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105:
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381:(IPDC) Council by the Director-General. In 2021 the Organization sent letters to 64 Member States requesting information on the status of unresolved cases that occurred between 2006 and 2020 and received some form of response from 40 of them. As of 31 December 2020, a total of 1,229 journalists had been killed since UNESCO began systematically monitoring journalist killings and impunity in 2006. Of those, 163 cases (13%) are now considered fully resolved, the same resolution rate as that recorded the previous year. Of the remaining cases, 706 are considered ongoing or unresolved, and for 360 cases, States concerned did not provided any information.
22:
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163:
crossfire or directly targeted, they have been followed by journalists working mainly for print (86), radio (79), online (55) and those working cross platforms. Nonetheless, in the last report of the
Director-General of the UNESCO about the safety of journalists and the danger of the impunity of 2022, a new trend has been observed: during the 2020–2021 biennium cross-platform journalists have become the most vulnerable to fatal attacks. By 2021, they constituted 41% of the total number of fatalities for that year.
700:, as evidenced by the numerous cases of rape threats and sexually explicit manipulated photos and videos that have been used to defame and disparage female journalists. The so-called "double onslaught" on female journalists is visible again: they are targeted both for their gender and their profession. For this reason, it is crucial to focus on the gendered components of the dangers to which female journalists are exposed. The harassment women journalists face, whether online or offline, threatens their right to freedom of expression and limits the diversity of opinion in the media.
729:
801:
1096:(CPJ) is a non-governmental organization that aims to "defend the right of journalists to report the news without fear of reprisal" and promote freedom of expression. The NGO monitors the imprisonment, disappearances and killings of journalists worldwide. The Organization informs on the status of freedom of the press and journalists safety in conflict countries and others, and helps journalists through services such as the emergencies response teams, the safety advisories and the security guide. CPJ's annual
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years, the trend has been confirmed, in fact the Report of the
Organization's Director-General on the safety of journalists and the dangers of impunity of 2022 has found that for the period 2020–2021, around 1/5 of all journalist killings were freelance journalists. The study establishes that 11 freelance journalist killings were recorded in 2020, representing 18% of all killings and 11 in 2021 representing 20% of the killings.
923:
1020:(OAS) has played a proactive role in promoting the safety of journalists. In June 2017, the General Assembly of the OAS passed Resolution R86/17, which urged States ‘to implement comprehensive measures for prevention, protection, investigation and punishment of those responsible, as well as to put into action strategies to end impunity for crimes against journalists and share good practices'.
687:’s Committee of Ministers adopted recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 on the protection of journalism and the safety of journalists and other media actors, in particular noting the gender-specific threats that many journalists face and calling for urgent, resolute and systematic responses. The same year, the IPDC council requests the UNESCO Director-General's report to include gender information.
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status of ongoing investigations into the murders of journalists for which the
Director-General has made public statements. UNESCO's statistics on impunity are based on these data, published every two years in the Director-General’s report to the IPDC Intergovernmental Council and, in turn, in the Report on Global Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development. Available from:
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510:, which led to a reluctance to write, research or speak about certain topics. Almost a quarter of the writers had deliberately avoided certain topics in phone and email conversations, while 16 per cent had avoided writing or speaking about a certain topic and another 11 per cent had seriously considered it. A 2017 survey conducted by the
1071:, Geneva Global Media and the Geneva Press Club presented the International Declaration and Best Practices on the Promotion of Journalists Safety. The declaration aims to reinforce and promote existing international obligations and mechanisms associated with the safety of journalists and contribute to the protection of their rights.
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occur". In April 2014, the
Council of Europe's Committee of Ministers adopted a resolution on the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other media actors, which called for concerted international efforts and led to the creation of an online platform for monitoring infringements of freedom of expression.
786:(OSCE) organized an expert meeting titled ‘New Challenges to Freedom of Expression: Countering Online Abuse of Female Journalists’ which produced a publication of the same title that includes the voices of journalists and academics on the realities of online abuse of women journalists and how it can be combated.
