Royal Indian Navy mutiny

2124:, the third largest political force at the time, extended full support to the naval ratings and mobilised the workers in their support, hoping to end British rule through revolution rather than negotiation. The two principal parties of British India, the Congress and the Muslim League, refused to support the ratings. The class content of the mass uprising frightened them and they urged the ratings to surrender. Patel and Jinnah, two representative faces of the communal divide, were united on this issue and Gandhi also condemned the 'Mutineers'. The Communist Party gave a call for a general strike on 22 February. There was an unprecedented response and over a lakh students and workers came out on the streets of Calcutta, Karachi and Madras. The workers and students carrying red flags paraded the streets with the slogans "Accept the demands of the ratings" and "End British and Police zoolum". Upon surrender, the ratings faced court–martial, imprisonment and victimisation. Even after 1947, the governments of Independent India and Pakistan refused to reinstate them or offer compensation. The only prominent leader from Congress who supported them was Aruna Asaf Ali. Disappointed with the progress of the Congress Party on many issues, Aruna Asaf Ali joined the Communist Party of India (CPI) in the early 1950s. 590:

which served as the primary base for the RIN and hence became over crowded with bored and dissatisfied personnel awaiting their release. The dissatisfaction among the Indian personnel came from a variety of causes such as dismal living conditions, arbitrary treatment, inadequate pay and a perception of an uncaring senior leadership. Despite the wartime expansion, the officer staff of the formed remained predominantly white and the navy was noted to be the most conservative in terms of number of Indian officers. The concentration of the personnel and grievances in its ranks combined with tense interracial relations and aspirations to end British rule in India led to a volatile situation in the navy.

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Miles personally visited all the shore establishments, paid off the lease on the smaller warships and sent the larger warships for exercises at sea on a continual basis. The schedule was made more hectic to keep the naval ratings distracted and minimize routine contact with the civilian population. The warships remained disarmed and the small arms out of access during the exercises. No further unrest occurred in the navy and Miles was considered to have been at least partially successful in restoring confidence in the reliability in the Royal Indian Navy.

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densely populated with a heavy working–class concentration, as a result civilian life was severely disrupted with the military deployment and the placement of cordons. Exaggerated narrations of events spread through the city, and the civilian population, which was already sympathetic to the mutineers, were galvanized along with growing apprehensions for the military presence. The narrations included rumours and were primarily spread by the expropriated boatmen and fishermen who were able to maintain some lines of communication with those in Keamari.

340: 329: 1688:. At noon, a crowd of thousands had formed at Idgah park which was joined by the Communist Party–led procession. The police force was eventually deployed at the park who were repulsed after several attempts to disperse the crowd. Idgah had become a centre of resistance for the protesters, where later in the day, some of the communist leaders called for the protesters to disperse but were unable to contain the majority of the crowd who were galvanised by the previous day's radical messages and attacked the nearby police personnel. 2117:

then collaborationist Muslim League. It is possible that the League also realised the likelihood of a destabilised authority as and when power was transferred. This certainly is reflected on the opinion of the sailors who participated in the strike. It has been concluded by later historians that the discomfiture of the mainstream political parties was because the public outpourings indicated their weakening hold over the masses at a time when they could show no success in reaching agreement with the British Indian government.

214: 285: 274: 192: 204: 318: 307: 296: 179: 364: 249: 2073: 353: 237: 168: 4933: 1976: 1489: 31: 127: 821:". The vandalism was spotted before sunrise and Balai Chandra Dutt, a five–year veteran of the war, was caught while escaping the scene with stickers and glue in his hand. Subsequently, his lockers were searched and communist and nationalist literature were found among its contents. The material was considered to be seditious; Dutt was interrogated by five senior officers in quick succession including a 150: 138: 115: 1707:, Europeans and occasionally Indian government servants, who were stripped of their hats and ties, which were then burnt on the ground. This was followed by police moving through the streets and on several occasions resorting to opening fire to disperse the crowds. The crowds, which were primarily composed of students and working–class people, dispersed at night as they returned to their homes. 1647:. According to the authorities, "dangerous and provocative anti–British speeches" were made at this assembly; an expression prominent in the meeting was that the mutineers had shown them how the arms provided to them could really be utilised while civilians were helpless because of the lack of weapons or contact with the mutineers. The meeting concluded with the decision to call for a city–wide 848:" and "junglies" to describe his Indian underlings. Some of the naval ratings filed a formal complaints against the leadership style of the commanding officer. On 17 February, a large number of ratings began refusing food and orders for military parades, King had reportedly used the term "black bastards" to describe a group of sailors during the morning briefing. By 18 February, the ratings at 1230:

also witnessed unrest in its base of operations in Bombay. The personnel including pilots refused transportation duties for the deployment of British troops in the city and orders to fly bombers over the harbour. Around 1,200 air force strikers began a procession in the city alongside the ratings. The procession was joined in by striking servicemen from the Naval Accounts Civilian Staff.

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mutineers back into their barracks. Warning shots from machine guns and rifles were fired near the harbour to prevent the army from advancing further. The naval ratings had taken position at the harbour and were well armed with small arms and ammunitions available at the warships, lockers and munitions depots at the naval establishments. The warships in the harbour were armed with

1216:, a socialist caucus within the Indian National Congress. The provincial units of the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League however opposed the mutiny from the onset. Disappointed and disgruntled with opposition from the national leadership towards the mutiny, the flags of the Congress and Muslim League were pulled down and only the red flags kept aloft. 1597:

millimeter howitzers. The warship refrained from retaliating with its full armament to avoid hitting sympathetic civilian targets in the city in light of its impaired vision. One of the main gun turrets exploded due to the shelling resulting in a fire aboard the ship, while it was attempting to leave the harbour. On this turn of events at 10:55, the mutineers at HMIS

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British Admiralty requesting urgent assistance and stating that the mutineers possessed capabilities to take the city. Meanwhile, the ratings manning shops at the harbour exchanged rifle fire with advancing British troops of the 5th Mahratta Light Infantry. Salvos from the main guns of the RIN warships were fired at the British troops approaching the barracks.

605:. However the war had brought the two closer together under the leadership of the British High Command and due to temporary transfers between the two navies. The British naval circles were prevalent with perceptions of lack of competency among Indians, opposition to the independence movement and assumptions of continued British presence in India. 1838:

further broadcasts increased tensions between the officers and the naval ratings, and rumours began to spread among the sailors. Lacking direct communication with the mutineers and access to print news, the ratings were primarily informed about the mutiny by the officers and were unable to understand the situation in Bombay.

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military trucks and dispatches were attacked with stones on several routes. The mutineers surrendered but civil unrest had begun to sweep through the city. The protests which began spontaneously in the preceding days, became more organised with the involvement of students and local leaders. In the evening, the

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inability to prevent and contain the rebellion, which had jeopordised British security in the Indian Ocean. Although he was not held responsible in any official naval proceedings and continued to serve the British Admiralty, he was informally rebuked through means such as being overlooked in award of honors.

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poor leadership and a failure to instill any belief in the legitimacy of their service. Furthermore, there was tension between officers (mostly British), petty officers (largely Punjabi Muslims), and junior ratings (mostly Hindu), as well as anger at the very slow rate of release from wartime service.

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Numerous boards of inquiry were set up at the shore establishments and naval bases across India by the naval authorities as factfinding bodies to investigate the causes and circumstances of the mutiny. The bodies consisted of British armed forces officers and primarily took witness testimonies of RIN

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The government called for the armed forces to be deployed in the city and the crowd at the park, faced with the arrival of the troops, scattered into smaller groups. The troops occupied the park in the afternoon, but the smaller groups, inflamed by their deployment, targeted government establishments

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were refusing commands from the CO. Eventually, the ratings rebelled, seizing control of the shore establishment and expelling the officers. Over the course of the day, the ratings moved across the Bombay Harbour from ship to ship in an attempt to convince other ratings to join them in the mutiny. In

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of the Royal Indian Navy began once the war with Japan ended. Leased ships were paid off, a number of shore establishments were closed and the sailors were concentrated into select establishments for their release from service. Much of the concentration occurred in the naval establishments at Bombay,

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basis as operational requirements changed over the course of the war, the naval headquarters was moved from Bombay to New Delhi during this period, the navy acquired a varied assortment of warships and landing crafts, and the naval infrastructure in British India was expanded with improved dockyards,

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However, probably just as important remains the question as to what the implications would have been for India's internal politics had the revolt continued. The Indian nationalist leaders, most notably Gandhi and the Congress leadership, had apparently been concerned that the revolt would compromise

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Indian historians have looked at the mutiny as a protest against racial discrimination and supply of bad food by the British officials. British scholars note that there was no comparable unrest in the Army, and have concluded that internal conditions in the Navy were central to the mutiny. There was

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The change in leadership did not bring about change in attitudes in the British naval leadership and Miles embraced the vision for the near and long term of the navy that had been pervaded by Godfrey. He continued to employ British naval officers and no changes were made in the hierarchy of command.

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Precautionary measures were taken against possibility of a second rebellious outbreak. Firing mechanisms were removed from the warships, small arms kept under lock by British officers and army troops were deployed as guards on board warships and at the shore establishments. British admirals, despite

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order in the Karachi district which prohibited gatherings of more than three people. The police force was however ineffective in enforcing the order due to low morale in the force, abstentions and instances of collusion between police personnel and civilian agitators. Over the course of the day, the

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In the evening, the mutineers at Keamari fixed rendezvous points with the workers and boatmen, and returned to the island. The mutineers held a number of meetings at night on the island to deliberate upon a plan of action for the following day. Around 11:00 pm, HMIS Chamak, the radar school received

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and eventually began a march towards the railway station claiming that they intended to march on Delhi. In the meantime, a second meeting was called which quickly came to the decision to drop the planned agitation and support the activities of the ratings in the city. The ratings working through the

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Around 16:00, the firing from the warships were ceased following instructions from the Strike Committee and the ratings retreated out of the barracks. The marines stormed the barrack facilities in the evening, seized the munitions storage and secured all the entrances and exits of the barracks. With

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Over the course of the day, many of the ratings moved into the city armed with hockey sticks and fire axes, causing traffic disruption and occasionally commandeering vehicles. Motor launches seized at the harbour were paraded around and cheered on by crowds gathering at the piers. Demonstrations and

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In British circles, confidence in the loyalty and reliability of the Royal Indian Navy was shattered. The mutiny marred the reputation of John Henry Godfrey. He became known for professional neglect and was blamed for losing control of the navy during the mutiny. Godfrey took responsibility for his

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mass demonstrations in support of the sailors would erode central political authority if and when transfer of power occurred. The Muslim League had observed passive support for the "Quit India" campaign among its supporters and, devoid of communal clashes despite the fact that it was opposed by the

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On 22 February 1946, large–scale agitations by civilians began across several cities other than Bombay and Karachi, such as Madras, Calcutta and New Delhi. Looting was widespread and directed at government institutions, grains stores were looted by the impoverished, as were jewelry shops and banks.

