban divisions were originally street blocks, and later began to divide into smaller divisions, the word

1104:, and was stronger than previously used concretes. The ancient builders placed these ingredients in wooden frames where they hardened and bonded to a facing of stones or (more frequently) bricks. The aggregates used were often much larger than in modern concrete, amounting to rubble. 1417:

of varying size. In addition to its standard function as a marketplace, a forum was a gathering place of great social significance, and often the scene of diverse activities, including political discussions and debates, rendezvous, meetings, etc. The best known example is the

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featured open-spandrel segmental arches made of wood (standing on 40 m high concrete piers). This was to be the longest arch bridge for a thousand years both in terms of overall and individual span length, while the longest extant Roman bridge is the 790 m long

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was originally not part of the building itself, constructed only to provide sufficient background for the actors. Eventually, it became a part of the edifice itself, made out of concrete. The theatre itself was divided into the stage (orchestra) and the seating section

1005:, introduced bricks to many parts of the Empire; bricks are often stamped with the mark of the legion that supervised their production. The use of bricks in southern and western Germany, for example, can be traced to traditions already described by the Roman architect 573:

The Romans first adopted the arch from the Etruscans and implemented it in their own building. The use of arches that spring directly from the tops of columns was a Roman development, seen from the 1st century AD, that was very widely adopted in medieval Western,

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In Britain, a similar enthusiasm has seen the construction of thousands of neoclassical buildings over the last five centuries, both civic and domestic, and many of the grandest country houses and mansions are purely Classical in style, an obvious example being

2004:, emerging from ("engaged with" in architectural terminology) the wall. The platform on which the temple sat was typically raised higher in Roman examples than Greek, with up ten or twelve or more steps rather than the three typical in Greek temples; the 1356:, separated by a median strip running along the length of about two thirds the track, joined at one end with a semicircular section and at the other end with an undivided section of track closed (in most cases) by a distinctive starting gate known as the 226:

The Romans produced massive public buildings and works of civil engineering, and were responsible for significant developments in housing and public hygiene, for example their public and private baths and latrines, under-floor heating in the form of the

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The Romans perfected brick-making during the first century of their empire and used it ubiquitously, in public and private construction alike. They took their brickmaking skills everywhere they went, introducing the craft to the local populations. The

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period (27 BC–14 AD) onwards. Imperial amphitheatres were built throughout the Roman Empire; the largest could accommodate 40,000–60,000 spectators, and the most elaborate featured multi-storeyed, arcaded façades and were elaborately decorated with

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Especially under the empire, architecture often served a political function, demonstrating the power of the Roman state in general, and of specific individuals responsible for building. Roman architecture perhaps reached its peak in the reign of

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in the 6th, most amphitheatres fell into disrepair, and their materials were mined or recycled. Some were razed, and others converted into fortifications. A few continued as convenient open meeting places; in some of these, churches were sited.

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goods. At the peak of Rome's development, no fewer than 29 great military highways radiated from the capital, and the Late Empire's 113 provinces were interconnected by 372 great road links. Roman road builders aimed at a regulation width (see

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in all their details were closely followed in the façades of temples, as in other prestigious buildings. However, the idealized proportions between the different elements set out by the only significant Roman writer on architecture to survive,

3298:, and in the struggle for control of Italy under the early Republic many more were built, using different techniques. These included tightly fitting massive irregular polygonal blocks, shaped to fit exactly in a way reminiscent of later 1228:

Architecturally, they are typically an example of the Roman use of the classical orders to decorate large concrete walls pierced at intervals, where the columns have nothing to support. Aesthetically, however, the formula is successful.

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catered to a range of residential needs. The cheapest rooms were at the top owing to the inability to escape in the event of a fire and the lack of piped water. Windows were mostly small, facing the street, with iron security bars.

2610:, writing in the first century AD, was the only ancient author to discuss them. He wrote that they were intended to "elevate above the ordinary world" an image of an honoured person usually depicted in the form of a statue with a 1402:, who drew out extensive plans for the market hub. While Caesar's death came prematurely, his ideas, as well as Augustus' in regards to the Forum proved to be the most influential for years to come. According to Walter Dennison's 3503:. Many remains of Roman hypocausts have survived throughout Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. The hypocaust was an invention which improved the hygiene and living conditions of citizens, and was a forerunner of modern 3310:

around Rome was an ambitious project of the early 4th century BC. The wall was up to 10 metres (33 feet) in height in places, 3.6 metres (12 feet) wide at its base, 11 km (6.8 mi) long, and is believed to have had

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truss roofs presumably appeared as early as 550 BC. Their potential was fully realized in the Roman period, which saw trussed roofs over 30 meters wide spanning the rectangular spaces of monumental public buildings such as

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at one end (or less often at each end), where the magistrates sat, often on a slightly raised dais. The central aisle tended to be wide and was higher than the flanking aisles, so that light could penetrate through the

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The ancient Romans employed regular orthogonal structures on which they molded their colonies. They probably were inspired by Greek and Hellenic examples, as well as by regularly planned cities that were built by the

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was a large public building where business or legal matters could be transacted. They were normally where the magistrates held court, and used for other official ceremonies, having many of the functions of the modern

346:, now northern Spain. The administrative structure and wealth of the Empire made possible very large projects even in locations remote from the main centers, as did the use of slave labor, both skilled and unskilled. 3812:

The city was surrounded by a wall to protect it from invaders and to mark the city limits. Areas outside city limits were left open as farmland. At the end of each main road was a large gateway with watchtowers. A

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Despite the technical developments of the Romans, which took their buildings far away from the basic Greek conception where columns were needed to support heavy beams and roofs, they were reluctant to abandon the

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To lighten up the small dark rooms, some tenants able to afford a degree of painted colourful murals on the walls. Examples have been found of jungle scenes with wild animals and exotic plants. Imitation windows

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as well as the horizontal water wheel. Apart from its main use in grinding flour, water-power was also applied to pounding grain, crushing ore, sawing stones and possibly fulling and bellows for iron furnaces.

3416:, a decoration made of colourful chips of stone inserted into cement. This tiling method took the empire by storm in the late first century and the second century and in the Roman home joined the well-known 1172:, the only major new type of building developed by the Romans. Some of the most impressive secular buildings are the amphitheatres, over 200 being known and many of which are well preserved, such as that at 976:

by 1 Roman foot, but common variations up to 15 inches existed. Other brick sizes in ancient Rome included 24" x 12" x 4", and 15" x 8" x 10". Ancient Roman bricks found in France measured 8" x 8" x 3". The

2606:, liberated from its role as a building support, became the frame for the civic and religious messages that the arch builders wished to convey. Little is known about how the Romans viewed triumphal arches. 1885:

Remains of many Roman temples survive, above all in Rome itself, but the relatively few near-complete examples were nearly all converted to Christian churches, usually a considerable time after the initial

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as a readily available adjunct to, or substitute for, stone and brick. More daring buildings soon followed, with great pillars supporting broad arches and domes. The freedom of concrete also inspired the

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with one or more arched passageways, often designed to span a road. The origins of the Roman triumphal arch are unclear, other than in the temporary structures, whose appearance is unknown, erected for

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show that gardens attaching to residences were scaled down to meet the space constraints of the home of the average Roman. Modified versions of Roman garden designs were adopted in Roman settlements in

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is constructed from Roman bricks 15" square by 1½" thick. There is often little obvious difference (particularly when only fragments survive) between Roman bricks used for walls on the one hand, and

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Roman temples were among the most important and richest buildings in Roman culture, though only a few survive in any sort of complete state. Their construction and maintenance was a major part of

441:. For the first time in history, their potential was fully exploited in the construction of a wide range of civil engineering structures, public buildings, and military facilities. These included 2872:

intervened, the conduit was carried on bridgework, or its contents fed into high-pressure lead, ceramic or stone pipes and siphoned across. Most aqueduct systems included sedimentation tanks,

314:, together with a sound knowledge of building materials, enabled them to achieve unprecedented successes in the construction of imposing infrastructure for public use. Examples include the 3461:, using larger tesserae, which were laid on site. There was a distinct native Italian style using black on a white background, which was no doubt cheaper than fully coloured work. 1629:, or single-family residence, was only for the well-off in Rome, with most having a layout of the closed unit, consisting of one or two rooms. Between 312 and 315 AD Rome had 1781 3447:, typically cubes of 4 millimeters or less, and was produced in workshops in relatively small panels, which were transported to the site glued to some temporary support. The tiny 2602:

The innovation of the Romans was to use these elements in a single free-standing structure. The columns became purely decorative elements on the outer face of the arch, while the

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in Central Italy. It is possible that these early, suburban villas were also in fact the seats of power (maybe even palaces) of regional strongmen or heads of important families (

3189:(54–68 AD) for recreational purposes, are attested. These dams are noteworthy, though, for their extraordinary height, which remained unsurpassed anywhere in the world until the 2122:

These buildings were semi-circular and possessed certain inherent architectural structures, with minor differences depending on the region in which they were constructed. The

2119:, from Spain to the Middle East. Because of the Romans' ability to influence local architecture, numerous theatres were built around the world with uniquely Roman attributes. 801:

Roman influences may be found around us today, in banks, government buildings, great houses, and even small houses, perhaps in the form of a porch with Doric columns and a

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structure, was introduced relatively late into architecture. Although the oldest example dates to the 5th century BC, it was only in the wake of the influential design of

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and released into nearby bodies of water, keeping the towns clean and free from effluent. Aqueducts also provided water for mining operations, milling, farms and gardens.

2349:. In the subsequent Roman era, the use of water-power was diversified and different types of watermills were introduced. These include all three variants of the vertical 2267:, known for its frescos. These early suburban villas, such as the one at Rome's Auditorium site or at Grottarossa in Rome, demonstrate the antiquity and heritage of the 1422:, the earliest of several in Rome. In new Roman towns the forum was usually located at, or just off, the intersection of the main north–south and east–west streets (the 128:

to make buildings that were typically strong and well engineered. Large numbers remain in some form across the former empire, sometimes complete and still in use today.

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or honorific arches bearing statues to commemorate their victories. Roman triumphal practices changed significantly at the start of the Imperial period, when the first

9725: 5960:: "In fact, many sites where the Romans created towns, such as Paris, Vienna and Bratislava, had previously been Celtic settlements of more or less urban character." 4123:– Romans are famous for their advanced engineering accomplishments, although some of their own inventions were improvements on older ideas, concepts and inventions. 1107:

When the framework was removed, the new wall was very strong, with a rough surface of bricks or stones. This surface could be smoothed and faced with an attractive

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covered the opening when the city was under siege, and additional watchtowers were constructed along the city walls. An aqueduct was built outside the city walls.

3212:, river diversion, soil-retention, or a combination of these functions. The impermeability of Roman dams was increased by the introduction of waterproof hydraulic 2675:

Most Roman triumphal arches were built during the Imperial period. By the fourth century AD there were 36 such arches in Rome, of which three have survived – the

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Roman architecture covers the period from the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC to about the 4th century AD, after which it becomes reclassified as

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The Romans walled major cities and towns in areas they saw as vulnerable, and parts of many walls remain incorporated in later defensive fortifications, as at

1534: 1434:; a public weights and measures table, so customers at the market could ensure they were not being sold short measures; and would often have the baths nearby. 3028:

features 26 segmental arches with an average span-to-rise ratio of 5.3:1, giving the bridge an unusually flat profile unsurpassed for more than a millennium.

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were often dangerous, unhealthy, and prone to fires because of overcrowding and haphazard cooking arrangements. There are examples in the Roman port town of

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was a wall that supported the front edge of the stage with ornately decorated niches to the sides. The Hellenistic influence is seen through the use of the

334:. These were reproduced at a smaller scale in the most important towns and cities in the Empire. Some surviving structures are almost complete, such as the 2687:(312). Numerous arches were built elsewhere in the Roman Empire. The single arch was the most common, but many triple arches were also built, of which the 3520:, with a layer of tiles, then a layer of concrete, then another of tiles on top; and spaces were left inside the walls so that hot air and smoke from the 306:

Factors such as wealth and high population densities in cities forced the ancient Romans to discover new architectural solutions of their own. The use of

2595:. The two key elements of the triumphal arch – a round-topped arch and a square entablature – had long been in use as separate architectural elements in 2346: 1084:

and used it in buildings where it could stand on its own and support a great deal of weight. The first use of concrete by the Romans was in the town of

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on the problems, uses and abuses of Imperial Rome's public water supply. Notable examples of aqueduct architecture include the supporting piers of the

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Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007), "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications",

876:, who famously boasted that he had found Rome made of brick and left it made of marble, though this was mainly as a facing for brick or concrete. The 406:

as a place and manner of dining. Roman builders employed Greeks in many capacities, especially in the great boom in construction in the early Empire.

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and filled in with smaller, hard-packed rocks and pebbles. Bridges were constructed where needed. Each square marked off by four roads was called an

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The Romans used a consolidated scheme for city planning, developed for military defense and civil convenience. The basic plan consisted of a central

1200:) whose much longer circuits were designed mainly for horse or chariot racing events; and from the smaller stadia, which were primarily designed for 903:

is mainly built of this stone, which has good load-bearing capacity, with a brick core. Other more or less local stones were used around the Empire.

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Lechtman, Heather; Hobbs, Linn (1986), "Roman Concrete and the Roman Architectural Revolution. Ceramics and Civilization", in Kingery, W. D. (ed.),

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were vital to the maintenance and development of the Roman state, and were built from about 500 BC through the expansion and consolidation of the

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The first horrea were built in Rome towards the end of the 2nd century BC, with the first known public horreum being constructed by the ill-fated

3499:, used to heat buildings with hot air. The Roman architect Vitruvius, writing about the end of the 1st century BC, attributes their invention to 1732:, England also exists as a ruin about half the height of the original. The light would have been provided by a fire at the top of the structure. 470: 429:, also known as the "concrete revolution", was the widespread use in Roman architecture of the previously little-used architectural forms of the 9718: 7724: 6378: 2224:. In the provinces, any country house with some decorative features in the Roman style may be called a "villa" by modern scholars. Some, like 7768: 7714: 2587:

used elaborately decorated single bay arches as gates or portals to their cities. Surviving examples of Etruscan arches can still be seen at

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Ros, Karen E. (1996). "The Roman Theater at Carthage (the theater's substructures, plan and the identification of architectural elements)".

5234: 854: 9803: 8310: 2319:, built in the countryside but later turned into a fortified city, a form of residential castle emerges, that anticipates the Middle Ages. 1518:

in 123 BC. The word came to be applied to any place designated for the preservation of goods; thus, it was often used to refer to cellars (

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the Etruscans had many considerable towns and there were also other cultures with more or less urban settlements in Europe, primarily of

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The first recorded Roman triumphal arches were set up in the time of the Roman Republic. Generals who were granted a triumph were termed

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have been "a larger, freer space than was the Forum of Imperial times." The Forum began to take on even more changes upon the arrival of

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screen, a row of purely decorative columns in front of a load-bearing wall. In smaller-scale architecture, concrete's strength freed the

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were extensively developed for the capital, and other sources around the empire exploited, especially the prestigious Greek marbles like

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screen, a row of purely decorative columns in front of a load-bearing wall. In smaller-scale architecture, concrete's strength freed the

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in formal public buildings, even though these had become essentially decorative. However, they did not feel entirely restricted by Greek

192:, both of which greatly developed under the Romans. The classical orders now became largely decorative rather than structural, except in 2059:

There was considerable local variation in style, as Roman architects often tried to incorporate elements the population expected in its

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writers, do not reflect actual Roman practice, which could be very variable, though always aiming at balance and harmony. Following a

11199: 10909: 10513: 9711: 5156: 2368: 1586:, but they seem to have been found mainly in Rome and a few other places. Elsewhere writers report them as something remarkable, but 4766: 3719: 2083:. It often lacked any of the distinctive classical features, and may have had considerable continuity with pre-Roman temples of the 1345:, and performances that commemorated important events of the Empire were performed there. For events that involved re-enactments of 717:

developed new styles of churches, but most other buildings remained very close to Late Roman forms. The same can be said in turn of

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would pass through these enclosed areas and out of flues in the roof, thereby heating but not polluting the interior of the room.

