2255:
2166:
2149:
2019:
2317:
2299:
2281:
2210:
2184:
2034:
2386:
2335:
252:
58:
2010:
1984:
2055:). Two sprays of olive leaves in gold at the bottom of the scroll indicate dedication of the NATO nations to peace, the swords show the armed strength necessary to preserve the peace. The position of the swords produces the letter "A", standing for the allied powers. Within the scroll, and behind the swords, are twelve silver fronds stemming from the olive sprays and denoting the original signatories of the North Atlantic Treaty. They produce by their position rays of hope. The whole design is superimposed on a shield of dark green. The shield represents the crusading nature of SHAPE's mission and its colour signifies the peaceful woods and fields of Europe.
455:
264:
2361:
1317:
2407:
2419:
2370:
621:
3642:
999:, the military difficulties of the politically decided command structure, and the withdrawal of the French from the military command structure forced a rearrangement of the command arrangements in the southern region. Allied Forces Mediterranean was disbanded on 5 June 1967, and all forces in the south and the Mediterranean assigned to AFSOUTH in Naples. This left SHAPE and Allied Command Europe with three commands: AFNORTH covering Norway and Denmark, AFCENT most of Germany, and AFSOUTH Italy, Turkey, Greece, and the rest of the southern region.
171:
1793:
398:
582:(C-in-C) there as well but soon realized it would be difficult to find an arrangement that would satisfy all three major powers with forces in the Center—the United States, United Kingdom and France—as they had strongly differing views on the proper relationship of air and ground power. Drawing upon his World War II experience, General Eisenhower decided to retain overall control himself and did not appoint a C-in-C for the Central Region. Instead there would be three separate C-in-C's (air, land, and sea).
930:'), with conventional forces merely acting as a 'tripwire.' The policy enunciated in Military Committee document MC14/1, issued in December 1952, saw the defence of Germany as principally a delaying action, to allow a line of resistance to be established along the lines of the IJssel and Rhine rivers. The conventional forces would attempt to hold this line while the allied strategic air forces defeated the Soviets and their allies by destroying their economy and infrastructure.
1417:
1028:(later to become SACEUR himself) served as speechwriter for both Goodpaster, Haig's predecessor, and Haig. Galvin wrote that 'Goodpaster was ... internationally minded, avuncular, philosophical, gentlemanly, thoughtful, warm, and measured in his ways. Haig was combative and suspicious, and conspiratorial in outlook.' While at SACEUR Haig felt that the large Warsaw Pact exercises were intimidating to observers, and, despite HQ staff disapproval, created the
390:
1349:
It was feared by
Pentagon officials at the time that if the two-command structure was adopted, some functions at the MSC level would have had to be moved 'downward' in the new structure. But while the United States eventually had to give in on a reduction to two commands, it was successful in that a European officer was not placed in charge of the new southern command (now
988:', the aim became to build up conventional forces so that, if possible, nuclear weapons might not be needed. However it was made clear that first use of nuclear weapons might be necessary if the conventional defences were being overwhelmed. Eventually SACEUR was allocated planning control of a small number of US and British ballistic missile submarines, and some 7,000
1388:, more attention began to be paid to NATO's core Article 5 defence obligations. The three Baltic states' worries were specifically focused on a potential Russian threat. Thus while some exercises were ostentially run to prepare the NRF, sometimes they also included Article 5 aspects. Among these dual-purpose exercises was 'Steadfast Jazz', part of the
1373:. Although the move was publicly characterized as a purely administrative move necessitated by Clark's approaching retirement and the lack of an open four-star slot for the highly respected Ralston , Clark's relief has been often seen as a slap at the general on the part of a Pentagon leadership that had been very much at odds with him during the
1937:(DSACEUR), who is always a European, would serve as Operation Commander (OpCdr). This use of SHAPE by the EU is however subject to a "right of first refusal", i.e. NATO must first decline to intervene in a given crisis, and contingent on unanimous approval among NATO states, including those outside of the EU.
1328:
From 1993, the staffing of ACE was reduced in line with personnel reductions already in progress since 1990 and the
Schaefer Plan, drafted by retired German general Shaefer. Shaefer's aim was to begin the first effort to streamline NATO's Cold War structure to meet the new circumstances. Personnel in
944:
We have... an air-ground shield which, although still not strong enough, would force an enemy to concentrate before attack. In doing so, the concentrating force would be extremely vulnerable to losses from atomic weapon attacks... We can now use atomic weapons against an aggressor, delivered not only
1348:
After much discussion within the
Alliance, ACE's three-command system was reduced to two commands covering the same area after 1996, one for north of the Alps and one for south of the Alps. The United States had wished to retain three commands, arguing that 'the span of control might be excessive.'
436:
stated that the changed world order had "stripped NATO of its justification" for military integration, and soon afterward, France stated that it was withdrawing from the NATO military structure. SHAPE and all the other NATO installations, including NATO Headquarters and Allied Forces
Central Europe
3471:
As an operational-level international headquarters, the Joint
Support and Enabling Command (JSEC) is part of the new NATO Force Structure. Its overall mission is to provide SACEUR with a secure Rear Area in crises up to maximum level of effort by supporting Nations in their planning, execution and
1501:
Between 2003 and 2006, a new category of forces was created, principally to improve the flexibility and reach of land forces. The structure incorporated six "NATO Rapid
Deployable Corps headquarters". Formed from October 2003, the NATO Rapidly Deployable Corps are designated High Readiness Forces
1420:
In 2003, a French flag was set up in the SHAPE headquarters in Mons following the return, after almost forty years, of French military officers to the HQ. Fifteen French military officers, including
General Jean-Jacques Bart, work there, of a total number of 1,100 personnel. They are however
1054:, became somewhat of an institution in Europe as the former U.S. Army chief of staff occupied the office for nearly eight years; a brief outcry arose from the other NATO capitals when Rogers was slated for retirement by the U.S. administration in 1987. Rogers was replaced by General
574:
gives a good account of
Montgomery's exacting, tireless approach to improving the command's readiness, which caused a good deal of bruised feelings in doing so. In establishing the command, the first NATO planners drew extensively on WUDO plans and personnel.
1783:
In 2012 and 2013, NATO underwent a reorganization of the military command, and the land component commands at
Heidelberg and Madrid were deactivated, the maritime component command at Naples was closed and the air component command at Izmir also shut down.
1361:
personally over the issue in
September–October 1997, the United States stood firm and today an American admiral remains in charge of the Naples command. In addition to the two continental commands AFNORTHWEST covered the United Kingdom and Scandinavia.
973:
was a series of multilateral naval exercises that concentrated on NATO's eastern Atlantic/northern European flank. Operation Deep Water involved NATO carrier and amphibious assault forces operating along NATO's southern flank in the Mediterranean Sea.
374:
on January 1, 1951, and quickly set to work with a small group of planners to devise a structure for the new European command. The Planning Group worked in the Hotel Astoria in central Paris while construction of a permanent facility began.
1043:. A land mine blew up under the bridge on which Haig's car was traveling, narrowly missing Haig's car, but wounding three of his bodyguards in a following car. Authorities later attributed responsibility for the attack to the German
1019:
during the depths of the Watergate crisis, was abruptly installed as SACEUR after Watergate's denouement. Haig arrived in 1974. Some scattered notes about his time at SHAPE are recorded by Colodny and Shachtman's book
477:, SACEUR at the time, had hoped that SHAPE could be located near to NATO Headquarters, as had been the case in Paris, but the Belgian authorities decided that SHAPE should be located at least 50 kilometres from
332:). Since 2003 SHAPE has been the headquarters of ACO, controlling NATO also outside Europe. Even though the geographical scope of its activities was extended, SHAPE retained its traditional name with reference to
964:
forces over NATO ground forces, called for "about 30" divisions to augment NATO's central European front. That year Allied Command Europe carried out Operation Counter Punch, which involved AFCENT forces on the
945:
by long-range aircraft, but also by the use of shorter-range planes, and by 280 mm. artillery... This air-ground team constitutes a very effective shield, and it would fight very well in case of attack.