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https://www.coe.int/en/web/freedom-expression/committee-of-ministers-adopted-texts/-/asset_publisher/aDXmrol0vvsU/content/recommendation-cm-rec-2016-4-of-the-committee-of-ministers-to-member-states-on-the-protection-of-journalism-and-safety-of-journalists-and-other-media-?inheritRedirect=false&desktop=false
660:, rape, and even murder. Women journalists are vulnerable to attacks not only from those attempting to silence their coverage but also from sources, colleagues, and others. A 2014 global survey of nearly 1,000 journalists, initiated by the International News Safety Institute (INSI) in partnership with the
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The same year, news media organizations joined forces with press freedom NGOs and journalists to launch the A Culture of Safety (ACOS) Alliance. The ACOS Alliance's
Freelance Journalist Safety Principles, a set of practices for newsrooms and journalists on dangerous assignments, have been endorsed by
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surveyed the 70 million comments recorded on its website between 1999 and 2016 (only 22,000 of which were recorded before 2006). Of these comments, approximately 1.4 million (approximately two per cent) were blocked for abusive or disruptive behavior. Of the 10 staff journalists who received the
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also face specific dangers and are specially vulnerable to sexual assault, whether in the form of a targeted sexual violation, often in reprisal for their work. mob-related sexual violence aimed against journalists covering public events; or the sexual abuse of journalists in detention or captivity.
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UNESCO's IPDC developed the
Journalists Safety Indicators (JSI) to "pinpoint significant matters that show, or impact upon, the safety of journalists and the issue of impunity". These indicators map the key features that can help assess safety of journalists, and determine whether adequate follow-up
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in 2020. In the Black Lives Matter protests alone, 400 journalists were attacked and 129 were arrested. Some attacks appear targeted not by protestors, but by law enforcement. In 2020 law enforcement was responsible for 80% of attacks on journalists. With some accounts where journalists were injured
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From 2016 to 2020, television journalists have been by far the most attacked group among journalists, accounting for 134 journalist fatalities, or 34%, in the past five years. Indeed, the journalists covering conflict were considered particularly vulnerable and at high risk of being either killed in
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condemned the deaths of 400 journalists. A downward trend is observed compared to the period from 2012 to 2016, when the
Director-General of UNESCO condemned the death of 530 journalists, which is equivalent to an average of two death per week. In 2021, 55 killings of journalists were recorded, this
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adopted the
European Union Human Rights Guidelines on Freedom of Expression Online and Offline, which stated that the European Union would "take all appropriate steps to ensure the protection of journalists, both in terms of preventive measures and by urging effective investigations when violations
905:
The United
Nations (UN) Plan of Action, coordinated by UNESCO, was elaborated to provide a comprehensive, coherent, and action-oriented UN-wide approach to the safety of journalists and the issue of impunity. Since its launch, it has become a guiding framework for activities in this area. Following
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In the period from 2012 through 2016, UNESCO's
Director-General denounced the killing of 38 women journalists, representing 7 per cent of all journalists killed. The percentage of journalists killed who are women is significantly lower than their overall representation in the media workforce. This
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Journalists are often responsible for covering protests. Some protests are peaceful while others become violent making coverage for journalist unsafe. In some instances the protests themselves are not violent. However, journalist remain targets. The U.S. Press Freedom Tracker documents 930 reported
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Representative on Freedom of the Media performs an early warning function and provides rapid response to serious noncompliance with regard to free media and free expression. The Representative maintains direct contacts with authorities, media and civil society representatives and other parties and
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or on no charge at all, has continued to rise. In 2022, the CPJ reported that 363 journalists were imprisoned worldwide in a range of charges. According to the non-governmental organization this number represents a new global record "that overtakes last year's record by 20% and marks another grim
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were killed, representing 21% of the total of the journalist killed. It has been considered that freelance journalists are particularly vulnerable, often working alone on stories, in dangerous environments, and without the same level of assistance and protection as staff-journalists. The past few
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The data on the killings of journalists correspond to the condemnations by the Director-General of UNESCO, which follow Resolution 29 adopted by the 29th session of the General Conference. Each year, the Director-General of UNESCO sends requests to Member States to inform the organization of the
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Over the past decade there has been an increased risk for journalists covering protests. According to UNESCO's observatory of killed journalists from 2020 to 2021, six journalists were killed while covering protests. In some cases journalists are targeted based on demographics including but not
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Threats and actual cases of violence and imprisonment, as well as harassment, are reported to have forced a large number of local journalists into exile each year. Between 1 June 2012 and 31 May 2015, at least 272 journalists reportedly went into exile for work-related persecution worldwide.
447:, along with professional journalists—reported that 533 journalists were detained in 2022, which represents an increase of 13,4% of the imprisonment rate compared to 2021. Never before has RSF recorded such a high number of imprisoned journalists. 2022 reportedly saw the proportion of
514:
of 940 journalists throughout 47 member states found that in the face of physical violence or coercion, 15 per cent of journalists abandon covering sensitive, critical stories, while 31 per cent tone down their coverage and 23 per cent opt to withhold information in Europe.
608:, digital security support, psychological counselling and a referral system to victims. As of May 2017, the helpline handled a total of 563 cases since its launch six months earlier, with 63 per cent of calls received from women and 37% from men. Research undertaken by
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International Press Institute. 2015. International Declaration and Best Practices for journalist safety launched. International Press Institute. Available at <https://ipi. media/international-declaration-and-bestpractices-to-promote-journalists-safetylaunched/>.