2722:. The piers and internal passageways were also decorated with reliefs and free-standing sculptures. The vault was ornamented with 9687: 8325: 6992:

Schnitter, Niklaus (1987a), "Verzeichnis geschichtlicher Talsperren bis Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts", in Garbrecht, Günther (ed.),

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The earliest Roman amphitheatres date from the middle of the first century BC, but most were built under Imperial rule, from the

6261: 5936:, pp. 375–392: "The Etruscans were, in their turn, probably also influenced in this respect by Greek and Hellenic culture." 3582:, and later churches. Such spans were three times as wide as the widest prop-and-lintel roofs and only surpassed by the largest 1619:

Ancient Rome had elaborate and luxurious houses owned by the elite. The average house, or in cities apartment, of a commoner or

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for the creation of large and well-defined interior spaces. Domes were introduced in a number of Roman building types such as

10535: 9944: 9918: 9844: 9753: 9602: 8427: 7954: 7559: 7493: 7441: 7423: 7379: 7311: 7266: 7164: 7109: 7037: 7019: 7001: 6912: 6884: 6852: 6822: 6803: 6770: 6696: 6587: 6568: 6545: 6524: 6486: 6468: 6446: 6363: 6336: 6317: 6290: 6271: 6231: 6117: 6094: 6071: 6024: 5772: 3533: 3092: 2888: 2827: 2823: 1188:, the tradition of which still survives in Spain and Portugal. Their typical shape, functions and name distinguish them from 489: 51: 2255:

Suburban villas on the edge of cities were also known, such as the Middle and Late Republican villas that encroached on the

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builders to work quickly and efficiently. Concrete is arguably the Roman contribution most relevant to modern architecture.

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Donners, K.; Waelkens, M.; Deckers, J. (2002), "Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology",

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was a wealthy family's house in a town. The Empire contained many kinds of villas, not all of them lavishly appointed with

1381: 690: 591: 10126: 7358:. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. XIV. Cambridge University Press. Part III: East and West: Economy and Society. 6251:

Döring, Mathias (2002), "Wasser für den 'Sinus Baianus': Römische Ingenieur- und Wasserbauten der Phlegraeischen Felder",

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were inserted into walls or as the highlights of larger floor-mosaics in coarser work. The normal technique, however, was

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Transporting was done by land or water (or a combination of both), in the later case often by special-built ships such as

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would eventually be filled with buildings of various shapes and sizes and crisscrossed with back roads and alleys. Most

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The performance space of the Roman circus was normally, despite its name, an oblong rectangle of two linear sections of

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Concrete quickly supplanted brick as the primary building material, and more daring buildings soon followed, with great

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with others taken from Greece, including most elements of the style we now call classical architecture. They moved from

10669: 10458: 10133: 7944: 6751: 3468:(Greek "unswept floor"). It represented an optical illusion of the leftovers from a feast on the floor of rich houses. 2660:

many modern triumphal arches – they were often erected across roads and were intended to be passed through, not round.

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in Rome (62 BC), one of the world's oldest major bridges still standing. Roman engineers were the first and until the

1894:

was relatively slow, and the temples themselves were not appropriated by the government until a decree of the Emperor

1013:, the introduction of Roman brick by the ancient Romans was followed by a 600–700 year gap in major brick production. 398:

examples in the Greek world. The influence is evident in many ways; for example, in the introduction and use of the

9849: 9783: 9612: 8372: 7939: 7934: 7910: 7761: 3156: 1891: 462: 6967: 4776: 1430:). All forums would have a Temple of Jupiter at the north end, and would also contain other temples, as well as the 11552: 11209: 10540: 10520: 10387: 10301: 9971: 9937: 9627: 8300: 7949: 7876: 3516:), houses and other buildings, whether public or private. The floor was raised above the ground by pillars, called 3080: 2795: 2342: 1146: 7688: 3476: 2232:, were pleasure palaces such as those that were situated in the cool hills within easy reach of Rome or, like the 10409: 9900: 9895: 7893: 7826: 7674: 6599: 6129: 2186: 2182: 2008:

was raised twenty steps. These steps were normally only at the front, and typically not the whole width of that.

745: 11557: 10939: 10637: 10595: 10421: 10347: 10166: 10089: 9818: 8647: 8572: 8330: 7544: 7296: 6394: 3985: 3122: 2638: 2561: 1530: 1447: 973: 682: 426: 3327:

replaced it, enclosing an expanded city, and using more sophisticated designs, with small forts at intervals.

3245:, which they integrated into their dam designs. Previously unknown dam types introduced by the Romans include 921: 11415: 10982: 10902: 10525: 10443: 10438: 10296: 10211: 10196: 10004: 9905: 9808: 9143: 3618: 3286:

The Romans generally fortified cities rather than fortresses, but there are some fortified camps such as the

3270: 2751: 1826: 880:

of the late 2nd century BC is the earliest surviving exception in Rome. From Augustus' reign the quarries at

9773: 7010:

Schnitter, Niklaus (1987b), "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pfeilerstaumauer", in Garbrecht, Günther (ed.),

3732: 1643:

have been the subject of debate for historians of Roman culture, defining the various meanings of the word.

500:), which led to the liberation of shapes from the dictates of the traditional materials of stone and brick. 458: 390:, the Greek colonies in southern Italy, and indirectly from Greek influence on the Etruscans, but after the 10730: 10674: 10530: 10490: 10473: 10463: 10367: 10362: 9890: 9734: 8983: 8587: 8039: 7754: 7452: 7028:

Schnitter, Niklaus (1987c), "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Bogenstaumauer", in Garbrecht, Günther (ed.),

2049: 1854:, and all towns of any importance had at least one main temple, as well as smaller shrines. The main room 11456: 11431: 11345: 11312: 10632: 10500: 10448: 10357: 10094: 9999: 9748: 9682: 9607: 9366: 8422: 8305: 7851: 7708: 7331: 6245: 5990: 4253: 4238: 3971: 3809:

were given to the first settlers of a Roman city, but each person had to pay to construct his own house.

3162: 2663: 2583:, and later. There were precursors to the permanent triumphal arch within the Roman world; in Italy, the 1132: 989:

used for roofing or flooring on the other, so archaeologists sometimes prefer to employ the generic term

946: 220: 6862:

Rasch, Jürgen (1985), "Die Kuppel in der römischen Architektur. Entwicklung, Formgebung, Konstruktion",

3312: 11410: 11224: 10786: 10610: 10590: 10545: 10508: 10453: 10342: 10337: 10034: 9828: 9798: 9642: 9306: 9198: 8968: 8740: 8562: 8335: 8278: 7740: 7456:, vol. 92, Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–32, 4233: 3675: 3315:, though many of these are mentioned only from writings, with no other known remains. Some of it had a 2865: 2328: 1747: 1067:

from rectangular cells to a more free-flowing environment. Most of these developments are described by

757: 379: 116:, when the great majority of surviving buildings were constructed. It used new materials, particularly 93: 10012: 5361: 3900:– in ancient Rome, these were the grandest of the public baths (thermae), built by successive emperors 1670:, storage rooms under the stairs, and lower floor shops. Another type of housing unit for plebs was a 523:. The same concepts produced numerous bridges, some of which are still in daily use, for example, the 11446: 11388: 11307: 11247: 11062: 10977: 10844: 10827: 10791: 10647: 10483: 10416: 10231: 10206: 10191: 9859: 9793: 9662: 8755: 8710: 8637: 8557: 8505: 8495: 8447: 7794: 6168:(1990), "Structural Experimentation: The Lintel Arch, Corbel and Tie in Western Roman Architecture", 4096: 4015: 3177:. The relative abundance of Spanish dams below is due partly to more intensive field work there; for 2680: 2622: 2112: 2096: 1942: 1899: 1330: 1189: 990: 877: 753: 478: 164:

The Romans only began to achieve significant originality in architecture around the beginning of the

7720: 7552:

Imago triumphalis: the function and significance of triumphal imagery for Italian Renaissance rulers

6780: 3484: 3331: 3165:. For the most part, it concentrated on the semi-arid fringe of the empire, namely the provinces of 2898:

era, and a few are still partly in use. Methods of aqueduct surveying and construction are noted by

2698:

The ornamentation of an arch was intended to serve as a constant visual reminder of the triumph and

2410: 2248:

of England, the visible seat of power of a local magnate, such as the famous palace rediscovered at

2105: 1831: 638:

and later also churches. Half-domes also became a favored architectural element and were adopted as

10895: 10265: 10143: 9869: 9263: 9173: 8682: 8662: 8657: 8642: 8595: 8535: 8490: 8292: 6535: 5164: 3451:

allowed very fine detail and an approach to the illusionism of painting. Often small panels called

3357:(from 142, abandoned only 8 years after completion) are the most significant examples, both on the 2944: 2688: 2422: 2338: 391: 2962:, were the first large and lasting bridges built. Roman bridges were built with stone and had the 2948: 1961:

model, but using Greek styles. Roman temples emphasised the front of the building, which followed

219:. The period from roughly 40 BC to about 230 AD saw most of the greatest achievements, before the 11219: 10861: 10735: 10404: 10161: 10056: 9976: 9960: 9854: 9758: 9672: 9652: 9592: 9582: 9572: 8978: 8667: 8567: 8547: 8462: 8452: 8157: 8097: 8077: 7789: 7693: 6833: 5828: 5238: 4243: 4228: 4223: 3521: 3384: 2527: 2386: 2249: 2084: 1946: 1700: 1142: 709:, and spread across Christian Europe well beyond the old frontiers of the empire, to Ireland and 706: 615: 327: 140: 10964: 10017: 7173:

Storey, Glenn R. (2002). "Regionaries-Type Insulae 2: Architectural/Residential Units at Rome".

6813:

Patrich, Joseph (1996). "Warehouses and Granaries in Caesarea Maritima". In Raban, Avner (ed.).

5378:

F. B. Sear and Richard John. "Triumphal arch." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. 30 July 2010

3858: 3020:

The Romans also introduced segmental arch bridges into bridge construction. The 330 m long

2476: 1329:, although circuses served varying purposes and differed in design and construction. Along with 11317: 11194: 11118: 11009: 11004: 10822: 10745: 10725: 10662: 10291: 10081: 10029: 9994: 9813: 9778: 9677: 9667: 9617: 9597: 9411: 9386: 9351: 9233: 8958: 8605: 8367: 7898: 3995: 3767: 3683: 3104: 2316: 2264: 2195: 1851: 1752: 775: 732:

saw a conscious revival of correct classical styles, initially purely based on Roman examples.

714: 575: 378:

and the construction of arches, Roman prestige architecture remained firmly under the spell of

343: 136: 105: 7335: 7057: 6687:

Métreaux, Guy P.R. (1998). "Villa rustica alimentaria et annonaria". In Frazer, Alfred (ed.).

6514: 6305: 6082: 3801:

was 80 yards (73 m) square, with the land within it divided. As the city developed, each

2989:) of the same in size and shape. The Romans built both single spans and lengthy multiple arch 2510:, every garden should be close to the house and should have flower beds and ornamental trees. 2101: 11400: 11143: 10834: 10817: 10812: 10679: 10171: 10076: 10044: 10024: 9763: 9647: 9577: 9401: 9153: 8953: 8948: 8745: 8652: 8577: 8540: 8525: 8500: 8480: 8382: 7432:

Wikander, Örjan (2000b), "Industrial Applications of Water-Power", in Wikander, Örjan (ed.),

4032: 4001: 3991: 3666:

and tombs were also fitted with spiral stairways. Their notable absence in the towers of the

3624: 3606: 3295: 3006: 3001:. Their bridges featured from an early time onwards flood openings in the piers, e.g. in the 2939: 2278:

A third type of villa provided the organizational center of the large farming estates called

1958: 1931: 1867: 1093: 822: 779: 371: 169: 146: 2718:, while the attic was often inscribed with a dedicatory inscription naming and praising the 2691:(c. AD 21) is the earliest surviving example. From the 2nd century AD, many examples of the 1937: 1080:

Although concrete had been used on a minor scale in Mesopotamia, Roman architects perfected

756:

of the 18th century revived purer versions of classical style, and for the first time added

11436: 11337: 11332: 11292: 11204: 11067: 10871: 10866: 10807: 10755: 10684: 10652: 10327: 10226: 10221: 10186: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 9885: 9768: 9657: 9622: 9311: 9178: 9078: 9003: 8868: 8831: 8207: 7871: 7353: 7346: 4526:

Henig, p. 22; Favro, (ii) Materials and construction techniques, which lists major quarries

3694: 3303: 3054: 2715: 2072: 787: 783: 749: 721:, where Roman forms long continued, especially in private buildings such as houses and the 718: 662: 579: 434: 307: 30: 9301: 7503:

Wirsching, Armin (2000), "How the Obelisks Reached Rome: Evidence of Roman Double-Ships",

6707: 2702:. The façade was ornamented with marble columns, and the piers and attics with decorative 1337:, circuses were one of the main entertainment sites of the time. Circuses were venues for 8: 11383: 11302: 11072: 11014: 10876: 10839: 10709: 10694: 10600: 10478: 10377: 10306: 10243: 10216: 10176: 9788: 9587: 9436: 9238: 9108: 9058: 8377: 7974: 4215: 4173: 3897: 3788: 3690: 3583: 3559: 3279: 3223: 2917: 2684: 2406: 2259:, at that time on the edge of Rome, and which can be also seen outside the city walls of 2233: 2060: 2033: 1987: 1927: 1653: 859: 791: 729: 643: 597: 563: 512: 466: 319: 295: 6001: 2982: 1386: 11297: 11214: 10699: 10642: 10260: 9637: 9361: 9168: 9023: 8963: 8883: 8826: 8690: 7926: 7905: 7522: 7518: 7473: 7465: 7243: 7206: 7198: 7144: 7136: 7080: 6954: 6946: 6873: 6795: 6730: 6676: 6624: 6616: 6557: 6425: 6209: 6201: 6154: 6146: 6051: 4844: 4806: 4760: 4671: 4641: 4404: 4396: 3942: 3913: 3903: 3862: 3838: 3724: 3636: 3496: 3389: 3335: 3166: 3084: 3029: 2378: 2225: 2016: 2005: 1977:

above, which was filled with statuary in the most grand examples; this was as often in

1903: 1895: 1757: 1455: 1173: 1126: 567: 442: 323: 223:

and later troubles reduced the wealth and organizing power of the central governments.

9276: 6498:"Historical Development of Arch Dams. From Roman Arch Dams to Modern Concrete Designs" 4632:"A Page from Latin Notes Supplement XV, Entitled SOME STORIES ABOUT THE ROMAN FORUM". 1882:

was a room or rooms used by temple attendants for storage of equipment and offerings.

1612: 1410:

erected in the vicinity resulted in leaving the general design of the Forum Romanum".

1406:, the author writes that "the diverting of public business to the larger and splendid 1282:

that divided the space, giving aisles or arcaded spaces on one or both sides, with an

11526: 11282: 11277: 11252: 11234: 11148: 11128: 10949: 10856: 10849: 10657: 10397: 10382: 10311: 10255: 9271: 9123: 8878: 8838: 8816: 8024: 7555: 7540: 7526: 7489: 7477: 7437: 7419: 7375: 7307: 7292: 7285: 7262: 7256: 7235: 7218:

Storey, Glenn R. (2004). "The Meaning of "Insula" in Roman Residential Terminology".

