2057:
1689:
4085:
1635:
4107:
1757:
performed by
African-Americans during the late 19th century. It had an element of humour, where the dancer would shuffle onto the stage dressed as an elderly African-American man using a cane, and then suddenly use the cane to perform energetic acrobatic capoeira dance moves.
1737:. It shows a dozen African-Americans gather in front of two slave cabins, with one stick dancer, and two women dancing with scarves to music of a drummer and a banjoist. The watercolour is believed to have been made of a plantation between
1704:
was a dance style that
African–Americans developed on American plantations during the slavery era, where dancing was used to practice "military drills" among the slaves, where the stick used in the dance was in fact a disguised weapon.
1570:
1457:
1724:
and other instruments, the berimbau was based on
African instruments and developed by African-American slaves. An early depiction of slaves performing a stick dance is an 18th-century watercolour painting called
3457:
3452:
3464:
1442:
3205:
1374:
1452:
3469:
1437:
90:
3140:
736:
149:
101:
1447:
1399:
1409:
1404:
1675:
1419:
1389:
3990:
3985:
3534:
2266:
2123:
292:
3797:
3669:
2254:
1324:
1314:
133:
1394:
71:
1384:
1379:
4173:
2364:
2953:
2088:
1414:
1294:
3447:
1919:
3995:
3235:
1713:
To add to the dance element of the practise, other slaves would gather around the competitive fighters. They would clap in rhythm, and sing in a
610:
4064:
4039:
1649:
1550:
297:
169:
23:
4049:
4044:
2976:
2424:
1668:
1847:
African-American
Traditions in Song, Sermon, Tale, and Dance, 1600s-1920: An Annotated Bibliography of Literature, Collections, and Artworks
3765:
3601:
3310:
3300:
2958:
2948:
1604:
1584:
1344:
836:
821:
308:
3807:
3579:
1994:
1349:
1329:
4027:
2971:
2966:
615:
76:
3686:
3190:
2299:
1279:
1156:
190:
2056:
4034:
3664:
3185:
2407:
2239:
1730:
1661:
1599:
1364:
1319:
4000:
3960:
3802:
3706:
3635:
3240:
1565:
1309:
1304:
1289:
4059:
4054:
4022:
3792:
3696:
3659:
3606:
3440:
1284:
1269:
1176:
4017:
3975:
3787:
2335:
2201:
2196:
2081:
1236:
313:
302:
164:
118:
113:
86:
4144:
3965:
3950:
3814:
3723:
3718:
3652:
2113:
1912:
1339:
1299:
1241:
1196:
56:
3940:
3777:
3747:
3529:
3108:
2320:
1226:
1206:
1051:
620:
466:
3930:
3824:
3740:
3584:
3365:
3165:
2316:
2294:
1939:
1354:
1334:
888:
753:
185:
4077:
2467:
2118:
1885:
1854:
1822:
234:
66:
4005:
3970:
3955:
3713:
3315:
2559:
2529:
2345:
2074:
1644:
1580:
1191:
841:
254:
154:
4168:
4012:
3935:
3730:
3574:
3305:
3170:
2875:
2514:
1905:
1697:, a watercolour painting from the 1780s, showing a slave performing a stick dance on a South Carolina plantation.