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Mijatović, Dunja. 2016. New Challenges to Freedom of Expression: Countering Online Abuse of Female Journalists. Edited by Becky Gardiner. Vienna: Office of the Representative on Freedom of the Media, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Available at
694:. So far this year, at least 72 cases of legal harassment have been reported to the CFWIJ. When the number of detentions is added, it becomes clear how the legal system can be misused to target and silence journalists, posing a serious threat to female journalists.
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https://www.unesco.org/en/safety-journalists/observatory#:~:text=Monitoring%20the%20killing%20of%20journalists%20and%20media%20workers%20across%20the%20globe.&text=This%20Observatory%20provides%20updated%20information,of%20condemned%20cases%20since%202006.
1274:"Knowing the truth is protecting the truth: highlights of the UNESCO Director-General's report on the safety of journalists and the danger of impunity published on the occasion of the International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists 2022"
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Tlakula, Pansy. 2016. Inter-Session Activity Report of Advocate. Pansy Tlakula, Chairperson and Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information in Africa. Banjul: African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Available at
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indicated that 73 per cent of adult internet users in the United States had seen someone be harassed in some way online and 40 per cent had personally experienced harassment, with young women being particularly vulnerable to sexual harassment and
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The organization is intensifying its efforts to strengthen the capacity of member states to implement, on a voluntary basis, mechanisms to prevent attacks against journalists, to protect journalists, and to prosecute the perpetrators of these
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UNESCO. 2017c. Strengthening the Implementation of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity: Consultation outcome document. Available at www.en.unesco.org/sites/default/file/options_geneva_consultation.pdf.
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launched the Journalists' Safety Research Network (JSRN). The JSRN contributes to advancing academic cooperation on the safety of journalists by increasing research capacity, collaboration and knowledge sharing within the academic community.
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Secretary-General Christophe Deloire has stated that "a full-blown hostage industry has developed in certain conflict zones", with a 35 per cent increase in 2015 compared to the previous year of the number of media hostages held worldwide.
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in which killings of journalists have occurred asking them to inform it of the status of ongoing investigations on each killing condemned. UNESCO records the responses to these requests in a public report submitted every two years to the
1060:, United States, established Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, which brings together international experts and activists with the university's faculty and students, in order to "survey, document and strengthen free expression".
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and torture of journalists, associated media personnel, trade unionists and human rights defenders. The indicator was decided upon by the United Nations Statistical Commission for tracking progress in the achievement of target 10.
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indicated that 73% of adult internet users in the United States had seen someone be harassed in some way online and 40 per cent had personally experienced it, with young women being particularly vulnerable to sexual harassment and
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UN General Assembly. 2015. Outcome document of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the overall review of the implementation of the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society. A/70/L.33. Available at:
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Lanza, Edison. 2017. Silenced Zones: Highly Dangerous Areas for the Exercise of Freedom of Expression. Office for the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Available at
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90 organizations around the world. In addition, a network of safety officers in media companies expanded following the meeting "Media Organizations Standing Up for the Safety of Journalists" held at UNESCO in February 2016.
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The United Nations Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity supports Member States in the implementation of proactive initiatives to address the prevailing culture of impunity, such as judicial
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and 14% killed while on dangerous assignment. According to the NGO, political groups were the most likely source of violence (36%) in these killings, followed by military officials (22%) and unknown sources (20%).
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represents a direct and growing threat for journalists, which has taken the form of kidnappings, executions threats or hacking. At the end of the 1970s, the general policy of welcoming journalists into areas of
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UNESCO also focuses on activities to raise awareness and train representatives of the judiciary, law enforcement agencies and parliaments on the importance of freedom of the press and the safety of journalists.
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Barton, Alana, and Hannah Storm. 2014. Violence and Harassment Against Women in the News Media: A Global Picture. International Women’s Media Foundation & International News Safety Institute. Available at
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Gulf Center for Human Rights. 2017. See their Struggle, Realise their Rights: Human Rights Defenders at Imminent Risk in the Gulf Region and Neighbouring Countries. Gulf Center for Human Rights. Available at
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UNESCO's work on the safety of journalists focuses on six areas: public awareness; standards creation and policy development; monitoring and reporting; capacity building; academic research; and strengthening
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With the widespread availability of surveillance software and hardware, in a number of states across multiple regions, broadly defined legislative acts have been seen by some as working to silence digital
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In March 2024 China Issued an apology after local journalists were shown being harassed and being obstructed from reporting by an incident about a gas leak. In 2023 China had 44 journalists imprisoned.