2018:
4209:
3319:
1007:
The headquarters' new home in Mons, Belgium, was the center of international attention from time to time as new Supreme Allied Commanders came and went, with one of the more notable being General
3484:
2448:
628:
On April 2, 1951, General Eisenhower signed the activation order for Allied Command Europe and its headquarters at SHAPE. Headquarters, Allied Forces Central Europe (AFCENT) was activated in
1035:
A creature of habit, Haig took the same route to SHAPE every day – a pattern of behavior that did not go unnoticed by terrorist groups. On June 25, 1979, Haig was the apparent target of an
1329:
the headquarters fell from 18,354 in 1990 to 12,919 in 1996. Costs fell from US$ 621m to $ 482m over the same period. From 1994-c.1999, there were three Major Subordinate Commands in ACE:
481:, NATO's new location, because SHAPE was a major wartime military target. The Belgian government offered Camp Casteau, a 2 km Belgian Army summer training camp north of the city of
617:, announced that three Italian divisions were to be formed as Italy's 'initial contribution to the Atlantic army', and that these divisions would also come under Eisenhower's control.
3105:
Sydney Blumenthal, The Clinton Wars, New York, Plume, 2003, p.650-1, cited in Dale R. Herspring, The Pentagon and the Presidency, University Press of Kansas, 2005, p. 372-3. See also
1804:
has served as the head of the topmost-level NATO command for Europe, now titled Allied Command Operations, and located at Casteau. The Deputy Commander is always a European officer.
578:
Devising command arrangements in the Central Region, which contained the bulk of NATO's forces, proved to be much more complicated. General Eisenhower considered naming an overall
1389:
2385:
3178:"NATO likely will maintain a 'semi-permanent' presence in Eastern Europe for many years to come, said retired Gen. Tod Wolters, former Supreme Allied Commander Europe" (SACEUR)
4377:
3725:
1930:
1896:
1807:
There were initially two joint force operational headquarters and several single service commands under SHAPE, in its role as headquarters of Allied Command Operations:
1529:
which is rapidly deployable within five days, but lacks sustained capability, limited to 30 days in combat. It would serve as an advance force for follow on NATO forces.
2518:
Sean Maloney, To Secure Command of the Sea, University of New Brunswick thesis, 1991, clearly depicts the predominance of US and UK officers in senior command positions
2033:
1400:
Since 2003 it has been the headquarters of Allied Command Operations, controlling all NATO operations worldwide. SHAPE retained its traditional name with reference to
424:
France's resentment over NATO's military structure had been brewing for a number of years, as successive French governments had become increasingly incensed with
101:
1029:
933:
What this strategy meant for the land battle in the central region was described for publicity purposes in January 1954 by then-Supreme Allied Commander Europe
632:, France in 1953. On the same day, ACE's subordinate headquarters in Northern and Central Europe were activated, with the Southern Region following in June.
3224:
3089:
2369:
3316:
1926:
1912:
4403:
3175:
3384:
229:
1664:
1270:
3488:
3718:
2418:
4283:
414:
20:
3362:
2438:
606:
2979:
Len Colodny and Tom Shachtman, The Forty Years War: The Rise and Fall of the Neocons, From Nixon to Obama (Harper, 2009), 274, 280–81, 282–83.
2896:
2866:
2835:
1594:, Poland, was seen along with the downgraded Greek corps, as the third echelon deployable force in the NATO rapid deployment capability. The
3278:
3128:
1830:
In 2018, it was agreed that a new joint force operational headquarters in Norfolk would be created to conduct operations in the Atlantic.
1070:
ACE in 1986 had three major subordinate commands (MSCs), one each for Northern, Central, and Southern Europe, as well as smaller commands.
3711:
3623:
Vojtech Mastny, Sven S. Holtsmark, Andreas Wenger (ed.), War Plans and Alliances in the Cold War: Threat Perceptions in the East and West
1957:
440:
France's withdrawal from NATO's integrated military structure forced SHAPE and several other ACE headquarters to leave French territory.
2534:
2254:
2165:
2148:
3587:
Jordan, Robert S., ed. Generals in International Politics: NATO's Supreme Allied Commander, Europe. University Press of Kentucky, 1987.
1769:
1763:
867:
was a major air-ground exercise involving French-American tactical air units and a French airborne infantry unit under the command of
2998:
1702:
1698:, and is also part of the NATO Force Structure. STRIKFORNATO is the only command capable of leading an expanded maritime task force.
2575:
Brian L. Davis, NATO Forces: An Illustrated Reference to their Organization and Insignia, Blandford Press, London, 1988, p. 20.
977:
To improve alliance military readiness and integration, NATO continued to hold annual alliance-wide military exercises each autumn (
3660:
2950:'US Security Issues in Europe,' 93rd Congress, 1973, p.13, cited in William Park 'Defending the West,' Wheatsheaf Books, 1986, p.30
1684:
1416:
485:, southwest of Brussels, which was an area in serious need of additional economic investment. In September 1966, NATO agreed that
2453:
1258:
602:
3514:
2316:
2298:
2280:
2209:
2183:
4306:
3910:
3191:
3150:
2506:
1881:
1691:
805:
598:
594:
2963:
4321:
3618:
3605:
1708:
4408:
3953:
3963:
3535:
1734:. A special operations coordination centre and an intelligence fusion centre have also recently been formed within SHAPE.
1404:
for legal reasons although the geographical scope of its activities was extended in 2003. At that time, NATO's command in
4336:
4276:
4216:
3890:
1811:
1674:
1566:
1542:
1428:
1276:
905:
777:
771:
732:
723:
644:
530:
1934:
202:
4244:
4169:
3905:
1890:
1835:
1502:(HRF), designed to be able to react on short notice. Although these forces cannot deploy on five days warning like the
1421:
considered as "inserted," and not as "integrated," as they cannot be ordered to move without previous French approval.
1252:
853:
824:
567:
544:
345:
2406:
585:
In December 1950 it was announced that the forces initially to come under General Eisenhower's command were to be the
497:
near Paris on 30 March 1967, and the next day held a ceremony to mark the opening of the new headquarters at Casteau.
4351:
4199:
4159:
3895:
2753:
2485:
2051:
Two gold swords, unsheathed, are superimposed on a gold scroll bearing the inscription "Vigilia pretium libertatis" (
1820:
1466:
1457:
1350:
1330:
1264:
792:
652:
3337:
2334:
251:
1225:
1216:
1208:
893:
841:
748:
3074:
1032:
exercise series, increasing the size of the event by holding all the NATO ACE exercises at the same time of year.
4346:
4174:
3958:
2642:
1801:
1449:
1196:
1109:
303:
183:
3221:
3086:
2748:
David C. Isby & Charles Kamps Jr, Armies of NATO's Central Front, Jane's Publishing Company Ltd 1985, p.15,
1726:, remains in existence as a detachment of HQ ACO, as does Allied Submarine Command, a NATO command based on the
926:
The initial plans saw the defence of Western Europe from a Soviet invasion resting heavily on nuclear weapons ('
4269:
1757:
1751:
1481:
692:
560:
1694:(STRIKFORNATO), homeported at Gaeta, Italy, whose lead nation is the United States, is commanded by Commander
613:, and Berlin. Four days after Eisenhower's arrival in Paris, on 5 January 1951, the Italian defence minister,
4056:
3922:
1941:
1587:
1242:
1079:
719:
636:
605:
and a further infantry division, three French divisions in Germany and Austria, the Danish, Belgian, and the
2009:
1392:, which was run in November 2013 across a number of NATO countries, including Poland and the Baltic states.