1146:
1013:
831:
758:
3782:
3676:
3591:
3195:
1555:
1231:
1181:
3819:
3752:
3735:
3681:
3630:
3569:
3474:
3435:
3375:
3175:
2564:
2544:
2351:
2330:
1944:
1246:
1216:
1201:
1186:
1161:
1141:
763:
397:
264:
4178:
3642:
3618:
3613:
3596:
3564:
3507:
2620:
2569:
2402:
1274:
1166:
1151:
1136:
1103:
402:
81:
3907:
3899:
3842:
3757:
3245:
3150:
3006:
2988:
2890:
2549:
2519:
2244:
2164:
2143:
2026:
1497:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1221:
693:
484:
454:
392:
341:
269:
159:
4118:
4163:
3925:
3862:
3852:
3402:
3160:
3120:
2477:
2171:
1989:
1742:
1512:
1492:
995:
930:
703:
605:
572:
359:
244:
3834:
3647:
3479:
3040:
2539:
2377:
2184:
1467:
1211:
1171:
460:
1782:
4137:
3524:
3088:
3001:
2645:
2434:
2249:
2189:
2179:
2105:
1738:
1046:
826:
673:
557:
331:
212:
40:
3857:
3407:
3061:
3030:
2810:
2750:
2615:
2358:
1560:
1502:
965:
925:
648:
547:
425:
239:
3772:
3502:
2740:
2534:
2524:
2462:
2272:
2211:
1928:
1734:
259:
249:
229:
3847:
3360:
3225:
3180:
2996:
2715:
2680:
2499:
2482:
2289:
2206:
1877:
1871:
1814:
1808:
883:
873:
805:
768:
552:
542:
442:
123:
4183:
4089:
3497:
3260:
3071:
3023:
2895:
2785:
2690:
2457:
2447:
2419:
2284:
2138:
1639:
1091:
336:
128:
61:
8:
4130:
3872:
3230:
3145:
2625:
2414:
2304:
2234:
1507:
985:
947:
364:
195:
3877:
990:
3945:
3882:
3625:
3083:
2850:
2830:
2735:
2660:
2487:
2392:
2382:
2370:
2261:
2158:
2133:
1693:
878:
663:
430:
407:
96:
3392:
3113:
2775:
2745:
2340:
2097:
2021:
1881:
1850:
1818:
1714:
683:
524:
31:
1063:
3548:
3519:
3514:
3412:
3380:
3353:
3078:
2695:
2665:
2655:
2650:
2217:
1964:
1959:
1842:
1058:
915:
743:
678:
658:
567:
3543:
3370:
3280:
3275:
3206:
Universal Negro
Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
3056:
3011:
2865:
2855:
2835:
2820:
2720:
2595:
2585:
2224:
1984:
1838:
1086:
893:
643:
562:
4114:
3980:
3385:
3348:
3338:
3098:
3093:
3035:
2870:
2800:
2730:
2725:
2229:
2153:
2016:
1772:
1545:
970:
940:
698:
688:
519:
1688:
4157:
2938:
2920:
2910:
2880:
2825:
2780:
2765:
2710:
2700:
2685:
2635:
2630:
2600:
2397:
2325:
2148:
2046:
2036:
1974:
1754:
1614:
1609:
3250:
3018:
2943:
2915:
2900:
2885:
2840:
2815:
2795:
2705:
2675:
2670:
2640:
2590:
2442:
2128:
1979:
1787:
1777:
1098:
910:
638:
501:
3270:
3255:
3103:
3066:
2905:
2860:
2845:
2610:
2605:
2452:
1897:
1264:
920:
773:
653:
437:
2805:
2790:
2760:
2755:
2504:
2472:
2311:
2279:
2006:
1949:
369:
108:
3141:
Association for the Study of
African American Life and History (ASALH)
3419:
3265:
2770:
2554:
2492:
2387:
2041:
2011:
1594:
935:
668:
447:
274:
2066:
3892:
3887:
3397:
1969:
1954:
1767:
980:
905:
898:
3156:
National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
4106:
2509:
1999:
1068:
374:
3343:
975:
3155:
1721:
748:
3200:
778:
1717:style, while one caller led the rest of the crowd.
1571:
Unarmed
African Americans killed by police officers
4155:
3191:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
3236:Black players in professional American football
3186:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1837:
1753:The stick dance became a standard part of the
298:Education of freed people during the Civil War
16:Slavery era dance created by African-Americans
4138:
2082:
1913:
1669:
2949:Historically black colleges and universities
1731:The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum
309:Historically black colleges and universities
1873:Tap Roots: The Early History of Tap Dancing
1810:Tap Roots: The Early History of Tap Dancing
293:Education during the slave period in the US
4145:
4131:
2089:
2075:
1927:
1920:
1906:
1849:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 61.