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128:, representing 61% of the murders of journalists of the year. The opposite trend was observed for the year 2016, where 50% of killings took place in countries in countries experiencing armed conflict.
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Council of Europe. 2016. Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other media actors. CM/REC(2016)4. Available at
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UNESCO Director-General. 2016. The Safety of Journalists and the Danger of Impunity: Report by the Director-General to the Intergovernmental Council of the IPDC (Thirtieth Session). Paris: UNESCO,
914:. Outside of the UN, it has been referred to by various regional bodies, and it has given impetus to and fostered a spirit of cooperation between the UN and various stakeholders in many countries.
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targeted journalists, considering them as the auxiliaries of the powers they were combating, and thus as enemies. Between 1993 and 1997, more than 100 journalists and media workers were killed in
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capabilities and digital attack technologies are becoming more sophisticated, less expensive and more pervasive, making journalists increasingly vulnerable to digital attacks from both state and
392:. The day acts to promote understanding of the broader issues that accompany impunity and to strengthen international commitment to ensuring a safe and enabling environment for journalists.
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304:. According to the study Eyewitness Media Hub of 2015, 40% of the journalists who were interviewed admitted that viewing video testimonies had had negative effects on their personal life.
269:. International press correspondents, in particular, are considered potential hostages, or sacrificial lambs, whose execution is dramatized to serve terrorist propaganda. This happened to
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is given to crimes committed against them. Analysis based on the Journalists Safety indicators have been conducted in Guatemala (2013), Kenya (2016), Nepal (2016), Pakistan (2013–2014).
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considers that its "root cause has to be attributed to lack of political will to pursue investigations, including for fear of reprisals from criminal networks in addition to inadequate
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outlines the promotion of peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective and inclusive institutions at all levels.
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Zeena Saifi, Eliza Mackintosh, Celine Alkhaldi, Kareem Khadder, Katie Polglase, Gianluca Mezzofiore and Abeer Salman, CNN Video by Livvy Doherty and Oscar Featherstone (24 May 2022).
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is the lowest number recorded by the Director-General of UNESCO in 14 years. In 2020, most of the murders committed against journalists took place in a context other than that of an
389:
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UNESCO has set up a mechanism to monitor the status of judicial enquiries into the killings of journalists. Each year, the Director-General of the Organization sends a request to
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all independently concluded that fire from an IDF unit was the most likely cause of Akleh's death. Eyewitnesses told CNN that Akleh was likely deliberately targeted by the IDF.
486:, journalists and prominent writers have reportedly suffered death threats, been severely beaten and had travel restrictions imposed upon them. In the Asia Pacific region, the
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large gender gap is likely partly the result of the persistent under-representation of women reporting from war zones or insurgencies or on topics such as politics and crime.
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See, Time to break the cycle of violence against journalists, highlights from the UNESCO Director-General's 2016 report on the Safety of Journalists and Dangers of Impunity:
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every year on 3 May during which the Guillermo Cano Prize is attributed to honor the work of an individual or an organization defending or promoting freedom of expression.
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On May 11, 2022, Palestinian-American Al Jazeera journalist Shireen Abu Akleh was shot in the head and killed while covering a raid by the Israel Defense Forces on the
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The INSI and IWMF survey found that more than 25 per cent of ‘verbal, written and/or physical intimidation including threats to family and friends’ took place online.
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is a significant challenge, and few legislative and policy frameworks exist on the international or national level to protect journalists from digital harassment.
2526:"SECURITY COUNCIL CONDEMNS ATTACKS AGAINST JOURNALISTS IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS, UNANIMOUSLY ADOPTING RESOLUTION 1738 (2006) - Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"
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International legal instruments are among the key tools that can support the creation of an enabling environment for the safety of journalists. These include the
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Le journalisme est un bien public : tendances mondiales en matière de liberté d'expression et de développement des médias ; Rapport mondial 2021/2022
2329:"Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other media actors"
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Clark, Marilyn, and Anna Grech. 2017. Journalists under pressure: Unwarranted interference, fear and self-censorship in Europe. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
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General Assembly of the Organization of American States. 2017. Draft Resolution Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. Vol. AG/doc.5580/17. Available at
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The UNESCO's study World Trend Report in Freedom of Expression and media development: Global Report 2017/2018, has found that over the past five years, 113
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822:
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135:(CPJ), nearly 50 per cent of those whose death was confirmed to be related to their work as journalist were murdered, while 36 per cent were caught in the
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of journalists as a response to their reporting. As of July 2017, the project had collected 1,065 instances of online harassment in the two countries (
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104:
2108:
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2013:
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1089:. It is mainly known for its annual ranking on the status of press freedom worldwide and monitoring of the crimes committed against journalists.