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On 22 February 1946, flashes of firing and sounds of gunfire from the confrontation could be seen and heard in Karachi. The port area was swarmed with military vehicles where some of them were vandalised by civilians. Indian military police were heckled and jeered at by crowds while British troops,

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was also directed to re–take Manora Island, who according to an Intelligence Bureau report to the Home Department had captured the gunnery school at 9:50 am. The report further stated that the casualties at the time were 7 RIN ratings and 15 paratroopers wounded on the island. The remaining ratings

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Warships and shore establishments became constituencies for the election of the committee from which individual representatives were elected to the committee. Most of the members of the committee remain unknown, and many of them were reportedly under 25. Of those known, were the petty officer Madan

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contained inflammatory speeches and had created a volatile atmosphere. There were several upsurges between November 1945 and February 1946. In a September 1945, All India Congress Committee meeting, the party had taken the stand that in case of any confrontations, negotiation and settlement must be

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The Muslim League made similar criticisms of the mutiny, arguing that unrest amongst the sailors was not best expressed on the streets, however serious their grievances might be. Legitimacy could only, probably, be conferred by a recognised political leadership as the head of any kind of movement.

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in the city. Government buildings were vandalised by smaller groups throughout the city and a sub–post office burned to the ground. One group attempted to capture the municipal building but were prevented by the police who arrested 11 youths, including a Communist Party leader. The crowds targeted

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was the sole warship in the area and commanded the passage into the Karachi Harbour. In the morning of 22 February 1946, Commodore Curtis, the British commanding officer at the harbour held parley at 8:30 am, coming on board the ship in an effort to persuade the ratings to surrender, and providing

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of Bombay shouting slogans to galvanize Indians, followed by instances of altercations between the mutineers and Europeans including servicemen. Police personnel, students and labour organisations in the city went on sympathetic strikes in support of the mutineers. The Royal Indian Air Force units

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informing officers to maintain a degree of tolerance for a smooth transition in case of Indian Independence such that British interests are secured by maintaining good relations. Unable to catch the conspirators and restricted from taking strict action against their underlings, the command at HMIS

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was the commanding officer of the RIN and had overseen its transformation from a small coastal defense fleet to a regional navy. In the post war period, he intended to preserve its status as a regional navy and had the vision for the RIN to serve as in instrument of British interests in the Indian

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on 18 February in protest against general conditions. The immediate issues of the revolt were living conditions and food. By dusk on 19 February, a Naval Central Strike committee was elected. The strike found some support amongst the Indian population, though not their political leadership who saw

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The grievances focused on the slow pace of demobilisation. British units were near mutiny and it was feared that Indian units might follow suit. The weekly intelligence summary issued on 25 March 1946 admitted that the Indian Army, Navy and Air Force units were no longer trustworthy, and, for the

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received news of the mutiny in Bombay during the breakfast hour on 20 February 1946. The commanding officer of the flotilla addressed the personnel at 16:00 expressing sympathies with "legitimate aspirations" while emphasizing the importance of maintaining order and discipline. The following day,

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On 24 February 1946, the military forces in the city successfully enforced a curfew. The unrest subsided over the following days and the military presence was removed by the end of 26 February. Estimates of casualties from the shootings come only from official figures: 4–8 killed, 33 injured from

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The authorities were in close contact with their counterparts in Bombay and intended to prevent a similar collaboration between mutineers and civilians that had reportedly led to a critical situation in Bombay. Cordons were placed at the bridges connecting Keamari with the rest of the city by the

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On the morning of 20 February 1946, it was reported that Bombay Harbour, including all its ships and naval establishments had been overtaken by mutineers. It encompassed 45 warships, 10–12 shore establishments, 11 auxiliary vessels and four flotillas, overtaken by around 10,000 naval ratings. The

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On 2 February 1946, Auchinleck himself was supposed to attend the establishment and the officers aware of the potential for vandalism had employed guards to prevent any large–scale action beforehand. Despite this, the group was able to add stickers and paint the walls of the podium from where the

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or college education as opposed to general seamen who were primarily from the peasantry. In late 1945, upon reassignment, around 20 operators along with a dozen sympathisers frustrated with racial discrimination faced by them during their period of service, formed a secretive group under the self

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convinced Indian sailors to surrender and condemned the mutiny, realising the political and military risks of unrest of this nature on the eve of independence. The leaders of the Congress were of the view that their idea of a peaceful culmination to a freedom struggle and smooth transfer of power

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condemned the revolt. His statement on 3 March 1946 criticized the strikers for revolting without the call of a "prepared revolutionary party" and without the "guidance and intervention" of "political leaders of their choice". He added: "If they mutinied for the freedom of India they were doubly

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On 23 February 1946, Karachi observed a complete shutdown with warehouses and stores closed, tramway workers on strike, and students from college and schools demonstrating on the streets. The authorities, in an attempt to prevent civil unrest which was witnessed in Bombay a day earlier, arrested

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The Royal Marines were directed to re–take the Castle Barracks, the mutineers entered into fire fights on some of the army positions on land. The mutineers attempted a probe into the city but the army successful repulsed it, preventing them from surging into Bombay. Godfrey sent a message to the

564:" composed of demographics who were politically segregated. The ratings were composed of a diverse group, from different regions and religions, mostly from rural backgrounds. Some of them had not even physically encountered Britons before the recruitment. Exponential rises in the price of goods, 519:

and imprisoned in camps with distressing conditions over the following months, and the condition of surrender which shielded them from persecution. Patel, who had been sent to Bombay to settle the crisis, issued a statement calling on the strikers to end their action, which was later echoed by a

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at Keamari were confiscated by British authorities and brought into the city, and the military deployment searched vehicles that had entered the city from Keamari to prevent mutineers from infiltrating Karachi. Much of the population was concentrated near the ports and Keamari in particular was

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on the ship, heavy machine guns on board the ship were also utilised. Two four–inch main guns on board the ship were primed although their field of vision of impaired due to low tide. In a retaliatory measure, the artillery battery fired at the ship with mortars and field guns, including the 75

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and the All–India Muslim League that none of them would be persecuted. Contingents of the naval ratings were arrested and imprisoned in camps with distressing conditions over the following months, despite resistance from national leaders, and the condition of surrender which shielded them from

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barracks before his expected dismissal from the force. He would later come to be known one of the primary instigators of the mutiny. Within a day, the mutiny had spread to 22 ships in the harbour and 12 other shore establishments in Bombay. On the same day, the mutiny was also joined in by RIN

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The strike committee had advised mutineers to refrain from engaging in combat with the army personnel in the city, and the ratings hesitant about engaging in a confrontation with the police and the army retreated to the harbour by afternoon. The troops however proved inadequate in pushing the

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that the government was attempting to enforce a blockade and cut off food supply to them. During the same time, Godfrey offered to accede to one of the demands, that of improvement in the quality of food which reportedly baffled the mutineers. Parel Mahila Sangh, a communist–affiliated union

763:. Following the end of the war, the establishment was among the locations in Bombay where a large number of ratings were deployed. Around 1,000 communications operators were residing at the establishment, most of the whom consisted of lower–middle class and middle–class people with 2091:, who was one of the few prominent political leaders of the time to offer support for the mutineers, stating that she would rather unite Hindus and Muslims on the barricades than on the constitutional front. Gandhi's criticism also belies the submissions to the looming reality of 2163:

More recently, the RIN Revolt has been renamed the Naval Uprising and the mutineers honoured for the part they played in India's independence. In addition to the statue which stands in Mumbai opposite the sprawling Taj Wellingdon Mews, two prominent mutineers, Madan Singh and

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were deployed in Karachi for assistance. According to unconfirmed reports, many of the Indian regiments refused to fire at the mutineers. The army predominantly relied on British troops for the duration of the mutiny and the civil unrest in the city that followed afterwards.

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There is a secret rivalry between the Communists and Congressmen, each trying to put the other in the wrong. In yesterday’s speech Vallabhbhai almost said, without using so many words, that the trouble was due to the Communists trying to rival the Congress in the manner of

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and in Burma were seeping into the glaring public–eye at the time. These, received through the wireless sets and the media, fed discontent and ultimately inspired the sailors to strike. After the Second World War, three officers of the Indian National Army (INA), General

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The commission became highly politicised. It was criticised for being over–legalistic, selective in its conduct and antagonistic towards the military institution. Its report was publicly released in January 1947. British naval officers remained skeptical of its findings.

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began refusing orders in protest against the violent suppression of the mutiny in Bombay and Karachi. The Communist Party of India called a general strike in the city and around 100,000 workers participated in mass demonstrations and agitations over the following days.

1402:. Curfew was imposed in the city. Fearing a wider, communist–inspired rebellion in the country, the government decided to crack down on the agitators. Over the course of the unrest, up to 236 people were killed and thousands were injured, though these figures include 800:", across various walls of the establishment. The senior officers cleaned up the premises before the public arrived without further action. The weak response emboldened the conspirators who continued on with similar activities over the course of the following months. 1237:

convened a meeting and came to the decision to stand firm and accept only unconditional surrender, refusing any notions of a parley. Rear Admiral Rattray issued an order to confine all the naval ratings back into their quarters at the barracks by 15:30. General

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harbour facilities consisted of the Fort and Castle Barracks, the Central Communications Office which oversaw all signals traffic for naval communications in Bombay, the Colaba receiving station and hospital facilities of the Royal Indian Navy located nearby in

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and other economic difficulties eventually forced many of them to join the expanding armed forces of the British Raj. In a period of 4 to 6 years, the recruits underwent a transformation in their mindset. They were exposed to developments from around the world.

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officers with a small cross–section of other ranks. The cause of the mutiny was determined to have its basis in administrative deficiencies such as inadequate information, failure of regular inspections, lack of experienced petty officers, chiefs and officers.

1567:. The cordons prevented the mutineers from entering the city and hundreds of ratings were pinned down at the Keamari area throughout the day. Local workers at the dockyards joined up with the ratings and held demonstrations with slogans calling for revolution. 412:), and ultimately came to involve over 10,000 sailors in 56 ships and shore establishments. The mutiny failed to turn into a revolution because sailors were asked to surrender after the British authorities had assembled superior forces to suppress the mutiny. 2111:

in 1942 when central control quickly dissolved under the impact of suppression by the colonial authorities, and localised actions, including widespread acts of sabotage, continued well into 1943. It may have been the conclusion that the rapid emergence of

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resorted to increasing the pace of demobilization in the hopes that the troublemakers would be pushed out of the force during the process. As a result, the group shrunk in size but the remaining ones remained enthused for more nationalistic activities.

2160:. The literature of the Communist Party portrays the RIN Revolt as a spontaneous nationalist uprising that had the potential to prevent the partition of India, and one that was essentially betrayed by the leaders of the nationalist movement. 1587:

The parley drew no response and the ultimatum was ignored, the ratings were observed to be in preparations for manning the ship's armaments. Altered by this development, the British troops advanced through Keamari and attempted to board HMIS

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In 1945, it was ten times larger than its size in 1939. Between 1942 and 1945, the CPI leaders helped in carrying out mass recruitment of Indians especially communist activists into the British Indian Army and RIN for war efforts against

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Calcutta in particular experienced frequent instances of civil unrest in opposition to the trials, and eventually led to the popular support emerging in favor of the revolutionary vision of an independent India that was advocated by the

1584:"safe conduct" to those who would do so by 9:00 am. The ultimatum's time delineation had been adjusted with the low tide which put the warship off the shore at a strategically disadvantageous position with respect to troops on land. 432:

was the only nation–wide political organisation that supported the rebellion. The British authorities had later branded the Naval Mutiny as a "larger communist conspiracy raging from the Middle East to the Far East against the

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On 25 February 1946, a detachment of troops surrounded the frigate located at the Kolkata Harbour and arrested the disobedient ratings, who were imprisoned. The general strike in the city came to an end on the following day.