1676:
1662:
616:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
4174:Pre-emancipation African-American history
3166:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
72:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
1748:
1687:
1869:
1806:
4156:
4065:Topics related to the African diaspora
3171:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
4045:Landmark African-American legislation
2096:
2070:
1901:
814:Athletic associations and conferences
303:History of African-American education
4101:
3176:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
737:Association for the Study of African
3530:African-American Vernacular English
1551:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1052:African-American Vernacular English
621:National Conference of Black Mayors
13:
3448:U.S. cities with large populations
3151:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
1940:Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater
754:National Black Chamber of Commerce
14:
4195:
2321:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
2317:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
2124:African American founding fathers
1729:, which is in the collections of
1458:Places by plurality of population
124:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
114:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
67:Abolitionism in the United States
4113:This dance-related article is a
4105:
4083:
3201:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
2346:Nadir of American race relations
2055:
1633:
155:Black Belt in the American South
2207:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
2197:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
759:National Council of Negro Women
3196:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
2202:Civil right movement 1896–1954
1863:
1831:
1800:
1556:Racism against Black Americans
1:
3376:Cherokee freedmen controversy
2352:The Negro Motorist Green Book
1945:American Negro Ballet Company
1793:
764:National Pan-Hellenic Council
4117:. You can help Knowledge by
1566:School segregation in the US
1104:Black American Sign Language
1078:Languages and other dialects
7:
3246:Black players in ice hockey
3181:National Urban League (NUL)
3007:American Society of Muslims
2245:Selma to Montgomery marches
2165:Brown v. Board of Education
1761:
393:African-American businesses
10:
4200:
4100:
3403:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
3161:Nashville Student Movement
2172:Children of the plantation
1743:Orangeburg, South Carolina
1708:
931:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
606:Congressional Black Caucus
573:African Diaspora Religions
360:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
4073:
4040:Index of related articles
3918:
3833:
3557:
3490:
3428:
3328:
3289:
3221:
3214:
3129:
3049:
3041:Doctrine of Father Divine
2987:
2929:
2578:
2433:
2425:Women's suffrage movement
2378:Reconstruction Amendments
2185:Voting Rights Act of 1965
2104:
2053:
1935:
1438:US states and territories
739:American Life and History
461:Lift Every Voice and Sing
170:Treatment of the enslaved
4090:United States portal
3525:African-American English
2954:Inventors and scientists
2646:George Washington Carver
2250:Chicago Freedom Movement
1640:United States portal
1047:African-American English
558:African-American Muslims
119:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
4013:African-American firsts
3062:Back-to-Africa movement
3031:Black Hebrew Israelites
2811:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
2359:Partus sequitur ventrem
1561:Reparations for slavery
649:Back-to-Africa movement
548:Black Hebrew Israelites
426:African-American beauty
4169:African-American dance
3981:Spingarn Medal winners
3470:States and territories
3241:Black NFL quarterbacks
2741:Martin Luther King Jr.
2273:Dred Scott v. Sandford
2212:Montgomery bus boycott
1929:African-American dance
1876:. McFarland. pp.
1870:Knowles, Mark (2002).
1813:. McFarland. pp.
1807:Knowles, Mark (2002).
1783:MaculelĂŞ (stick dance)
1735:Williamsburg, Virginia
1698:
1031:Dialects and languages
191:Second Great Migration
3291:Athletic associations
3226:Negro league baseball
2997:African-American Jews
2716:Ketanji Brown Jackson
2681:Henry Highland Garnet
2540:Negro National Anthem
2290:George Floyd protests
2255:Post–civil rights era
1749:Minstrel stick dances
1691:
1443:US metropolitan areas
1270:List of neighborhoods
884:Alabama Creole people
874:African-American Jews
806:Negro league baseball
769:National Urban League
721:Civic/economic groups
553:African-American Jews
443:African-American hair
305:, after the Civil War
134:Post–civil rights era
3498:Afro-Seminole Creole
3024:Azusa Street Revival
2896:Booker T. Washington
2420:Underground Railroad
2285:Free people of color
2139:Atlantic slave trade
1600:Criminal stereotypes
1375:District of Columbia
1092:Afro-Seminole Creole
534:Non-Christian groups
129:Black power movement
93:during the Civil War
62:Atlantic slave trade
4179:History of capoeira
3893:Trinidad and Tobago
3508:Black American Sign
3335:By African descent
3329:Ethnic subdivisions
3316:Southwestern (SWAC)
3231:Baseball color line
3146:Black Panther Party
3050:Political movements
2967:in computer science
2626:Carol Moseley Braun
2415:Tulsa race massacre
2408:Treatment of slaves