7210: 7190: 7160: 7148: 7105: 7098: 7093: 7033: 7015: 6997: 6958: 6938: 6908: 6880: 6848: 6818: 6799: 6766: 6747: 6722: 6692: 6628: 6583: 6564: 6541: 6520: 6482: 6464: 6442: 6417: 6390: 6372: 6359: 6332: 6313: 6286: 6267: 6241: 6227: 6213: 6158: 6113: 6090: 6067: 6034:

Beckmann, Martin (2002), "The 'Columnae Coc(h)lides' of Trajan and Marcus Aurelius",

6020: 5823: 5768: 4748: 4408: 4388: 4148: 4120: 4100: 4063: 4005: 3952: 3937: 3710: 3437: 3350: 3287: 3218: 2853: 2841: 2540: 1836: 1721: 1705: 1569: 1551: 986: 838: 658: 536: 520: 504: 359: 315: 11405: 7402: 6456: 5356: 3017:. The outside was usually covered with brick or ashlar, as in the Alcántara bridge. 2856:

in order to bring water from distant sources into their cities and towns, supplying

2191: 2071:, where different traditions of large stone temples were already millennia old. The 2019:, god of grain storage, keys, livestock and ports. Rome, built between 120 and 80 BC 11378: 11287: 11153: 11113: 10992: 10954: 10776: 10392: 9336: 9296: 9228: 9163: 9088: 9083: 8855: 8778: 8725: 8520: 8515: 8404: 8263: 8212: 8172: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8122: 8044: 7991: 7984: 7969: 7964: 7888: 7816: 7514: 7457: 7371: 7367: 7359: 7227: 7182: 7128: 7072: 7045: 6930: 6791: 6668: 6608: 6409: 6193: 6177: 6138: 6043: 4911: 4836: 4798: 4380: 4248: 4153: 4108: 3957: 3682:, separate stair towers were constructed adjacent to the main buildings, as in the 3643: 3457: 3246: 3213: 3190: 3114: 3068: 2998: 2978: 2041: 1915: 1728:

in northern Spain, a structure which survives to this day. A smaller lighthouse at

1695: 1596: 830: 686: 482: 383: 358:

in its current form and leaving his mark on the landscape of northern Britain with

212: 204: 7436:, Technology and Change in History, vol. 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 401–410, 7418:, Technology and Change in History, vol. 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 371–400, 6463:, Technology and Change in History, vol. 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 331–339, 6181: 3042: 2952: 2798:, officials and civilians, and the inland carriage of official communications and 1992: 1488:

was a type of public warehouse used during the ancient Roman period. Although the

763: 528: 152: 11322: 11173: 11077: 10987: 10372: 10352: 9431: 9243: 9223: 9183: 9118: 9068: 9063: 8938: 8888: 8796: 8630: 8610: 8530: 7979: 7804: 7728: 7275: 6663:

Mark, Robert; Hutchinson, Paul (1986), "On the Structure of the Roman Pantheon",

6497: 6221: 4126: 4009: 3878: 3671: 3504: 3346: 2990: 2904: 2894:

Most Roman aqueducts proved reliable, and durable; some were maintained into the

2607: 2495: 2402: 2045: 2024: 1923: 1807: 1793:. They were normally supplied with water from an adjacent river or stream, or by 1538: 1295: 1073: 1027: 741: 666: 547: 265: 201: 1720:

were built around the Mediterranean and the coasts of the empire, including the

11395: 11327: 11168: 11087: 11057: 11052: 10944: 10605: 10332: 10068: 9823: 9486: 9128: 8863: 8811: 8783: 8730: 8715: 8695: 8510: 8485: 8442: 8432: 8258: 8232: 8162: 8147: 8112: 8072: 7833: 7532: 7063:

Semple, Ellen Churchill (July 1929). "Ancient Mediterranean Pleasure Gardens".

6634: 6345:

Harris, W. (1989). "Invisible Cities: the Beginning of Etruscan Urbanization".

6301: 5264: 4201: 3947: 3925: 3919: 3679: 3651: 3639:

that this space-saving new type permanently caught hold in Roman architecture.

3594: 3563: 3555: 3197: 3130: 3118: 3010: 3002: 2967: 2959: 2921: 2817: 2799: 2787: 2596: 2580: 2567: 2507: 2293: 2256: 2076: 2001: 1983: 1794: 1761: 1515: 1468: 1451: 1338: 1323: 1299: 1249: 1245: 1165: 1150: 1081: 1022: 702: 678: 654: 607: 602: 559: 493: 446: 419: 355: 276: 256: 117: 109: 97: 64: 11044: 7734: 7717:– A look at various aspects of housing in ancient Rome, apartments and villas. 7363: 3258: 11541: 11368: 11267: 11257: 11163: 10562: 10495: 10468: 10238: 9018: 8988: 8903: 8437: 8414: 8227: 8082: 8067: 8014: 7821: 7239: 7194: 6942: 6726: 6421: 6165: 4574:

Henig, p. 26. Blagg also mentions baths, granaries, insulae and large villas.

4392: 4143: 4104: 4073: 3866: 3752: 3667: 3602: 3570: 3500: 3393: 3362: 3354: 3324: 3291: 3227: 3209: 3134: 3072: 3038: 3021: 2913: 2884: 2676: 2668: 2653: 2576: 2535: 2515: 2499: 2491: 2437: 2432:

Romans commissioned obelisks in an ancient Egyptian style. Examples include:

2245: 2241: 2229: 2178: 2124: 2080: 1919: 1907: 1602: 1497: 1496:, Roman horrea were used to store many other types of consumables; the giant 1414: 1407: 1399: 1371: 1253: 1237: 1010: 978: 896: 885: 872:

is not found especially close to Rome, and was only rarely used there before

767: 736:

was respectfully reinterpreted by a series of architectural writers, and the

524: 387: 101: 7405:(1985), "Archaeological Evidence for Early Water-Mills. An Interim Report", 6580:

Christians at Rome in the first two centuries : from Paul to Valentinus

6002:"Dams from the Roman Era in Spain. Analysis of Design Forms (with Appendix)" 2710:, the captured weapons of the enemy or the triumphal procession itself. The 1220:

and statuary. After the end of gladiatorial games in the 5th century and of

485:, Roman architecture was "the idea of world domination expressed in stone". 11272: 11158: 11133: 10926: 10760: 10740: 10615: 9703: 9496: 9356: 8801: 8750: 8705: 8700: 8552: 8362: 8248: 8192: 8187: 7959: 7843: 7777: 7622:, edited by John P. Oleson, 256–284. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008. 7601:, edited by John P. Oleson, 121–135. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. 6537:

The American Highway: The History and Culture of Roads in the United States

4187: 3962: 3848: 3762: 3706: 3655: 3575: 3517: 3409: 3397: 3379: 3307: 3254: 3226:. These materials also allowed for bigger structures to be built, like the 3182: 3088: 2994: 2974: 2933: 2895: 2849: 2837: 2791: 2634: 2116: 2053: 2011: 1962: 1820: 1579: 1561: 1477: 1346: 1334: 1319: 1315: 1303: 1193: 1161: 998: 737: 685:. Their enormous dimensions remained unsurpassed until the introduction of 623: 551: 516: 508: 474: 454: 236: 197: 165: 132: 113: 29:"Roman architecture" redirects here. For the architecture of the city, see 11082: 9929: 2772: 251: 11373: 11092: 11029: 10704: 10552: 10270: 10248: 9291: 8913: 8735: 8625: 8019: 5476: 4085: 4068: 3931: 3844: 3547: 3231: 3201: 3178: 2603: 2549: 2373: 2350: 2237: 2207: 2172: 2037: 1950: 1782: 1717: 1419: 1391: 1377: 1274:. The first basilicas had no religious function. As early as the time of 1137: 1089: 965: 926: 916: 826: 814: 795: 710: 550:

without crossbeams and made possible large covered public spaces such as

532: 414: 403: 395: 291: 216: 208: 7620:

The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World

7599:

The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World

4645: 2706:. Sculpted panels depicted victories and achievements, the deeds of the 2048:

were most common in surviving Roman temples, but for small temples like

1725: 1232: 677:. The construction of domes was greatly facilitated by the invention of 275:

Innovation started in the 3rd or 2nd century BC with the development of

11477: 11262: 11242: 11034: 10572: 10557: 9516: 9456: 9421: 9213: 9148: 9138: 9033: 8918: 8806: 8389: 8357: 8102: 8029: 7861: 7856: 7469: 7247: 7202: 7140: 6680: 6429: 6283:

The architecture of Rome: an architectural history in 400 presentations

6205: 6055: 5064: 4848: 4810: 4675: 4048: 3814: 3794: 3745: 3590: 3551: 3538: 3349:(from 70s AD). Strategic walls across open country were far rarer, and 3275: 3205: 3144: 3076: 3060: 2880: 2864:, fountains and private households. Waste water was removed by complex 2783: 2777: 2767: 2739: 2545: 2531: 2481: 2461: 2391: 2301: 2280: 2159: 2154: 2130: 1978: 1863: 1709: 1353: 1342: 1326: 1288: 1197: 1064: 1056: 1036: 889: 674: 399: 375: 285: 211:

and the Composite being a tall order with the floral decoration of the

7746: 7613:

Concrete Vaulted Construction In Imperial Rome: Innovations In Context

7084: 6950: 6734: 6620: 6240:

Favro, Diane, et al. "Rome, ancient, Architecture." Grove Art Online.

6150: 5733: 4827:

Kaufman, David (2 December 1929). "Horrea Romana: Roman Storehouses".

4789:

Kaufman, David (2 December 1929). "Horrea Romana: Roman Storehouses".

4400: 3888:, built in ancient Rome starting from 104 AD and dedicated during the 73: 11508: 10781: 10286: 9546: 9541: 9501: 9426: 9396: 9376: 9253: 9193: 9103: 9053: 9048: 8973: 8933: 8821: 8791: 8600: 8475: 8268: 8152: 8127: 8006: 7414:

Wikander, Örjan (2000a), "The Water-Mill", in Wikander, Örjan (ed.),

6109: 4044: 4026: 3908: 3833: 3783: 3756: 3741: 3728: 3492: 3480: 3429: 3425: 3170: 2909: 2899: 2738:

restraint and order. This conception of what later became the art of

2671:

in Rome, an early Roman imperial triumphal arch with a single archway

2584: 2447: 2334: 2068: 2029: 1802: 1620: 1591: 1501: 1493: 1427: 1279: 1271: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1154: 1097: 1068: 1060: 1006: 900: 892: 818: 733: 555: 335: 331: 281: 269: 228: 193: 173: 78: 7648:

Monumentality and the Roman Empire: Architecture in the Antonine age

7461: 7231: 7186: 7132: 6781:"Introduction: A historical overview of the development of the road" 6672: 6413: 6197: 6047: 5028: 4840: 4802: 2521:

Gardens were not reserved for the extremely wealthy. Excavations in

968:

from about the beginning of the Empire, replacing earlier sun-dried

45: 11492: 11487: 11123: 10918: 10750: 10689: 10622: 9506: 9491: 9481: 9466: 9381: 9371: 9341: 9331: 9326: 9316: 9218: 9133: 9013: 8998: 8928: 8908: 8898: 8893: 8873: 8672: 8253: 8217: 8107: 8034: 7866: 7352:. In Cameron, Averil; Ward-Perkins, Bryan; Whitby, Michael (eds.). 7076: 6934: 6612: 6142: 4384: 3663: 3628: 3598: 3579: 3443: 3320: 3319:

or ditch in front, and an agger behind, and it was enough to deter

3250: 3242: 3237:

Roman builders were the first to realize the stabilizing effect of

3174: 3064: 3059:

Roman canals were typically multi-purpose structures, intended for

2986: 2731: 2711: 2656: 2630: 2611: 2592: 2485: 2128:

was a high back wall of the stage floor, supported by columns. The

1974: 1875: 1666: 1525:

The word itself is thought to have linguist roots tied to the word

1431: 1358: 1275: 1266: 1208: 1169: 969: 958: 873: 802: 635: 7450:

Wilson, Andrew (2002), "Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy",

7050:

Style in the technical and tectonic arts, or, Practical aesthetics

4662:

Dennison, Walter (June 1908). "The Roman Forum as Cicero Saw It".

4055:, France, one of the most famous necropolises of the ancient world 3408:

brought back what is probably the best-known element of the early

1926:

in 260 BC, still stand as a component of the exterior wall of the

157: 11451: 11019: 10627: 9526: 9521: 9511: 9476: 9471: 9461: 9406: 9391: 9208: 9203: 9188: 9158: 9113: 9093: 9073: 9028: 8760: 8615: 8394: 8202: 8197: 8087: 7032:, vol. 1, Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer, pp. 75–96, 7014:, vol. 1, Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer, pp. 57–74, 4906: 4558: 4556: 4138: 4090: 4080: 4019: 3975: 3890: 3882: 3774:, Bulgaria) in the Roman period created by architect Matey Mateev 3771: 3659: 3512: 3139: 2861: 2857: 2832: 2703: 2588: 2522: 2428: 2260: 2199: 1970: 1966: 1844: 1840: 1775: 1770: 1741: 1512: 1485: 1318:

was a large open-air venue used for public events in the ancient

1221: 950: 881: 810: 627: 450: 351: 299: 240: 6996:, vol. 1, Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer, pp. 9–20, 6516:

Surfaces: Visual Research for Artists, Architects, and Designers

2887:

in the fourth century BC. By the third century AD, the city had

2394:); or quarried, moved and erected in an upright position (e.g., 2284:; such villas might be lacking in luxuries. By the 4th century, 11178: 11138: 10972: 9536: 9416: 9346: 9286: 9281: 9248: 9008: 8993: 8943: 8923: 8345: 8222: 8117: 7629:. Rev. ed. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1982. 6691:. Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. 5891: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5535: 5337: 5335: 3966: 3852: 3421: 3413: 3033: 3025: 2873: 2723: 2626: 2511: 2503: 2453: 2395: 2289: 2221: 2217: 2140: 1790: 1616:) were sometimes painted to make the rooms seem less confined. 1583: 1556: 1505: 1217: 1213: 1108: 1101: 1088:

sometime after 273 BC. Ancient Roman concrete was a mixture of

1044: 869: 806: 722: 670: 631: 181: 177: 7723:− A Video Tour through Ancient Rome based on a digital model. 6400:

Hermansen, G. (1970). "The Medianum and the Roman Apartment".

6127:

Coulton, J. J. (1974), "Lifting in Early Greek Architecture",

5745: 5124: 4706: 4553: 4209: 11097: 10999: 9321: 9043: 8770: 8062: 7743:—A virtual tour through Ancient Rome based on a digital model 6347:

Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale Etrusco. Roma, 1989

5444: 4613: 4058: 4052: 3979: 3822: 3779: 3714: 3632: 3543: 3417: 3405: 3358: 3129:

Freshwater reservoirs were commonly set up at the termini of

3109: 2970:

as well, which the Romans were the first to use for bridges.

2794:. They provided efficient means for the overland movement of 2212: 2064: 1871: 1857: 1786: 1729: 1625: 1489: 1423: 1241: 1201: 1052: 982: 954: 934: 6815:

Caesarea Maritima : a retrospective after two millennia

6192:, vol. 52, British Institute at Ankara, pp. 1–17, 5915: 5874: 5709: 5697: 5639: 5637: 5386: 5384: 5332: 5203: 5052: 4454: 4442: 2544:(apartment buildings), these urban gardens were replaced by 2308:, without an inference that there were any dwellings there ( 2163:

or entrances and exits were made available to the audience.

725:, and civil engineering such as fortifications and bridges. 10887: 9531: 9098: 9038: 8620: 7996: 6389:, Chapter 2 "Architecture" by Thomas Blagg, Phaidon, 1983, 5852: 5850: 5494: 5432: 5320: 4993: 3647: 3299: 3238: 3230:, possibly the largest water barrier today, and the sturdy 3186: 2963: 2730:, a group of statues depicting the emperor or general in a 2571: 1587: 1283: 1085: 1048: 1002: 817:. The mighty pillars, domes and arches of Rome echo in the 650: 639: 619: 543: 438: 430: 339: 311: 288:

from rectangular cells to a more free-flowing environment.

272:

concerns and treated the orders with considerable freedom.