57:
4356:
4331:
3865:
3560:
1983:
1966:
1834:(JFC NF) was established due to the rising Russian threat, making the Atlantic sea routes more critical. A
1338:
1177:
809:
552:
4154:
3927:
3900:
2080:. An exception happened in 1966, with the withdrawal of France from NATO's integrated command structure.
1831:
1711:
1510:
1487:
1163:
817:
664:
1475:
4136:
4071:
4006:
3749:
3240:
1099:
1089:
1012:
755:
586:
454:
1506:(NRF), they have a longer sustainment capability in combat than the NRF, which is limited to 30 days.
4204:
4146:
3948:
3932:
3017:
Galvin, John R. Fighting the Cold War: A Soldier’s Memoir. University Press of Kentucky, 2015, 343-4.
1695:
1153:
885:
610:
590:
288:
35:
27:
2360:
263:
4076:
4041:
3915:
3049:
1717:
821:
768:
570:(WUDO) to become the first Deputy SACEUR, who would serve until 1958. Volume 3 of Nigel Hamilton's
2904:
2874:
2845:
2154:
432:
domination of the command structure and insufficient French influence. In February 1966 President
4096:
4081:
4066:
4061:
4016:
4001:
3885:
3805:
3678:
3508:
3176:(10 Jan 2023) After Ukraine invasion, NATO aligning strategy with ‘regional plans’: Former SACEUR
1863:
1738:
1659:
Certification of the following High Readiness Forces (Maritime) Headquarters took place in 2004:
1443:
1409:
1324:
during his visit to the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe in Maisières (Belgium) in 1981.
1316:
1143:
989:
950:
934:
920:
901:
860:
796:
781:
708:
705:
686:
679:
188:
3275:
4164:
4111:
4086:
4021:
3991:
3855:
3810:
2392:
2089:
2065:
2039:
2000:
1988:
1867:
1737:
As more capable rapid reaction forces were established, earlier 'fire brigades', including the
556:
537:
494:
410:
384:
245:
42:
2646:
739:
4194:
4189:
4101:
4036:
3996:
3981:
3973:
3795:
3087:
French Gamesmanship and the Future of the Alliance: The Case of Allied Forces Southern Europe
2443:
2069:
1996:
1918:
1723:
1532:
1025:
869:
736:
318:
191:
3577:
Hackett, John. "NATO's Supreme Allied Commanders on Parade." Parameters 18, no. 2 (1988): 2.
1424:
A new structure was developed with three main headquarters under Allied Command Operations:
4184:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4051:
3986:
3820:
2710:
2692:
1744:
In addition to this Allied Command Operations has at its disposal standing forces such as:
970:
533:
207:
3063:
2614:
2531:
1777:
8:
4311:
4179:
4106:
4091:
4026:
3880:
3860:
3815:
3106:
2094:
2077:
1854:
1776:
Airlift support for SACEUR's travels is provided by the USAF's 309th Airlift Squadron at
1503:
1384:. Yet after Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania joined the alliance, and especially after the
1381:
1321:
1187:
996:
927:
919:
involved ground maneuvers by the U.S. Seventh Army in the American Zone of Occupation of
908:
889:
764:
3657:
3647:
3641:
2806:
2785:
2585:
620:
365:
170:
4239:
4046:
3875:
3827:
3068:
3003:
1845:
1727:
1556:
1437:
1385:
800:
712:
695:
614:
579:
563:
291:(ACO) that commands all NATO operations worldwide. SHAPE is situated in the village of
195:
551:, amid many inter-Allied controversies over the proper conduct of the campaign on the
4292:
3850:
3842:
3703:
3614:
3601:
3512:
2769:
2749:
2481:
2425:
2376:
1211:
1200:
1059:
1051:
985:
966:
849:
752:
540:
467:
433:
418:
402:
226:
31:
3428:
3188:
3262:
2960:
2025:
1792:
1334:
1157:
1103:
1044:
937:
2563:
1955:
referenced SHAPE in his short-story 'From a View to a Kill', collected as part of
1838:(JSEC) was also created in Ulm, Germany, to improve rear area logistical support.
1380:
From the early 2000s ACO as it became had more and more activities related to the
397:
4316:
3787:
3664:
3539:
3518:
3323:
3304:
3282:
3228:
3195:
3093:
2967:
2840:
2538:
2305:
1570:
1220:
1191:
759:
474:
349:
310:
4341:
4011:
2190:
1922:
1871:
1629:
1546:
1514:
1370:
1354:
1055:
1008:
953:
856:
784:
682:
425:
378:
307:
221:
144:
4250:
3561:"Alfred M. Gruenther Autograph - signed card showing the SHAPE insignia, 1953"
1701:
The final formation is Commander French Maritime Forces, initially aboard the
1093:
359:
4413:
4397:
3761:
1365:
An early retirement again disrupted the Mons headquarters in 2000 as General
1040:
1036:
1016:
873:
845:
648:
629:
559:
announced the appointment of General Eisenhower as the first SACEUR. British
482:
437:(AFCENT), were informed that they must leave French territory by April 1967.
429:
296:
116:
103:
91:
4361:
4233:
3755:
2137:
1647:
1579:
1366:
1358:
1058:
after Galvin was being advised he was being picked by Secretary of Defense
912:
726:
699:
548:
526:
314:
210:
1395:
521:
An integrated military structure for NATO was first established after the
3800:
3698:
3406:
2988:
Galvin, Fighting the Cold War, University Press of Kentucky, 2015, 237-8.
1952:
1815:
1673:
Headquarters Commander Spanish Maritime Forces (HQ COMSPMARFOR) on board
1432:
961:
897:
877:
863:. Two 1952 central region exercises involved air-ground combined forces.
743:
233:
30:(ACO), that commands all NATO operations. For NATO's political seat, see
4261:
3039:
Allied command structures in the New NATO, DIANE Publishing edition, 13.
1602:, France, is an EU force with a technical agreement linking it to NATO.
4031:
3772:
3669:
3582:
Norstad: Cold War NATO Supreme Commander – Airman, Strategist, Diplomat
2927:
Canadian Nuclear Weapons: The Untold Story of Canada's Cold War Arsenal
2287:
1731:
1599:
1522:
1374:
1353:), a move which France and Germany supported. Despite French President
1229:
1203:
828:
609:
in Western Germany, and the American and British garrisons in Austria,
522:
214:
1741:('AMF (L)'), were disbanded; AMF(L) was disbanded on 30 October 2002.
1610:
1536:
981:) that was jointly planned and executed by SACEUR and SACLANT forces.
836:
Four exercises were conducted in the ACE area during the autumn 1952.
443:
3777:
3684:
3133:
2658:
2228:
2073:
1992:
1617:
1595:
1518:
1167:
1120:
3685:"Senior officials in the NATO military structure, from 1949 to 2001"
3591:
1083:
3767:
3472:
coordination of Security, Force Protection and Area Damage Control.
2961:
AFSOUTH 1951–2004: Over Fifty Years Working for Peace and Stability
2240:
2236:
2216:
1885:
1641:
1635:
1623:
1591:
1560:
1461:
1342:
1181:
1147:
1127:
1011:. Haig, who had retired from military service in order to serve as
505:
478:
1991:
in which both national flags and soldiers in traditional uniforms
525:
raised questions over the strength of Europe's defences against a
4326:
2323:
2265:
2261:
2232:
2220:
2194:
1900:
1849:
1526:
490:
486:
463:
449:
292:
95:
3673:
1663:
Headquarters Commander Italian Maritime Forces on board Italy's
458:
2013 SACEUR change of command, in front of SHAPE's main building
3385:"NATO deactivates allied air command Izmir headquarters Turkey"
3208:
2341:
2269:
2224:
2198:
2123:
2119:
1858:
1582:, Greece (now redesignated as a Force of Lower Readiness (FLR))
1575:
1405:
1401:
1246:
660:
389:
333:
3635:
3048:
Barbara Starr, 'Allies want a simplified command for Europe,'
1605:
As of 2017, there are nine High Readiness Force Headquarters:
529:
attack. The first choice for commander in Europe was American
159:
3832:
3435:. Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe. 12 February 2020
2172:
1970:, Goldie Hawn's character negotiates an assignment to SHAPE.