2240:March on Washington
2235:Birmingham movement
996:Sierra Leone Creole
957:Specific ancestries
842:Southwestern (SWAC)
365:Black History Month
196:New Great Migration
150:Agriculture history
3991:US representatives
3986:US cabinet members
3878:Dominican Republic
3465:Metropolitan areas
3306:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
3131:Civic and economic
3109:Self-determination
2930:Education, science
2851:Fred Shuttlesworth
2831:A. Philip Randolph
2736:Coretta Scott King
2661:Frederick Douglass
2488:Harlem Renaissance
2393:Separate but equal
2383:Reconstruction era
2371:Plessy v. Ferguson
2262:Cornerstone Speech
2176:Civil Rights Acts
2159:Black Lives Matter
2134:American Civil War
1727:The Old Plantation
1699:
1694:The Old Plantation
1005:Sexual orientation
879:Afro-Puerto Ricans
832:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
467:Self-determination
431:Black is beautiful
97:Reconstruction era
4164:Competitive dance
4126:
4125:
4098:
4097:
3926:African Americans
3798:Dallas–Fort Worth
3393:Black Southerners
3324:
3323:
2776:Thurgood Marshall
2746:Bernard Lafayette
2341:Million Man March
2098:African Americans
2064:
2063:
1843:Wright, Josephine
1715:call-and-response
1686:
1685:
1623:
1622:
1521:
1520:
1295:Dallas-Fort Worth
1112:
1111:
1022:
1021:
966:Americo-Liberians
849:
848:
787:
786:
712:
711:
581:
580:
525:Womanist theology
475:
474:
417:Symbols and ideas
203:
202:
82:Antebellum period
77:Revolutionary War
32:African Americans
4191:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4109:
4102:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4050:Lynching victims
3549:Louisiana Creole
3520:American English
3408:Louisiana Creole
3381:Choctaw freedmen
3219:
3218:
2756:Huddie Ledbetter
2696:Fannie Lou Hamer
2666:W. E. B. Du Bois
2656:Claudette Colvin
2651:Shirley Chisholm
2468:Family structure
2336:Military history
2218:Browder v. Gayle
2091:
2084:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2059:
1965:Dancing for eels
1960:Chicago stepping
1922:
1915:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1839:Southern, Eileen
1835:
1829:
1828:
1804:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1585:media depictions
1534:
1533:
1429:Population count
1125:
1124:
1059:Liberian English
1038:English dialects
1035:
1034:
991:Samaná Americans
916:Creoles of color
862:
861:
800:
799:
744:Black conductors
725:
724:
594:
593:
568:Louisiana Voodoo
490:
489:
235:Family structure
218:
217:
165:Military history
160:Business history
91:military history
46:
45:
19:
18:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4099:
4094:
4084:
4082:
4069:
4035:Historic places
4028:US state firsts
3914:
3829:
3553:
3486:
3458:2010 majorities
3453:2000 majorities
3424:
3371:Black Seminoles
3320:
3311:Southern (SIAC)
3294:
3293:and conferences
3292:
3285:
3281:Serena Williams
3276:Jackie Robinson
3210:
3134:
3132:
3125:
3045:
3012:Nation of Islam
2983:
2931:
2925:
2866:Sojourner Truth
2856:Clarence Thomas
2821:Gabriel Prosser
2721:Michael Jackson
2596:Crispus Attucks
2586:Ralph Abernathy
2574:
2530:Musical theater
2429:
2295:Great Migration
2267:COVID-19 impact
2225:Sit-in movement
2100:
2095:
2065:
2060:
2051:
1931:
1926:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1764:
1751:
1711:
1682:
1634:
1632:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1575:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1462:
1424:
1400:Omaha, Nebraska
1365:Historic places
1359:
1251:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1073:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1000:
952:
894:Black Seminoles
859:
858:Sub-communities
851:
850:
837:Southern (SIAC)
797:
789:
788:
783:
738:
722:
714:
713:
708:
625:
591:
583:
582:
577:
563:Nation of Islam
529:
506:
487:
477:
476:
471:
412:
379:
346:
318:
279:
255:Musical theater
215:
205:
204:
186:Great Migration
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4197:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4150:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4110:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4003:
4001:Visual artists
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3961:Mathematicians
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3785:
3780:
3778:South Carolina
3775:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3748:North Carolina
3745:
3744:
3743:
3733:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3693:Massachusetts
3691:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3535:social context
3532:
3522:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3386:Creek Freedmen
3383:
3378:
3373:
3363:
3361:Alabama Creole
3358:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3301:Central (CIAA)
3297:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3094:Pan-Africanism
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3036:Black theology
3033:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2977:in STEM fields
2974:
2969:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2932:and technology
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2871:Harriet Tubman
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2801:Michelle Obama
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2731:Barbara Jordan
2728:
2726:Harriet Jacobs
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:Amelia Boynton