232: 189: 185: 125: 121: 7325:. Morris H. Morgan (translator). Harvard University Press. 5661: 5136: 5016: 3079:

where feasible. Some navigational canals were recorded by

1965:

models and typically consisted of wide steps leading to a

649:

Monumental domes began to appear in the 1st century BC in

160:(France), one of the best-preserved Roman temples, c. 2 AD 9986: 8092: 7056:(1860-62), Getty Research Institute, ISBN 9780892365975, 5792: 5780: 5685: 5673: 5634: 5506: 5456: 5381: 4730: 4682: 4430: 4371:

Frothingham, A. L. (1915). "The Roman Territorial Arch".

3755:

with city services, surrounded by a compact, rectilinear

2876:

and distribution tanks to regulate the supply as needed.

2726:. Some triumphal arches were surmounted by a statue or a 1996:

and Vic), and even back on to other buildings. As in the

1957:

The form of the Roman temple was mainly derived from the

1898:

in 415. Some of the oldest surviving temples include the

1192:, which are more or less semicircular in shape; from the 207:; the first being a shortened, simplified variant on the 100:, but was different from Greek buildings, becoming a new 5971:"Pomorie tomb remains an unsolved mystery for 100 years" 5903: 5847: 5721: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5215: 5191: 5112: 5088: 4969: 4956:. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press. pp. 202–204. 4601: 4589: 4577: 1945:, Rome, built in the mid-2nd century BC, most likely by 6329:

Gardner's Art Through The Ages: The Western Perspective

5835: 5649: 5564: 5562: 5076: 4420: 4418: 4343: 3196:

The most frequent dam types were earth- or rock-filled

2210:

was a country house built for the upper class, while a

1606:, which would then be plastered and sometimes painted. 809:

shower floor derived from a Roman original, often from

104:

style. The two styles are often considered one body of

7657:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2007. 7337:

History of Ancient Pottery: Greek, Etruscan, and Roman

7258:

Not built in a day: exploring the architecture of Rome

6187: 5939: 5586: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5408: 5070: 5034: 4718: 4529: 3435:

There were two main techniques in Greco-Roman mosaic.

2742:

remains of fundamental importance to the present day.

168:, after they had combined aspects of their originally 6597:

Lancaster, Lynne (1999), "Building Trajan's Column",

5862: 5598: 5574: 5420: 5396: 5303: 5291: 5279: 5179: 5040: 4864: 4541: 4322: 4298: 2467:

Rome – there are five ancient Roman obelisks in Rome.

2288:

could simply mean an agricultural estate or holding:

1674:, an apartment, divided into three individual rooms: 7054:

Der Stil in der technischen und tektonischen Künsten

6744:

History of Urban Form: Prehistory to the Renaissance

6582:. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. 5989:

Abbott, Frank Frost; Johnson, Allan Chester (1926).

5559: 5100: 4415: 4163: 3689:

The construction of spiral stairs passed on both to

3404:

On his return from campaigns in Greece, the general

3133:

and their branch lines, supplying urban households,

701:

