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The result of the sublimation process is a nearly permanent, high resolution, full color print. Because the dyes are infused into the substrate at the molecular level, rather than applied at a topical level (such as with screen printing and direct to garment printing), the prints will not crack, fade
686:
in which a vegetable sublimation can be used to separate the spirits in wine and beer. Ripley used language more indicative of the mystical implications of sublimation, indicating that the process has a double aspect in the spiritualization of the body and the corporalizing of the spirit. He writes:
356:
Comparison of phase diagrams of carbon dioxide (red) and water (blue) showing the carbon dioxide sublimation point (middle-left) at 1 atmosphere. As dry ice is heated, it crosses this point along the bold horizontal line from the solid phase directly into the gaseous phase. Water, on the other hand,
829:
In order to transfer the image from the paper to the substrate, it requires a heat press process that is a combination of time, temperature and pressure. The heat press applies this special combination, which can change depending on the substrate, to “transfer” the sublimation dyes at the molecular
745:
gaseous rotation and translation contribute 1.5RT each to the final state, therefore a +3RT correction. Crystalline vibrations and rotations contribute 3RT each to the initial state, hence −6RT. Summing the RT corrections; −6RT + 3RT + RT = −2RT. This leads to the following approximate sublimation
821:
Dye-sub printing is a digital printing technology using full color artwork that works with polyester and polymer-coated substrates. Also referred to as digital sublimation, the process is commonly used for decorating apparel, signs and banners, as well as novelty items such as cell phone covers,
825:
In sublimation printing, unique sublimation dyes are transferred to sheets of “transfer” paper via liquid gel ink through a piezoelectric print head. The ink is deposited on these high-release inkjet papers, which are used for the next step of the sublimation printing process. After the digital
617:
is applied, which also allows for the separation of different fractions. Typical setups use an evacuated glass tube that is heated gradually in a controlled manner. The material flow is from the hot end, where the initial material is placed, to the cold end that is connected to a pump stand. By
622:), moderately volatile compounds re-condensing along the tube according to their different volatilities, and non-volatile compounds remaining in the hot end. Vacuum sublimation of this type is also the method of choice for purification of organic compounds for use in the
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73:
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plaques, coffee mugs, and other items with sublimation-friendly surfaces. The process uses the science of sublimation, in which heat and pressure are applied to a solid, turning it into a gas through an endothermic reaction without passing through the liquid phase.
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sublime gradually at temperatures below the solid-liquid boundary (melting point) (generally 0 °C), and at partial pressures below the triple point pressure of 612 Pa (0.00604 atm), at a low rate. In
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controlling temperatures along the length of the tube, the operator can control the zones of re-condensation, with very volatile compounds being pumped out of the system completely (or caught by a separate
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Sublimation is historically used as a generic term to describe a two-step phase transition ― a solid-to-gas transition (sublimation in a more precise definition) followed by a gas-to-solid transition (
830:
level into the substrate. The most common dyes used for sublimation activate at 350 degrees
Fahrenheit. However, a range of 380 to 420 degrees Fahrenheit is normally recommended for optimal color.
1421:
The lives of alchemystical philosophers: with a critical catalogue of books in occult chemistry, and a selection of the most celebrated treatises on the theory and practice of the hermetic art
642:
that contributed to the development of modern chemistry and medicine, alchemists developed a structure of basic laboratory techniques, theory, terminology, and experimental methods.
646:
was used to refer to the process in which a substance is heated to a vapor, then immediately collects as sediment on the upper portion and neck of the heating medium (typically a
70:
726:
is assumed to be approximately half the packing energy, then the following thermodynamic corrections can be applied to predict the enthalpy of sublimation. Assuming a 1
268:, the sublimation that occurs left of the solid-gas boundary, the triple point or the solid-liquid boundary (corresponding to evaporation in vaporization) may be called
1200:
Fassnacht, S. R. (2004). "Estimating Alter-shielded gauge snowfall undercatch, snowpack sublimation, and blowing snow transport at six sites in the coterminous USA".