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for crimes against journalists, with 87% of cases of killings of journalists unresolved. The Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the
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Duggan, Maeve, Lee Rainie, Aaron Smith, Cary Funk, Amanda Lenhart, and Mary Madden. 2014. Online Harassment. Pew Research Center. Available at
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Duggan, Maeve, Lee Rainie, Aaron Smith, Cary Funk, Amanda Lenhart, and Mary Madden. 2014. Online Harassment. Pew Research Center. Available at
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also produces reports on the safety of journalists and the issue of impunity (in 2014 A/69/268, 2015 A/HRC/30/68 respectively, 2017 A/72/290).
2761:"Journalists' Safety Research Network will increase research capacity and knowledge exchange among the community of journalism safety experts"
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International Women's Media Foundation. 2016. An Overview of the Current Challenges to the Safety and Protection of Journalists. Available at
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Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA). 2016. So This Is Democracy? State of media freedom in Southern Africa 2016. Windhoek. Available at
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Another big issue is harassment, which can happen online and at work. The sexual nature of the harassment women experience is often rooted in
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Digital Rights Foundation. 2017. Cyber Harassment Helpline: Six Month Report, December 2016-May2017. Digital Rights Foundation. Available at
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has noted that in some insecure contexts, physical insecurity is reportedly so tenuous that some journalists have chosen to arm themselves.
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The safety of journalists and their role in promoting inclusive and sustainable societies has been recognized by the United Nations in the
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has pledged support for the United Nations Plan of Action, working to promote journalist safety and institutional mechanisms that foster
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International Federation of Journalists. 2017. Byte Back: IFJ launches guide to combat cyber harassment in South Asia. Available at
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its endorsement by the UN System Chief Executives Board for Coordination in 2012, the UN Plan of Action has been welcomed by the
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http://www.ifj.org/nc/fr/news-singleview/backpid/33/article/byte-backifj-launches-guide-to-combat-cyberharassment-in-south-asia/
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UNESCO. 2022. Journalism Is a Public Good: World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development, Global Report 2021/2022
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UNESCO is also placing increased emphasis on tackling the specific threats faced by women journalists, both online and offline.
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UN General Assembly. 2017. The safety of journalists and the issue of impunity: Report of the Secretary-General. Available at
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Zayadin, Hiba. 2017. No August reprieve for journalists and activists in the Middle East and North Africa. IFEX. Available at
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Journalism is a public good: World Trends in freedom of expression and media development; global report 2021/2022, UNESCO,
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Marquis-Boire, Morgan. 2015. How governments are using spyware to attack free speech. Amnesty International. Available at
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found that women journalists experienced approximately three times as many abusive comments as their male counterparts on
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journalist and U.S. resident Jamal Khashoggi was ambushed, suffocated, and dismembered by agents of the Saudi government.
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Harris, Janet, Nick Mosdell, and James Griffiths. 2016. Gender, Risk and Journalism. Journalism Practice 10 (7): 902–916
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outlines a way forward for a gender-sensitive approach to strengthening the safety of women journalists. In 2016, the
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Journalism Is a Public Good: World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development, Global Report 2021/2022
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Journalism Is a Public Good: World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development, Global Report 2021/2022
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Barnett, Brooke, and Reynolds, Amy, Terrorism and The Press. An Uneasy Relationship, Peter Lang, 2009, 208 pages.
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Journalism is a public good: World trends in freedom of expression and media development; Global report 2021/2022
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Trauma and the emotional impact of witnessing terrorism is also an issue for journalists, as they may experience
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https://pen.org/sites/default/files/2014-08-01_Full%20Report_Chilling%20Effects%20w%20Color%20cover-UPDATED.pdf
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https://pen.org/sites/default/files/2014-08-01_Full%20Report_Chilling%20Effects%20w%20Color%20cover-UPDATED.pdf
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Increasingly, journalists, and particularly women journalists, are facing abuse and harassment online, such as
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http://www.achpr.org/files/sessions/59th/inter-act-reps/269/59os_inter_session_chair_srfe_comm_tlakula_eng.pdf
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2811:"International Declaration and Best Practices for journalist safety launched – International Press Institute"
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UNESCO (2022). Berger, Guy; Canela, Guilherme; Pollack, Rachel; Benequista, Nicholas; Musgrave, Kate (eds.).
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UNESCO (2022). Berger, Guy; Canela, Guilherme; Pollack, Rachel; Benequista, Nicholas; Musgrave, Kate (eds.).
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UNESCO (2022). Berger, Guy; Canela, Guilherme; Pollack, Rachel; Benequista, Nicholas; Musgrave, Kate (eds.).