Roman architecture supplied the basic vocabulary of

54:. The building's northern aisle is all that remains. 7643:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1983. 7597:Fant, J. Clayton. "Quarrying and Stoneworking." In 7389:Ward-Perkins, J. B. (1956). "Nero's Golden House". 7119:Smith, Norman (1970), "The Roman Dams of Subiaco", 6455:Hodge, A. Trevor (2000), "Reservoirs and Dams", in 6244:. Oxford University Press, accessed 26 March 2016, 6006:1st International Congress on Construction History 5804: 5622: 5610: 5547: 5518: 4694: 4310: 3464:A specific genre of Roman mosaic obtained the name 3306:; at this date great height was not necessary. The 3294:in England. City walls were already significant in 1500:in Rome were used not only to store grain but also 1055:rather than dense lines of columns suspending flat 774:Numerous local classical styles developed, such as 7587:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. 7355:Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors A.D. 425–600 7097: 6979:Schnitter, Niklaus (1978), "Römische Talsperren", 6893: 6872: 6845:Life, death, and entertainment in the Roman Empire 6556: 6312:. Vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press. 6310:The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome 5130: 4888: 4876: 3828: 2075:was a simple style for small temples found in the 696: 7506:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 5999: 5751: 4517:Favro, (ii) Materials and construction techniques 3302:work. The Romans called a simple rampart wall an 3204:. These served a wide array of purposes, such as 1781:Roman bath-houses were also provided for private 899:, and was used from the end of the Republic; the 409: 354:, whose many achievements include rebuilding the 143:to reflect this dependence on basic Roman forms. 11539: 11462:International Federation for Structural Concrete 2883:– supplied a water-fountain sited at the city's 2506:, a garden was part of every farm. According to 1039:in Rome. The original covering has been removed. 488:A crucial factor in this development, which saw 7711:– Technical investigation of Roman public works 6842: 6708:"A Mosaic Floor from a Roman Villa at Anaploga" 6647:High Technology Ceramics: Past, Present, Future 4981: 4712: 3161:Roman dam construction began in earnest in the 2144:, which sometimes supported the columns of the 1184:contests, public displays, public meetings and 9919:Architectural records of the Greco-Roman World 7736:Virtual Rome: What Did Ancient Rome Look Like? 7615:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 7580:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994. 6875:A new topographical dictionary of ancient Rome 6778: 6662: 6353: 6299: 6280: 5450: 5438: 5341: 5154: 4460: 4448: 2409:were employed since c. 515 BC, such as in the 1594:refer to them in Rome. External walls were in 1071:, writing in the first century BC in his work 10903: 9945: 9719: 7762: 7618:--. "Roman Engineering and Construction." In 6879:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 6835:The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal 6644: 6476: 6013:Baker, Rosalie F.; Baker, Charles F. (2001). 6000:Arenillas, Miguel; Castillo, Juan C. (2003), 5988: 5390: 5352: 5350: 4954:Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic 4436: 4016:Roman city walls of Diocletianopolis (Thrace) 2570:is a monumental structure in the shape of an 239:), and piped hot and cold water (examples in 184:to one based on massive walls, punctuated by 9733: 7660:Ulrich, Roger B., and Caroline K Quenemoen. 7483: 7388: 7344: 7329: 6760: 6667:, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 24–34, 6658:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 38–44 6495: 6255:, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 305–319 5992:Municipal Administration in the Roman Empire 5643: 5500: 5462: 5374: 5372: 5370: 4999: 4975: 4562: 4349: 3510:Hypocausts were used for heating hot baths ( 3234:, both of which consist of a concrete core. 1472:The Horrea Epagathiana et Epaphroditiana, a 1362:, thereby creating a circuit for the races. 1059:. The freedom of concrete also inspired the 9959: 6972:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 6847:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 4657: 4655: 4370: 3388:The Centaur mosaic (2nd century), found at 3087:. Channels which served the needs of urban 92:adopted the external language of classical 10910: 10896: 9952: 9938: 9726: 9712: 7769: 7755: 7488:. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. 7347:"Chapter 12. Land, labour, and settlement" 7027: 7009: 6991: 6870: 6377:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6103: 6012: 5739: 5715: 5691: 5679: 5347: 5221: 5157:"Glossary and Index of (mostly) Asian Art" 4688: 4619: 4607: 4595: 4583: 3338:(earth and wood in the 70s AD, stone from 933:, Norfolk, showing alternating courses of 665:, they gradually replaced the traditional 614:The Romans were the first builders in the 44: 7608:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016. 7594:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. 7502: 7431: 7413: 7320: 6978: 6596: 6533: 6502:Australian Civil Engineering Transactions 6399: 6281:Fürst, Ulrich; Grundmann, Stefan (1998). 6016:Ancient Egyptians: People of the Pyramids 5945: 5727: 5667: 5541: 5414: 5367: 5209: 5185: 5142: 5118: 5094: 5058: 5022: 4870: 3674:, they did not yet figure prominently in 3368: 2369:List of ancient Greek and Roman monoliths 1888:triumph of Christianity under Constantine 1874:, and often a small altar for incense or 821:too, where in Washington, D.C. stand the 7650:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. 7578:Roman Building: Materials and Techniques 7539:, 1987 (first edn. 1974), Spring Books, 7401: 7254: 7159:, London: Peter Davies, pp. 25–49, 6843:Potter, D. S.; Mattingly, D. J. (1999). 6686: 6649:, vol. 3, American Ceramics Society 6496:James, Patrick; Chanson, Hubert (2002), 6066:. Frankfurt/Main New York: Campus-Verl. 6061: 6033: 5995:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 5921: 5885: 5868: 5326: 5161:Old Stones: The Monuments of Art History 5082: 4736: 4661: 4652: 4289: 4095: 3857: 3843: 3832: 3761: 3718: 3562:in the world before the building of the 3537: 3475: 3383: 3274: 3108: 3009:the only ones to construct bridges with 2943: 2831: 2771: 2662: 2616: 2475: 2372: 2357: 2190: 2100: 2010: 1936: 1830: 1751: 1699: 1555: 1467: 1385: 1231: 1136: 1026: 940: 920: 853: 762: 601: 413: 370:While borrowing much from the preceding 290: 250: 145: 112:and to an even greater extent under the 72: 7776: 7636:. London: Society of Antiquaries, 1987. 7220:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 6965: 6812: 6641:, 1957, Penguin, Pelican history of art 6512: 6326: 6219: 6164: 6126: 5957: 5197: 4826: 4788: 4772: 4724: 4535: 4328: 4304: 4132: 4038: 2804: 2538:. As town houses were replaced by tall 2444:, a 4th-century obelisk of Roman origin 2240:, on picturesque sites overlooking the 925:Close-up view of the wall of the Roman 744:formalized for the first time, to give 503:These enabled the building of the many 108:. Roman architecture flourished in the 14: 11540: 7449: 7301: 7281:The Classical Language of Architecture 7217: 7172: 7062: 6741: 6705: 6354:Heinle, Erwin; Schlaich, Jörg (1996), 6344: 6259: 6250: 6104:Bomgardner, David Lee (October 2000). 6080: 5933: 5897: 5856: 5810: 5512: 5426: 5402: 5297: 5285: 5106: 5046: 4951: 4894: 4882: 2456:– obelisk of Titus Sextius Africanus, 1906:(120–80 BC), both standing within the 1529:, which in Latin means barley. In the 1504:, wine, foodstuffs, clothing and even 1298:, was built in Rome in 184 BC by 681:, a process which has been termed the 490:a trend toward monumental architecture 196:. Stylistic developments included the 10891: 9933: 9707: 7750: 7634:Roman architecture in the Greek world 7632:Macready, Sarah, and F. H. Thompson. 7592:Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture 7154: 7118: 7091: 6907:, Osprey Publishing, pp. 18–19, 6861: 6653: 6577: 6454: 6436: 6331:, Wadsworth Publishing, p. 170, 5841: 5798: 5786: 5703: 5655: 5628: 5616: 5604: 5592: 5580: 5568: 5553: 5529: 5474: 4822: 4820: 4700: 4424: 3534:List of ancient Greek and Roman roofs 3093:List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire 2828:List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire 2824:List of aqueducts in the city of Rome 2079:, and by far the most common type in 1349:, the circus was flooded with water. 770:, designed by Andrea Palladio in 1552 689:frames in the late 19th century (see 394:directly from the best classical and 120:, and newer technologies such as the 52:Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine 11025:Ground granulated blast-furnace slag 7627:The Architecture of the Roman Empire 7549: 7434:Handbook of Ancient Water Technology 7416:Handbook of Ancient Water Technology 6902: 6831: 6554: 6477:Honour, Hugh; Fleming, John (2005). 6461:Handbook of Ancient Water Technology 6356:Kuppeln aller Zeiten, aller Kulturen 5909: 5314: 5071:Donners, Waelkens & Deckers 2002 5035:Donners, Waelkens & Deckers 2002 4547: 4316: 4114: 3593:by span of ancient Rome covered the 2879:Ancient Rome's first aqueduct – the 2458:Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst 1990:), inaccessible by steps (as in the 1567:Multi-story apartment blocks called 1382:List of monuments of the Roman Forum 669:construction which makes use of the 592:History of Roman and Byzantine domes 11442:Institution of Structural Engineers 7323:The Ten Books on Architecture, Bk I 6920: 6689:The Roman villa : villa urbana 6106:The Story of the Roman Amphitheatre 4987: 3872: 3654:, other types of buildings such as 2920:, and the aqueduct-fed cisterns of 2555: 1623:did not contain many luxuries. The 1322:. The circuses were similar to the 1153:79 AD, once hosted spectacles with 1145:, built around 70 BC and buried by 24: 7570: 7519:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2000.tb01456.x 6439:Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply 4817: 3542:Inside the "Temple of Mercury" at 3264: 2966:as the basic structure. Most used 2745: 2347:Hellenistic science and technology 2063:. This was especially the case in 1778:, a scraper made of wood or bone. 1768:All Roman cities had at least one 25: 11569: 7668: 7662:A Companion to Roman Architecture 7606:The Genesis of Roman Architecture 6746:. London: George Godwin Limited. 3793:the Roman equivalent of a modern 3420:in decorating floors, walls, and 3157:List of Roman dams and reservoirs 2756: 2502:gardening techniques. In Ancient 2244:. Some villas were more like the 1910:. Original marble columns of the 1176:, as well as its progenitor, the 1115: 1016: 748:orders. After the flamboyance of 691:List of the world's largest domes 374:architecture, such as the use of 11522: 11521: 7486:Principles of Roman architecture 7409:, vol. 10, pp. 151–179 6898:, vol. 20, pp. 138–163 6866:, vol. 15, pp. 117–139 6796:10.1016/B978-075065090-8/50002-8 6087:Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire 5963: 5951: 5927: 5816: 5757: 5131:Ritti, Grewe & Kessener 2007 4208: 4194: 4180: 4166: 3670:indicates that although used in 3612: 3597:(throne room) built for emperor 2973:Roman arch bridges were usually 2471: 2343:conquests of Alexander the Great 2339:Hellenized eastern Mediterranean 2337:appears to have occurred in the 2300:, describing the olive grove of 1439: 1404:The Roman Forum As Cicero Saw It 790:in the United States, and later 7175:American Journal of Archaeology 6923:American Journal of Archaeology 6817:. Leiden New York: E.J. Brill. 6600:American Journal of Archaeology 6130:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 5468: 5253: 5227: 5148: 5012:La Villa Romana dell'Auditorium 5005: 4960: 4945: 4936: 4927: 4918: 4900: 4855: 4782: 4754: 4742: 4625: 4568: 4520: 4511: 4502: 4493: 4484: 4475: 4466: 4373:American Journal of Archaeology 4364: 3886:, a bathing and leisure complex 3829:Significant buildings and areas 3731:(model of Imperial Rome at the 3495:was an ancient Roman system of 2637:in 27 BC, the oldest surviving 2411:construction of Trajan's Column 2187:List of Roman villas in Belgium 2183:List of Roman villas in England 2138:. The Roman theatre also had a 2115:were built in all areas of the 2000:, columns at the side might be 1922:after his naval victory at the 1492:term is often used to refer to 1294:The oldest known basilica, the 1120: 786:in the English-speaking world, 697:Influence on later architecture 10940:Roman architectural revolution 7715:Housing and apartments in Rome 7585:Roman Architecture and Society 6832:Peet, Stephen Denison (1911). 6765:, Cambridge University Press, 6706:Miller, Stella Grobel (1972). 6540:. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. 5981: 5477:"Designing the segmental arch" 4355: 4334: 4280: 4271: 3986:Roman theatre of Philippopolis 3700: 3527: 2908:(1st century BC). The general 2562:List of Roman triumphal arches 2518:became a national indulgence. 2450:, Italy – three Roman obelisks 1689: 1531:Johns Hopkins University Press 910: 895:was found much closer, around 683:Roman architectural revolution 546:permitted the construction of 427:Roman architectural revolution 410:Roman architectural revolution 13: 1: 10212:Anatolian Seljuk architecture 6871:Richardson, Lawrence (1992). 6263:Studies in ancient technology 6260:Forbes, Robert James (1993). 6182:10.1080/00438243.1990.9980116 5752:Arenillas & Castillo 2003 5261:"Three Obelisks in Benevento" 4259: 3778:Many European towns, such as 3619:List of ancient spiral stairs 3339: 3271:Ancient Roman defensive walls 2752:List of Roman victory columns 2494:were influenced by Egyptian, 2464:, 1st century AD, 5.80 m 2333:The initial invention of the 2322: 1827:List of Ancient Roman temples 1252:), built during the reign of 949:(4th century) and remains of 539:, both in Provence, France. 176:construction mostly based on 82: 63:509 BC (establishment of the 10917: 8341:Frontiers and fortifications 7699:Resources in other libraries 7453:The Journal of Roman Studies 7345:Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2000). 7255:Sullivan, George H. (2006). 6896:Journal of Roman Archaeology 6481:. Laurence King Publishing. 6226:(in German). München: Beck. 4264: 3972:Rotunda Church of St. George 3558:, and containing one of the 3471: 2362: 1582:, that date to the reign of 1480:, Italy, built c. 145–150 AD 1413:Every city had at least one 1244:, Germany (then part of the 1180:in Rome. They were used for 844: 618:to realize the potential of 7: 11457:Portland Cement Association 11432:American Concrete Institute 8400:Decorations and punishments 7550:Zaho, Margaret Ann (2004). 7484:Wilson Jones, Mark (2000). 6970:. In Smith, William (ed.). 6742:Morris, Anthony E. (1972). 6656:The Woodwork of Greek Roofs 6534:Kaszynski, William (2000). 6220:Demandt, Alexander (1998). 6062:Benevolo, Leonardo (1993). 6019:. Oxford University Press. 5824:Baiae, historic site, Italy 5742:, pp. 60, table 1, 62. 4713:Potter & Mattingly 1999 4472:Summerson, 13, 22–23, 40–44 4254:Agriculture in ancient Rome 4239:Architecture of Mesopotamia 4159: 3727:to the south (left) of the 3259:multiple-arch buttress dams 3098: 3083:and are still traceable by 2951:over the Guadiana River at 2811: 2514:wrote that during his time 2416: 2090: 1973:, and usually a triangular 1656:and smaller divisions. The 1260: 1133:List of Roman amphitheatres 1001:, which operated their own 386:. This came initially from 246: 221:Crisis of the Third Century 10: 11574: 11548:Ancient Roman architecture 10935:Ancient Roman architecture 9307:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 7882:historiography of the fall 7680:Ancient Roman architecture 7625:MacDonald, William Lloyd. 7537:The Architecture of Europe 7330:Walters, Henry Beauchamp; 6966:Schmitz, Leonhard (1875). 5763:Fields, Nic; Peter Dennis 5451:Gagarin & Fantham 2010 5342:Fürst & Grundmann 1998 4461:Heinle & Schlaich 1996 4449:Mark & Hutchinson 1986 4234:Ancient Greek architecture 3733:Museo della civiltà romana 3704: 3676:Roman military engineering 3646:in the imperial cities of 3631:which, due to its complex 3616: 3531: 3377: 3373: 3268: 3154: 3102: 3052: 2937: 2931: 2927: 2821: 2815: 2765: 2749: 2559: 2420: 2405:. For lifting operations, 2366: 2329:List of ancient watermills 2326: 2176: 2170: 2094: 1824: 1818: 1814: 1748:List of Roman public baths 1745: 1739: 1735: 1693: 1549: 1463: 1375: 1369: 1130: 1124: 1020: 914: 713:for example. In the East, 595: 589: 380:ancient Greek architecture 365: 94:ancient Greek architecture 90:Ancient Roman architecture 39:Ancient Roman architecture 28: 11517: 11501: 11470: 11447:Indian Concrete Institute 11424: 11361: 11233: 11187: 11106: 11043: 10963: 10925: 10800: 10769: 10718: 10583: 10320: 10279: 10154: 10067: 9985: 9967: 9914: 9878: 9837: 9741: 9688:External wars and battles 9555: 9449: 9262: 8854: 8847: 8769: 8681: 8586: 8461: 8413: 8291: 8241: 8180: 8171: 8053: 8005: 7925: 7842: 7812: 7803: 7785: 7694:Resources in your library 7364:10.1017/CHOL9780521325912 7306:. Yale University Press. 7302:Ulrich, Roger B. (2007). 7096:. In Martin Henig (ed.). 6779:O'Flaherty, C.A. (2002). 6654:Hodge, A. Trevor (1960), 6513:Juracek, Judy A. (1996). 6437:Hodge, A. Trevor (1992), 5475:Beall, Christine (1988). 5391:Honour & Fleming 2005 4952:Fowler, W. Warde (1899). 4437:Lechtman & Hobbs 1986 3766:Model of the 1st century 3048: 2912:gives more detail in his 2681:Arch of Septimius Severus 2629:(Ariminum), dedicated to 2097:Roman theatre (structure) 1943:Temple of Hercules Victor 1902:(mid 2nd century BC) and 1900:Temple of Hercules Victor 1892:decline of Roman religion 1545: 1309: 1035:on a tomb on the ancient 991:ceramic building material 878:Temple of Hercules Victor 754:Neoclassical architecture 59: 43: 9735:Roman architecture lists 7664:. Somerset: Wiley, 2013. 6761:O'Connor, Colin (1993), 6081:Bunson, Matthew (2009). 6064:Die Geschichte der Stadt 5900:, pp. 39–41, 51–60. 5767:Osprey Publishing; 2008 5644:James & Chanson 2002 4563:Walters & Birch 1905 2958:Roman bridges, built by 2761: 2714:usually depicted flying 2689:Triumphal Arch of Orange 2423:List of obelisks in Rome 2166: 1450:A panoramic view of the 1365: 864:Santa Maria degli Angeli 849: 585: 392:Roman conquest of Greece 96:for the purposes of the 11553:Culture of ancient Rome 9977:History of construction 9961:History of architecture 9683:Roman–Iranian relations 8158:Optimates and populares 7372:2027/mdp.39015030095528 7100:A Handbook of Roman Art 6387:A Handbook of Roman Art 6327:Gardner, Helen (2005), 6285:. Edition Axel Menges. 6089:. Infobase Publishing. 5832:. Accessed 6 June 2021. 5829:Encyclopedia Britannica 5362:Encyclopædia Britannica 4244:Achaemenid architecture 4229:Outline of architecture 4224:Outline of ancient Rome 3928:(Senate House), in Rome 3881:– these were a massive 3601:(81–96 AD) on the 3150: 3121:provided water for the 2106:Roman Theatre of Mérida 1947:Lucius Mummius Achaicus 1870:to whom the temple was 1302:during the time he was 1143:Amphitheatre of Pompeii 805:or in a fireplace or a 707:Romanesque architecture 616:history of architecture 492:, was the invention of 215:and the scrolls of the 141:Romanesque architecture 11225:Alkali–silica reaction 10983:Energetically modified 9972:Architectural timeline 9693:Civil wars and revolts 8959:Sextus Pompeius Festus 8606:Conflict of the Orders 7965:Legislative assemblies 7727:10 August 2011 at the 7155:Smith, Norman (1971), 7121:Technology and Culture 7052:, 2004 translation of 7030:Historische Talsperren 7012:Historische Talsperren 6994:Historische Talsperren 6974:. London: John Murray. 