509:. It is possible to obtain liquid iodine at atmospheric pressure by controlling the temperature at just between the melting point and the boiling point of iodine. In
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behind. Once heating ceases and the vacuum is removed, the purified compound may be collected from the cooling surface. For even higher purification efficiencies, a
276:, regardless of rate. The sublimation that occurs at the solid-gas boundary (critical sublimation point) (corresponding to boiling in vaporization) may be called
179:
is higher than the surrounding partial pressure of the same substance, and in some cases, sublimes at an appreciable rate (e.g. water ice just below 0 °C).
536:. The crude product in the bottom is dark brown; the white purified product on the bottom of the cold finger above is hard to see against the light background.
902:
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gives a correction for the thermodynamic environment (pressure and volume) in which pV = RT, hence a correction of 1RT. Additional corrections for the
424:
during a cold spell is often caused by sunshine acting directly on the upper layers of the snow. Sublimation of ice is a factor to the erosive wear of
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494:°C, to make the solid form of naphthalene evaporate into gas. On cool surfaces, the naphthalene vapours will solidify to form needle-like crystals.
506:
486:, at a high rate, with the critical sublimation point at around 80 °C (176 °F). At low temperature, its vapour pressure is high enough, 1
142:
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was used to describe an exchange of "bodies" and "spirits" similar to laboratory phase transition between solids and gases. Valentine, in his
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and is not used to describe the transformation of a solid to a gas in a chemical reaction. For example, the dissociation on heating of solid
388:) sublimes rapidly along the solid-gas boundary (sublimation point) below the triple point (e.g., at the temperature of −78.5 °C, at
420:, the material to be dehydrated is frozen and its water is allowed to sublime under reduced pressure or vacuum. The loss of snow from a
2005:
626:, where very high purities (often > 99.99%) are needed to satisfy the standards for consumer electronics and other applications.
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284:. The words "gradual" and "rapid" have acquired special meanings in this context and no longer describe the rate of sublimation.
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1350:
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1187:
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654:), but can also be used to describe other similar non-laboratory transitions. It was mentioned by alchemical authors such as
17:
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design is printed onto sublimation transfer sheets, it is placed on a heat press along with the substrate to be sublimated.
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also refers to the product obtained by sublimation. The point at which sublimation occurs rapidly (for further details, see
1502:"Uniting Cheminformatics and Chemical Theory To Predict the Intrinsic Aqueous Solubility of Crystalline Druglike Molecules"
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888:
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Boreyko, Jonathan B.; Hansen, Ryan R.; Murphy, Kevin R.; Nath, Saurabh; Retterer, Scott T.; Collier, C. Patrick (2016).
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of their neighbors and escape into the vapor phase. Since the process requires additional energy, sublimation is an
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such distinction for the solid-to-gas transition, which is always called sublimation in both corresponding cases.
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Sublimation is caused by the absorption of heat which provides enough energy for some molecules to overcome the
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1998:
138:), in which a substance passes directly from a gas to a solid phase, without passing through the liquid state.
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117:) is called critical sublimation point, or simply sublimation point. Notable examples include sublimation of
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While the definition of sublimation is simple, there is often confusion as to what counts as a sublimation.
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from liquid state and it is difficult to obtain them as liquids. This is because the pressure of their
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For clarification, a distinction between the two corresponding cases is needed. With reference to a
244:(from liquid to gas) is divided into two types: vaporization on the surface of the liquid is called
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McDonagh, James; Palmer, David S.; Van Mourik, Tanja; Mitchell, John B. O. (17 October 2016).
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All solids sublime, though most sublime at extremely low rates that are hardly detectable. At
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478:, sublimes easily because it is made of non-polar molecules that are held together only by
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McDonagh, J. L.; Nath; De
Ferrari, Luna; Van Mourik, Tanja; Mitchell, John B. O. (2014).
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400:) at pressures and temperatures above the triple point (i.e., 5.1 atm, −56.6 °C).
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sublimation but a chemical reaction. Similarly the combustion of candles, containing
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175:(e.g. atmospheric) pressure of the entire system. Thus, any solid can sublime if its
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The examples shown are substances that noticeably sublime under certain conditions.