1824:
1653:
1550:
1470:
1113:
668:
656:
371:
2586:"Chapter 7 – The Military Structure – Allied Command Europe"
969:, and two other major military exercises in September 1957.
500:
379:
2 April 1951 – 31 March 1967: Rocquencourt, Yvelines, France
3734:
3652:
3027:
2938:
2814:
2793:
2765:
2665:
2622:
2593:
2559:
2550:
See also L. James Binder, Lemnitzer: A Soldier For His Time
2527:
1897:
NATO Communications and Information Systems Services Agency
957:
640:
360:
1 January 1951 – 2 April 1951: Hôtel Astoria, Paris, France
284:
80:
3594:, International Organization, Volume 13, No.1, Winter 1959
3085:
For an American view of this dispute, see Ronald Tiersky,
2076:. The number of supporters has risen steadily, reflecting
3454:
3363:"Deactivation ceremony of Allied Maritime Command Naples"
1559:/NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Türkiye (NRDC-T), HQ near
884:
was a major allied air-ground exercise involving 150,000
409:
On 2 April 1951 SHAPE moved to its permanent facility at
26:
This article is about the supreme headquarters of NATO's
3064:"Turkey eyes French-US NATO command debate with concern"
3613:
Edited by Bruce George, 1991, Jane's Information Group
3600:
Edited by Bruce George, 1990, Jane's Information Group
2999:"German Guilty in '79 Attack At NATO on Alexander Haig"
1396:
2003–present: Headquarters of Allied Command Operations
3733:
3151:"The Evolution of NATO's Command Structure, 1951-2009"
1987:
Christmas card c. 1952–1955, depicting an alternative
1136:
Allied Naval Forces, Baltic Approaches, Karup, Denmark
852:
to NORTHAG ground forces under the overall command of
1133:
Allied Air Forces, Baltic Approaches, Karup, Denmark
1119:
Allied Land Forces, Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland,
1913:
Command and control structure of the European Union
691:Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe (DSACEUR) –
444:
31 March 1967 – present: Casteau, Wallonia, Belgium
1906:
1893:, Ulm (announced 2018, operational September 2019)
1884:(aka. Strike Force NATO, STRIKFORNATO) at Oeiras,
1271:Naval Striking and Support Forces Southern Europe
960:, noting the numerical superiority of Soviet and
806:Naval Striking and Support Forces Southern Europe
510:From 1951 to 2003, SHAPE was the headquarters of
324:From 1951 to 2003, SHAPE was the headquarters of
4395:
3365:. Headquarters Allied Joint Force Command Naples
3294:MC 324/1 "NATO Military Command Structure", 2003
2024:1953 brochure, signed by then Supreme Commander
1634:NATO Rapid Deployable Corps Spain (NRDC-Spain),
1369:was shunted aside in favor of Air Force general
888:, Dutch, Belgian, and Canadian troops of NATO's
506:1951–2003: Headquarters of Allied Command Europe
2686:
2684:
2682:
2507:Evolution of NATO's Command Structure 1951-2009
1716:. The French naval component is drawn from the
1497:NATO Rapid Deployable Corps headquarters (NRDC)
405:in front of the flag of SHAPE on 8 October 1951
21:Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force
2859:
2564:History of SHAPE and Allied Command Operations
2439:Operational headquarters of the European Union
1640:NATO Rapid Deployable Corps Türkiye (NRDC-T),
840:was a major allied air force exercise for the
4277:
3719:
3305:NATO Press Release (2002)098 – 12 August 2002
3113:on July 29, 1999. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
2889:
1628:NATO Rapid Deployable Corps Italy (NRDC-IT),
2780:
2778:
2679:
2501:
2499:
2497:
1929:as an operational headquarters (OHQ) for EU
848:over the Central European front and provide
41:"SHAPE" redirects here. For other uses, see
3129:La France amorce un "mouvement" vers l’Otan
678:Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) –
136:
4284:
4270:
3726:
3712:
3674:Nato's new headquarters to cost €1 billion
3648:How SHAPE took SHAPE (from NATO's website)
3640:
2704:
2702:
1770:Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group 2
1764:Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group 1
1345:, The Netherlands, and AFSOUTH in Naples.
1002:
674:The commanders and commands in 1957 were:
169:
4404:Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
4291:
3871:Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
3592:Early Stages in the Organization of SHAPE
3531:Broad Support for NATO in the Netherlands
3317:History of Standing NATO Maritime Group 1
2775:
2494:
1841:There are three single-service commands:
1748:NATO Airborne Early Warning Force (NAEWF)
501:Changing role in NATO's command structure
466:was chosen as a new host nation for both
277:Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
51:Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
3335:
3274:Naval Striking and Support Forces NATO,
2647:Chart 9: Allied Command Europe July 1954
2379:in front of the standard, 8 October 1951
1982:
1791:
1685:Commander United Kingdom Maritime Forces
1622:Multinational Corps Northeast (MNC-NE),
1315:
619:
453:
396:
388:
34:. For the subordinate parts of ACO, see
3964:Supreme Allied Commander Transformation
3265:, updated 2006, verified September 2008
3209:"NATO Rapid Deployable Corps - Türkiye"
2991:
2699:
2480:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 241.
1646:NATO Deployable Corps Greece (NRDC-GR)
1259:Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe
1024:. In addition, then-Lieutenant Colonel
4396:
3123:
3121:
3119:
2729:
2645:, NATO: The First Five Years 1949–54,
1935:Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe
1882:Naval Striking and Support Forces NATO
1692:Naval Striking and Support Forces NATO
1652:Rapid Reaction Corps France (RRC-FR),
1320:The SHAPE honor guard is presented to
536:, as he had successfully directed the
302:ACO's and SHAPE's commander is titled
283:) is the military headquarters of the
4265:
3707:
3061:
2717:
2475:
1947:
393:SHAPE premises in Rocquencourt (1965)
4200:Relationship with the European Union
3455:"Joint Support and Enabling Command"
3338:"NATO Activates Allied Land Command"
3168:
3030:Military Balance 1981–82, p. 25
2844:. September 30, 1957. Archived from
2449:NATO Special Operations Headquarters
1616:Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC),
1576:NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece
1300:Commander Northeastern Mediterranean
1073:
812:Charles R. Brown, United States Navy
3336:Vandiver, John (30 November 2012).
3116:
2873:. 30 September 1957. Archived from
2811:NATO the first five years 1949–1954
2790:NATO the first five years 1949–1954
2619:NATO the first five years 1949–1954
2590:NATO the first five years 1949–1954
2068:is composed of the arms as well as
2047:A 1953 brochure on the arms reads:
1812:Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum
1720:, the French Navy's surface fleet.
1567:NATO Rapid Deployable Spanish Corps
1543:NATO Rapid Deployable Italian Corps
1429:Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum
1277:Allied Naval Forces Southern Europe
150:"Vigilance is the Price of Liberty"
13:
4245:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
4170:Individual Partnership Action Plan
3906:Joint Support and Enabling Command
3735:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
3571:
2941:Military Balance 1982, p. 24.
1921:, SHAPE may also take part in the
1891:Joint Support and Enabling Command
1836:Joint Support and Enabling Command
1253:Allied Land Forces Southern Europe
709:Courtlandt Van Rensselaer Schuyler
696:The Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
635:By 1954 ACE's forces consisted of
568:Western Union Defence Organization
346:Western Union Defence Organisation
285:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
81:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
14:
4425:
4160:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
3627:
3584:St. Martin's Press, 2000. 350 pp.