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On 20 February 1946, it was reported that with the aid of radio and telegraph messages from the Signals School and Central Communications Office in Bombay, the mutiny had spread to all RIN sub stations in India, located at

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On 20 February 1946, the Naval Central Strike Committee had recommended some of the ratings to move into the city to garner popular support for their demands. RIN trucks packed with naval ratings entered European–dominated

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had ended by the time some of the ratings made it across were met with British troops that had advanced into and occupied Keamari. In the meantime, British paratroopers captured the shore establishments on the island. The

928:, second–in–command to the Royal Indian Navy, and the commanding officer at the Bombay Harbour conducted an inspection in person which confirmed that the unrest was widespread and beyond his control. Rattray insisted on a 1480:

association, organised for walls in the naval areas and in the city to be struck with posters and painted with galvanising slogans such as "We shall live as a free nation" and "Tyrants your days are over", among others.

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disembarked from the ship and refused to return unless certain officers were transferred, in protest against discrimination faced by them. Over the course of the day, the group began to swell as naval ratings from HMIS

1058:, Krishnan did not join the rebellion and was also able to prevent a mutiny from the ratings under his command, with an apparent "charismatic speech" where he used his Indian identity to maintain the chain of command. 1675:

Numerous mass gatherings, meetings and demonstrations were held while the Communist Party of India led a procession of 30,000 people through the city. The subdued naval ratings on Manora Island also carriedout a

553:. The force was involved in escorting allied convoys in the Indian Ocean, defending the Indian shoreline against naval invasions and supporting allied military operations through coastlines and rivers during the 2368:

the strategy of a negotiated and constitutional settlement, but they sought to negotiate with the British and not within the two prominent symbols of respective nationalism—–the Congress and the Muslim League.

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Spontaneous and unregulated upsurges, as the RIN strikers were viewed, could only disrupt and, at worst, destroy consensus at the political level. This may be Gandhi's (and the Congress's) conclusions from the

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were trapped at the jetty on Manora, unable to cross over to Keamari and faced with the Black Watch behind them. In the end, 8–14 were killed, 33 wounded including British troops and 200 mutineers arrested.

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sent out a communication via the All India Radio, stating that the most stringent measures would be utilised to suppress their mutiny, including if necessary the destruction of the Navy itself. Rear Admiral

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On 21 February 1946, Admiral John Henry Godfrey released a statement on the All India Radio, threatening the mutineers to surrender immediately or face complete destruction. He had conferred with the

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had motivated sailors across Bombay and the Royal Indian Navy to join in by the prospects of a revolution to overthrow the British Raj and in solidarity with the grievances of their naval fraternity.

1097:, a training facility for Special Services ratings which had the capacity of 3,000 trainees was seized by the 500 ratings who were residing within it premises. Two inland establishments, HMIS 784:

The first incident occurred on 1 December 1945, when RIN Commanders had intended to open up the establishment to the public; in the morning the group vandalised the premises by littering the

4123: 2251:, 15 were found to be subscribers to CPI literature. The British later came to know that the revolt, though not initiated by the Communist Party of India, was inspired by its literature. 2628: 2213:. He was appointed as the commanding officer of the British naval forces in Western Mediterranean from March 1943 till the end of the war, and was the British representative at the 1442:

jetty on the mainland and eventually moving through the city in opposition to British rule and endorsing unity between the Indian National Congress and the All–India Muslim League.

1933:) were held across the province by the personnel from the force warning the government against shooting at Indians and demanding the release of the Indian National Army soldiers. 650:

According to the Home Department of the Raj, the Congress advocacy during the trials, their election campaign for the advisory council and the highlighting of excesses during the

673:"Provided they do their duty, armed insurrection in India would not be an insoluble problem. If however the Indian Army went the other way the picture would be very different." 2209:. Between June 1941 to March 1943, Miles had served as the head of the British naval mission in Moscow and was responsible for coordinating British naval operations with the 2228:

Following independence, the navy was divided in two, but British officers remained in positions of authority within the two navies; the Royal Indian Navy (later renamed to

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reached Bombay after being flown in from the headquarters at New Delhi. The army had formed an encirclement around the harbour and naval districts. The ratings informed

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while in custody. Many of the striking ratings, some of whom were identified as their leaders, were arrested by the authorities and sent to the military prison camp at

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at Jamnagar for having the stayed loyal and threatening the destruction of the navy if the mutineers didn't surrender. The broadcast reportedly agitated the ratings.

1612:. This delayed the crossing of mutineers from Manora to Keamari as it significantly reduced the number of boatmen willing to assist them. The confrontation with HMIS 388:, is a failed insurrection of Indian naval ratings, soldiers, police personnel and civilians against the British government in India. From the initial flashpoint in 1879:

surrendered before they could reach their designation which prompted them to redirect towards Bombay. The mutiny had however ended by the time it reached the city.

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through the Saliors' Association in Karachi. The general body came to a unanimous decision to launch an agitation on 21 February with a procession beginning at the

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and the dismissal of 476 sailors from the Royal Indian Navy. None of those dismissed were reinstated into either the Indian or Pakistani navies after independence.

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The mutiny at the naval establishments at Manora were joined by local residents. By morning, the mutineers were crossing over to Keamari on civilian and military

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shot and killed one of the ratings during the process, whose blood soaked shirt became the flag for the mutineers. The other military vessel in the harbour, HMIS

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The British authorities in 1948 branded the 1946 Indian Naval Mutiny as a "larger communist conspiracy raging from the Middle East to the Far East against the

1054:, Lieutenant Krishnan had created a diversionary signal and moved out of the harbour on 20:00, 18 February 1946. Despite protestations from his Sub–Lieutenant 1864:

had set out for sea on 21 February 1946. The ship was seized by the 120 ratings on board after receiving a radio transmission for assistance from the warship

2463: 1899:. The mutineers paraded through the streets of the city shouting slogans and attacked the British officers who attempted to impede them in their activities. 614:

and maintained that British officers would be necessary for the fleet to continue functioning as Indian officers lacked the required expertise and training.

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Indian Naval personnel began calling themselves the "Indian National Navy" and offered left–handed salutes to British officers. At some places, NCOs in the

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Movement and communication between Keamari and Karachi were cut off with the placement of a military and police cordon from 21 February onward. Civilian

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began shelling in their direction with up its twelve–pounder guns. Two ratings on the launches died and several were wounded in the minor confrontation.

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had been seized by the naval ratings at midnight, the officers subdued, and the warship moored at the Manora Island. Within hours of the mutiny at HMIS

5266: 2127:

It has been speculated that the actions of the Communist Party to support the mutineers was partly born out of its nationalist power struggle with the

1752:(RIASC). During the mutiny, the supplies provided to the RIASC was pilfered by servicemen and sold off to the mutineers through the black market. HMIS 5494: 4251:

Davies, Andrew D. (3 July 2014). "Learning 'Large Ideas' Overseas: Discipline, (im)mobility and Political Lives in the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny".

2185:

the mutiny, were unwilling to cede control and retained assumptions of the navy acting as an instrument of British interests in the Indian Ocean.

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wrong. They could not do so without a call from a prepared revolutionary party." He further criticized the local Indian National Congress leader

1346:

and Colaba camps revolted and joined up with the naval ratings. Sporting white flags spattered with fake blood, around 1,000 airmen occupied the

4518:

Meyer, John M. (2 January 2017). "The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946: Nationalist Competition and Civil-Military Relations in Postwar India".

840:

for insubordination, and the commanding officer Frederick King reportedly indulged in racialist polemic along with the use of epithets such as "

549:

new training facilities and other support infrastructure. The RIN played an instrumental role in halting the progress of Japanese forces in the

5778: 5112: 2371:

In 1967 during a seminar discussion marking the 20th anniversary of Independence; it was revealed by the British High Commissioner of the time

6842: 1398:. This was followed in quick succession with the arrival of an anti–tank battery from the Field Regiment of the Royal Artillery stationed in 1301:

who recommended the swift suppression of the mutiny to prevent it from turning into a greater military conflict. The British flotilla of the

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sparked by the mutiny. On 23 February 1946, the Naval Central Strike Committee requested all the warships to fly black flags of surrender.

6812: 4657:

Spector, Ronald (January 1981). "The Royal Indian Navy Strike of 1946: A Study of Cohesion and Disintegration in Colonial Armed Forces".

2415:

where it was being performed; soon it was banned by the Congress government of West Bengal and its writer imprisoned for several months.

2217:. The diplomatic experience of Miles hence led to a perceptions of him being best suited to deal with the aftermath of the mutiny by the 2165: 829:. He was imprisoned in solitary confinement for seventeen days, while the acts themselves continued unabated following his imprisonment. 449:

the dangers of mutiny on the eve of Independence. The actions of the mutineers were supported by demonstrations which included a one–day

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were set on fire, the US Information Office was raided and the American flag located inside was pulled down and burned on the streets.

2428:

whose plot is set at this time. Several Indian and British characters in the book discuss and debate the revolt and its implications.

6857: 4280:

Davies, Andrew (August 2013). "Identity and the assemblages of protest: The spatial politics of the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny, 1946".

2012: 1993: 1903: 1113:, a reserve officer's training facility that had been converted into an officer's demobilisation center, was seized by 120 ratings. 6862: 5840: 4832: 1212:

were hoisted. The Bombay committee of the Communist Party of India called a general strike which was supported by leaders from the

544:(RIN) had rapidly expanded from a small naval force composed of sloops to become a full–fledged navy. The expansion occurred in an 1328:

the marines having gained a foothold inside the harbour, the Central Strike Committee was moved from the shore establishment HMIS

511:

The revolt was called off following a meeting between the President of the Naval Central Strike Committee (NCSC), M. S. Khan, and

6882: 6041: 5980: 2411:, became an important anti–establishment statement, when it was first performed in 1965 in Calcutta. It drew large crowds to the 2396: 2019: 6832: 6785: 4915: 4222:

Davies, Andrew (October 2019). "Transnational connections and anti-colonial radicalism in the Royal Indian Navy mutiny, 1946".

2080:

The mutineers in the armed forces received no support from national political leaders and were themselves largely leaderless.

524:

on behalf of the Muslim League. Under these considerable pressures, the strikers gave way. Arrests were then made, followed by

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recommended a commission of inquiry determine the causes and origin of the mutiny. The commission of inquiry's members were:

2240:

became the commanding officer of the Indian Navy. None of the discharged sailors were pardoned or reinstated in either navy.

1643:

held a public meeting at the Karachi Idgah park, which witnessed a gathering of around 1,000 people and was presided over by

1592:, beginning with sniper fire from a distance directed at those on the deck of the ship. The mutineers returned fire with the 1262:

and main batteries with 4–inch guns, that had been altered to the advancing troops and directed their guns towards the land.

5545: 2445:) as a Royal Indian Navy mutineer returning home along with fellow mutineer and National Award–winning stage and film actor 6979: 5396: 2567: 1457:

followed by ratings from other establishments joined them. The group moved into the Keamari locality with slogans such as "

2026: 6913: 5558: 5039: 1539:. Some of the ratings were caught on their way by British manned patrol boats that fired at them and retreated when HMIS 1383: 484:), the British garrisons had to face some unrest within the ranks of the Indian Army. Widespread rioting took place from 4686:

Spence, Daniel Owen (27 May 2015). "Beyond Talwar : A Cultural Reappraisal of the 1946 Royal Indian Navy Mutiny".

2317: 2299: 2157: 1917:

On 22 February 1946, the stations of the RIAF in Punjab witnessed a mass general strike. Several demonstrations in the

4393:

Jeffrey, Robin (April 1981). "India's Working Class Revolt: Punnapra-Vayalar and the Communist 'Conspiracy' of 1946".