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state requires an intermediate liquid state. The pressure referred to is the
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801:{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{sublimation}}=-U_{\text{lattice energy}}-2RT}
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intermolecular forces. Naphthalene is a solid that sublimes gradually at
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sublime much more than other common materials, so they are not suitable
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1369:. Volume 1 Transition-Metal Compounds; Academic Press: New York, 1965.
1109:"Controlling condensation and frost growth with chemical micropatterns"
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610:
433:
1551:"Are The Sublimation Thermodynamics of organic molecules predictable?"
1517:
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Theoretical
Aspects and Computer Modeling of the Molecular Solid State
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1951:
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683:
682:(Triumphal Chariot of Antimony, published 1646) made a comparison to
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1345:(in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 675–681.
1272:. National Science Foundation and UCSB School-University partnership
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Whitten, Kenneth W.; Gailey, Kenneth D.; Davis, Raymond E. (1992).
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sublimes gradually and produces visible fumes on gentle heating at
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217:(also called heat of sublimation) can be calculated by adding the
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Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Arsen".
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at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and that of solid
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sublimed to form a crystal-like structure on the cool surface.
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1424:. Macdonald and Son for Lackington, Allen, & Co. p.
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90:
190:, sublimation from solid state is much more achievable than
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474:, an organic compound commonly found in pesticides such as
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114:
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and condenses as a purified compound on a cooled surface (
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1390:
Experimental organic chemistry: Principles and
Practice
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enthalpy. A similar approximation can be found for the
1318:
Criminalistics: Forensic
Science, Crime and Terrorism
1043:(4th ed.). Saunders College Publishing. p.
756:
718:
of sublimation has commonly been predicted using the
1387:
Harwood, Laurence M.; Moody, Christopher J. (1989).
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or peel from the substrate under normal conditions.
547:, and sublimes rapidly at 887 K (614 °C).
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Experimental set up for the sublimation reaction of
1320:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 143–144.
668:, as a process necessary for the completion of the
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1036:
1034:
800:
741:and translation then need to be applied. From the
1393:(Illustrated ed.). WileyBlackwell. pp.
702:It may be cleansed, and its saltiness sulphurious
700:The third cause is that from its filthy original.
328:sublimation but a chemical reaction with oxygen.
30:"Sublimates" redirects here. For other uses, see
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1267:
696:The second is that the spirit may be corporeal,
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704:May be diminished in it, which is infectious.
694:The first cause is to make the body spiritual.
564:
357:passes through a liquid phase at 1 atmosphere.
1999:
1639:
896:
1558:Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
1506:Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
1386:
1293:Introduction to organic laboratory technique
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698:And become fixed with it and consubstantial.
153:possess three different states at different
2013:
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396:can occur along the solid-liquid boundary (
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1992:
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692:And Sublimations we make for three causes,
157:. In these cases, the transition from the
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1295:. Thomson Brooks/Cole. pp. 781–782.
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577:after purification by vacuum sublimation
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101:state. The verb form of sublimation is
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861:– common process involving sublimation
308:into hydrogen chloride and ammonia is
237:False correspondence with vaporization
128:The reverse process of sublimation is
58:, sublimed and freshly deposited on a
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1334:
1290:
1270:"what solids go through sublimation?"
609:), leaving a non-volatile residue of
392:), whereas its melting into liquid CO
341:
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876:Table of phase transitions of matter
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589:. A solid is typically placed in a
581:Sublimation is a technique used by
543:sublimes gradually upon heating at
520:
97:state, without passing through the
24:
757:
750:term if rigid bodies are assumed.
25:
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1605:
1343:Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie
1247:. Gulf Professional. p. 16.
1061:
513:, iodine vapor can reveal latent
484:standard temperature and pressure
364:
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1827:
1611:
1188:CollinsDictionary.com Dictionary
1095:CollinsDictionary.com Dictionary
1009:
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978:
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679:Le char triomphal de l'antimoine
507:standard atmospheric temperature
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1077:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1028:
439:
13:
1:
2455:Macroscopic quantum phenomena
1489:. Chichester: Wiley and Sons.