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953:(OHCHR) to establish a focal points system for the safety of journalists in relevant United Nations entities.
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668:, found that nearly two-thirds of women who took part in the survey had experienced intimidation, threats or
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297:
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https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Cyber-Harassment-Helpline-Six-Month-Report.pdf
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https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2015/08/how-governments-are-using-spyware-to-attack-free-speech/
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and media professionals to receive, produce and share information without facing physical or moral threats.
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RSF. 2016. Worldwide Round-Up of journalists who are detained, held hostage or missing 2016. Available at
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1950:
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recognized serious threats to freedom of expression in the context of reviewing progress since the 2005
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https://www.demos.co.uk/press-release/demos-malecelebrities-receive-more-abuse-on-twitterthan-women-2/
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Lynn, Kyaw Ye. 2014. A gun for self-protection, anyone?. Southeast Asian Press Alliance. Available at
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imprisoned reach heights with an increase of 27.9% compared to 2021. During this year, four countries
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2467:
1207:"The Chilling: global trends in online violence against women journalists; research discussion paper"
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UNESCO. 2017. Commonwealth leader pledges support for UN Plan on journalists’ safety. Available at
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Demos. 2014. Demos: male celebrities receive more abuse on Twitter than women. Demos. Available at
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Digital Rights Foundation. n.d. Cyber Harassment Helpline. Digital Rights Foundation. Available at
1449:"'Tell Your Boss': Recording Is Seen to Link Saudi Crown Prince More Strongly to Khashoggi Killing"
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and the South Asia Media Solidarity Network launched the Byte Back campaign to raise awareness and
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shares his/ her observations and recommendations with the OSCE participating States twice a year.
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Many of these crimes are not reported as a result of powerful cultural and professional stigmas."
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Committee to Protect Journalists. n.d. Journalists Forced Into Exile Since 2010. Available at
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1925:"Chinese city officials issue a rare apology after authorities harass journalists on live TV"
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Following a request from the Office of the UN Secretary General, UNESCO coordinated with the
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and surveillance is one of the major issues in the coverage of terrorism in order to protect
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World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development, Global report 2017/2018
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UN resolutions on the safety of journalists adopted since 2012, UNESCO's World Trends Report
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Legal harassment is the biggest threat to female journalists, according to a report by the
336:
265:(CPJ), 40% of the journalists murdered in 2015 were killed by groups claiming adherence to
182:
2507:
2410:
2358:
World Trends Report in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 2017/2018
1988:
1871:
https://rsf.org/en/reports/2016-round-number-journalists-detained-worldwide-continues-rise
1189:
World Trends Report in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 2017/2018
8:
3084:
3079:
1509:"New evidence suggests Shireen Abu Akleh was killed in targeted attack by Israeli forces"
1057:
728:
718:
645:
626:
609:
448:
60:
56:
2785:
2047:
1977:
https://www.ifex.org/middle_east_north_africa/2017/09/06/internet-censorship-aljazeera/
818:
777:
766:
444:
255:
2748:
https://en.unesco.org/news/commonwealth-leader-pledges-support-plan-journalists-safety
482:
such as the torching of vehicles, physical assault and death threats. In parts of the
2948:
2454:
2316:
https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/245/44/PDF/N1724544.pdf?OpenElement
1798:
https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N13/449/23/PDF/N1344923.pdf?OpenElement
1777:
1695:
1644:
1527:
1456:
1408:
1350:
1298:
1239:
1206:
1033:
684:
653:
511:
417:(CPJ), the imprisonment of journalists on charges relating to anti-state activities,
397:
301:
296:, irritation and physical problems such as fatigue or headaches. It can also lead to
266:
223:
176:
40:
2282:
International Media Women's Foundation and International News Safety Institute 2013.
1346:
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: 2017/2018 Global Report
1430:"Director General's report on the safety of journalists and the danger of impunity"
1384:"Director General's report on the safety of journalists and the danger of impunity"
875:(WSIS). The Resolution called for the protection of journalists and media workers.
335:
Edison Lanza considers impunity as a key obstacle to ensuring journalists' safety.
2935:
Avenue, Committee to Protect Journalists 330 7th; York, 11th Floor New; Ny 10001.