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2579:Notable people
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2515:LGBT community
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2230:Freedom Riders
2227:
2222:
2214:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2174:
2169:
2161:
2156:
2154:Black genocide
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1862:
1855:
1830:
1823:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1755:minstrel shows
1750:
1747:
1710:
1707:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1546:Black genocide
1542:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1453:US communities
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1410:South Carolina
1407:
1405:North Carolina
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1227:South Carolina
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1207:North Carolina
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1064:Samaná English
1061:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1014:LGBT community
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
971:Creek Freedmen
968:
962:
959:
958:
954:
953:
951:
950:
945:
944:
943:
941:Carmel Indians
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
902:
901:
896:
886:
881:
876:
870:
867:
866:
860:
857:
856:
853:
852:
847:
846:
845:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
822:Central (CIAA)
816:
815:
811:
810:
809:
808:
798:
795:
794:
791:
790:
785:
784:
782:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
733:
730:
729:
723:
720:
719:
716:
715:
710:
709:
707:
706:
701:
696:
691:
689:Pan-Africanism
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
635:
632:
631:
627:
626:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
602:
599:
598:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
579:
578:
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
539:
536:
535:
531:
530:
528:
527:
522:
520:Black theology
516:
513:
512:
508:
507:
505:
504:
498:
495:
494:
488:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
472:
470:
469:
464:
457:
452:
451:
450:
440:
435:
434:
433:
422:
419:
418:
414:
413:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
389:
386:
385:
384:Economic class
381:
380:
378:
377:
372:
367:
362:
356:
353:
352:
348:
347:
345:
344:
339:
334:
328:
325:
324:
323:Academic study
320:
319:
317:
316:
311:
306:
300:
295:
289:
286:
285:
281:
280:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
226:
223:
222:
216:
211:
210:
207:
206:
201:
200:
199:
198:
193:
188:
180:
179:
175:
174:
173:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
144:
143:
139:
138:
137:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
105:
104:
94:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
51:
50:
44:
39:
38:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4196:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4129:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4091:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:Neighborhoods
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:Sports firsts
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3825:West Virginia
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:Pennsylvania
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3741:New York City
3739:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3585:San Francisco
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:By state/city
3556:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3503:American Sign
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3436:Neighborhoods
3434:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3366:Black Indians
3364:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:Black schools
2942:
2940:
2939:Black studies
2937:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2921:Whitney Young
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:Oprah Winfrey
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Denmark Vesey
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:Joseph Rainey
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2781:Toni Morrison
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Joseph Lowery
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2711:Jesse Jackson
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Kamala Harris
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:Marcus Garvey
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:Blanche Bruce
2634:
2632:
2631:Edward Brooke
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2621:James Bradley
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:James Baldwin
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2545:Neighborhoods
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2398:Silent Parade
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2326:Jim Crow laws
2324:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:Black cowboys
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2058:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:Hip-hop dance
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1889:
1887:9780786412679
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1856:9780313249181
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1826:
1824:9780786412679
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1706:
1703:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1616:
1615:Minstrel show
1613:
1611:
1610:Magical Negro
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1420:West Virginia
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1355:San Francisco
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:New York City
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
986:Nova Scotians
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
961:
960:
956:
955:
949:
946:
942:
939:
938:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
890:
889:Black Indians
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
869:
868:
864:
863:
855:
854:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
827:HBCU (HBCUAC)
825:
823:
820:
819:
818:
817:
813:
812:
807:
804:
803:
802:
801:
793:
792:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
735:
734:
732:
731:
728:Organizations
727:
726:
718:
717:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
634:
633:
629:
628:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
601:
600:
597:Organizations
596:
595:
587:
586:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
538:
537:
533:
532:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
515:
514:
510:
509:
503:
500:
499:
497:
496:
492:
491:
486:
481:
480:
468:
465:
462:
458:
456:
453:
449:
446:
445:
444:
441:
439:
436:
432:
429:
428:
427:
424:
423:
421:
420:
416:
415:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
388:
387:
383:
382:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
355:
354:
350:
349:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
327:
326:
322:
321:
315:
312:
310:
307:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
288:
287:
283:
282:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
265:Neighborhoods
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
225:
224:
220:
219:
214:
209:
208:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
182:
181:
177:
176:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
146:
145:
141:
140:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
103:
100:
99:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
48:
47:
42:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4119:expanding it
4112:
3976:Sportspeople
3946:Billionaires
3863:Sierra Leone
3766:Philadelphia
3602:Jacksonville
3429:Demographics
3261:Jack Johnson
3251:Muhammad Ali
3084:Conservatism
3019:Black church
2916:Andrew Young
2901:Ida B. Wells
2891:David Walker
2886:C. T. Vivian
2841:Paul Robeson
2836:Hiram Revels
2816:Colin Powell
2796:Barack Obama
2751:James Lawson
2706:Jimi Hendrix
2676:James Farmer
2671:Medgar Evers
2641:Ralph Bunche
2591:Maya Angelou
2565:Middle class
2443:Afrofuturism
2369:
2357:
2350:
2271:
2216:
2163:
2129:Afrocentrism
2119:Abolitionism
2031:
1980:Breakdancing
1872:
1865:
1846:
1833:
1809:
1802:
1788:Weapon dance
1778:Patting juba
1752:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1513:Sierra Leone
1345:Philadelphia
1315:Jacksonville
911:Brass Ankles
664:Conservatism
639:Afrocentrism
611:Joint Center
502:Black church
493:Institutions
408:Billionaires
398:Middle class
351:Celebrations
314:Fraternities
4184:Dance stubs
3996:US senators
3966:Republicans
3951:Journalists
3808:San Antonio
3773:Puerto Rico
3714:Mississippi
3607:Tallahassee
3580:Los Angeles
3271:Jesse Owens
3256:Arthur Ashe
3114:Nationalism
3104:Raised fist
3067:Black power
2972:in medicine
2906:Roy Wilkins
2861:Emmett Till
2846:Al Sharpton
2611:Julian Bond
2606:James Bevel
2570:Upper class
2560:Stereotypes
2453:Black mecca
2365:Plantations
2144:Black Codes
2032:Stick dance
2017:Set de flo'
1773:Set de flo'
1702:Stick dance
1581:Stereotypes
1508:Nova Scotia
1390:Mississippi
1350:San Antonio
1330:Los Angeles
1265:Black mecca
1192:Mississippi
1099:Negro Dutch
921:Dominickers
865:Multiethnic
774:TransAfrica
684:Nationalism
654:Black power
438:Black pride
403:Upper class
102:Politicians
4158:Categories
3941:Astronauts
3731:New Jersey
3575:California
3079:Capitalism
2876:Nat Turner
2806:Rosa Parks
2791:Diane Nash
2761:John Lewis
2550:Newspapers
2520:Literature
2505:Juneteenth
2458:Businesses
2312:Exodusters
2280:Free Negro
2007:Juba dance
1950:Buck dance
1794:References
1147:California
1121:Population
694:Patriotism
679:Liberalism
659:Capitalism
630:Ideologies
511:Theologies
370:Juneteenth
342:Literature
270:Newspapers
178:Migrations
109:Juneteenth
4055:Monuments
3931:Activists
3783:Tennessee
3703:Michigan
3687:Baltimore
3677:Louisiana
3670:Lexington
3653:Davenport
3592:Cleveland
3491:Languages
3420:Melungeon
3398:Blaxicans
3266:Joe Louis
3121:Socialism
3057:Anarchism
2786:Bob Moses
2771:Malcolm X
2691:Fred Gray
2555:Soul food
2493:New Negro
2478:Folktales
2388:Redlining
2042:Tap dance
2022:Slow drag
2012:Lindy Hop
1995:Strutting
1720:Like the
1605:Hollywood
1595:Blackface
1530:Prejudice
1448:US cities
1325:Lexington
1300:Davenport
1280:Baltimore
1256:US cities
1232:Tennessee
1182:Louisiana
1128:US states
936:Melungeon
906:Blaxicans
704:Socialism
669:Garveyism
644:Anarchism
448:Good hair
275:Soul food
245:Folktales
4078:Category
3869:America
3835:Diaspora
3820:Virginia
3753:Oklahoma
3736:New York
3719:Nebraska
3682:Maryland
3665:Kentucky
3631:Illinois
3570:Arkansas
3475:Illinois
3413:of color
3099:Populism
3072:Movement
2989:Religion
2331:Lynching
2114:Timeline
2027:Stepping
1990:Boogaloo
1970:Get down
1955:Cakewalk
1845:(1990).