1760:

witnessed around 80 signals operators refusing to following commands and barricading themselves inside their station.

6994: 6974: 6807: 6802: 4895: 4362: 2372: 2237: 2095:, having stated "If the union at the barricade is honest then there must be union also at the constitutional front." 2059: 2008: 1276:

took up positions, pointing their batteries at the oil storage and other military buildings on the Bombay shoreline.

1200:

On the warships and shore establishments, the British flags and naval ensigns were pulled down and the flags of the

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with burnt flags and bunting, prominently displaying brooms and buckets at the tower and painting slogans such as "

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However, on 20 February 1946, before the planned procession could occur, a dozen naval ratings on the old sloop

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Godfrey had issued a statement through the All India Radio giving the example of the shore establishment HMIS

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reached Karachi on 19 February 1946. In the afternoon, the naval ratings from the shore establishments HMIS

1077:

which held the residence quarters of the landing craft wing of the RIN had been seized by 600 ratings, HMIS

6923: 6579: 5930: 5537: 5438: 5123: 5117: 4825: 2542: 2503: 6769: 6156: 5805: 5418: 5327: 4875: 4855: 4469:

Madsen, Chris (2003). "The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny, 1946". In Bell, Christopher; Elleman, Bruce (eds.).

2214: 1555: 1403: 1251: 1081:, the demobilisation center in the city which was seized by over 1,400 ratings who were housed there. On 886:

the meantime, B. C. Dutt had spent several days in solitary confinement and was allowed to return at the

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had used available wireless devices at the signals school to establish direct communications with them.

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Army, "only day to day estimates of steadiness could be made". The situation has thus been deemed the "

611: 4591:

Richardson, William (January 1993). "The Mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy at Bombay in February 1946".

2033: 1887:

On 19 February 1946, around 150 naval ratings mutinied at the shore establishment and naval base HMIS

515:

of the Congress with a guarantee that none would be persecuted. Contingents of the naval ratings were

6479: 6176: 6051: 5890: 5830: 5468: 5350: 5191: 4422:

Jena, Teertha Prakash (1996). "Challenge in Royal Indian Navy (1946) - a Revaluation of Its Causes".

2403:, another veteran of the IPTA, penned a commemorative tribute. A Bengali play based on the incident, 1909:

On 25 February 1946, the city of Madras observed complete shut down as a result of a general strike.

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Singh and signalman M. S. Khan, who were authorised by the committee to conduct informal talks. The

6764: 6739: 6276: 5975: 5815: 5675: 5633: 5473: 5443: 5428: 5423: 5355: 5058: 2508: 2412: 2376: 2375:, that the mutiny of 1946 had raised the fear of another large–scale mutiny along the lines of the 2177: 2153: 2128: 2121: 1841:

On 23 February 1946, all seven ships of the minesweeper flotilla ceased duties and went on strike.

1640: 1520:

were seized by around 1,500 naval ratings, all located on the island. The British officers at HMIS

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were deployed in Bombay to push the agitating ratings out of Bombay and back into their barracks.

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were reported to have communist leanings and on a search of 38 sailors who were arrested on HMIS

2176:

Between 25 and 26 February 1946, the rest of the mutineers surrendered with a guarantee from the

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organised food relief from fishermen and mill workers in Bombay, to be shipped into the harbour.

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was sent to the authorities and consisted of a mixture of political and service related demands.

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with the mutineers but Auchinleck and Godfrey were both opposed to the idea. The events at HMIS

577:. However once the war was over, the newly recruited men turned against the British government. 6969: 6709: 6619: 6614: 5855: 5794: 5686: 5613: 5603: 5340: 5169: 5100: 5090: 2513: 2140: 2136: 1802: 1745: 1285: 945: 925: 640: 458: 344: 154: 142: 86: 4089: 1128:

to elect the Naval Central Strike Committee (NCSC) as their representatives and formulate the

817:

C–in–C was to receive the establishment's salute, featuring slogans such as "Quit India" and "

610:

Ocean. Operating under this vision, Godfrey proposed the acquisition of new warships from the

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In the afternoon of 19 February, the mutineers at the Bombay Harbour had congregated at HMIS

679: 4324:

Deshpande, Anirudh (March 1989). "Sailors and the crowd: popular protest in Karachi, 1946".

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Talbot, Ian (December 2013). "Safety First: The Security of Britons in India, 1946—1947".

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Pati, Biswamoy (2009). "From the Parlour to the Streets: A Short Note on Aruna Asaf Ali".

4495:(2014). "Question of loyalty? The Indian National Army and the Royal Indian Navy mutiny". 8: 6744: 6689: 6574: 6569: 6464: 6444: 6369: 6166: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6111: 5950: 5159: 5154: 5050: 4552: 4451: 2537: 2493: 2333: 2329: 2313: 2108: 1942: 1496:

In the morning of 21 February 1946, Manora Island was rife with unrest. The warship HMIS

1375: 1226: 1143: 651: 623: 598: 521: 469: 368: 217: 2629:"1946 Last War of Independence Royal Indian Navy Mutiny review: The 1946 naval uprising" 1492:

Map of Karachi (1911) with Manora Island, Karachi Harbour and the Keamari naval district

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On 22 February 1946, the British troops arrested 306 mutineers without use of force.

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At 12:30, 18 February 1946, it was reported that all naval ratings below the rank of

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would have been lost if an armed revolt succeeded with undesirable consequences. The

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three prominent communist leaders in the city and the district magistrate imposed a

825:, he claimed responsibility for all acts of vandalism and announced his status as a 6938: 6852: 6729: 6699: 6679: 6654: 6644: 6584: 6494: 6439: 6434: 6324: 6246: 6071: 6026: 6011: 5935: 5910: 5880: 5643: 5583: 5385: 5295: 5290: 5236: 5144: 5063: 5001: 4991: 4966: 4880: 4860: 4768: 4724: 4695: 4666: 4604: 4600: 4527: 4402: 4333: 4293: 4289: 4260: 4231: 2488: 2473: 2424: 2276: 1906:

at Avadi publicised their decision to refuse orders and initiate a general strike.

1693: 1333: 1025: 726:, the dissatisfaction against British colonial rule was rapidly growing within the 627: 300: 4772: 4754:"Meanings of Failed Action: A Reassessment of the 1946 Royal Indian Navy Uprising" 4699: 4531: 1672:

streets filled as more and more people joined mass demonstrations and gatherings.

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Prosecution of the commanding officers and signal bosuns for mistreatment of crew;

870:

followed suit and began refusing orders, in solidarity with the operators at HMIS

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The Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonisation

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The rebellion also included shore establishments in the vicinity of Bombay; HMIS

841: 837: 683: 227: 4385: 1189:

Removal of requirements for return of clothing kit after discharge from service;

647:

in Delhi for "waging war against the King Emperor", i.e., the Emperor of India.

492:. Notably, the revolting ships hoisted three flags tied together – those of the 213: 6719: 6669: 6659: 6639: 6604: 6564: 6549: 6271: 6201: 6186: 6126: 6116: 5945: 5835: 5705: 5680: 5655: 5553: 5506: 5284: 5271: 5231: 5201: 5085: 4976: 4670: 4406: 4337: 2400: 2325: 2088: 2083: 1865: 1699: 1659: 1476: 1446: 1371: 1370:

On 22 February 1946, British reinforcements in the form of battalions from the

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The Royal Indian Navy: Trajectories, Transformations and the Transfer of Power

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had received an ultimatum from the authorities to surrender by 10:00 am. HMIS

1074: 803:

The response was a result of correspondences issued by the Commander–in–Chief

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The minesweeper flotilla of the Royal Indian Navy, with its command warship

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was a mechanical training establishment was seized by 800 ratings and HMIS

1043:

The solitary exception to the mutiny at the Bombay Harbour was the frigate

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agitations broke out in the city, gasoline was seized from passing trucks,

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Towards Freedom: Documents on the Movement for Independence in India, 1946

4303:

We Fought Together for Freedom: Chapters from the Indian National Movement

4152:

Bhagwatkar, V. M. (1976). "The R. I. N. Mutiny of Bombay—February, 1946".

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The only major political segments that still mentions the revolt are the

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Demobilisation of the Royal Indian Navy ratings and officers, with haste;

849: 749: 727: 636: 560:

Due to the war, recruitments began occurring beyond the confines of the "

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Improvement in standards of treatment by officers towards subordinates;

1180: 974: 967: 957: 856: 789: 711: 602: 457:. The strike spread to other cities, and was joined by elements of the 222: 781:) and began hatching conspiracies to undermine their senior officers. 601:, the Royal Indian Navy was not privy to such a relationship with the 6704: 6599: 6559: 6534: 6469: 6131: 6121: 6021: 5488: 5106: 5022: 4932: 4865: 4474: 4471:

Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective

2603:

Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective

2391:

The rising was championed by Marxist cultural activists from Bengal.

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In the morning, the government issued a public warning, stating that

1313: 1157: 1089:, a second demobilisation center were also seized by mutineers. HMIS 1050:, a "test ship" with Indian officers. The commanding officer of HMIS 998: 770: 434: 30: 1975: 1069:, an anti–submarine training school was manned by 300 ratings, HMIS 6066: 5710: 5370: 5335: 3746: 2272: 1737: 1733: 1488: 1102: 1033: 818: 703: 489: 405: 4124:"Swaminathan S Anklesaria Aiyar: Freedom, won by himsa or ahimsa?" 6226: 5011: 4971: 4191: 1919: 1872: 1439: 1354:

and included a demand for standardisation of pay scales with the

1343: 1094: 988: 896: 485: 409: 401: 70: 5750: 4199:; Mukherjee, Aditya; Panikkar, K. N.; Mahajan, Sucheta (2000). 1892: 1766: 1725: 1721: 1649: 1608:

would be used against anyone approaching within a mile of HMIS

1350:. The contingent issued their own set of demands mimicking the 929: 845: 760: 756: 565: 545: 516: 473: 454: 393: 389: 1875:. The ship was subsequently diverted towards Karachi but HMIS 1116: 5180: 3922: 3672: 1741: 1681: 1631: 1391: 1161: 953: 797: 626:("Netaji"), as well as the stories of INA's fight during the 477: 3939: 3937: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 2381:

Indian soldiers who had participated in the Second World War

2168:, have each had ships named after them by the Indian Navy. 1342:

In the meantime, Royal Indian Air Force personnel from the

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and later at a signals training center at the air base in

695:

suffered nine mutinies on board various individual ships.

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police firings in self–defense and 53 policemen injured.

1312:, three frigates and five destroyers were called in from 891:

operated wireless stations including those as distant as

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Failed Indian attempt to achieve independence peacefully

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Mr. Justice K. S. Krishnaswami Iyengar, Chief Justice,

1744:. The Bombay telegraphs also requested assistance from 1575:, the gunnery school and jetty on the island that HMIS 1219: 3976: 3795: 3715: 3651: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3564: 3540: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3417: 3388: 3330: 3328: 3268: 3256: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3152: 3127: 3125: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3021: 3019: 3017: 2914: 2912: 2899: 2897: 2884: 2882: 2858: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2814: 2812: 1941:

On 22 February 1946, the naval ratings of the frigate

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regarding pay, family allowances and other facilities;

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Communist involvement in Indian Independence movement

1789:. The flotilla included six other ships namely, HMIS 1085:, the Mahul wireless communications station and HMIS 472:

ignored and defied orders from British superiors. In

4372:

Javed, Ajeet (2010). "The United Struggle of 1946".