1022:
228:
182:For some substances, such as
2465:Order and disorder (physics)
624:organic electronics industry
288:Misuse for chemical reaction
32:Sublimation (disambiguation)
27:Transition from solid to gas
7:
1439:DiBernard, Barbara (1980).
837:
565:Purification by sublimation
559:materials for use in vacuum
347:
10:
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2521:Atmospheric thermodynamics
1864:Electrostatic precipitator
1442:Alchemy and Finnegans wake
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171:of the substance, not the
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1965:
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1904:Rotary vacuum-drum filter
1836:
1825:
1661:
1418:Barrett, Francis (1815).
1170:Dictionary.com Unabridged
497:
296:refers specifically to a
87:transition of a substance
2490:Thermo-dielectric effect
2389:Enthalpy of vaporization
2083:Bose–Einstein condensate
1947:Aqueous two-phase system
1769:Liquid–liquid extraction
1570:10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00033
1367:Organometallic Syntheses
1268:Staff writer(s) (2015).
811:Dye-sublimation printing
403:
223:enthalpy of vaporization
37:Not to be confused with
2384:Enthalpy of sublimation
1844:API oil–water separator
1714:Dissolved air flotation
1485:Gavezzotti, A. (1997).
1469:Ripley, George (1591).
849:Enthalpy of sublimation
817:Dye-sublimation printer
710:Sublimation predictions
215:enthalpy of sublimation
2399:Latent internal energy
2149:Color-glass condensate
1809:Solid-phase extraction
1445:. SUNY Press. p.
1316:Girard, James (2011).
802:
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665:Rosarium philosophorum
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105:, or less preferably,
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2536:Laboratory techniques
2209:Magnetically ordered
1929:Vacuum ceramic filter
1924:Sublimation apparatus
1729:Electrochromatography
1689:Cross-flow filtration
803:
743:equipartition theorem
720:equipartition theorem
689:
597:. Under this reduced
591:sublimation apparatus
572:
528:
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447:
372:
355:
332:Historical definition
260:Potential distinction
78:Sublimation of iodine
77:
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18:Sublimation (physics)
2541:Separation processes
2516:Alchemical processes
2088:Fermionic condensate
1879:Fractionating column
1674:Acid–base extraction
1655:Separation processes
1620:at Wikimedia Commons
1245:Natural Gas Hydrates
754:
615:temperature gradient
545:atmospheric pressure
390:atmospheric pressure
280:, and the substance
272:; and the substance
2303:Chemical ionization
2195:Programmable matter
2185:Quantum spin liquid
2053:Supercritical fluid
1699:Cyclonic separation
1472:Compound of Alchemy
1243:Caroll, J. (2014).
1214:2004HyPr...18.3481F
1125:2016NatSR...619131B
911:
270:gradual sublimation
252:. However there is
2526:Chemical processes
2450:Leidenfrost effect
2379:Enthalpy of fusion
2144:Quark–gluon plasma
1759:Gravity separation
1291:Pavia, D. (2005).
1113:Scientific Reports
1080:. Merriam-Webster.
880:
798:
579:
538:
469:
463:Solid compound of
457:
378:
359:
274:sublimes gradually
219:enthalpy of fusion
147:chemical compounds
89:directly from the
80:
63:
39:subliminal stimuli
2511:Phase transitions
2498:
2497:
2480:Superheated vapor
2475:Superconductivity
2445:Equation of state
2293:Flash evaporation
2245:Phase transitions
2230:String-net liquid
2123:Photonic molecule
2093:Degenerate matter
1981:
1980:
1899:Rapid sand filter
1794:Recrystallization
1774:Electroextraction
1734:Electrofiltration
1616:Media related to
1564:(11): 2162–2179.
1518:10.1021/ci4005805
1404:978-0-632-02017-1
1352:978-3-11-007511-3
1327:978-0-7637-7731-9
1208:(18): 3481–3492.