1768:Cakewalk
1762:See also
1739:Columbia
1645:Category
1468:Diaspora
1395:Missouri
1320:Kentucky
1247:Virginia
1217:Oklahoma
1202:New York
1197:Nebraska
1187:Maryland
1162:Illinois
1142:Arkansas
981:Merikins
926:Freedmen
899:Mascogos
699:Populism
590:Politics
485:Religion
455:Stepping
221:Lifeways
57:Timeline
24:a series
22:Part of
4006:Writers
3971:Singers
3956:Jurists
3904:Europe
3858:Liberia
3803:Houston
3707:Detroit
3643:Indiana
3636:Chicago
3619:Atlanta
3614:Georgia
3597:Florida
3565:Alabama
3515:English
3089:Leftism
2959:Museums
2510:Kwanzaa
2435:Culture
2403:Slavery
2106:History
2000:Popping
1985:Locking
1709:Origins
1503:Liberia
1385:Georgia
1380:Florida
1310:Houston
1305:Detroit
1290:Chicago
1275:Atlanta
1167:Indiana
1157:Georgia
1152:Florida
1137:Alabama
1069:Tutnese
948:Redbone
674:Leftism
375:Kwanzaa
332:Studies
284:Schools
213:Culture
142:Aspects
87:Slavery
49:Periods
41:History
4018:Mayors
3936:Actors
3908:France
3900:Israel
3888:Mexico
3873:Canada
3848:Gambia
3843:Africa
3793:Austin
3758:Oregon
3697:Boston
3660:Kansas
3626:Hawaii
3544:Gullah
3354:Yoruba
3344:Gullah
3215:Sports
3133:groups
2963:Women
2500:Hoodoo
2374:(1896)
2300:Second
2276:(1857)
2221:(1956)
2168:(1954)
1884:
1853:
1821:
1537:Racism
1498:Israel
1488:France
1483:Canada
1478:Africa
1285:Boston
1222:Oregon
1177:Kansas
1087:Gullah
976:Gullah
796:Sports
543:Hoodoo
3919:Lists
3883:Haiti
3853:Ghana
3788:Texas
3724:Omaha
3002:Islam
2535:Names
2525:Music
2463:Dance
2047:Vogue
2037:Swing
1722:banjo
1650:Index
1493:Ghana
1415:Texas
1340:Omaha
1237:Texas
749:NAACP
260:Names
250:Music
230:Dance
4115:stub
3815:Utah
3648:Iowa
3480:Ohio
3441:list
3349:Igbo
3339:Fula
2483:Hair
2473:Film
2190:1968
2180:1964
1882:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1741:and
1583:and
1242:Utah
1212:Ohio
1172:Iowa
779:UNCF
240:Film
89:and
2448:Art
2305:New
1733:in
337:Art
4160::
2319:/
1880:.
1878:49
1841:;
1817:.
1815:49
1745:.
26:on
4146:e
4139:t
4132:v
4121:.
2090:e
2083:t
2076:v
1921:e
1914:t
1907:v
1890:.
1859:.
1827:.
1677:e
1670:t
1663:v
463:"
459:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.