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wrote a revolutionary song in 1946 on behalf of the

755:

was a shore establishment, with a signals school at

4045: 4033: 4021: 3581: 3528: 3516: 3448: 3429: 3325: 3232: 3215: 3122: 3087: 3014: 2909: 2894: 2879: 2824: 2809: 1692:such as post offices, police stations and the sole 1358:(RAF). The Royal Indian Air Force personnel at the 1320:were flown over the harbour as a show of strength. 4611: 4081: 3988: 3752: 3619: 3359: 3340: 3308: 3031: 2990: 2951: 2731: 2714: 698:In early February 1946, mutinies broke out in the 396:), the revolt spread and found support throughout 4094:(in German). Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 253. 415:The mutiny ended with the surrender of revolting 6951: 5536: 4688:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 4520:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 2232:) and the Royal Pakistan Navy (later renamed to 1195:Installation of Indian officers and supervisors. 4395:The Indian Economic & Social History Review 4326:The Indian Economic & Social History Review 1475:), urging commercial establishments to begin a 906: 504:(CPI), signifying the unity and downplaying of 1714: 1483: 1186:Optimum quality of Indian food in the service; 617: 5522: 4826: 4640:Under Two Ensigns: The Indian Navy, 1945-1950 4175:Rin Mutiny, 1946: Reference and Guide for All 1563:police, along with British troops armed with 1409: 4717:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 4201:India's struggle for independence, 1857-1947 1434:called a meeting of ratings at the beach of 1362:began a strike in support of the mutineers. 1246:was given charge of suppressing the mutiny. 4790:Historical Dictionary of Naval Intelligence 2599: 2407:(Sound of the Wave), by radical playwright 6037:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 5529: 5515: 4833: 4819: 4761:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 4590: 4424:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 4154:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 4151: 3943: 3928: 3697: 3678: 3486: 3411: 3209: 1625: 792:, Down with British Raj", and "Victory to 92:Mutineers surrender to British authorities 4323: 3916: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3863: 3851: 3839: 3816: 3804: 3789: 3764: 3728: 3709: 3666: 3645: 3575: 3558: 3546: 2102:Naval uprising memorial in Colaba, Mumbai 2060:Learn how and when to remove this message 1904:Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers 1365: 1167:Eviction of British nationals from India; 4840: 2626: 2418:The revolt is part of the background to 2097: 2071: 1487: 1156:Withdrawal of all Indian personnel from 4656: 4642:. Oxford & IBH Publishing Company. 4546: 4491: 4392: 4352: 4015: 3613: 3399: 3382: 3279: 3171: 2972: 2873: 2852: 2662: 2587: 2574: 2221:and expectations on him remained high. 6952: 4751: 4714: 4685: 4497:The Indian Army and the End of the Raj 4468: 4279: 4250: 4221: 4087: 4075: 4063: 3970: 3955: 3534: 3498: 3459: 3302: 3250: 3190: 3146: 3116: 3081: 3064: 3052: 3025: 2945: 2930: 2918: 2818: 2803: 2782: 2763: 2708: 2696: 2677: 2606:. Cass series. Frank Cass. p. 6. 1601:surrendered and the battle had ended. 1173:Release of all detained naval ratings; 593:Unlike the close relationship between 440:The RIN Revolt started as a strike by 5510: 4814: 4637: 4517: 4442: 4371: 4300: 4145: 4051: 4039: 4003: 3982: 3740: 3630: 3510: 3442: 3423: 3370: 3353: 3319: 3262: 3238: 3226: 3131: 3040: 3008: 2996: 2984: 2960: 2903: 2835: 2076:Naval Uprising Statue, Colaba, Mumbai 667:Unrest in the British forces in India 16:1946 revolt by British Indian sailors 4787: 4752:Vitali, Valentina (2 October 2018). 4569: 4421: 4172: 4027: 3596: 3522: 3334: 3104: 2888: 2740: 2725: 2568:1947 Royal New Zealand Navy mutinies 2263:On 8 March 1946, Commander–in–Chief 1998:adding citations to reliable sources 1969: 1220:Intervention by the Southern Command 419:sailors to British authorities. The 4615:; Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi (2007). 2593: 2397:Indian People’s Theatre Association 1924: 1654: 1508:, the trainings establishment HMIS 1469: 1462: 775: 13: 4122:Aiyar, Swaminathan S. Anklesaria. 2600:Bell, C.M.; Elleman, B.A. (2003). 2158:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 1965: 14: 7006: 4121: 2627:Narasiah, K. R. A. (7 May 2022). 2441:features the protagonist Aloshy ( 2254: 1546:In the meantime, troops from the 580: 5731:Muslim nationalism in South Asia 4931: 1974: 1528:was also seized by the ratings. 1242:, the commanding officer of the 832:On 8 February 1946, a number of 722:, the commanding officer of the 520:statement issued in Calcutta by 362: 351: 338: 327: 316: 305: 294: 283: 272: 247: 235: 212: 202: 190: 177: 166: 148: 136: 125: 113: 29: 5971:Provisional Government of India 4901:Provisional Government of India 4856:Revolutionary conspiracy of WWI 4355:The Indian Naval Revolt of 1946 4115: 2197:On 23 March 1946, Vice Admiral 1985:needs additional citations for 1957: 1770:were also reportedly involved. 1750:Royal Indian Army Service Corps 1466: Long live the revolution 1418:The news of the mutiny at HMIS 1260:Bofors 40 mm anti–aircraft guns 622:The INA trials, the stories of 183:Royal Indian Army Service Corps 4605:10.1080/00253359.1993.10656448 4294:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.03.013 3753:Sarkar & Bhattacharya 2007 2620: 2192: 2143:), wrote in a personal letter 1860:, a transport vessel named SS 1773: 741: 1: 4773:10.1080/00856401.2018.1523106 4700:10.1080/03086534.2015.1026126 4572:Economic and Political Weekly 4532:10.1080/03086534.2016.1262645 1548:44th Indian Airborne Division 531: 6965:Indian independence movement 6580:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari 5856:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 5538:Indian independence movement 5439:Japanese occupation of Burma 4265:10.1080/17450101.2014.946769 2543:Chilean naval mutiny of 1931 2504:Indian Independence movement 2288:Mr. Justice Mahajan, Judge, 2171: 1844: 1756:, the naval headquarters at 1516:and the gunnery school HMIS 1305:, consisting of the cruiser 1179:Equality in status with the 1032:, among other ships such as 956:. The warships included two 907:Occupation of Bombay Harbour 508:issues among the mutineers. 7: 6980:Indian National Army trials 6770:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya 6157:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty 5419:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan 5222:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 4357:. Chennai: Orient Longman. 2456: 2215:Tripartite Naval Commission 1936: 1764:Criminal elements known as 1715:Other revolts and incidents 1556:Royal Regiment of Artillery 1535:es from the jetty of HMIIS 1484:Occupation of Manora Island 1252:5th Mahratta Light Infantry 1235:Viceroy's Executive Council 716:Central Provinces and Berar 691:Between 1943 and 1945, the 618:Indian National Army trials 24:Royal Indian Navy rebellion 10: 7011: 6505:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 6057:Indian Independence League 5774:Partition of Bengal (1947) 5769:Partition of Bengal (1905) 5434:Selarang Barracks incident 4671:10.1177/0095327X8100700208 4659:Armed Forces & Society 4501:Cambridge University Press 4407:10.1177/001946468101800201 4353:Gourgey, Percy S. (1996). 4338:10.1177/001946468902600101 2306:, Cruiser Squadron in the 2009:"Royal Indian Navy mutiny" 1153:personnel unconditionally; 836:(enlisted personnel) were 500:, and the Red Flag of the 6896: 6795: 6680:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi 6480:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 6300: 6177:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 6097: 6052:Indian Home Rule movement 5994: 5891:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 5831:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 5759: 5696: 5544: 5469:Malaysian Indian Congress 5406: 5326: 5133: 5049: 4940: 4929: 4848: 4729:10.1017/S0080440113000091 4638:Singh, Satyindra (1986). 2431:The 2014 Malayalam movie 2386: 2343: 2135:, who was a Judge in the 1912: 1902:1,600 personnel with the 1882: 1117:Strike Committee and the 259: 105: 45: 28: 23: 6995:Communist Party of India 6975:1946 in military history 6919:Indian annexation of Goa 6765:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 6277:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 6042:Indian National Congress 5841:Non-cooperation movement 5424:Special Bureau for India 5059:Indian National Congress 4794:Rowman & Littlefield 4547:Mohanan, Kalesh (2019). 4177:. Northern Book Centre. 4173:Bose, Biswanath (1988). 2509:Indian Rebellion of 1857 2377:Indian Rebellion of 1857 2178:Indian National Congress 2154:Communist Party of India 2139:(which later became the 2129:Indian National Congress 2122:Communist Party of India 1663:) on the following day. 1641:Communist Party of India 1565:Thompson submachine guns 1512:, the radar school HMIS 1473: Freedom for India 1297:(Chief of Naval Staff), 1279:In the evening, Admiral 1214:Congress Socialist Party 1210:Communist Party of India 1202:Indian National Congress 899:; the mutineers at HMIS 864:Castle and Fort Barracks 661:Communist Party of India 502:Communist Party of India 430:Communist Party of India 421:Indian National Congress 378:Royal Indian Navy mutiny 242:Indian National Congress 173:Congress Socialist Party 132:Communist Party of India 6924:Indian Independence Act 6510:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 6485:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 6455:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao 6192:Kandukuri Veeresalingam 6172:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 6007:All-India Muslim League 5961:Royal Air Force strikes 5926:Round table conferences 5916:Chittagong armoury raid 5806:Hindu–German Conspiracy 5789:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 5559:Porto Grande de Bengala 5217:Rani of Jhansi Regiment 4962:Indian National Council 4621:Oxford University Press 4380:(1). Karachi: 146–154. 4307:Oxford University Press 2563:1944 Greek naval mutiny 2379:, from the 2.5 million 2304:Flag Officer Commanding 1626:Civil unrest in Karachi 1390:arrived at Bombay from 1206:All–India Muslim League 254:All-India Muslim League 6710:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 6615:Purushottam Das Tandon 5981:Praja Mandala movement 5795:The Indian Sociologist 5170:First Arakan offensive 2514:Royal Air Force mutiny 2150: 2141:Supreme Court of India 2137:Federal Court of India 2103: 2077: 1746:Royal Indian Air Force 1594:Oerlikon 20 mm cannons 1571:information from HMIS 1493: 1366:Civil unrest in Bombay 1348:Marine Drive of Bombay 1286:The Free Press Journal 1198: 1142:Release of all Indian 946:Prince of Wales Museum 926:Arthur Rullion Rattray 675: 641:Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon 459:Royal Indian Air Force 345:Arthur Rullion Rattray 266:No centralised command 260:Commanders and leaders 143:Royal Indian Air Force 6934:Political integration 6675:Shyamji Krishna Varma 6460:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 6405:Bhupendra Kumar Datta 6237:Rettamalai Srinivasan 6197:Mahadev Govind Ranade 6002:All India Kisan Sabha 5966:Coup d'état of Yanaon 5866:Qissa Khwani massacre 5851:Coolie-Begar movement 5666:Second Anglo-Sikh War 5454:India in World War II 5429:Azad Hind Decorations 5361:INA Defence Committee 5175:Hindustan Field Force 4957:Swami Satyananda Puri 4374:Pakistan Perspectives 4088:Pandey, B.N. (1976). 