2532:Original SHAPE relocation article
2424:SACEUR standard displayed behind
2053:Vigilance is the Price of Liberty
1821:Allied Joint Force Command Naples
1796:NATO Command Structure, 2020-2021
1467:Allied Joint Force Command Naples
1458:Allied Joint Force Command Lisbon
1351:Allied Joint Force Command Naples
1331:Allied Forces Northwestern Europe
1288:Naval On-Call Force Mediterranean
1282:Maritime Air Forces Mediterranean
1265:Allied Air Forces Southern Europe
1164:NATO Airborne Early Warning Force
462:With France no longer available,
3107:General's Early Exit Upsets NATO
2903:. 7 October 1957. Archived from
2735:"NATO Ships Enter Baltic Sea" -
2696:(September 26, 1952) p. 402-404.
2417:
2405:
2384:
2368:
2359:
2333:
2315:
2297:
2279:
2253:
2208:
2182:
2164:
2147:
2032:
2017:
2008:
1415:
1226:Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force
1217:Second Allied Tactical Air Force
1209:Allied Air Forces Central Europe
894:Allied Air Forces Central Europe
842:Allied Air Forces Central Europe
749:Allied Air Forces Central Europe
566:moved over from the predecessor
262:
250:
56:
4175:Istanbul Cooperation Initiative
3959:Supreme Allied Commander Europe
3954:Chair of the Military Committee
3653:Allied Command Operation SitRep
3553:
3523:
3502:
3477:
3447:
3421:
3399:
3377:
3355:
3329:
3309:
3297:
3288:
3276:Factsheet: High Readiness Force
3268:
3255:
3233:
3215:
3201:
3181:
3143:
3099:
3079:
3055:
3042:
3033:
3020:
3011:
2982:
2973:
2953:
2944:
2932:
2919:
2828:
2758:
2742:
2708:"The NATO Exercises, Part II",
2651:
2636:
1978:
1907:Role in European Union missions
1802:Supreme Allied Commander Europe
1787:
1297:Commander Eastern Mediterranean
1294:Commander Central Mediterranean
1291:Commander Western Mediterranean
1110:Allied Forces Baltic Approaches
493:. SHAPE closed its facility at
306:(SACEUR), and is always a U.S.
304:Supreme Allied Commander Europe
4217:Science for Peace and Security
4210:eastward NATO expansion issues
3590:Lt. Col. William A. Knowlton,
3261:International Military Staff,
2764:For the original document see
2607:
2578:
2569:
2553:
2544:
2521:
2512:
2469:
2059:
1758:Standing NATO Maritime Group 2
1752:Standing NATO Maritime Group 1
1390:NATO Exercise Steadfast series
1065:
896:. They maneuvered east of the
607:Independent Norwegian Brigades
370:General Eisenhower arrived in
317:who also serves as Commander,
1:
3923:Allied Command Transformation
3052:, 16 October 1996, p. 6.
2690:"The NATO Exercises, Part 1"
2462:
1944:maintains a 'cell' at SHAPE.
1942:European Union Military Staff
1927:command and control structure
1588:Multinational Corps Northeast
1578:based on the "C" Corps HQ in
1285:Submarine Force Mediterranean
1243:Allied Forces Southern Europe
1126:Allied Land Forces, Zealand,
1080:Allied Forces Northern Europe
904:under the overall command of
793:Allied Forces Southern Europe
720:Allied Forces Northern Europe
653:Allied Forces Southern Europe
637:Allied Forces Northern Europe
572:Life of Montgomery of Alamein
468:NATO's political headquarters
3866:International Military Staff
3658:The New NATO Force Structure
3429:"Military Command Structure"
3263:The New NATO Force Structure
3189:NATO's New Command Structure
3111:International Herald Tribune
2349:
1609:1 German-Netherlands Corps,
1482:Component Command – Maritime
1444:Component Command – Maritime
1339:Allied Forces Central Europe
1178:Allied Forces Central Europe
995:The drawdown of the British
733:Allied Forces Central Europe
645:Allied Forces Central Europe
555:. On December 19, 1950, the
413:, just west of the city, at
138:"Vigilia Pretium Libertatis"
16:NATO Headquarters in Belgium
7:
4409:Joint military headquarters
4155:Atlantic Treaty Association
3285:. Retrieved September 2008.
3109:by Joseph Fitchett for the
3062:Cevik, Ilnur (1996-12-13).
2432:
2391:Standard flown at SHAPE in
1933:. In such an instance, the
1832:Joint Force Command Norfolk
1511:Allied Rapid Reaction Corps
818:Allied Forces Mediterranean
665:Allied Forces Mediterranean
624:Organization of ACE in 1952
354:
10:
4430:
3750:Animus in consulendo liber
1973:
1910:
1545:, Ugo Mara Barracks HQ in
1100:Allied Forces South Norway
1090:Allied Forces North Norway
1050:Haig's successor, General
1013:White House Chief of Staff
984:From 1967 however, under '
447:
382:
363:
343:
339:
40:
25:
18:
4370:
4299:
4226:
4145:
3972:
3941:
3933:Standardization agreement
3841:
3786:
3741:
3326:, verified September 2008
3198:, verified September 2008
1724:Island Commander, Iceland
1696:United States Sixth Fleet
1412:, was reassigned to ACO.
1154:United Kingdom Air Forces
992:were deployed in Europe.
892:in coordination with the
886:British Army of the Rhine
601:, to be bolstered by the
591:British Army of the Rhine
564:Sir Bernard L. Montgomery
289:Allied Command Operations
258:
244:
239:
220:
201:
182:
177:
154:
137:
132:
87:
75:
67:
55:
50:
36:Allied Command Operations
28:Allied Command Operations
4205:Relationship with Russia
3916:SHAPE International Band
3511:report, March 24, 2008.
3241:"Rapid Deployable Corps"
2615:"Appendix 1 – Chronicle"
2478:A Dictionary of Aviation
2476:Wragg, David W. (1973).
1877:Other commands include:
1488:Component Command – Land
1450:Command Component – Land
1357:exchanging letters with
1322:King Baudouin of Belgium
1062:in February–March 1987.
990:tactical nuclear weapons
704:Chief of Staff (COFS) –
19:Not to be confused with
3699:NATO Flickr photostream
3509:The Heritage Foundation
3243:. NATO. 9 November 2015
2770:Military Committee 14/1
2566:, updated 14 March 2007
1864:Allied Maritime Command
1739:ACE Mobile Force (Land)
1476:Component Command – Air
1438:Component Command – Air
1410:Allied Command Atlantic
1408:, historically part of
1386:2008 Georgia-Russia war
1003:1970s – Haig and Rogers
921:Allied-occupied Germany
909:Sir Richard Nelson Gale
687:United States Air Force
4165:Mediterranean Dialogue
4147:Multilateral relations
3928:Parliamentary Assembly
3485:"EU Operations Centre"
2772:. Retrieved June 2008.
2541:, verified August 2008
2057:
2040:SHAPE Technical Centre
2003:
1868:Northwood Headquarters
1848:(AIRCOM) at Ramstein,
1797:
1325:
947:
625:
603:11th Armoured Division
599:7th Armoured Divisions
557:North Atlantic Council
459:
406:
394:
385:Rocquencourt, Yvelines
117:50.500444°N 3.983250°E
43:Shape (disambiguation)
4293:Military headquarters
4195:Partnership for Peace
3833:.nato Internet domain
3796:North Atlantic Treaty
3127:Arnaud De La Grange,
3050:Jane's Defence Weekly
2970:, AFSOUTH, April 2004
2737:Sydney Morning Herald
2444:Berlin Plus agreement
2049:
1986:
1919:Berlin Plus agreement
1911:Further information:
1795:
1718:Force d'Action Navale
1707:, but now aboard the
1533:I. German/Dutch Corps
1377:the previous spring.