2525:
2271:
http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/expression/docs/publications/ZONAS_SILENCIADAS_ENG.pdf
600:, the Digital Rights Foundation has launched the country's first cyber harassment
2375:
2024:
Pen America. 2013. Chilling Effects. Pen America and The FDR Group. Available at
2012:
Pen America. 2013. Chilling Effects. Pen America and The FDR Group. Available at
1740:
1610:
1481:
669:
557:
352:
800:
403:
2494:
2435:
Gardiner, Becky, Mahana Mansfield, Ian Anderson, Josh Holder, Daan Louter, and
2231:
1715:
1082:
1081:(RSF) is an international non-governmental organization recognized as being of
757:
657:
584:
launched the OnTheLine database, a project that aims to systematically monitor
344:
274:
125:
120:
99:
80:
76:
72:
2841:
2645:
3068:
2436:
1460:
585:
569:
422:
2859:
1753:"International Programme for the Development of Communication | UNESCO"
1447:
Barnes, Julian E.; Schmitt, Eric; Kirkpatrick, David D. (12 November 2018).
524:
incidents of journalists involving arrests, assault or prevention since the
2735:
http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/expression/showarticle.asp?artID=1068&lID=1
1114:
980:
752:
605:
553:
549:
507:
479:
239:
235:
84:
52:
1811:"UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity"
1145:"UN PLAN OF ACTION ON THE SAFETY OF JOURNALISTS AND THE ISSUE OF IMPUNITY"
258:(1975–1990), kidnapping international journalists became a common tactic.
1482:"Jamal Khashoggi: Turkey says journalist was murdered in Saudi consulate"
503:
227:
68:
33:
2911:"2016 Violations of press freedom barometer | Reporters without borders"
1897:"2022 Round-up - Journalists detained, killed, held hostage and missing"
1963:
1604:
http://www.actforthedisappeared.com/our-cause/17000-disappeared-lebanon
740:
483:
418:
278:
195:
155:
48:
2968:
2439:. 2016. The darkside of Guardian comments. The Guardian. Available at
1670:
943:
2993:
2389:
2170:"2022 Report on the Safety of Journalists and the Danger of Impunity"
900:
790:
572:
and expand arbitrary surveillance across multiple digital platforms.
348:
218:
199:
136:
1951:
http://crm.misa.org/upload/web/So%20This%20Is%20Democracy%202016.pdf
1319:"Committee to Protect Journalists – Defending Journalists Worldwide"
506:
of over 520 writers found that the majority reported concerns about
39:
Journalists can face violence and intimidation for exercising their
723:
697:
649:
614:
601:
597:
408:
328:
316:
293:
231:
2570:
http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/Internet/Documents/UNPAN95735.pdf
2468:
https://www.iwmf.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/02/IWMFUNESCOPaper.pdf
533:
limited to: their identity, race, gender, and sexual orientation.
149:
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development (2022)
888:
relates to the number of verified cases of killings, kidnapping,
747:
593:
565:
464:
460:
426:
312:
289:
251:
247:
732:
Online harassment of women journalists, World Trends Report 2018
620:
390:
International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists
47:. The range of threats they are confronted with include murder,
2910:
2441:
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/ap/12/the-darkside-
951:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
933:
665:
589:
202:. Separate investigations by the Associated Press, Bellingcat,
116:
88:
1100:
recognizes bravery for journalists from all around the world.
388:
adopted resolution A/RES/68/163 proclaiming 2 November as the
300:, which can cause incapacitating feelings of horror, fear and
2885:
1343:
Stremlau, Nicole; Gagliardone, Iginio; Price, Monroe (2018).
452:
404:
Non-lethal and physically violent attacks against journalists
400:
and the strengthening of monitor and prosecution mechanisms.
2886:"2018 World Press Freedom Index | Reporters Without Borders"
1371:
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000246411.locale=fr
379:
International Programme for the Development of Communication
110:
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000380618.locale=fr
100:
UNESCO Director-General condemnations of journalist killings
1631:
Correspondent, Nadia Massih/CPJ Middle East (8 June 2016).
864:
on the safety of journalists adopted by several UN organs.
648:, whether they are working in an insecure context, or in a
456:
367:
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development
3043:
2580:
2578:
1846:"Number of jailed journalists spikes to new global record"
322:
2936:
2000:
1894:
971:
704:
362:
Status of judicial inquiry into killings of journalists,
2689:
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002608/260893E.pdf
2685:
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002608/260892E.pdf
2258:
http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/10/22/online-harassment/
1734:
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002464/246409e.pdf
1446:
1342:
981:
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
2575:
2411:
http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/10/22/onlineharassment/
1989:
https://www.seapa.org/a-gun-for-self-protection-anyone/
712:
Women in media § Online harassment of women journalists
467:(9) imprisoned more than 70% of the women journalists.
1011:
2351:
2349:
1561:"How 'war on terror' unleashed a war on journalists"
1043:
823:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
545:
Types of threats to the digital safety of journalism
1633:"Infographic: Islamic State's assault on the press"
1586:
Terrorism and the Media. A Handbook for Journalists
1318:
1085:in France. It aims to defend press freedom and the
944:
UNESCO main activities on the Safety of Journalists
784:
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
2455:http://www.iwmf.org/our-research/journalistsafety/
2346:
1290:
1231:
901:The UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists
791:Actions taken to enhance the safety of journalists
2646:"UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize"
926:UNESCO-Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize,
780:of women journalists in the Asia-Pacific region.