2265:Sir Claude Auchinleck 2243:Many sailors on HMIS 2199:Geoffrey Audley Miles 2145: 2101: 2075: 1785:was stationed in the 1554:and a battery of the 1491: 1468:), "Hindustan Azad" ( 1299:Sir Andrew Cunningham 1139: 973:, two older warships 805:Sir Claude Auchinleck 680:Hastings Lionel Ismay 671: 645:trial at the Red Fort 6760:Veeran Sundaralingam 6715:Tara Rani Srivastava 6650:Sahajanand Saraswati 6540:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 6425:Chandra Shekhar Azad 6330:Alluri Sitarama Raju 6287:Vitthal Ramji Shinde 6242:Sahajanand Saraswati 6162:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 6062:Indian National Army 5906:Dharasana Satyagraha 5811:Champaran Satyagraha 5661:First Anglo-Sikh War 5227:Mohammed Zaman Kiani 4997:Bidadary Resolutions 4842:Indian National Army 4788:West, Nigel (2010). 4593:The Mariner's Mirror 4553:Taylor & Francis 4503:. pp. 116–150. 4477:. pp. 175–192. 4301:Dayal, Ravi (1995). 2575:Notes and references 2558:Cocos Islands mutiny 2499:Indian National Army 2449:(played by director 2238:William Edward Parry 2201:replaced Godfrey as 1994:improve this article 1388:Royal Armoured Corps 1227:commercial districts 1151:Indian National Army 911:On 19 February, the 551:Indian Ocean Theatre 6745:V. K. Krishna Menon 6690:Subhas Chandra Bose 6575:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 6570:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 6465:Govind Ballabh Pant 6445:Dayananda Saraswati 6370:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 6167:Gopal Hari Deshmukh 6147:Dhondo Keshav Karve 6142:Dayananda Saraswati 6137:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 6112:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer 5625:Anglo-Maratha Wars 5301:Battle of Irrawaddy 5051:Subhas Chandra Bose 4942:Indian Independence 4452:Bloomsbury Academic 3501:, pp. 179–180. 3385:, pp. 143–144. 3253:, pp. 497–498. 3119:, pp. 178–179. 2711:, pp. 175–176. 2538:Kronstadt rebellion 2494:Quit India Movement 2355:Point of No Return. 2334:4th Indian Division 2275:, Chief Justice of 2273:Sir Saiyid Fazl Ali 2109:Quit India Movement 1316:. Bombers from the 1144:political prisoners 1130:Charter of Demands. 779: Free Indians 652:Quit India Movement 624:Subhas Chandra Bose 599:British Indian Army 522:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 470:British Indian Army 463:local police forces 386:1946 Naval Uprising 369:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 218:British Indian Army 53:18–25 February 1946 6929:Partition of India 6775:Yashwantrao Holkar 6740:V. O. Chidamabaram 6695:Subramania Bharati 6625:Rahul Sankrityayan 6610:Pritilata Waddedar 6520:Shri Krishna Singh 6420:C. Rajagopalachari 6410:Bidhan Chandra Roy 6395:Bhavabhushan Mitra 6380:Begum Hazrat Mahal 6335:Annapurna Maharana 6207:Muthulakshmi Reddy 6152:G. Subramania Iyer 5846:Christmas Day Plot 5721:Indian nationalism 5671:Sannyasi rebellion 5569:East India Company 5366:Kailash Nath Katju 5311:Surrender of Japan 5306:Battle of Meiktila 5017:Bangkok Conference 4236:10.1111/glob.12256 4197:Mukherjee, Mridula 4146:General references 4128:The Economic Times 4078:, p. 177-178. 3931:, p. 193-194. 3681:, p. 198-199. 2548:Invergordon Mutiny 2528:Revolt of the Lash 2469:Communism in India 2434:Iyobinte Pusthakam 2219:British government 2104: 2093:Partition of India 2078: 1645:Sobho Gianchandani 1494: 1352:Charter of Demands 1135:Charter of Demands 1119:Charter of Demands 921:John Henry Godfrey 827:political prisoner 734:as well as in the 702:unit stationed in 607:John Henry Godfrey 384:, also called the 334:John Henry Godfrey 159:Civilian agitators 87:Bloodless Conflict 6990:Conflicts in 1946 6985:Royal Indian Navy 6947: 6946: 6914:Republic of India 6750:Vallabhbhai Patel 6735:Ubaidullah Sindhi 6635:Ram Prasad Bismil 6530:M. Bhaktavatsalam 6490:Jatindra Nath Das 6415:Bipin Chandra Pal 6350:Babu Kunwar Singh 6320:Achyut Patwardhan 6077:Khudai Khidmatgar 5921:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 5861:Kakori conspiracy 5821:Rowlatt Committee 5784:Direct Action Day 5746:Swadeshi movement 5726:Khilafat Movement 5716:Hindu nationalism 5676:Rebellion of 1857 5599:Anglo-Mysore Wars 5589:Battle of Plassey 5504: 5503: 5376:Tej Bahadur Sapru 5252:Rasammah Bhupalan 5155:Fall of Singapore 5118:Death controversy 5081:Bengal Volunteers 4916:Greater East Asia 4803:978-0-8108-7377-3 4649:978-81-204-0094-8 4630:978-0-19-569245-7 4562:978-1-000-70957-5 4510:978-0-521-89975-8 4484:978-1-135-75553-9 4461:978-1-84511-347-6 4316:978-0-19-563286-6 4214:978-81-8475-183-3 4184:978-81-85119-30-4 4101:978-1-349-00792-9 3755:, pp. 79–80. 3426:, pp. 11–12. 3265:, pp. 90–91. 2613:978-0-7146-5460-7 2553:1936 Naval Revolt 2332:, Commanding the 2308:East Indies Fleet 2290:Lahore High Court 2207:Royal Indian Navy 2070: 2069: 2062: 2044: 1897:Madras Presidency 1459:Inquilab Zindabad 1404:communal violence 917:Royal Indian Navy 693:Royal Indian Navy 655:the way forward. 612:British Admiralty 542:Royal Indian Navy 513:Vallab Bhai Patel 446:Royal Indian Navy 374: 373: 358:Vallabhbhai Patel 312:Claude Auchinleck 120:Royal Indian Navy 101: 100: 7002: 6939:Simla Conference 6730:Tiruppur Kumaran 6700:Subramaniya Siva 6655:Sangolli Rayanna 6645:Rash Behari Bose 6585:Nagnath Naikwadi 6495:Jawaharlal Nehru 6440:Dadabhai Naoroji 6435:Chittaranjan Das 6325:A. K. Fazlul Huq 6247:Savitribai Phule 6072:Khaksar movement 6027:Berlin Committee 6012:Anushilan Samiti 5976:Independence Day 5936:Aundh Experiment 5911:Vedaranyam March 5816:Kheda Satyagraha 5801:Singapore Mutiny 5584:Portuguese India 5531: 5524: 5517: 5508: 5507: 5386:Jawaharlal Nehru 5296:Battle of Kohima 5291:Battle of Imphal 5145:Battle of Malaya 5002:Tokyo Conference 4992:Rash Behari Bose 4935: 4881:Berlin Committee 4835: 4828: 4821: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4784: 4758: 4748: 4711: 4682: 4653: 4634: 4608: 4587: 4566: 4543: 4514: 4488: 4465: 4439: 4418: 4389: 4368: 4349: 4320: 4297: 4276: 4247: 4218: 4188: 4169: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3986: 3985:, p. 91-92. 3980: 3974: 3968: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3919:, p. 13-14. 3914: 3908: 3907:, p. 12-13. 3902: 3896: 3895:, p. 11-12. 3890: 3884: 3878: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3854:, p. 10-11. 3849: 3843: 3837: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3793: 3787: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3649: 3643: 3634: 3628: 3617: 3611: 3600: 3594: 3579: 3573: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3463: 3457: 3446: 3440: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3357: 3351: 3338: 3332: 3323: 3317: 3306: 3300: 3283: 3277: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3213: 3207: 3194: 3188: 3175: 3169: 3150: 3144: 3135: 3129: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3085: 3079: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3029: 3023: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2949: 2943: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2907: 2901: 2892: 2886: 2877: 2871: 2856: 2850: 2839: 2833: 2822: 2816: 2807: 2801: 2786: 2780: 2767: 2761: 2744: 2738: 2729: 2723: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2681: 2675: 2666: 2660: 2637: 2636: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2489:Tebhaga Movement 2474:Anushilan Samiti 2425:Bhowani Junction 2277:Patna High Court 2236:). Vice Admiral 2065: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2043: 2002: 1978: 1970: 1932: 1926: 1662: 1656: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1376:Queen's Regiment 1334:state of the art 1244:Southern Command 1056:R. K. S. Ghandhi 780: 777: 687: 538:Second World War 367: 366: 365: 356: 355: 354: 343: 342: 341: 332: 331: 330: 321: 320: 319: 310: 309: 308: 301:Archibald Wavell 299: 298: 297: 288: 287: 286: 277: 276: 275: 252: 251: 250: 240: 239: 238: 216: 206: 195: 194: 193: 181: 171: 170: 169: 153: 152: 151: 141: 140: 139: 130: 129: 128: 118: 117: 116: 47: 46: 33: 21: 20: 7010: 7009: 7005: 7004: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6943: 6904:Cabinet Mission 6892: 6796:British leaders 6791: 6780:Yogendra Shukla 6685:Siraj ud-Daulah 6640:Rani Lakshmibai 6630:Rajendra Prasad 6620:R. Venkataraman 6565:Mithuben Petit‎ 6545:Mahadaji Shinde 6525:Lala Lajpat Rai 6360:Bahadur Shah II 6345:Ashfaqulla Khan 6315:Accamma Cherian 6310:Abul Kalam Azad 6302: 6296: 6267:Syed Ahmad Khan 6257:Sister Nivedita 6222:Pandita Ramabai 6217:Niralamba Swami 6182:J. B. Kripalani 6107:Ashfaqulla Khan 6099: 6093: 6032:Ghadar Movement 5990: 5871:Flag Satyagraha 5779:Revolutionaries 5761: 5755: 5698: 5692: 5594:Battle of Buxar 5540: 5535: 5505: 5500: 5449:Masakasu Kawabe 5444:Burma Area Army 5414:Azad Hind Radio 5402: 5381:Bhulabhai Desai 5328:Red Fort trials 5322: 5237:A.D. Loganathan 5136: 5135:Indian National 5129: 5113:Habib-ur-Rahman 5045: 4943: 4936: 4927: 4844: 4839: 4804: 4756: 4650: 4631: 4563: 4511: 4493:Marston, Daniel 4485: 4462: 4365: 4317: 4224:Global Networks 4215: 4185: 4148: 4143: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3969: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3944:Richardson 1993 3942: 3935: 3929:Richardson 1993 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3803: 3796: 3788: 3771: 3767:, p. 9-10. 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3698:Richardson 1993 3696: 3685: 3679:Richardson 1993 3677: 3673: 3665: 3652: 3644: 3637: 3629: 3620: 3612: 3603: 3595: 3582: 3574: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3487:Richardson 1993 3485: 3466: 3458: 3449: 3441: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3412:Richardson 1993 3410: 3406: 3398: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3360: 3352: 3341: 3333: 3326: 3318: 3309: 3301: 3286: 3278: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3216: 3210:Richardson 1993 3208: 3197: 3189: 3178: 3170: 3153: 3145: 3138: 3130: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3088: 3080: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3032: 3024: 3015: 3011:, pp. 8–9. 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2952: 2944: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2910: 2902: 2895: 2887: 2880: 2872: 2859: 2851: 2842: 2834: 2825: 2817: 2810: 2802: 2789: 2781: 2770: 2762: 2747: 2739: 2732: 2724: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2684: 2676: 2669: 2661: 2640: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2521:Naval mutinies: 2518: 2479:Ghadar Movement 2459: 2413:Minerva Theatre 2399:(IPTA). Later, 2393:Salil Chaudhury 2389: 2346: 2296:W. R. Patterson 2257: 2195: 2174: 2066: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2003: 2001: 1991: 1979: 1968: 1966:Lack of support 1960: 1939: 1927: 1915: 1885: 1847: 1776: 1717: 1657: 1628: 1502:Karachi Harbour 1486: 1472: 1465: 1416: 1396:Bombay Province 1380:Border Regiment 1368: 1356:Royal Air Force 1318:Royal Air Force 1233:Meanwhile, the 1222: 1149:Release of all 1122: 909: 862:, and those at 846:sons of coolies 842:sons of bitches 838:court martialed 778: 768:designation of 747: 724:Eastern Command 718:. According to 708:Bengal Province 700:Indian Pioneers 689: 684:1st Baron Ismay 677: 669: 633:Shah Nawaz Khan 628:Siege of Imphal 620: 583: 534: 363: 361: 352: 350: 348: 339: 337: 336: 328: 326: 325: 317: 315: 314: 306: 304: 303: 295: 293: 292: 284: 282: 281: 273: 271: 248: 246: 244: 236: 234: 232: 228:Royal Air Force 191: 189: 175: 167: 165: 164: 160: 158: 149: 147: 146: 137: 135: 134: 126: 124: 123: 114: 112: 77: 41:near the shore. 