1133:10.1038/srep19131
1039:General chemistry
1020:
1019:
882:Phase transitions
870:Phase transitions
783:
767:
672:. Here, the word
593:and heated under
306:ammonium chloride
278:rapid sublimation
207:attractive forces
75:
16:(Redirected from
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2435:Compressed fluid
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282:sublimes rapidly
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1894:Protein skimmer
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1779:Microfiltration
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1202:Hydrol. Process
1198:
1194:
1182:
1178:
1163:
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1158:
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1101:
1089:
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1070:
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920:
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764:
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755:
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712:
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656:Basil Valentine
632:
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532:subliming in a
523:
500:
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298:physical change
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65:
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35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2240:
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2197:
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2175:Liquid crystal
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
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2128:
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2125:
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2110:
2108:Strange matter
2105:
2103:Rydberg matter
2100:
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2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2063:
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2060:
2055:
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2041:
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2030:
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2023:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1979:
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1973:Unit operation
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1963:
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1959:
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1941:
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1684:Chromatography
1681:
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1659:
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1628:
1622:
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1607:
1606:External links
1604:
1602:
1601:
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1456:978-0873953887
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839:
836:
815:Main article:
812:
809:
797:
794:
791:
788:
782:lattice energy
779:
775:
772:
763:
759:
724:lattice energy
711:
708:
690:
631:
628:
566:
563:
522:
519:
499:
496:
441:
438:
428:, also called
405:
402:
393:
382:carbon dioxide
366:
365:Carbon dioxide
363:
349:
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333:
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318:carbon dioxide
289:
286:
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125:with heating.
26:
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2460:Mpemba effect
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2440:Cooling curve
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2363:Vitrification
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2328:Recombination
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2323:Melting point
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2268:Critical line
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2259:
2258:Boiling point
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2190:Exotic matter
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1914:Spinning cone
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1804:Sedimentation
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1789:Precipitation
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1512:(3): 844–56.
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1054:0-03-072373-6
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1013:Recombination
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865:Phase diagram
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854:Freeze-drying
852:
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831:
827:
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662:, and in the
661:
660:George Ripley
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480:van der Waals
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418:freeze-drying
414:
410:
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398:melting point
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266:phase diagram
257:
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212:
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200:phase diagram
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180:
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174:
170:
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156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
136:desublimation
134:(also called
133:
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120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2485:Superheating
2358:Vaporization
2353:Triple point
2348:Supercooling
2342:
2313:Lambda point
2263:Condensation
2180:Time crystal
2158:Other states
2098:Quantum Hall
1874:Filter press
1859:Depth filter
1813:
1749:Flocculation
1719:Distillation
1561:
1557:
1544:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1486:
1480:
1471:
1465:
1441:
1434:
1420:
1413:
1389:
1382:
1366:
1361:
1342:
1336:
1317:
1311:
1292:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1263:
1244:
1238:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1179:
1168:
1159:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1086:
1075:
1038:
1030:
992:Condensation
975:Vaporization
955:
859:Freezer burn
832:
828:
824:
820:
713:
691:
677:
673:
663:
643:
640:protoscience
633:
601:, the solid
580:
573:Crystals of
549:
539:
515:fingerprints
501:
470:
407:
379:
360:
335:
325:
314:paraffin wax
309:
293:
291:
281:
277:
273:
269:
263:
253:
242:Vaporization
240:
232:
213:change. The
204:
196:triple point
181:
172:
166:
155:temperatures
140:
135:
130:
127:
110:
106:
102:
82:
81:
43:
2394:Latent heat
2343:Sublimation
2288:Evaporation
2223:Ferromagnet
2218:Ferrimagnet
2200:Dark matter
2132:High energy
1849:Belt filter
1814:Sublimation
1704:Decantation
1618:Sublimation
1579:10023/11874
1365:R. B. King
1276:13 November
1091:"Sublimate"
1072:"Sublimate"
956:Sublimation
884:of matter (
766:sublimation
674:sublimation
670:magnum opus
644:Sublimation
634:In ancient
607:cold finger
603:volatilizes
534:cold finger
472:Naphthalene
465:naphthalene
454:watch glass
450:naphthalene
440:Naphthalene
426:glacier ice
322:water vapor
294:sublimation
246:evaporation
211:endothermic
192:evaporation
83:Sublimation
60:cold finger
56:nickelocene
50:Dark green
2505:Categories
2409:Volatility
2372:Quantities
2333:Regelation
2308:Ionization
2283:Deposition
2235:Superglass
2205:Antimatter
2139:QCD matter
2118:Supersolid
2113:Superfluid
2076:Low energy
1938:Multiphase
1869:Evaporator
1854:Centrifuge
1744:Filtration
1739:Extraction
1679:Adsorption
1669:Absorption
1023:References
999:Ionization
987:Deposition
735:vibrations
611:impurities
585:to purify
517:on paper.