1319:
1030:Exercise Autumn Forge
942:
623:
512:Allied Command Europe
489:should host SHAPE at
457:
448:Further information:
400:
392:
383:Further information:
364:Further information:
344:Further information:
326:Allied Command Europe
319:U.S. European Command
192:Christopher G. Cavoli
4185:NATO global partners
3821:potential withdrawal
3611:Jane's NATO Handbook
3598:Jane's NATO Handbook
3461:. JSEC. 4 April 2020
3211:. NATO. 21 May 2022.
3137:, 26 September 2007
3007:. November 25, 1993.
2726:, September 29, 1952
2659:"Who is who at NATO"
2095:Change of membership
2072:' flags, serving as
1857:(LANDCOM) at Izmir,
971:Operation Strikeback
787:, United States Army
541:landings in Normandy
534:Dwight D. Eisenhower
4180:Major non-NATO ally
3861:International Staff
2268:and the reentry of
2155:Secession of France
2107:Formation of SHAPE
1855:Allied Land Command
1504:NATO Response Force
1382:NATO Response Force
1188:Northern Army Group
1022:The Forty Years War
997:Mediterranean Fleet
928:Massive retaliation
890:Northern Army Group
844:(AAFCE) to achieve
765:Northern Army Group
740:Jean-Étienne Valluy
531:General of the Army
122:50.500444; 3.983250
113: /
3828:Opposition to NATO
3663:2013-06-06 at the
3580:Jordan, Robert S.
3517:2010-02-17 at the
3322:2008-09-24 at the
3281:2009-04-17 at the
3227:2010-09-23 at the
3194:2006-05-23 at the
3174:Theresa Hitchens,
3092:2009-05-21 at the
3069:Turkish Daily News
3004:The New York Times
2966:2007-10-13 at the
2537:2003-08-26 at the
2244:Reentry of France
2004:
1958:For Your Eyes Only
1948:In popular culture
1846:Allied Air Command
1798:
1728:United States Navy
1326:
1197:Central Army Group
808:(STRIKFORSOUTH) –
801:United States Navy
778:Central Army Group
724:Lieutenant General
713:United States Army
626:
615:Randolfo Pacciardi
580:Commander-in-Chief
545:march into Germany
460:
407:
395:
196:United States Army
4391:
4390:
4259:
4258:
3949:Secretary General
3851:NATO headquarters
3811:List of exercises
3619:978-0-7106-0976-2
3606:978-0-7106-0598-6
3342:Stars and Stripes
2925:John Clearwater.
2426:Andrew Goodpaster
2377:Dwight Eisenhower
2347:
2346:
2189:Accession of the
1899:(NCISG) at Mons,
1778:Chièvres Air Base
1704:Charles de Gaulle
1590:headquartered in
1313:
1312:
1212:Ramstein Air Base
1201:Campbell Barracks
1060:Caspar Weinberger
1052:Bernard W. Rogers
986:flexible response
967:European mainland
850:close air support
825:Sir Ralph Edwards
753:Air Chief Marshal
593:(BAOR), with the
587:U.S. Seventh Army
434:Charles de Gaulle
270:
269:
32:NATO headquarters
4421:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4263:
4262:
4190:Open door policy
3886:Maritime Command
3728:
3721:
3714:
3705:
3704:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3679:History of SHAPE
3644:
3639:
3638:
3636:Official website
3565:
3564:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3538:. Archived from
3527:
3521:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3487:. Archived from
3481:
3475:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3333:
3327:
3315:AMCC-Northwood,
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3286:
3272:
3266:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3237:
3231:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3199:
3185:
3179:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3125:
3114:
3103:
3097:
3096:, NDU/INSS, 1997
3083:
3077:
3073:
3059:
3053:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3031:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2907:on June 28, 2011
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2877:on June 28, 2011
2867:"Emergency Call"
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:on June 28, 2011
2836:"Emergency Call"
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2782:
2773:
2762:
2756:
2746:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2663:
2655:
2649:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2567:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2542:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2503:
2492:
2491:
2473:
2457:
2421:
2409:
2388:
2372:
2363:
2337:
2319:
2301:
2283:
2257:
2212:
2186:
2168:
2151:
2083:
2082:
2078:NATO enlargement
2036:
2026:Alfred Gruenther
2021:
2012:
1967:Private Benjamin
1800:Since 1951, the
1687:(HQ COMUKMARFOR)
1419:
1335:RAF High Wycombe
1279:, Naples, Italy
1158:RAF High Wycombe
1144:ACE Mobile Force
1074:
1045:Red Army Faction
949:In 1957, SACEUR
938:Alfred Gruenther
799:R.P.M. Bristol,
772:Sir Richard Gale
756:Sir George Mills
727:Sir Cecil Sugden
589:in Germany, the
366:fr:Hôtel Astoria
266:
254:
211:Sir Keith Blount
203:Deputy Commander
173:
168:
165:
163:
161:
148:
140:
139:
128:
127:
125:
124:
123:
118:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
83:
60:
48:
47:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4366:
4295:
4290:
4260:
4255:
4222:
4141:
4082:North Macedonia
3968:
3937:
3837:
3782:
3737:
3732:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3665:Wayback Machine
3634:
3633:
3630:
3574:
3572:Further reading
3569:
3568:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3545:
3543:
3534:
3533:, 21-09-2005,
3529:Bram Boxhoorn,
3528:
3524:
3519:Wayback Machine
3507:
3503:
3494:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3464:
3462:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3334:
3330:
3324:Wayback Machine
3314:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3283:Wayback Machine
3273:
3269:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3229:Wayback Machine
3222:Ejercito.mde.es
3220:
3216:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3196:Wayback Machine
3186:
3182:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3126:
3117:
3104:
3100:
3094:Wayback Machine
3084:
3080:
3060:
3056:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3012:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2968:Wayback Machine
2959:Franco Veltri,
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2851:
2849:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2805:
2798:
2796:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2763:
2759:
2747:
2743:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2707:
2700:
2689:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2539:Wayback Machine
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2488:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2451:
2435:
2428:
2422:
2413:
2412:SACEUR standard
2410:
2401:SACEUR standard
2396:
2389:
2380:
2373:
2364:
2352:
2306:North Macedonia
2062:
2043:
2037:
2028:
2022:
2013:
1981:
1976:
1950:
1917:Under the 2002
1915:
1909:
1790:
1709:amphibious ship
1571:Valencia, Spain
1398:
1314:
1267:, Naples, Italy
1261:, Izmir, Turkey
1255:, Verona, Italy
1221:RAF Rheindahlen
1192:JHQ Rheindahlen
1068:
1005:
870:Général d'Armée
760:Royal Air Force
737:Général d'Armée
543:and subsequent
508:
503:
475:Lyman Lemnitzer
452:
446:
387:
381:
368:
362:
357:
352:
350:History of NATO
342:
311:general officer
273:
158:
149:
142:
121:
119:
115:
112:
107:
104:
102:
100:
99:
98:
79:
63:
46:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4427:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4378:European Union
4374:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4357:United Kingdom
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4289:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4266:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4237:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4132:United Kingdom
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4007:Czech Republic
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3758:
3753:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3681:
3676:
3667:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3629:
3628:External links
3626:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3608:
3595:
3588:
3585:
3578:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3552:
3522:
3501:
3476:
3459:jsec.nato.int/
3446:
3420:
3398:
3376:
3354:
3328:
3308:
3296:
3287:
3267:
3254:
3232:
3214:
3200:
3180:
3167:
3142:
3115:
3098:
3078:
3054:
3041:
3032:
3019:
3010:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2952:
2943:
2931:
2918:
2888:
2858:
2827:
2807:"Chapter IX-B"
2774:
2757:
2741:
2728:
2716:
2698:
2678:
2650:
2635:
2606:
2577:
2568:
2552:
2543:
2520:
2511:
2493:
2486:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2446:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2358:
2356:
2355:SHAPE standard
2351:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2258:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2213:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2191:Czech Republic
2187:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2061:
2058:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2007:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1949:
1946:
1923:European Union
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1894:
1888:
1875:
1874:
1872:United Kingdom
1861:
1852:
1828:
1827:
1818:
1789:
1786:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1671:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1630:Solbiate Olona
1626:
1620:
1614:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1564:
1554:
1547:Solbiate Olona
1540:
1530:
1515:Imjin Barracks
1494:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1397:
1394:
1371:Joseph Ralston
1355:Jacques Chirac
1311:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1223:
1206:
1194:
1184:, Netherlands
1173:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1151:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1124:
1107:
1097:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1056:John R. Galvin
1015:for President
1009:Alexander Haig
1004:
1001:
954:Lauris Norstad
857:Lauris Norstad
834:
833:
832:
831:
815:
814:
813:
790:
789:
788:
785:Henry I. Hodes
775:
774:, British Army
762:
730:
729:, British Army
717:
716:
715:
683:Lauris Norstad
507:
504:
502:
499:
445:
442:
380:
377:
361:
358:
356:
353:
341:
338:
271:
268:
267:
260:
256:
255:
248:
242:
241:
237:
236:
224:
222:Chief of Staff
218:
217:
205:
199:
198:
186:
180:
179:
175:
174:
156:
152:
151:
134:
130:
129:
89:
85:
84:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4426:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:International
4369:
4363:
4362:United States
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4282:
4280:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4137:United States
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3762:The NATO Hymn
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3562:
3556:
3542:on 2007-02-18
3541:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3505:
3491:on 2013-04-06
3490:
3486:
3480:
3473:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3434:
3433:hape.nato.int
3430:
3424:
3408:
3402:
3386:
3380:
3364:
3358:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3291:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3271:
3264:
3258:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3210:
3204:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3184:
3177:
3171:
3152:
3146:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3014:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2956:
2947:
2940:
2935:
2928:
2922:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2754:0-7106-0341-X
2751:
2745:
2738:
2732:
2725:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2572:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2547:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2489:
2487:9780850451634
2483:
2479:
2472:
2468:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2427:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2340:Accession of
2339:
2336:
2332:
2330:2024–present
2329:
2328:
2325:
2322:Accession of
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2304:Accession of
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2286:Accession of
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2260:Accession of
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:Accession of
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2171:Accession of
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:Accession of
2135:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:Accession of
2117:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:member states
2067:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:Headquarters
1682:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1318:
1309:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1041:Mons, Belgium
1038:
1037:assassination
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1017:Richard Nixon
1014:
1010:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
987:
982:
980:
975:
972:
968:
963:
959:
955:
952:
946:
941:
939:
936:
931:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
874:Alphonse Juin
872:
871:
866:
862:
858:
855:
851:
847:
846:air supremacy
843:
839:
838:Blue Alliance
830:
826:
823:
819:
816:
811:
807:
804:
803:
802:
798:
794:
791:
786:
783:
779:
776:
773:
770:
766:
763:
761:
757:
754:
750:
747:
746:
745:
741:
738:
734:
731:
728:
725:
721:
718:
714:
710:
707:
703:
702:
701:
697:
694:
693:Field Marshal
690:
689:
688:
684:
681:
677:
676:
675:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
649:Fontainebleau
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
630:Fontainebleau
622:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
576:
573:
569:
565:
562:
561:Field Marshal
558:
554:
553:Western Front
550:
546:
542:
539:
535:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
456:
451:
441:
438:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
415:Camp Voluceau
412:
404:
399:
391:
386:
376:
373:
367:
351:
347:
337:
335:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
272:Military unit
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
247:
243:
238:
235:
231:
230:Joachim Rühle
228:
225:
223:
219:
216:
212:
209:
206:
204:
200:
197:
193:
190:
187:
185:
181:
176:
172:
167:
157:
153:
146:
135:
131:
126:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
59:
54:
49:
44:
37:
33:
29:
22:
4382:
4236:(METO/CENTO)
4234:Baghdad Pact
3911:STRIKFORNATO
3891:JFC Brunssum
3881:Land Command
3870:
3756:Flag of NATO
3748:
3694:(32 KB)
3610:
3597:
3581:
3555:
3544:. Retrieved
3540:the original
3530:
3525:
3504:
3493:. Retrieved
3489:the original
3479:
3470:
3463:. Retrieved
3458:
3449:
3437:. Retrieved
3432:
3423:
3411:. Retrieved
3401:
3389:. Retrieved
3379:
3367:. Retrieved
3357:
3345:. Retrieved
3341:
3331:
3311:
3299:
3290:
3270:
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3235:
3217:
3203:
3183:
3170:
3158:. Retrieved
3145:
3132:
3110:
3101:
3081:
3067:
3057:
3044:
3035:
3022:
3013:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2955:
2946:
2934:
2926:
2921:
2909:. Retrieved
2905:the original
2900:
2897:"All Ashore"
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2875:the original
2870:
2861:
2850:. Retrieved
2846:the original
2839:
2830:
2818:. Retrieved
2810:
2797:. Retrieved
2789:
2760:
2744:
2739:, p. 2.
2736:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2714:, p. 489-454
2709:
2691:
2669:. Retrieved
2653:
2638:
2626:. Retrieved
2618:
2609:
2597:. Retrieved
2589:
2580:
2571:
2555:
2546:
2523:
2514:
2477:
2471:
2393:Rocquencourt
2243:
2138:West Germany
2063:
2052:
2050:
2046:
1979:Coat of arms
1965:
1964:In the film
1963:
1956:
1951:
1939:
1916:
1876:
1866:(MARCOM) at
1840:
1829:
1806:
1799:
1788:Present role
1782:
1775:
1743:
1736:
1722:
1712:
1703:
1700:
1690:
1676:
1666:
1658:
1648:Thessaloniki
1604:
1585:
1580:Thessaloniki
1500:
1496:
1495:
1452:, Heidelberg
1423:
1414:
1399:
1379:
1367:Wesley Clark
1364:
1359:Bill Clinton
1347:
1327:
1307:
1069:
1049:
1034:
1021:
1006:
994:
983:
978:
976:
948:
943:
932:
925:
916:
913:British Army
902:British Zone
881:
868:
864:
837:
835:
810:Vice Admiral
795:(AFSOUTH) –
767:(NORTHAG) –
722:(AFNORTH) –
700:British Army
673:
634:
627:
595:2nd Infantry
584:
577:
571:
549:World War II
520:
515:
511:
509:
495:Rocquencourt
472:
461:
439:
423:
411:Rocquencourt
408:
369:
329:
325:
323:
315:flag officer
301:
280:
276:
274:
105:50°30′01.6″N
76:Part of
62:Coat of arms
4342:Philippines
4251:Suwałki Gap
4240:Balkan Pact
4077:Netherlands
3901:JFC Norfolk
3876:Air Command
3816:Enlargement
3439:12 February
3407:"Structure"
3139:(in French)
2786:"Chapter 9"
2628:3 September
2452: [
2090:Achievement
2066:achievement
2060:Achievement
2042:(1955–1996)
2001:compartment
1989:achievement
1953:Ian Fleming
1816:Netherlands
1780:, Belgium.
1446:, Northwood
1433:Netherlands
1190:(NORTHAG),
1066:1980s–1990s
1039:attempt in
1026:John Galvin
962:Warsaw Pact
915:. Finally,
906:Lt. General
898:Rhine River
878:French Army
854:Lt. General
780:(CENTAG) –
744:French Army
735:(AFCENT) –
470:and SHAPE.
299:, Belgium.