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7008: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6960:Naval mutinies 6945: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6789: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6720:Tarak Nath Das 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6670:Shuja-ud-Daula 6667: 6662: 6660:Sarojini Naidu 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6605:Prafulla Chaki 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6550:Mahatma Gandhi 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6306: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6272:Vakkom Moulavi 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6202:Mahatma Gandhi 6199: 6194: 6189: 6187:Jyotirao Phule 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6127:B. R. Ambedkar 6124: 6119: 6117:Ayya Vaikundar 6114: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5946:Cripps Mission 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5836:Noakhali riots 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5765: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5702: 5700: 5699:and ideologies 5694: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5683: 5681:Radcliffe Line 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5656:Vellore Mutiny 5653: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5550: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5534: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5511: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5410: 5408: 5407:Related topics 5404: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5332: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5232:Lakshmi Sahgal 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5202:Subhas Brigade 5199: 5194: 5192:Gandhi Brigade 5189: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5086:Emilie Schenkl 5083: 5078: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5055: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4938: 4937: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4906:Imperial Japan 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4838: 4837: 4830: 4823: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4802: 4785: 4767:(4): 763–788. 4749: 4712: 4694:(3): 489–508. 4683: 4665:(2): 271–284. 4654: 4648: 4635: 4629: 4609: 4599:(2): 192–201. 4588: 4567: 4561: 4544: 4515: 4509: 4489: 4483: 4466: 4460: 4440: 4419: 4390: 4369: 4363: 4350: 4321: 4315: 4298: 4277: 4259:(3): 384–400. 4248: 4230:(4): 521–538. 4219: 4213: 4193:Chandra, Bipan 4189: 4183: 4170: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4114: 4100: 4080: 4068: 4066:, p. 187. 4056: 4044: 4032: 4030:, p. 126. 4020: 4008: 3987: 3975: 3973:, p. 496. 3960: 3958:, p. 494. 3948: 3946:, p. 194. 3933: 3921: 3917:Deshpande 1989 3909: 3905:Deshpande 1989 3897: 3893:Deshpande 1989 3885: 3881:Deshpande 1989 3868: 3864:Deshpande 1989 3856: 3852:Deshpande 1989 3844: 3840:Deshpande 1989 3821: 3819:, p. 7-8. 3817:Deshpande 1989 3809: 3805:Deshpande 1989 3794: 3790:Deshpande 1989 3769: 3765:Deshpande 1989 3757: 3745: 3743:, p. 4-5. 3733: 3729:Deshpande 1989 3714: 3712:, p. 4-5. 3710:Deshpande 1989 3702: 3700:, p. 199. 3683: 3671: 3667:Deshpande 1989 3650: 3646:Deshpande 1989 3635: 3618: 3601: 3599:, p. 125. 3580: 3576:Deshpande 1989 3563: 3561:, p. 2-3. 3559:Deshpande 1989 3551: 3547:Deshpande 1989 3539: 3527: 3525:, p. 166. 3515: 3513:, p. 228. 3503: 3491: 3489:, p. 198. 3464: 3447: 3428: 3416: 3414:, p. 197. 3404: 3402:, p. 144. 3387: 3375: 3358: 3339: 3337:, p. 486. 3324: 3307: 3305:, p. 180. 3284: 3282:, p. 272. 3267: 3255: 3243: 3231: 3214: 3212:, p. 193. 3195: 3193:, p. 179. 3176: 3174:, p. 271. 3151: 3149:, p. 387. 3136: 3121: 3109: 3107:, p. 485. 3086: 3084:, p. 492. 3069: 3067:, p. 491. 3057: 3055:, p. 143. 3045: 3030: 3013: 3001: 2989: 2987:, p. 7-8. 2977: 2965: 2950: 2948:, p. 493. 2935: 2933:, p. 489. 2923: 2908: 2893: 2891:, p. 490. 2878: 2876:, p. 143. 2857: 2855:, p. 273. 2840: 2823: 2808: 2806:, p. 182. 2787: 2785:, p. 181. 2768: 2766:, p. 177. 2745: 2743:, p. 489. 2730: 2728:, p. 488. 2713: 2701: 2699:, p. 175. 2682: 2680:, p. 3-4. 2667: 2665:, p. 274. 2638: 2619: 2612: 2592: 2590:, p. 208. 2579: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2524: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2401:Hemanga Biswas 2388: 2385: 2345: 2342: 2337: 2336: 2312:Major-General 2310: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2256: 2255:Investigations 2253: 2194: 2191: 2173: 2170: 2089:Aruna Asaf Ali 2084:Mahatma Gandhi 2068: 2067: 1982: 1980: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1959: 1956: 1938: 1935: 1914: 1911: 1884: 1881: 1846: 1843: 1775: 1772: 1716: 1713: 1700:Grindlays Bank 1660:general strike 1627: 1624: 1500:docked at the 1485: 1482: 1477:general strike 1415: 1408: 1384:146th Regiment 1372:Essex Regiment 1367: 1364: 1295:First Sea Lord 1221: 1218: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1154: 1147: 1121: 1115: 1083:Trombay Island 1038:naval trawlers 942:tramway tracks 908: 905: 868:Bombay Harbour 746: 740: 670: 668: 665: 619: 616: 587:demobilisation 582: 581:Demobilisation 579: 555:Burma Campaign 533: 530: 526:courts martial 451:general strike 372: 371: 290:Clement Attlee 279:King George VI 268: 262: 261: 257: 256: 231: 230: 225: 220: 210: 197:British Empire 186: 108: 107: 103: 102: 99: 98: 97: 96: 93: 83: 79: 78: 61: 59: 55: 54: 51: 43: 42: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7007: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6970:1946 in India 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6665:Satyapal Dang 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6590:Nana Fadnavis 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6555:Mangal Pandey 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6515:Khudiram Bose 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6430:Chetram Jatav 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6400:Bhikaiji Cama 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6390:Bharathidasan 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6375:Basawon Singh 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6262:Sri Aurobindo 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6232:Ram Mohan Roy 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6212:Narayana Guru 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995:Organisations 5993: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5956:Bombay Mutiny 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5941:Indian Legion 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5881:1928 Protests 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5826:Rowlatt Bills 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5527: 5525: 5520: 5518: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5392: 5391:Bombay mutiny 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5356:Burhan-ud-Din 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5273: 5272:Burma theatre 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5257:Shaukat Malik 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5207:Bahadur Group 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5197:Nehru Brigade 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5096:Indian Legion 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5035: 5034:Azad Hind Dal 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4939: 4934: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4896:Kabul mission 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4831: 4829: 4824: 4822: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4613:Sarkar, Sumit 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4578:(28): 24–27. 4577: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4401:(2): 97–122. 4400: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4364:9788125011361 4360: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4149: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4103: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4054:, p. 79. 4053: 4048: 4042:, p. 16. 4041: 4036: 4029: 4024: 4018:, p. 57. 4017: 4012: 4005: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3984: 3979: 3972: 3967: 3965: 3957: 3952: 3945: 3940: 3938: 3930: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3906: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3883:, p. 14. 3882: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3866:, p. 11. 3865: 3860: 3853: 3848: 3842:, p. 12. 3841: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3818: 3813: 3806: 3801: 3799: 3792:, p. 10. 3791: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3766: 3761: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3737: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3711: 3706: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3680: 3675: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3648:, p. 23. 3647: 3642: 3640: 3632: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3616:, p. 16. 3615: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3560: 3555: 3548: 3543: 3536: 3531: 3524: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3461: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3445:, p. 12. 3444: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3425: 3420: 3413: 3408: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3384: 3379: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3304: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3281: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3241:, p. 92. 3240: 3235: 3229:, p. 90. 3228: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3134:, p. 20. 3133: 3128: 3126: 3118: 3113: 3106: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3083: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3066: 3061: 3054: 3049: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3027: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3010: 3005: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2932: 2927: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2906:, p. 10. 2905: 2900: 2898: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2838:, p. 13. 2837: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2710: 2705: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2679: 2674: 2672: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2596: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2443:Fahadh Faasil 2440: 2436: 2435: 2429: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2362:British crown 2358: 2356: 2350: 2341: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2294:Vice-Admiral 2293: 2291: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2261: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2234:Pakistan Navy 2231: 2226: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2181:persecution. 