6905:Roman Baths in Britain 6838:. Jameson & Morse. 6563:. München: C.H. Beck. 6479:A world history of art 6266:. Vol. 2. Brill. 5222:Baker & Baker 2001 4111: 3869: 3855: 3841: 3775: 3736: 3684:Basilica of San Vitale 3566: 3488: 3485:Saint-Rémy-de-Provence 3401: 3369:Architectural features 3283: 3143:or naval bases of the 3126: 3105:List of Roman cisterns 2977:, although a few were 2955: 2845: 2780: 2672: 2641: 2488: 2442:Place de la République 2382: 2265:Villa of the Mysteries 2203: 2196:Villa of the Mysteries 2109: 2020: 1954: 1852:ancient Roman religion 1847: 1765: 1760:that lend the city of 1713: 1564: 1481: 1394: 1257: 1157: 1040: 961: 938: 866: 776:Palladian architecture 771: 760:from the Greek world. 746:five rather than three 715:Byzantine architecture 611: 422: 344:Hispania Tarraconensis 303: 260: 161: 137:Byzantine architecture 106:classical architecture 86: 11558:Architectural history 10514:America and Australia 10134:Medieval Scandinavian 9865:Roman Forum monuments 9402:Simplicius of Cilicia 9154:Quintus Curtius Rufus 8383:Siege in Ancient Rome 7992:Executive magistrates 7604:Hopkins, John North. 7407:History of Technology 7092:Smith, D. J. (1983). 6578:Lampe, Peter (2006). 6559:Die Stadt im Altertum 6441:, London: Duckworth, 6246:subscription required 5706:, p. 332, fn. 2. 5544:, p. 28, fig. 7. 4664:The Classical Journal 4103:, built in 122 AD in 4099: 3861: 3847: 3836: 3765: 3722: 3705:Further information: 3617:Further information: 3607:Basilica of Maxentius 3554:, dating to the late 3541: 3532:Further information: 3479: 3387: 3296:Etruscan architecture 3278: 3185:, created by emperor 3163:early imperial period 3155:Further information: 3112: 3103:Further information: 3053:Further information: 3007:Industrial Revolution 2947: 2940:List of Roman bridges 2938:Further information: 2852:constructed numerous 2835: 2822:Further information: 2775: 2750:Further information: 2666: 2620: 2560:Further information: 2479: 2421:Further information: 2376: 2367:Further information: 2358:Decorative structures 2327:Further information: 2310:Catholic Encyclopedia 2194: 2104: 2014: 1940: 1932:San Nicola in Carcere 1834: 1825:Further information: 1755: 1746:Further information: 1703: 1559: 1471: 1389: 1376:Further information: 1235: 1140: 1131:Further information: 1030: 944: 924: 857: 780:Georgian architecture 766: 605: 596:Further information: 417: 294: 254: 235:glazing (examples in 170:Etruscan architecture 149: 76: 11210:Environmental impact 11068:Reversing drum mixer 10756:Critical regionalism 9886:Lists of Roman sites 9412:Stephanus Byzantinus 9317:Eusebius of Caesaria 9179:Sidonius Apollinaris 8869:Ammianus Marcellinus 8208:Tribune of the plebs 7611:Lancaster, Lynne C. 6555:Kolb, Frank (1984). 6385:Henig, Martin (ed), 6176:(3): 407–424 (407), 5155:Michael D. Gunther. 4829:The Classical Weekly 4791:The Classical Weekly 4133:Military engineering 4039:Private architecture 3695:Islamic architecture 3137:, imperial palaces, 3135:agricultural estates 3055:List of Roman canals 3013:, which they called 2639:Roman triumphal arch 2436:Arles, France – the 2073:Romano-Celtic temple 2044:and its variant the 1535:The Classical Weekly 979:Constantine Basilica 788:Federal architecture 784:Regency architecture 750:Baroque architecture 719:Islamic architecture 580:Islamic architecture 558:, such as Hadrian's 31:Architecture of Rome 10695:Stripped Classicism 10670:International style 10653:Rationalist-Fascist 10302:Portuguese Colonial 10052:Pre-Islamic Persian 9784:Dams and reservoirs 9588:Distinguished women 9239:Velleius Paterculus 9079:Nicolaus Damascenus 9059:Marcellus Empiricus 8448:Republican currency 7583:Anderson, James C. 7576:Adam, Jean Pierre. 7065:Geographical Review 6903:Rook, Tony (1992), 6349:. pp. 375–392. 5924:, pp. 256–267. 5912:, pp. 169–238. 5888:, pp. 353–356. 5801:, pp. 121–123. 5789:, pp. 116–119. 5515:, pp. 310–319. 5329:, pp. 133–134. 5267:on 13 December 2012 5212:, pp. 419–439. 5061:, pp. 373–378. 4966:Summerson, pp. 8–13 4622:, pp. 201–223. 4216:Architecture portal 4174:Ancient Rome portal 3998:, Plovdiv, Bulgaria 3988:, Plovdiv, Bulgaria 3898:Baths of Diocletian 3353:(from 122) and the 3280:Roman walls of Lugo 3224:Concrete Revolution 3091:are covered at the 3081:ancient geographers 2918:Aqueduct of Segovia 2685:Arch of Constantine 2385:In architecture, a 2341:in the wake of the 2317:Diocletian's Palace 2234:Villa of the Papyri 2061:sacred architecture 2034:Italian Renaissance 860:Baths of Diocletian 792:Stripped Classicism 730:Italian Renaissance 644:sacred architecture 598:List of Roman domes 564:Baths of Diocletian 513:Aqueduct of Segovia 320:Baths of Diocletian 296:Aqueduct of Segovia 40: 11313:Self-consolidating 11005:Water–cement ratio 10700:Postconstructivism 10643:Streamline Moderne 9362:Phlegon of Tralles 9169:Seneca the Younger 8643:Naming conventions 8373:Personal equipment 7906:Later Roman Empire 7646:Thomas, Edmund V. 7641:Roman Architecture 7321:Vitrivius (1914). 6639:Greek Architecture 6300:Gagarin, Michael; 5235:"Museo del Sannio" 4112: 3904:Baths of Caracalla 3870: 3856: 3842: 3839:Baths of Caracalla 3776: 3737: 3725:Temple of Claudius 3567: 3497:underfloor heating 3489: 3402: 3334:(2nd century BC), 3284: 3127: 3085:modern archaeology 2956: 2846: 2805:Laws and standards 2781: 2728:currus triumphalis 2683:(203–205) and the 2673: 2642: 2489: 2383: 2315:With the colossal 2204: 2110: 2021: 2017:Temple of Portunus 2006:Temple of Claudius 1955: 1904:Temple of Portunus 1848: 1766: 1764:, England its name 1714: 1652:referring to both 1565: 1520:horrea subterranea 1482: 1395: 1258: 1158: 1127:Roman amphitheatre 1041: 962: 947:St. George Rotunda 939: 867: 772: 612: 568:Baths of Caracalla 535:and the bridge at 531:in Spain, and the 423: 324:Baths of Caracalla 304: 298:(1st century AD), 261: 162: 87: 38: 18:Roman architecture 11535: 11534: 11527:Category:Concrete 11308:Roller-compacting 11129:Climbing formwork 10978:Calcium aluminate 10950:Roman engineering 10885: 10884: 9927: 9926: 9901:Villas in England 9896:Villas in Belgium 9850:Ancient monuments 9701: 9700: 9663:Pontifices maximi 9445: 9444: 9302:Diogenes Laërtius 9124:Pliny the Younger 8879:Asconius Pedianus 8839:Romance languages 8711:Civil engineering 8453:Imperial currency 8326:Political control 8287: 8286: 7921: 7920: 7675:Library resources 7655:Roman Woodworking 7653:Ulrich, Roger B. 7561:978-0-8204-6235-6 7495:978-0-300-08138-1 7443:978-90-04-11123-3 7425:978-90-04-11123-3 7381:978-0-521-32591-2 7313:978-0-300-10341-0 7304:Roman Woodworking 7286:Thames and Hudson 7268:978-0-7867-1749-1 7261:. Da Capo Press. 7166:978-0-432-15090-0 7157:A History of Dams 7111:978-0-7148-2214-3 7046:Semper, Gottfried 7039:978-3-87919-145-1 7021:978-3-87919-145-1 7003:978-3-87919-145-1 6914:978-0-7478-0157-3 6886:978-0-8018-4300-6 6854:978-0-472-08568-2 6824:978-90-04-10378-8 6805:978-0-7506-5090-8 6772:978-0-521-39326-3 6698:978-0-924171-59-8 6589:978-0-8264-8102-3 6570:978-3-406-03172-4 6547:978-0-7864-0822-1 6526:978-0-393-73007-4 6488:978-1-85669-451-3 6470:978-90-04-11123-3 6448:978-0-7156-2194-3 6365:978-3-421-03062-7 6338:978-0-495-00479-0 6319:978-0-19-517072-6 6292:978-3-930698-60-8 6273:978-90-04-00622-5 6242:Oxford Art Online 6233:978-3-406-43301-6 6190:Anatolian Studies 6170:World Archaeology 6119:978-0-415-16593-8 6096:978-1-4381-1027-1 6073:978-3-593-34906-0 6026:978-0-19-512221-3 5859:, pp. 148f.. 5844:, pp. 38–44. 5773:978-1-84603-198-4 5765:The Walls of Rome 5718:, pp. 59–62. 5658:, pp. 33–35. 5595:, pp. 331f.. 5317:, pp. 18–25. 5241:on 6 October 2014 5200:, pp. 7, 16. 5145:, pp. 406f.. 5073:, pp. 12–15. 5025:, pp. 396f.. 5000:Ward-Perkins 2000 4976:Wilson Jones 2000 4739:, pp. 14–15. 4565:, p. 330–40. 4550:, pp. 35–36. 4481:Summerson, 10–13, 4350:Ward-Perkins 1956 4121:Roman engineering 4115:Civil engineering 4107:, in what is now 4064:Catacombs of Rome 3953:Tower of Hercules 3938:Forum of Augustus 3934:(former building) 3711:Decumanus Maximus 3644:triumphal columns 3438:Opus vermiculatum 3292:Porchester Castle 3288:Saxon Shore forts 3247:arch-gravity dams 3219:opus caementicium 3015:opus caementicium 2842:Vers-Pont-du-Gard 2693:arcus quadrifrons 2202:, seen from above 2050:that at Alcántara 2032:, and subsequent 1837:Temple of Bacchus 1722:Tower of Hercules 1706:Tower of Hercules 1600:and interiors in 1552:Insula (building) 1047:supporting broad 1033:opus caementicium 966:fired clay bricks 839:Buckingham Palace 659:Mediterranean Sea 537:Vaison-la-Romaine 521:aqueducts of Rome 519:, and the eleven 498:opus caementicium 316:aqueducts of Rome 71: 70: 16:(Redirected from 11565: 11525: 11524: 11437:Concrete Society 11248:Fiber-reinforced 11063:Volumetric mixer 10955:Roman technology 10912: 10905: 10898: 10889: 10888: 10777:Deconstructivism 10536:Spanish Colonial 10297:Spanish Colonial 10197:Western Chalukya 10005:Ancient Egyptian 9954: 9947: 9940: 9931: 9930: 9819:Triumphal arches 9728: 9721: 9714: 9705: 9704: 9653:Magistri equitum 9568:Cities and towns 9561: 9487:Constantinopolis 9297:Diodorus Siculus 9229:Valerius Maximus 9164:Seneca the Elder 9084:Nonius Marcellus 8852: 8851: 8405:Hippika gymnasia 8368:Infantry tactics 8274:Consular tribune 8264:Magister equitum 8213:Military tribune 8178: 8177: 8138:Pontifex maximus 8133:Princeps senatus 8123:Magister militum 7889:Byzantine Empire 7810: 7809: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7748: 7747: 7737: 7590:Boëthius, Axel. 7565: 7529: 7499: 7480: 7446: 7428: 7410: 7398: 7385: 7351: 7341: 7326: 7317: 7284:, 1980 edition, 7272: 7251: 7214: 7169: 7151: 7115: 7103: 7088: 7042: 7024: 7006: 6988: 6975: 6962: 6917: 6899: 6890: 6878: 6867: 6858: 6839: 6828: 6809: 6790:. pp. 1–5. 6785: 6775: 6757: 6738: 6712: 6702: 6683: 6659: 6650: 6631: 6593: 6574: 6562: 6551: 6530: 6509: 6492: 6473: 6451: 6433: 6382: 6376: 6368: 6350: 6341: 6323: 6296: 6277: 6256: 6237: 6216: 6184: 6161: 6123: 6100: 6077: 6058: 6042:(3/4): 348–357, 6030: 6009: 5996: 5975: 5974: 5967: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5670:, pp. 31f.. 5665: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5607:, pp. 86f.. 5602: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5583:, pp. 60f.. 5578: 5572: 5566: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5481: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5379: 5376: 5365: 5354: 5345: 5339: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5263:. Archived from 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5237:. Archived from 5231: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5163:. Archived from 5152: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4925: 4922: 4916: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4824: 4815: 4814: 4786: 4780: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4751:, Epist. VIII.18 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4659: 4650: 4649: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4413: 4412: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4319:, pp. 18f.. 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4249:Roman technology 4218: 4213: 4212: 4204: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4190: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4176: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4154:Limes Germanicus 4109:Northern England 3958:Tropaeum Traiani 3873:Public buildings 3672:medieval castles 3458:opus tessellatum 3344: 3341: 3191:Late Middle Ages 3115:Basilica Cistern 3069:land reclamation 3024:in southwestern 2999:Segovia Aqueduct 2983:Alconétar Bridge 2889:eleven aqueducts 2648:and would erect 2623:Arch of Augustus 2556:Triumphal arches 2403:obelisk carriers 2345:and the rise of 2263:, including the 2042:Corinthian order 2025:classical orders 1969:with columns, a 1916:Forum Holitorium 1835:"Roman Baroque" 1801:is discussed by 1797:. The design of 1696:Roman lighthouse 1597:opus reticulatum 1458:on the far left. 1443: 964:The Romans made 831:Lincoln Memorial 823:Capitol building 758:direct influence 742:Composite orders 687:structural steel 548:vaulted ceilings 483:Gottfried Semper 481:. According to 384:classical orders 266:classical orders 255:Interior of the 84: 67:)–4th century AD 48: 41: 37: 21: 11573: 11572: 11568: 11567: 11566: 11564: 11563: 11562: 11538: 11537: 11536: 11531: 11513: 11497: 11466: 11420: 11357: 11229: 11183: 11102: 11078:Flow table test 11039: 10959: 10921: 10916: 10886: 10881: 10796: 10765: 10714: 10648:Totalitarianism 10638:New Objectivity 10579: 10432:Serbo-Byzantine 10427:Russo-Byzantine 10316: 10275: 10150: 10127:Islamic Persian 10063: 9981: 9963: 9958: 9928: 9923: 9910: 9906:Villas in Wales 9879:Other countries 9874: 9833: 9824:Victory columns 9737: 9732: 9702: 9697: 9559: 9557: 9551: 9441: 9277:Aëtius of Amida 9258: 9244:Verrius Flaccus 9224:Valerius Antias 9184:Silius Italicus 9119:Pliny the Elder 9064:Marcus Aurelius 8939:Cornelius Nepos 8889:Aurelius Victor 8843: 8765: 8677: 8611:Secessio plebis 8582: 8457: 8409: 8283: 8237: 8167: 8049: 8001: 7917: 7838: 7799: 7781: 7775: 7735: 7729:Wayback Machine 7705: 7704: 7703: 7683: 7682: 7678: 7671: 7573: 7571:Further reading 7568: 7562: 7533:Yarwood, Doreen 7496: 7462:10.2307/3184857 7444: 7426: 7403:Wikander, Örjan 7382: 7349: 7314: 7276:Summerson, John 7269: 7232:10.2307/4238817 7187:10.2307/4126281 7167: 7133:10.2307/3102810 7112: 7040: 7022: 7004: 6915: 6887: 6855: 6825: 6806: 6783: 6773: 6754: 6710: 6699: 6673:10.2307/3050861 6635:Lawrence, A. W. 6590: 6571: 6548: 6527: 6519:. W.W. Norton. 6489: 6471: 6457:Wikander, Örjan 6449: 6414:10.2307/1087740 6370: 6369: 6366: 6339: 6320: 6304:, eds. (2010). 6302:Fantham, Elaine 6293: 6274: 6234: 6198:10.2307/3643076 6120: 6097: 6074: 6048:10.2307/1192605 6027: 5984: 5979: 5978: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5944: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5920: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5884: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5855: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5821: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5797: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5762: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5740:Schnitter 1987b 5738: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5716:Schnitter 1987b 5714: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5692:Schnitter 1987c 5690: 5686: 5680:Schnitter 1987a 5678: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5654: 5650: 5642: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5567: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5528: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5439:O'Flaherty 2002 5437: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5382: 5377: 5368: 5355: 5348: 5340: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5313: 5304: 5296: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5270: 5268: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5170: 5168: 5167:on 5 April 2007 5153: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5049:, pp. 7f.. 5045: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4841:10.2307/4389377 4825: 4818: 4803:10.2307/4389377 4787: 4783: 4771: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4689:Richardson 1992 4687: 4683: 4660: 4653: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4620:Bomgardner 2000 4618: 4614: 4608:Bomgardner 2000 4606: 4602: 4596:Bomgardner 2000 4594: 4590: 4584:Bomgardner 2000 4582: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4423: 4416: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4315: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4214: 4207: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4186: 4181: 4179: 4172: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4135: 4127:Roman watermill 4117: 4041: 3943:Hadrian's Villa 3914:Trajan's Column 3894:of July in 109. 3879:Baths of Trajan 3875: 3863:Hadrian's Villa 3831: 3757:grid of streets 3744:in Italy. (see 3717: 3703: 3642:Apart from the 3637:Trajan's Column 3621: 3615: 3536: 3530: 3505:central heating 3474: 3410:imperial period 3390:Hadrian's Villa 3382: 3376: 3371: 3342: 3273: 3267: 3265:Defensive walls 3216:and especially 3198:embankment dams 3159: 3153: 3123:Imperial Palace 3107: 3101: 3057: 3051: 3030:Trajan's bridge 2942: 2936: 2930: 2914:official report 2905:De architectura 2830: 2820: 2814: 2808:to being flat. 2770: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2748: 2746:Victory columns 2608:Pliny the Elder 2564: 2558: 2474: 2425: 2419: 2379:Trajan's Column 2377:The capital of 2371: 2365: 2360: 2331: 2325: 2312:"Gethsemane"). 2292:translated the 2269:villa suburbana 2226:Hadrian's Villa 2189: 2175: 2169: 2099: 2093: 2085:Celtic religion 2056:could be used. 2046:Composite order 2002:engaged columns 1928:Renaissance era 1924:Battle of Mylae 1918:, dedicated by 1912:Temple of Janus 1829: 1823: 1817: 1808:De architectura 1750: 1744: 1738: 1698: 1692: 1554: 1548: 1539:Pliny the Elder 1466: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1456:Trajan's Column 1449: 1444: 1384: 1374: 1368: 1312: 1296:Basilica Porcia 1263: 1256:(r. 306–337 AD) 1222:animal killings 1204:and footraces. 