490:mmHg at 53
434:glaciology
338:deposition
229:Confusions
131:deposition
1952:Azeotrope
1662:Processes
1588:1549-9596
1230:129927018
1184:"Sublime"
1165:"Sublime"
1119:: 19131.
787:−
774:−
758:Δ
739:rotations
731:ideal gas
722:. If the
684:spagyrics
620:cold trap
587:compounds
575:ferrocene
476:mothballs
422:snowfield
292:The term
111:Sublimate
107:sublimate
2470:Spinodal
2418:Concepts
2298:Freezing
1966:Concepts
1957:Eutectic
1909:Scrubber
1884:Leachate
1764:Leaching
1709:Dialysis
1596:27749062
1536:24564264
1151:26796663
968:Freezing
844:Ablation
838:See also
716:enthalpy
599:pressure
583:chemists
430:ablation
348:Examples
340:). (See
221:and the
151:elements
52:crystals
2430:Binodal
2318:Melting
2253:Boiling
2170:Crystal
2165:Colloid
1940:systems
1837:Devices
1784:Osmosis
1527:3965570
1395:154–155
1210:Bibcode
1142:4726256
1121:Bibcode
1005:Plasma
964:Liquid
951:Melting
748:entropy
652:alembic
636:alchemy
551:Cadmium
541:Arsenic
530:Camphor
386:dry ice
374:Dry ice
250:boiling
198:in its
188:arsenic
161:to the
145:, most
119:dry ice
103:sublime
93:to the
85:is the
2058:Plasma
2039:Liquid
1724:Drying
1594:
1586:
1534:
1524:
1453:
1401:
1373:
1349:
1324:
1299:
1251:
1228:
1149:
1139:
1051:
945:Solid
939:Plasma
929:Liquid
648:retort
595:vacuum
503:Iodine
498:Iodine
492:
488:
380:Solid
184:carbon
123:iodine
99:liquid
2531:Gases
2048:Vapor
2034:Solid
2027:State
1919:Still
1554:(PDF)
1226:S2CID
924:Solid
728:molar
404:Water
342:below
316:, to
302:state
173:total
159:solid
115:below
91:solid
2019:list
1592:PMID
1584:ISSN
1532:PMID
1451:ISBN
1399:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1278:2015
1249:ISBN
1147:PMID
1049:ISBN
983:Gas
919:From
714:The
658:and
638:, a
555:zinc
553:and
411:and
409:Snow
320:and
186:and
149:and
2044:Gas
1574:hdl
1566:doi
1522:PMC
1514:doi
1426:233
1218:doi
1137:PMC
1129:doi
1045:475
934:Gas
650:or
432:in
413:ice
326:not
324:is
310:not
300:of
163:gas
95:gas
54:of
2507::
2046:/
1590:.
1582:.
1572:.
1562:56
1560:.
1556:.
1530:.
1520:.
1510:54
1508:.
1504:.
1449:.
1447:57
1397:.
1224:.
1216:.
1206:18
1204:.
1186:.
1167:.
1145:.
1135:.
1127:.
1115:.
1111:.
1093:.
1074:.
1063:^
1047:.
916:To
910:)
737:,
561:.
436:.
344:)
254:no
225:.
109:.
2021:)
2017:(
2007:e
2000:t
1993:v
1647:e
1640:t
1633:v
1598:.
1576::
1568::
1538:.
1516::
1475:.
1459:.
1428:.
1407:.
1377:.
1355:.
1330:.
1305:.
1280:.
1257:.
1232:.
1220::
1212::
1190:.
1153:.
1131::
1123::
1117:6
1097:.
1057:.
904:e
897:t
890:v
796:T
793:R
790:2
778:U
771:=
762:H
394:2
384:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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