2179: 2169: 2167: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2133:M. R. Jayakar 2130: 2125: 2123: 2118: 2115: 2110: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2074: 2064: 2061: 2053: 2050:February 2022 2042: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2011: – 2010: 2006: 2005:Find sources: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1983:This section 1981: 1977: 1972: 1971: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1934: 1931: 1922: 1921: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1824: 1822: 1816: 1814: 1808: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1771: 1769: 1768: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1705:Anglo–Indians 1701: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1678:hunger strike 1673: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1636: 1633: 1623: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1490: 1481: 1478: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1436:Manora Island 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1413: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1382:, along with 1381: 1377: 1373: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1336:warship HMIS 1335: 1331: 1325: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1261: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1248:Royal Marines 1245: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1228: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1120: 1114: 1112: 1111:Malabar Hills 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1023: 1021: 1015: 1013: 1007: 1005: 1000: 996: 995: 990: 986: 985: 979: 978: 972: 971: 965: 964: 959: 955: 949: 947: 943: 937: 935: 931: 927: 922: 918: 914: 904: 902: 898: 894: 889: 884: 880: 879:petty officer 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 860: 854: 853: 847: 843: 839: 835: 834:naval ratings 830: 828: 824: 820: 814: 811: 806: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 786:parade ground 782: 773: 772: 766: 765:matriculation 762: 758: 754: 753: 745: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 720:Francis Tuker 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 694: 688: 685: 681: 674: 664: 662: 656: 653: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 629: 625: 615: 613: 608: 604: 600: 596: 591: 588: 578: 576: 570: 567: 563: 562:martial races 558: 556: 552: 547: 543: 539: 529: 527: 523: 518: 514: 509: 507: 503: 499: 498:Muslim League 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 447: 443: 438: 436: 435:British crown 431: 426: 425:Muslim League 422: 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 398:British India 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 370: 360: 359: 347: 346: 335: 324: 313: 302: 291: 280: 269: 267: 264: 263: 258: 255: 245: 243: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 215: 211: 209: 205: 201: 200: 199: 198: 187: 184: 180: 176: 174: 163: 162:Supported by: 156: 144: 133: 121: 110: 109: 104: 94: 91: 90: 89: 88: 84: 81: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 57: 56: 52: 49: 48: 44: 40: 39: 32: 27: 22: 19: 6909:Constitution 6897:Independence 6784: 6755:Vanchinathan 6385:Bhagat Singh 6340:Annie Besant 6301:Independence 6282:Vinoba Bhave 6086: 6082:Swaraj Party 5986:Lucknow Pact 5955: 5896:Purna Swaraj 5886:Nehru Report 5793: 5697:Philosophies 5685: 5651:Polygar Wars 5579:French India 5564:Dutch Bengal 5554:Colonisation 5493: 5474:INA treasure 5464:William Slim 5395: 5390: 5315: 5283: 5276: 5247:Janaki Davar 5242:J.R. Bhonsle 5187:Azad Brigade 5179: 5122: 5105: 5091:Forward Bloc 5075:Purna Swaraj 5073: 5038: 5029:Hikari Kikan 5021: 4977:K.P.K. Menon 4952:Pritam Singh 4944:League (IIL) 4920: 4911:Pan Asianism 4789: 4764: 4760: 4720: 4716: 4691: 4687: 4662: 4658: 4639: 4616: 4596: 4592: 4575: 4571: 4548: 4526:(1): 46–69. 4523: 4519: 4496: 4470: 4447: 4444:Louis, Roger 4427: 4423: 4398: 4394: 4377: 4373: 4354: 4329: 4325: 4302: 4285: 4281: 4256: 4252: 4227: 4223: 4200: 4174: 4157: 4153: 4131:. Retrieved 4127: 4117: 4105:. Retrieved 4090: 4083: 4071: 4059: 4047: 4035: 4023: 4016:Gourgey 1996 4011: 4006:, p. 5. 3978: 3951: 3924: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3859: 3847: 3812: 3807:, p. 9. 3760: 3748: 3736: 3731:, p. 5. 3705: 3674: 3669:, p. 4. 3633:, p. 4. 3614:Gourgey 1996 3578:, p. 3. 3554: 3549:, p. 2. 3542: 3537:, p. 3. 3530: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3462:, p. 6. 3419: 3407: 3400:Marston 2014 3383:Marston 2014 3378: 3373:, p. 3. 3356:, p. 2. 3322:, p. 6. 3280:Spector 1981 3258: 3246: 3234: 3172:Spector 1981 3112: 3060: 3048: 3043:, p. 9. 3028:, p. 5. 3004: 2999:, p. 8. 2992: 2980: 2975:, p. 5. 2973:Gourgey 1996 2968: 2963:, p. 7. 2926: 2921:, p. 2. 2874:Marston 2014 2853:Spector 1981 2821:, p. 5. 2704: 2663:Spector 1981 2632: 2622: 2602: 2595: 2588:Mohanan 2019 2583: 2520: 2519: 2447:P. J. Antony 2437:directed by 2432: 2430: 2423: 2420:John Masters 2417: 2404: 2390: 2373:John Freeman 2370: 2366: 2359: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2338: 2284:Cochin State 2271:The Hon'ble 2262: 2258: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2227: 2223: 2203:Flag Officer 2196: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2162: 2151: 2146: 2126: 2119: 2105: 2082: 2079: 2056: 2047: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2016: 2004: 1992:Please help 1987:verification 1984: 1961: 1958:Vizagapatnam 1952: 1944: 1940: 1930:marketplaces 1918: 1916: 1908: 1901: 1888: 1886: 1876: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1820: 1812: 1804: 1796: 1790: 1781: 1777: 1765: 1762: 1753: 1718: 1709: 1694: 1690: 1674: 1665: 1648: 1637: 1629: 1613: 1609: 1606:lethal force 1603: 1598: 1589: 1586: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1561: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1533:motor launch 1530: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1497: 1495: 1454: 1448: 1444: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1411: 1369: 1351: 1341: 1337: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1308: 1292: 1284: 1278: 1272: 1265: 1256: 1240:Rob Lockhart 1232: 1223: 1199: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1118: 1106: 1098: 1090: 1086: 1078: 1070: 1062: 1060: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1027: 1019: 1011: 1003: 993: 983: 976: 969: 962: 950: 944:outside the 938: 933: 915:Commanding, 913:Flag Officer 910: 900: 887: 882: 876: 871: 858: 851: 831: 823:rear-admiral 815: 809: 802: 783: 769: 751: 748: 743: 736:armed forces 732:police force 697: 690: 676: 672: 657: 649: 643:were put on 639:and Colonel 621: 595:British Army 592: 584: 575:Nazi Germany 571: 559: 535: 510: 467: 439: 414: 385: 381: 377: 375: 349: 323:Rob Lockhart 270: 265: 233: 208:British Army 188: 161: 111: 106:Belligerents 85: 37: 18: 6853:Mountbatten 6475:Hemu Kalani 6355:Bagha Jatin 6292:Vivekananda 6047:India House 5931:Act of 1935 5706:Ambedkarism 5574:British Raj 5484:Joyce Lebra 5160:Farrer Park 5150:Mohan Singh 4891:Barkatullah 4886:Bagha Jatin 4861:Rash Behari 4723:: 203–221. 4430:: 485–491. 4332:(1): 1–28. 4076:Madsen 2003 4064:Madsen 2003 3971:Spence 2015 3956:Spence 2015 3535:Vitali 2018 3499:Madsen 2003 3460:Davies 2019 3303:Madsen 2003 3251:Spence 2015 3191:Madsen 2003 3147:Davies 2014 3117:Madsen 2003 3082:Spence 2015 3065:Spence 2015 3053:Madsen 2003 3026:Davies 2019 2946:Spence 2015 2931:Spence 2015 2919:Vitali 2018 2819:Vitali 2018 2804:Madsen 2003 2783:Madsen 2003 2764:Madsen 2003 2709:Madsen 2003 2697:Madsen 2003 2678:Vitali 2018 2533:Kiel mutiny 2484:India House 2439:Amal Neerad 2330:Indian Army 2230:Indian Navy 2211:Soviet Navy 2205:Commanding 2193:Precautions 2148:leadership. 1858:Morvi State 1821:Baluchistan 1787:Andaman Sea 1774:Andaman Sea 1748:(RIAF) and 1730:Vizagapatam 1686:Thar Desert 1669:section 144 1619:Black Watch 1552:Black Watch 1414:and Karachi 883:HMIS Talwar 728:bureaucracy 637:Prem Sahgal 536:During the 185:interlopers 63:British Raj 6954:Categories 6883:Linlithgow 6823:Chelmsford 6813:Cornwallis 6725:Tatya Tope 6595:Nana Saheb 6500:K. Kamaraj 6450:Dhan Singh 6365:Bakht Khan 6017:Arya Samaj 5951:Quit India 5901:Salt March 5760:Events and 5736:Satyagraha 5351:Shah Nawaz 5262:John Thivy 5212:Tokyo Boys 5069:Sarat Bose 4982:A.M. Sahay 4967:I Fujiwara 4849:Historical 4253:Mobilities 4205:Penguin UK 4107:16 October 4052:Singh 1986 4040:Meyer 2017 4004:Javed 2010 3983:Singh 1986 3741:Javed 2010 3631:Javed 2010 3511:Dayal 1995 3443:Meyer 2017 3424:Meyer 2017 3371:Javed 2010 3354:Javed 2010 3320:Javed 2010 3263:Singh 1986 3239:Singh 1986 3227:Singh 1986 3132:Meyer 2017 3041:Meyer 2017 3009:Meyer 2017 2997:Meyer 2017 2985:Meyer 2017 2961:Meyer 2017 2904:Meyer 2017 2836:Meyer 2017 2451:Aashiq Abu 2409:Utpal Dutt 2314:T. W. Rees 2279:(Chairman) 2020:newspapers 1805:Rohilkhand 1526:Travancore 1400:Jubbulpore 1303:Royal Navy 1181:Royal Navy 958:destroyers 919:, Admiral 790:Quit India 712:Jubbulpore 635:, Colonel 603:Royal Navy 532:Background 223:Royal Navy 6858:Wellesley 6843:Dalhousie 6705:Surya Sen 6600:P. Kakkan 6560:Mir Qasim 6535:M. N. Roy 6470:Har Dayal 6303:activists 6132:Baba Amte 6122:Ayyankali 6100:reformers 6022:Azad Hind 5762:movements 5741:Socialism 5489:Hugh Toye 5479:Peter Fay 5459:14th Army 5278:Admin Box 5165:First INA 5107:Azad Hind 5023:Azad Hind 5007:H Iwakuro 4987:S.A. Ayer 4866:Har Dayal 4781:149478354 4745:143417672 4708:159558723 4679:144234125 4540:159800201 4475:Routledge 4415:143883855 4386:919609575 4346:144466285 4288:: 24–32. 4273:144917512 4244:199807923 4028:West 2010 3597:West 2010 3523:Bose 1988 3335:Jena 1996 3105:Jena 1996 2889:Jena 1996 2741:Jena 1996 2726:Jena 1996 2633:The Hindu 2249:New Delhi 2172:Aftermath 2166:B.C. Dutt 1877:Hindustan 1868:Hindustan 1862:Kathiawar 1845:Kathiawar 1758:New Delhi 1614:Hindustan 1610:Hindustan 1599:Hindustan 1590:Hindustan 1581:Hindustan 1577:Hindustan 1541:Hindustan 1506:Hindustan 1498:Hindustan 1449:Hindustan 1430:and HMIS 1412:Hindustan 1360:Sion area 1314:Singapore 1158:Indonesia 1063:Machlimar 999:corvettes 997:and four 771:Azad Hind 157:mutineers 145:mutineers 122:mutineers 75:Hong Kong 38:Hindustan 6888:Hastings 6848:Bentinck 6067:Jugantar 5711:Gandhism 5371:Asaf Ali 5064:C.R. Das 4737:23726108 4584:40279255 4446:(2006). 4436:44133352 4382:ProQuest 4282:Geoforum 4166:44138995 4133:23 March 2457:See also 2156:and the 2114:militant 1937:Calcutta 1791:Hongkong 1738:Calcutta 1734:Jamnagar 1695:European 1573:Himalaya 1537:Himalaya 1518:Himalaya 1455:Himalaya 1428:Himalaya 1378:and the 1338:Narbada. 1250:and the 1208:and the 1103:Lonavala 1052:Shamsher 1047:Shamsher 1034:gunboats 1020:Mahratta 1004:Gondwana 984:Lawrence 819:Jai Hind 738:itself. 730:and the 704:Calcutta 678:General 597:and the 517:arrested 506:communal 494:Congress 490:Calcutta 423:and the 406:Calcutta 58:Location 6808:Canning 6227:Periyar 5876:Bardoli 5644:Gwalior 5546:History 5341:Dhillon 5267:Battles 5012:I Kikan 4972:F Kikan 4160:: 387. 2320:, CIE, 2302:, CVO, 2034:scholar 1945:Hooghly 1928: 1925:transl. 1920:bazaars 1873:Karachi 1851:Valsura 1833:. 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