1135: 1129: 1123: 1118: 1074:De architectura 1025: 1019: 919: 913: 858:Frigidarium of 852: 847: 699: 667:post and lintel 600: 594: 588: 570:, all in Rome. 507:throughout the 412: 368: 259:, c. 113–125 AD 249: 166:Imperial period 55: 50:Remains of the 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11571: 11561: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11533: 11532: 11530: 11529: 11518: 11515: 11514: 11512: 11511: 11505: 11503: 11499: 11498: 11496: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11474: 11472: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11428: 11426: 11422: 11421: 11419: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11396:Concrete block 11393: 11392: 11391: 11386: 11384:voided biaxial 11381: 11376: 11365: 11363: 11359: 11358: 11356: 11355: 11354: 11353: 11348: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11239: 11237: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11191: 11189: 11185: 11184: 11182: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11110: 11108: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11088:Concrete cover 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11058:Concrete mixer 11055: 11049: 11047: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10996: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10969: 10967: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10945:Roman concrete 10942: 10937: 10931: 10929: 10923: 10922: 10915: 10914: 10907: 10900: 10892: 10883: 10882: 10880: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10853: 10852: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10831: 10830: 10825: 10815: 10810: 10804: 10802: 10798: 10797: 10795: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10773: 10771: 10767: 10766: 10764: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10722: 10720: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10666: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10633:Constructivism 10630: 10625: 10620: 10619: 10618: 10608: 10606:Prairie School 10603: 10598: 10593: 10587: 10585: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10577: 10576: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10550: 10549: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10517: 10516: 10511: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10487: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10435: 10434: 10429: 10414: 10413: 10412: 10402: 10401: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10324: 10322: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10283: 10281: 10277: 10276: 10274: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10252: 10251: 10241: 10236: 10235: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10201: 10200: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10181: 10180: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10158: 10156: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10148: 10147: 10146: 10139:Pre-Romanesque 10136: 10131: 10130: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10099: 10098: 10097: 10092: 10084: 10079: 10073: 10071: 10069:1st millennium 10065: 10064: 10062: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10049: 10048: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10027: 10022: 10021: 10020: 10015: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9991: 9989: 9983: 9982: 9980: 9979: 9974: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9957: 9956: 9949: 9942: 9934: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9921: 9915: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9891:Sites in Spain 9888: 9882: 9880: 9876: 9875: 9873: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9841: 9839: 9835: 9834: 9832: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9745: 9743: 9739: 9738: 9731: 9730: 9723: 9716: 9708: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9564: 9562: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9453: 9451: 9447: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9268: 9266: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9129:Pomponius Mela 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8864:Aelius Donatus 8860: 8858: 8849: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8835: 8834: 8832:Ecclesiastical 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8786: 8781: 8775: 8773: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8687: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8634: 8633: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8592: 8590: 8584: 8583: 8581: 8580: 8575: 8573:Toys and games 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8544: 8543: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8467: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8419: 8417: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8355: 8350: 8349: 8348: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8297: 8295: 8289: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8184: 8182: 8175: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8113:Vigintisexviri 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8073:Cursus honorum 8070: 8065: 8059: 8057: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8011: 8009: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7931: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7879: 7872:Western Empire 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7848: 7846: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7797: 7792: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7774: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7732: 7718: 7712: 7702: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7669:External links 7667: 7666: 7665: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7560: 7554:. Peter Lang. 7547: 7530: 7513:(2): 273–283, 7500: 7494: 7481: 7447: 7442: 7429: 7424: 7411: 7399: 7386: 7380: 7342: 7340:. John Murray. 7327: 7318: 7312: 7299: 7273: 7267: 7252: 7215: 7181:(3): 411–434. 7170: 7165: 7152: 7116: 7110: 7089: 7077:10.2307/209149 7071:(3): 420–443. 7060: 7043: 7038: 7025: 7020: 7007: 7002: 6989: 6976: 6963: 6935:10.2307/507025 6929:(3): 449–489. 6918: 6913: 6900: 6891: 6885: 6868: 6859: 6853: 6840: 6829: 6823: 6810: 6804: 6776: 6771: 6758: 6753:978-0711438019 6752: 6739: 6721:(3): 332–354. 6703: 6697: 6684: 6660: 6651: 6642: 6632: 6613:10.2307/506969 6607:(3): 419–439, 6594: 6588: 6575: 6569: 6552: 6546: 6531: 6525: 6510: 6493: 6487: 6474: 6469: 6452: 6447: 6434: 6408:(4): 342–347. 6397: 6383: 6364: 6351: 6342: 6337: 6324: 6318: 6297: 6291: 6278: 6272: 6257: 6248: 6238: 6232: 6217: 6185: 6166:DeLaine, Janet 6162: 6143:10.2307/630416 6124: 6118: 6101: 6095: 6078: 6072: 6059: 6031: 6025: 6010: 5997: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5962: 5950: 5946:Vitrivius 1914 5938: 5926: 5914: 5902: 5890: 5873: 5861: 5846: 5834: 5815: 5803: 5791: 5779: 5756: 5744: 5732: 5728:Schnitter 1978 5720: 5708: 5696: 5684: 5672: 5668:Schnitter 1978 5660: 5648: 5633: 5621: 5609: 5597: 5585: 5573: 5571:, p. 332. 5558: 5546: 5542:Schnitter 1978 5534: 5517: 5505: 5503:, p. 126. 5493: 5467: 5455: 5453:, p. 145. 5443: 5431: 5429:, p. 195. 5419: 5415:Kaszynski 2000 5407: 5405:, p. 146. 5395: 5380: 5366: 5357:Triumphal Arch 5346: 5331: 5319: 5302: 5300:, p. 436. 5290: 5288:, p. 435. 5278: 5252: 5226: 5214: 5210:Lancaster 1999 5202: 5190: 5186:Wirsching 2000 5178: 5147: 5143:Wikander 2000b 5135: 5123: 5121:, p. 407. 5119:Wikander 2000b 5111: 5099: 5097:, p. 403. 5095:Wikander 2000b 5087: 5085:, p. 158. 5075: 5063: 5059:Wikander 2000a 5051: 5039: 5027: 5023:Wikander 2000a 5015: 5004: 5002:, p. 333. 4992: 4980: 4968: 4959: 4944: 4935: 4933:Wheeler, p. 89 4926: 4917: 4899: 4887: 4875: 4871:Hermansen 1970 4863: 4854: 4816: 4781: 4765: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4727:, p. 149. 4717: 4715:, p. 180. 4705: 4693: 4691:, p. 193. 4681: 4670:(8): 318–326. 4651: 4624: 4612: 4600: 4588: 4576: 4567: 4552: 4540: 4538:, p. 310. 4528: 4519: 4510: 4501: 4492: 4490:Summerson, 13, 4483: 4474: 4465: 4453: 4441: 4429: 4427:, p. 117. 4414: 4385:10.2307/497176 4379:(2): 155–174. 4363: 4354: 4342: 4333: 4331:, p. 170. 4321: 4309: 4307:, p. 407. 4297: 4288: 4279: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4205: 4202:History portal 4191: 4177: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4149:Hadrian's Wall 4146: 4141: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4116: 4113: 4101:Hadrian's Wall 4094: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4023: 4013: 3999: 3989: 3983: 3969: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3926:Curia Hostilia 3923: 3920:Circus Maximus 3917: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3895: 3874: 3871: 3830: 3827: 3702: 3699: 3680:late antiquity 3652:Constantinople 3614: 3611: 3556:Roman Republic 3529: 3526: 3473: 3470: 3378:Main article: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3351:Hadrian's Wall 3269:Main article: 3266: 3263: 3152: 3149: 3119:Constantinople 3100: 3097: 3050: 3047: 3003:Pons Fabricius 2993:, such as the 2960:ancient Romans 2932:Main article: 2929: 2926: 2922:Constantinople 2866:sewage systems 2818:Roman aqueduct 2816:Main article: 2813: 2810: 2788:Roman Republic 2766:Main article: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2757:Infrastructure 2755: 2747: 2744: 2597:ancient Greece 2581:Roman Republic 2577:Roman triumphs 2568:triumphal arch 2557: 2554: 2516:flower gardens 2508:Cato the Elder 2473: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2465: 2451: 2445: 2418: 2415: 2407:ancient cranes 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2324: 2321: 2294:Gospel of Mark 2257:Campus Martius 2246:country houses 2171:Main article: 2168: 2165: 2113:Roman theatres 2095:Main article: 2092: 2089: 2077:Western Empire 1986:and temple of 1984:Pantheon, Rome 1949:, who won the 1819:Main article: 1816: 1813: 1740:Main article: 1737: 1734: 1694:Main article: 1691: 1688: 1633:and 44,850 of 1550:Main article: 1547: 1544: 1516:Gaius Gracchus 1465: 1462: 1452:Forum Trajanum 1446: 1445: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1370:Main article: 1367: 1364: 1339:chariot racing 1311: 1308: 1300:Cato the Elder 1262: 1259: 1250:Gallia Belgica 1246:Roman province 1190:Roman theatres 1166:triumphal arch 1164:was, with the 1151:Mount Vesuvius 1125:Main article: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1116:Building types 1114: 1082:Roman concrete 1023:Roman concrete 1021:Main article: 1018: 1017:Roman concrete 1015: 915:Main article: 912: 909: 851: 848: 846: 843: 728:In Europe the 703:Pre-Romanesque 698: 695: 590:Main article: 587: 584: 511:, such as the 494:Roman concrete 411: 408: 367: 364: 360:Hadrian's Wall 277:Roman concrete 257:Pantheon, Rome 248: 245: 118:Roman concrete 110:Roman Republic 98:ancient Romans 69: 68: 65:Roman Republic 61: 57: 56: 49: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11570: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11545: 11543: 11528: 11520: 11519: 11516: 11510: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11500: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11475: 11473: 11469: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11429: 11427: 11425:Organizations 11423: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11390: 11389:slab on grade 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11371: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11364: 11360: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11318:Self-leveling 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11238: 11236: 11232: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11192: 11190: 11186: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11119:Cast-in-place 11117: 11115: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11105: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11050: 11048: 11046: 11042: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11015:Reinforcement 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10974: 10971: 10970: 10968: 10966: 10962: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10932: 10930: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10913: 10908: 10906: 10901: 10899: 10894: 10893: 10890: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10851: 10848: 10847: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10820: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10803: 10799: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10787:New Classical 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10768: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10731:Structuralism 10729: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10717: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10675:Functionalism 10673: 10671: 10668: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10650: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10617: 10614: 10613: 10612: 10611:Expressionism 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10582: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10563:Liberty style 10561: 10559: 10556: 10555: 10554: 10551: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10496:Neo-Manueline 10494: 10492: 10489: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10470: 10469:Monumentalism 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10459:Mediterranean 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10424: 10423: 10420: 10419: 10418: 10415: 10411: 10408: 10407: 10406: 10403: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10330: 10329: 10326: 10325: 10323: 10319: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10282: 10278: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10250: 10247: 10246: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10239:Romano-Gothic 10237: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10164: 10163: 10160: 10159: 10157: 10153: 10145: 10142: 10141: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10104: 10103: 10100: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10066: 10058: 10055: 10054: 10053: 10050: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10040:Ancient Roman 10038: 10036: 10035:Ancient Greek 10033: 10032: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9988: 9984: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9969: 9966: 9962: 9955: 9950: 9948: 9943: 9941: 9936: 9935: 9932: 9920: 9917: 9916: 9913: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9877: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9836: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9809:Spiral stairs 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9749:Amphitheatres 9747: 9746: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9729: 9724: 9722: 9717: 9715: 9710: 9709: 9706: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9563: 9554: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9448: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9261: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9019:Julius Paulus 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8954:Fabius Pictor 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8853: 8850: 8846: 8840: 8837: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8768: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8691:Amphitheatres 8689: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8680: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8632: 8629: 8628: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8585: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8460: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8428:Deforestation 8426: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8412: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8378:Siege engines 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8311:Establishment 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8290: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8242:Extraordinary 8240: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8228:Promagistrate 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8170: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8015:Twelve Tables 8013: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8004: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7890: 7887: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7841: 7835: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7784: 7779: 7772: 7767: 7765: 7760: 7758: 7753: 7752: 7749: 7742: 7738: 7733: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7639:Sear, Frank. 7638: 7635: 7631: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7589: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7574: 7563: 7557: 7553: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7507: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7448: 7445: 7439: 7435: 7430: 7427: 7421: 7417: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7356: 7348: 7343: 7339: 7338: 7333: 7332:Birch, Samuel 7328: 7324: 7319: 7315: 7309: 7305: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7260: 7259: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7171: 7168: 7162: 7158: 7153: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7117: 7113: 7107: 7102: 7101: 7095: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7061: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7041: 7035: 7031: 7026: 7023: 7017: 7013: 7008: 7005: 6999: 6995: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6919: 6916: 6910: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6877: 6876: 6869: 6865: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6816: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6782: 6777: 6774: 6768: 6764: 6763:Roman Bridges 6759: 6755: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6709: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6690: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6657: 6652: 6648: 6643: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6601: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6581: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6561: 6560: 6553: 6549: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6518: 6517: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6494: 6490: 6484: 6480: 6475: 6472: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6453: 6450: 6444: 6440: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6367: 6361: 6358:, Stuttgart, 6357: 6352: 6348: 6343: 6340: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6258: 6254: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6225: 6224: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6131: 6125: 6121: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6083:"Engineering" 6079: 6075: 6069: 6065: 6060: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5972: 5966: 5959: 5954: 5947: 5942: 5935: 5930: 5923: 5922:Benevolo 1993 5918: 5911: 5906: 5899: 5894: 5887: 5886:Beckmann 2002 5882: 5880: 5878: 5870: 5869:Beckmann 2002 5865: 5858: 5853: 5851: 5843: 5838: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5819: 5812: 5807: 5800: 5795: 5788: 5783: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5753: 5748: 5741: 5736: 5730:, p. 29. 5729: 5724: 5717: 5712: 5705: 5700: 5694:, p. 80. 5693: 5688: 5682:, p. 12. 5681: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5657: 5652: 5645: 5640: 5638: 5631:, p. 42. 5630: 5625: 5619:, p. 49. 5618: 5613: 5606: 5601: 5594: 5589: 5582: 5577: 5570: 5565: 5563: 5556:, p. 80. 5555: 5550: 5543: 5538: 5532:, p. 87. 5531: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5501:O'Connor 1993 5497: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5463:O'Connor 1993 5459: 5452: 5447: 5440: 5435: 5428: 5423: 5416: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5351: 5344:, p. 43. 5343: 5338: 5336: 5328: 5327:Sullivan 2006 5323: 5316: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5299: 5294: 5287: 5282: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5224:, p. 69. 5223: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5199: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5139: 5132: 5127: 5120: 5115: 5109:, p. 16. 5108: 5103: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5083:Wikander 1985 5079: 5072: 5067: 5060: 5055: 5048: 5043: 5037:, p. 11. 5036: 5031: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4963: 4955: 4948: 4942:Lawrence, 294 4939: 4930: 4924:Lawrence, 294 4921: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4879: 4872: 4867: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4821: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4745: 4738: 4737:Métreaux 1998 4733: 4726: 4721: 4714: 4709: 4703:, p. 61. 4702: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4656: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4610:, p. 62. 4609: 4604: 4598:, p. 59. 4597: 4592: 4586:, p. 37. 4585: 4580: 4571: 4564: 4559: 4557: 4549: 4544: 4537: 4532: 4523: 4514: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4469: 4463:, p. 27. 4462: 4457: 4451:, p. 24. 