246:Achievement
234:German Navy
120: /
108:3°58′59.7″E
4398:Categories
4072:Montenegro
4067:Luxembourg
3896:JFC Naples
3806:Operations
3773:NATO Medal
3670:EUobserver
3546:2007-08-19
3495:2022-06-08
3347:2 February
2911:7 November
2852:2008-11-03
2820:3 November
2799:3 November
2643:Lord Ismay
2463:References
2312:2023–2024
2294:2020–2023
2288:Montenegro
2276:2017–2020
2250:2009–2017
2205:2004–2009
2179:1999–2004
2161:1982–1999
2144:1966–1982
2130:1955–1966
2112:1952–1955
2101:1951–1952
2074:supporters
1997:escutcheon
1870:, London,
1823:(JFC NP),
1814:(JFC BS),
1732:ComSubLant
1600:Strasbourg
1523:Gloucester
1440:, Ramstein
1375:Kosovo war
1230:Heidelberg
1204:Heidelberg
1199:(CENTAG),
1148:Seckenheim
1116:, Denmark
829:Royal Navy
820:(AFMED) –
751:(AAFCE) –
523:Korean War
419:Versailles
403:Eisenhower
287:'s (NATO)
215:Royal Navy
178:Commanders
4300:Countries
4062:Lithuania
3843:Structure
3778:NATO Star
3536:"Article"
3134:Le Figaro
2881:3 October
2671:3 October
2350:Standards
2229:Lithuania
2064:The full
1772:(SNMCMG2)
1766:(SNMCMG1)
1667:Garibaldi
1618:Innsworth
1613:, Germany
1596:Eurocorps
1557:3rd Corps
1539:, Germany
1535:based in
1519:Innsworth
1513:based at
1170:, Belgium
1168:Maisieres
1150:, Germany
1130:, Denmark
1123:, Germany
1121:Rendsburg
1104:Stavanger
1086:, Norway
308:four-star
184:Commander
4337:Pakistan
4227:See also
4112:Slovenia
4107:Slovakia
4097:Portugal
3992:Bulgaria
3768:NATO Day
3661:Archived
3515:Archived
3391:16 April
3369:16 April
3320:Archived
3279:Archived
3225:Archived
3192:Archived
3160:16 April
3090:Archived
3026:Source:
2964:Archived
2929:, p. 121
2535:Archived
2505:Pedlow,
2433:See also
2395:, France
2241:Slovenia
2237:Slovakia
2217:Bulgaria
1995:SHAPE's
1931:missions
1925:'s (EU)
1886:Portugal
1677:Castilla
1642:Istanbul
1636:Valencia
1624:Szczecin
1592:Szczecin
1563:, Turkey
1561:Istanbul
1490:, Madrid
1484:, Naples
1462:Portugal
1343:Brunssum
1273:, Naples
1249:, Italy
1182:Brunssum
1128:Ringsted
1106:, Norway
1096:, Norway
882:Holdfast
479:Brussels
473:General
430:American
417:next to
355:Premises
259:Standard
240:Insignia
133:Motto(s)
88:Location
4247:(SEATO)
4102:Romania
4047:Iceland
4042:Hungary
4032:Germany
4022:Finland
4017:Estonia
4012:Denmark
4002:Croatia
3987:Belgium
3982:Albania
3974:Members
3856:Council
3801:Summits
3788:History
3742:Symbols
3465:4 April
3413:14 June
3247:20 June
3075:Alt URL
2599:17 June
2324:Finland
2266:Croatia
2262:Albania
2233:Romania
2221:Estonia
2195:Hungary
2086:Period
1999:upon a
1993:support
1974:Symbols
1901:Belgium
1850:Germany
1760:(SNMG2)
1754:(SNMG1)
1713:Mistral
1611:Münster
1598:HQ, in
1553:, Italy
1537:Münster
1527:England
1478:, Izmir
951:General
935:General
917:Rosebud
900:in the
865:Equinox
822:Admiral
797:Admiral
782:General
769:General
706:General
680:General
611:Trieste
547:during
491:Casteau
487:Belgium
464:Belgium
450:Casteau
340:History
295:, near
293:Casteau
227:Admiral
208:Admiral
189:General
155:Website
96:Belgium
68:Founded
4352:Sweden
4347:Russia
4332:Norway
4327:Israel
4317:France
4307:Canada
4127:Turkey
4122:Sweden
4092:Poland
4087:Norway
4057:Latvia
4037:Greece
4027:France
3997:Canada
3942:People
3692:
3617:
3604:
3409:. NATO
3387:. NATO
3303:NATO,
3187:NATO,
3156:. NATO
2752:
2711:Flight
2693:Flight
2484:
2458:(NSHQ)
2342:Sweden
2270:France
2225:Latvia
2199:Poland
2124:Turkey
2120:Greece
1859:Turkey
1406:Lisbon
1402:Europe
1308:
1247:Naples
1084:Kolsås
979:FALLEX
663:) and
661:Naples
538:Allied
527:Soviet
334:Europe
162:.shape
141:
4312:Egypt
4219:(SPS)
4117:Spain
4052:Italy
3688:(PDF)
3154:(PDF)
2662:(PDF)
2456:]
2375:Gen.
2173:Spain
1825:Italy
1654:Lille
1551:Milan
1549:near
1471:Italy
1166:, HQ
1114:Karup
669:Malta
657:Paris
639:, at
426:Anglo
401:Gen.
372:Paris
281:SHAPE
164:.nato
145:Latin
4414:NATO
4383:NATO
4322:Iran
3615:ISBN
3602:ISBN
3467:2020
3441:2020
3415:2014
3393:2013
3371:2013
3349:2013
3249:2017
3162:2013
3028:IISS
2939:IISS
2913:2008
2901:Time
2883:2008
2871:Time
2841:TIME
2822:2008
2815:NATO
2801:2008
2794:NATO
2766:NATO
2750:ISBN
2724:Time
2673:2008
2666:NATO
2630:2008
2623:NATO
2601:2011
2594:NATO
2560:NATO
2528:NATO
2482:ISBN
2239:and
2197:and
2122:and
1940:The
1675:SPS
1665:INS
1586:The
1160:, UK
1094:Bodø
958:USAF
940:as:
861:USAF
641:Oslo
597:and
483:Mons
348:and
297:Mons
275:The
166:.int
92:Mons
71:1951
1730:'s
1569:in
1341:at
1333:at
667:at
651:),
518:).
516:ACE
330:ACE
313:or
160:www
4400::
3672:–
3469:.
3457:.
3431:.
3340:.
3131:,
3118:^
3066:.
3001:.
2899:.
2869:.
2838:.
2813:.
2809:.
2792:.
2788:.
2777:^
2768:,
2701:^
2681:^
2664:.
2621:.
2617:.
2592:.
2588:.
2562:,
2530:,
2496:^
2454:de
2264:,
2235:,
2231:,
2227:,
2223:,
2219:,
2193:,
2133:?
2115:?
2104:?
1961:.
1525:,
1521:,
1517:,
1469:,
1460:,
1431:,
1337:,
1245:,
1228:,
1219:,
1180:,
1156:,
1146:,
1112:,
1102:,
1092:,
1082:,
1047:.
956:,
923:.
911:,
880:.
876:,
859:,
827:,
758:,
742:,
711:,
698:,
685:,
671:.
643:,
421:.
336:.
321:.
232:,
213:,
194:,
94:,
4285:e
4278:t
4271:v
3764:"
3760:"
3727:e
3720:t
3713:v
3690:.
3563:.
3549:.
3498:.
3443:.
3417:.
3395:.
3373:.
3351:.
3251:.
3164:.
3072:.
2915:.
2885:.
2855:.
2824:.
2803:.
2675:.
2632:.
2603:.
2509:.
2490:.
1680:;
1670:;
659:/
655:(
647:(
514:(
428:-
328:(
279:(
147:)
143:(
45:.
38:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