4450: 4445: 4438: 4433: 4426: 4421: 4419: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4358: 4351: 4346: 4337: 4330: 4325: 4318: 4313: 4306: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4270: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4206: 4203: 4192: 4189: 4178: 4175: 4164: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4144:Antonine Wall 4142: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4105:Roman Britain 4102: 4098: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4074:Villa rustica 4072: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3996:Philippopolis 3993: 3992:Roman Stadium 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3887: 3885: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3868: 3867:Tivoli, Lazio 3864: 3860: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3835: 3826: 3824: 3818: 3816: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3768:Philippopolis 3764: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3668:Aurelian Wall 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3627:is a type of 3626: 3620: 3613:Spiral stairs 3610: 3608: 3604: 3603:Palatine Hill 3600: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3571:Magna Graecia 3565: 3561: 3560:largest domes 3557: 3553: 3549: 3548:swimming pool 3545: 3540: 3535: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3501:Sergius Orata 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3469: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3439: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3366: 3364: 3363:Roman Britain 3360: 3356: 3355:Antonine Wall 3352: 3348: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3325:Aurelian Wall 3322: 3318: 3314: 3313:16 main gates 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3255:buttress dams 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3228:Lake Homs Dam 3225: 3221: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3210:flood control 3207: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3073:flood control 3070: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3039:Puente Romano 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3022:Limyra Bridge 3018: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2953:Mérida, Spain 2950: 2949:Puente Romano 2946: 2941: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2885:cattle market 2882: 2877: 2875: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2809: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2679:(AD 81), the 2678: 2677:Arch of Titus 2670: 2669:Arch of Titus 2665: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2654:Roman Emperor 2651: 2647: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2492:Roman gardens 2487: 2483: 2478: 2472:Roman gardens 2466: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2438:Arles Obelisk 2435: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2242:Bay of Naples 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2201: 2198:just outside 2197: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2179:Villa rustica 2174: 2164: 2162: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2146:scaenae frons 2143: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2126: 2125:scaenae frons 2120: 2118: 2114: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2081:Roman Britain 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1998:Maison carrée 1995: 1994: 1993:Maison carrée 1989: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1920:Gaius Duilius 1917: 1913: 1909: 1908:Forum Boarium 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1881: 1878:. Behind the 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1853: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1605: 1604: 1603:opus incertum 1599: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1543: 1540: 1537:states that " 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1498:Horrea Galbae 1495: 1491: 1487: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1442: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1408:Imperial fora 1405: 1401: 1400:Julius Caesar 1393: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1373: 1372:Forum (Roman) 1363: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1347:naval battles 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335:amphitheatres 1332: 1328: 1325: 1324:ancient Greek 1321: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1255: 1254:Constantine I 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238:Aula Palatina 1234: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1128: 1113: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1100:, water, and 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1014: 1012: 1011:British Isles 1008: 1004: 1000: 999:Roman legions 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 975: 971: 967: 960: 956: 952: 948: 943: 937:and brickwork 936: 932: 928: 923: 918: 908: 904: 902: 898: 894: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 865: 861: 856: 842: 840: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 769: 768:Villa Cornaro 765: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 661:. Along with 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 642:in Christian 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 609: 604: 599: 593: 583: 581: 577: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 540: 538: 534: 530: 526: 525:Puente Romano 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 501: 499: 495: 491: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 443:amphitheatres 440: 436: 432: 428: 421: 416: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 388:Magna Graecia 385: 381: 377: 373: 363: 361: 357: 353: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 301: 297: 293: 289: 287: 283: 278: 273: 271: 267: 258: 253: 244: 242: 238: 234: 230: 224: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 159: 155: 154: 153:Maison carrée 148: 144: 142: 138: 134: 129: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 102:architectural 99: 95: 91: 80: 75: 66: 62: 58: 53: 47: 42: 36: 32: 27: 19: 11401:Step barrier 11362:Applications 11273:Nanoconcrete 11159:Power trowel 11144:Power screed 11134:Slip forming 11107:Construction 10934: 10845:Mesoamerican 10792:Contemporary 10770:2000–present 10761:Neo-futurism 10741:Blobitecture 10568:Modern Style 10484:Neoclassical 10232:Indo-Islamic 10207:Great Seljuk 10192:Vijayanagara 10086:East Slavic 10039: 10000:Mesopotamian 9838:City of Rome 9799:Public baths 9742:Roman Empire 9633:Institutions 9497:Leptis Magna 9450:Major cities 9357:Philostratus 9144:Quadrigarius 8964:Rufus Festus 8827:Contemporary 8548:Romanization 8471:Architecture 8470: 8078:Collegiality 7927:Constitution 7778:Ancient Rome 7689:Online books 7679: 7661: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7598: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7551: 7536: 7510: 7504: 7485: 7451: 7433: 7415: 7406: 7394: 7390: 7354: 7336: 7322: 7303: 7289:World of Art 7288: 7279: 7257: 7223: 7219: 7178: 7174: 7156: 7127:(1): 58–68, 7124: 7120: 7099: 7068: 7064: 7058:google books 7053: 7049: 7029: 7011: 6993: 6984: 6980: 6971: 6926: 6922: 6904: 6895: 6874: 6864:Architectura 6863: 6844: 6834: 6814: 6787: 6762: 6743: 6718: 6714: 6688: 6665:Art Bulletin 6664: 6655: 6646: 6638: 6604: 6598: 6579: 6558: 6536: 6515: 6505: 6501: 6478: 6460: 6438: 6405: 6401: 6386: 6355: 6346: 6328: 6309: 6282: 6262: 6252: 6222: 6189: 6173: 6169: 6134: 6128: 6105: 6086: 6063: 6039: 6035: 6015: 6005: 5991: 5965: 5958:Demandt 1998 5953: 5941: 5929: 5917: 5905: 5893: 5864: 5837: 5827: 5818: 5806: 5794: 5782: 5764: 5759: 5747: 5735: 5723: 5711: 5699: 5687: 5675: 5663: 5651: 5624: 5612: 5600: 5588: 5576: 5549: 5537: 5508: 5496: 5484:. Retrieved 5482:. ebuild.com 5470: 5465:, p. 1. 5458: 5446: 5441:, p. 2. 5434: 5422: 5417:, p. 9. 5410: 5398: 5360: 5322: 5293: 5281: 5269:. Retrieved 5265:the original 5255: 5243:. Retrieved 5239:the original 5229: 5217: 5205: 5198:Coulton 1974 5193: 5181: 5171:24 September 5169:. Retrieved 5165:the original 5160: 5150: 5138: 5126: 5114: 5102: 5090: 5078: 5066: 5054: 5042: 5030: 5018: 5007: 4995: 4983: 4971: 4962: 4953: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4920: 4910: 4902: 4890: 4878: 4866: 4857: 4835:(7): 49–54. 4832: 4828: 4797:(7): 49–54. 4794: 4790: 4784: 4773:Schmitz 1875 4768: 4756: 4744: 4732: 4725:Patrich 1996 4720: 4708: 4696: 4684: 4667: 4663: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4615: 4603: 4591: 4579: 4570: 4543: 4536:Juracek 1996 4531: 4522: 4513: 4508:Henig, p. 32 4504: 4499:Henig, p. 28 4495: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4456: 4444: 4432: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4357: 4345: 4336: 4329:Gardner 2005 4324: 4312: 4305:DeLaine 1990 4300: 4295:Henig, p. 27 4291: 4282: 4277:Henig, p. 26 4273: 4188:Italy portal 4025:Roman tomb, 3963:Verona Arena 3889: 3883: 3849:Verona Arena 3819: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3787: 3777: 3750: 3738: 3707:Centuriation 3688: 3641: 3625:spiral stair 3622: 3589:The largest 3588: 3568: 3518:pilae stacks 3511: 3509: 3490: 3465: 3463: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3434: 3403: 3398:Altes Museum 3380:Roman mosaic 3361:frontier of 3329: 3323:. Later the 3316: 3308:Servian Wall 3285: 3236: 3217: 3202:gravity dams 3200:and masonry 3195: 3183:Subiaco Dams 3167:North Africa 3160: 3138: 3128: 3089:water supply 3058: 3019: 3014: 2995:Pont du Gard 2975:semicircular 2972: 2957: 2934:Roman bridge 2903: 2902:in his work 2896:early modern 2893: 2878: 2870: 2858:public baths 2847: 2838:Pont du Gard 2792:Roman Empire 2782: 2736: 2727: 2719: 2707: 2699: 2697: 2692: 2674: 2649: 2646:triumphators 2645: 2643: 2635:Roman Senate 2601: 2565: 2550:roof gardens 2546:window boxes 2539: 2520: 2490: 2441: 2426: 2400: 2384: 2332: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2285: 2279: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2254: 2211: 2205: 2158: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2121: 2111: 2058: 2054:Tuscan order 2022: 1997: 1991: 1963:Greek temple 1956: 1884: 1879: 1855: 1849: 1821:Roman temple 1806: 1798: 1780: 1769: 1767: 1715: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1613:trompe-l'œil 1611: 1608: 1601: 1595: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1562:Ostia Antica 1526: 1524: 1519: 1510: 1483: 1478:Ostia (Rome) 1473: 1412: 1403: 1396: 1357: 1351: 1320:Roman Empire 1316:Roman circus 1313: 1293: 1264: 1227: 1206: 1182:gladiatorial 1162:amphitheatre 1159: 1147:the eruption 1121:Amphitheatre 1106: 1079: 1072: 1042: 1032: 995: 963: 931:Burgh Castle 905: 868: 835: 800: 773: 727: 700: 648: 613: 610:, inner view 606:Dome of the 572: 552:public baths 541: 517:Pont du Gard 509:Roman Empire 502: 497: 487: 424: 404:Roman villas 369: 348: 305: 274: 262: 243:and Ostia). 237:Ostia Antica 225: 188:, and later 163: 151: 133:Late Antique 130: 89: 88: 60:Years active 35: 26: 11379:hollow-core 11338:Waste light 11333:Translucent 11293:Prestressed 11220:Segregation 11205:Degradation 11093:Cover meter 11030:Silica fume 10965:Composition 10705:PWA Moderne 10591:Rationalism 10553:Art Nouveau 10541:Territorial 10521:Renaissance 10505:Queen Anne 10378:Elizabethan 10271:Plateresque 10266:Renaissance 10249:Sondergotik 10144:Carolingian 10090:Kievan Rus' 9628:Geographers 9312:Dioscorides 9292:Cassius Dio 8914:Cassiodorus 8817:Renaissance 8423:Agriculture 8395:Auxiliaries 8336:Engineering 8173:Magistrates 8025:Citizenship 8020:Mos maiorum 7955:Late Empire 7721:Rome Reborn 7104:. Phaidon. 6981:Antike Welt 6306:"Aqueducts" 6253:Antike Welt 5982:Works cited 5934:Harris 1989 5898:Morris 1972 5857:Ulrich 2007 5811:Miller 1972 5513:Döring 2002 5427:Bunson 2009 5403:Forbes 1993 5298:Semple 1929 5286:Semple 1929 5107:Wilson 2002 5047:Wilson 2002 4895:Storey 2004 4883:Storey 2002 4763:, Epist. 45 4640:(6). 1926. 4634:Latin Notes 4361:Yarwood, 40 4340:Semper, 756 4286:Yarwood, 38 4086:Herculaneum 4069:Roman villa 4002:Roman baths 3932:Domus Aurea 3701:City design 3584:Roman domes 3528:Roman roofs 3232:Harbaqa Dam 2784:Roman roads 2720:triumphator 2708:triumphator 2700:triumphator 2604:entablature 2480:Gardens in 2392:architraves 2351:water wheel 2252:in Sussex. 2238:Herculaneum 2220:floors and 2208:Roman villa 2173:Roman villa 2136:proscaenium 2131:proscaenium 2052:, a simple 2040:trend, the 2038:Hellenistic 1951:Achaean War 1862:housed the 1787:town houses 1758:Roman Baths 1718:lighthouses 1690:Lighthouses 1420:Roman Forum 1392:Roman Forum 1378:Roman Forum 1343:horse races 1327:hippodromes 1198:hippodromes 1090:lime mortar 1057:architraves 1031:Example of 917:Roman brick 911:Roman brick 827:White House 815:Herculaneum 796:PWA Moderne 711:Scandinavia 657:around the 533:Pont Julien 396:Hellenistic 209:Doric order 11542:Categories 11478:Eurocode 2 11416:Structures 11303:Reinforced 11263:Lunarcrete 11243:AstroCrete 11200:Durability 11195:Properties 11073:Slump test 11045:Production 11035:Metakaolin 10862:Portuguese 10736:Postmodern 10685:Organicism 10573:Modernisme 10558:Jugendstil 10417:Revivalism 10405:Industrial 10388:Portuguese 10162:Romanesque 10057:Achaemenid 9829:Watermills 9517:Mediolanum 9457:Alexandria 9422:Themistius 9387:Porphyrius 9214:Tertullian 9149:Quintilian 9139:Propertius 9034:Lactantius 8984:Fulgentius 8919:Censorinus 8741:Sanitation 8726:Metallurgy 8683:Technology 8648:Demography 8596:Patricians 8563:Spectacles 8521:Literature 8516:Hairstyles 8353:Technology 8103:Praefectus 8055:Government 8045:Litigation 8030:Auctoritas 7975:Centuriate 7862:Principate 7857:Pax Romana 7817:Foundation 7545:0600554309 7297:0500201773 6987:(2): 25–32 6395:0714822140 6223:Die Kelten 5842:Hodge 1960 5799:Smith 1983 5787:Smith 1983 5704:Hodge 2000 5656:Smith 1971 5629:Smith 1971 5617:Smith 1971 5605:Hodge 1992 5593:Hodge 2000 5581:Smith 1970 5569:Hodge 2000 5554:Hodge 1992 5530:Hodge 1992 4775:, p. 4701:Lampe 2006 4425:Rasch 1985 4260:References 4049:necropolis 4029:, Bulgaria 4022:, Bulgaria 4012:, Bulgaria 3982:, Bulgaria 3815:portcullis 3795:city block 3784:flagstones 3746:Marzabotto 3595:Aula Regia 3591:truss roof 3552:Roman bath 3441:used tiny 3343: 100 3243:buttresses 3206:irrigation 3145:Roman navy 3077:navigation 3061:irrigation 2881:Aqua Appia 2778:Appian Way 2768:Roman road 2740:typography 2579:under the 2482:Conimbriga 2462:Kunstareal 2323:Watermills 2302:Gethsemane 2296:(xiv, 32) 2281:latifundia 2250:Fishbourne 2177:See also: 2155:auditorium 2023:The Greek 1979:terracotta 1930:church of 1914:in Rome's 1864:cult image 1710:lighthouse 1708:, a Roman 1660:contained 1560:Insula in 1354:race track 1289:clerestory 1280:colonnades 1265:The Roman 1186:bullfights 1155:gladiators 1065:floor plan 1037:Appian Way 993:(or CBM). 974:Roman feet 927:shore fort 890:Travertine 675:architrave 418:The Roman 400:triclinium 376:hydraulics 336:town walls 286:floor plan 213:Corinthian 194:colonnades 11509:Hempcrete 11471:Standards 11298:Ready-mix 11215:Recycling 11010:Aggregate 10993:Rosendale 10823:Dravidian 10782:Neomodern 10746:High-tech 10726:Brutalism 10719:1950–2000 10663:Stalinist 10596:Mycenaean 10584:1900–1950 10422:Byzantine 10398:Ukrainian 10383:Naryshkin 10348:Edwardian 10321:1750–1900 10292:Palladian 10287:Manueline 10280:1500–1750 10155:1000–1500 10095:Muscovite 10082:Byzantine 10030:Classical 10018:Mycenaean 9995:Neolithic 9860:Fountains 9845:Aqueducts 9794:Monoliths 9759:Basilicas 9754:Aqueducts 9673:Quaestors 9603:Empresses 9593:Dynasties 9583:Dictators 9558:and other 9547:Volubilis 9542:Vindobona 9502:Londinium 9427:Theodoret 9397:Procopius 9377:Polyaenus 9352:Pausanias 9254:Vitruvius 9199:Symmachus 9194:Suetonius 9104:Petronius 9089:Obsequens 9054:Macrobius 9049:Lucretius 8974:Frontinus 8949:Eutropius 8934:Columella 8884:Augustine 8874:Appuleius 8822:Neo-Latin 8797:Classical 8788:Versions 8696:Aqueducts 8638:Patronage 8558:Sexuality 8531:Mythology 8506:Education 8496:Cosmetics 8321:Campaigns 8316:Structure 8269:Decemviri 8128:Imperator 7827:overthrow 7527:162710923 7478:154629776 7397:: 217–19. 7391:Antiquity 7240:0065-6801 7226:: 47–84. 7211:163283487 7195:0002-9114 7149:111915102 7094:"Mosaics" 6968:"Horreum" 6959:191374710 6943:0002-9114 6727:0018-098X 6629:192986322 6422:0031-8299 6214:163811541 6159:162973494 6110:Routledge 5910:Kolb 1984 5315:Zaho 2004 5271:4 October 5245:4 October 4861:EERA, 134 4548:Peet 1911 4409:191392502 4393:0002-9114 4317:Rook 1992 4265:Footnotes 4045:Alyscamps 4027:Primorsko 3922:, in Rome 3916:, in Rome 3909:Colosseum 3742:Etruscans 3729:Colosseum 3691:Christian 3664:basilicas 3580:basilicas 3493:hypocaust 3481:Hypocaust 3472:Hypocaust 3453:emblemata 3432:designs. 3430:pictorial 3426:geometric 3396:, Italy. 3251:arch dams 3181:only the 3171:Near East 3131:aqueducts 3032:over the 2991:aqueducts 2987:voussoirs 2981:(such as 2979:segmental 2910:Frontinus 2900:Vitruvius 2854:aqueducts 2716:Victories 2712:spandrels 2585:Etruscans 2536:Britannia 2448:Benevento 2363:Monoliths 2335:watermill 2160:Vomitoria 2069:Near East 2030:Vitruvius 1876:libations 1872:dedicated 1803:Vitruvius 1676:cubiculum 1672:cenaculum 1592:Vitruvius 1502:olive oil 1494:granaries 1428:decumanus 1291:windows. 1272:town hall 1202:athletics 1196:(akin to 1178:Colosseum 1098:pozzolana 1094:aggregate 1069:Vitruvius 1061:colonnade 1009:. In the 1007:Vitruvius 901:Colosseum 893:limestone 845:Materials 819:New World 734:Vitruvius 723:bathhouse 655:provinces 576:Byzantine 556:basilicas 505:aqueducts 447:aqueducts 332:Colosseum 328:basilicas 282:colonnade 270:aesthetic 229:hypocaust 202:Composite 174:trabeated 79:Colosseum 11502:See also 11493:EN 10080 11488:EN 206-1 11483:EN 197-1 11342:Aerated 11283:Polished 11278:Pervious 11253:Filigree 11149:Finisher 11124:Formwork 10988:Portland 10919:Concrete 10835:Japanese 10813:Colonial 10801:Regional 10751:Arcology 10690:Art Deco 10680:Futurism 10623:De Stijl 10526:Romanian 10444:Egyptian 10439:Colonial 10393:Siberian 10203:Islamic 10172:Ottonian 10167:Galician 10077:Sasanian 10045:Herodian 10025:Etruscan 9870:Obelisks 9814:Theatres 9779:Cisterns 9774:Circuses 9678:Tribunes 9668:Praetors 9618:Generals 9598:Emperors 9507:Lugdunum 9492:Eboracum 9482:Carthage 9467:Aquileia 9382:Polybius 9372:Plutarch 9342:Libanius 9332:Josephus 9327:Herodian 9219:Tibullus 9134:Priscian 9109:Phaedrus 9069:Manilius 9014:Jordanes 8999:Hydatius 8929:Claudian 8909:Catullus 8899:Boëthius 8894:Ausonius 8812:Medieval 8784:Alphabet 8756:Theatres 8731:Numerals 8716:Concrete 8706:Circuses 8673:Bagaudae 8663:Adoption 8658:Marriage 8631:Assembly 8536:Religion 8511:Folklore 8491:Clothing 8486:Calendar 8443:Currency 8433:Commerce 8331:Strategy 8293:Military 8279:Triumvir 8259:Dictator 8254:Interrex 8233:Governor 8218:Quaestor 8181:Ordinary 8163:Province 8153:Tetrarch 8143:Augustus 8108:Vicarius 8098:Officium 8035:Imperium 7985:Plebeian 7945:Republic 7867:Dominate 7834:Republic 7795:Timeline 7725:Archived 7709:Traianus 7334:(1905). 7291:series, 6788:Highways 6715:Hesperia 6373:citation 6137:: 1–19, 6008:, Madrid 4988:Ros 1996 4915:. II.49. 4646:43943460 4160:See also 3948:Pantheon 3825:origin. 3797:. Each 3735:in Rome) 3629:stairway 3599:Domitian 3564:Pantheon 3487:, France 3466:asaroton 3449:tesserae 3444:tesserae 3422:grottoes 3400:, Berlin 3321:Hannibal 3175:Hispania 3099:Cisterns 3065:drainage 3011:concrete 2968:concrete 2862:latrines 2844:, France 2812:Aqueduct 2790:and the 2732:quadriga 2704:cornices 2657:Augustus 2650:fornices 2631:Augustus 2612:quadriga 2593:Volterra 2486:Portugal 2417:Obelisks 2387:monolith 2222:frescoes 2091:Theatres 2067:and the 1975:pediment 1959:Etruscan 1896:Honorius 1795:aqueduct 1726:A Coruña 1712:in Spain 1684:medianum 1667:tabernae 1662:cenacula 1621:plebeius 1432:basilica 1359:carceres 1331:theatres 1276:Augustus 1267:basilica 1261:Basilica 1209:Augustan 1194:circuses 1170:basilica 970:mudbrick 959:Bulgaria 874:Augustus 862:, today 803:pediment 679:concrete 653:and the 636:mausolea 608:Pantheon 566:and the 560:Pantheon 479:theatres 471:harbours 459:circuses 420:Pantheon 382:and the 372:Etruscan 356:Pantheon 322:and the 247:Overview 124:and the 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