536:
339:, UNESCO's former Assistant Director-General for
213:
51:, hostage-taking, offline and online harassment,
3066:
2661:
2659:
804:The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
409:Other attacks on the safe practice of journalism
1117:work. Licensed under CC BY SA 3.0 IGO (
631:
430:milestone in a deteriorating media landscape".
147:Type of media of journalists killed, 2016–2020
94:
2934:
2075:Dad, Khan, Nighat, Shmyla (16 November 2020).
1895:Reporters Sans Frontières (14 December 2022).
1716:"Intergovernmental Council and Bureau of IPDC"
795:
518:
2656:
1630:
1291:Benequista, Nicholas; Musgrave, Kate (2022).
1232:Benequista, Nicholas; Musgrave, Kate (2022).
867:In December 2015, Resolution A/70/125 of the
639:Women in media § Threats on women journalists
621:Gender equality and the safety of journalists
2495:http://www.osce.org/fom/220411?download=true
2232:https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/services/
2107:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1113: This article incorporates text from a
808:
2953:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1048:The Centre for Freedom of the Media at the
226:control changed. Organizations such as the
2860:"Présentation | Reporters sans frontières"
2124:"Press Freedoms in the United States 2020"
860:Since 2012, there have been a total of 12
596:) in which the project collected data. In
2969:"Emergency Response - Emergency Response"
2074:
1545:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
993:
827:United Nations Commission on Human Rights
333:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
2683:For international-level indicators see:
2544:"Peace, justice and strong institutions"
2293:"UNESCO Condemns Killing of Journalists"
2121:
998:
921:
840:
799:
756:highest levels of abuse and ‘dismissive
727:
540:
357:
142:
103:
20:
2667:"UNESCO Journalists' Safety Indicators"
1582:
873:World Summit on the Information Society
851:2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
774:International Federation of Journalists
604:for journalists, which aims to provide
443:(RSF)—which tracks the imprisonment of
323:Impunity for crimes against journalists
3067:
2548:United Nations Sustainable Development
2070:
2068:
1808:
1769:
1687:
1427:
1400:
1381:
1271:
972:UNESCO's Journalists Safety Indicators
705:Online harassment of women journalists
662:International Women's Media Foundation
1578:
1576:
1574:
815:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
735:An analysis of more than two million
1843:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
2687:For national-level indicators see:
2607:"OHCHR - Session30 List of reports"
2162:
2065:
1964:http://www.gc4hr.org/report/view/62
1023:
1012:The Organization of American States
575:
166:
13:
2207:"The Global Surveillance Industry"
1863:
1726:
1571:
1098:International Press Freedom Awards
652:, face risks of physical assault,
497:
476:Media Institute of Southern Africa
413:According to data compiled by the
14:
3106:
1844:Getz, Arlene (14 December 2022).
1776:. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 89–90.
1165:
1044:Academia, civil society and media
836:
692:Coalition for Women in Journalism
679:The September 2017 report of the
529:by projectiles and pepper spray.
384:At its 68th session in 2013, the
351:, lack of resources allocated to
2842:"THE PRINCIPLES - ACOS Alliance"
1850:Committee to protect journalists
1323:Committee to Protect Journalists
1108:
1094:Committee to Protect Journalists
1087:protection of journalism sources
880:United Nations Secretary General
710:This section is an excerpt from
681:United Nations Secretary-General
637:This section is an excerpt from
415:Committee to Protect Journalists
355:, negligence, and corruption".
263:Committee to Protect Journalists
173:Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi
133:Committee to Protect Journalists
3036:
3019:"CPJ Journalist Security Guide"
3011:
2986:
2961:
2928:
2903:
2878:
2852:
2834:
2825:
2803:
2778:
2753:
2740:
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2473:
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2285:
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2250:
2237:
2224:
2199:
2187:
2115:
2040:
2031:
2018:
2006:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1955:
1943:
1917:
1888:
1875:
1837:
1828:
1802:
1790:
1763:
1745:
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1663:
1624:
1615:
1596:
1553:
1500:
1474:
1440:
1421:
1394:
1375:
1363:
1018:Organization of American States
831:United Nations Security Council
664:(IWMF) and with the support of
386:United Nations General Assembly
327:There is a continuing trend of
2122:Matthews, Sarah (2 May 2021).
1336:
1311:
1284:
1265:
1252:
1225:
1199:
1137:
537:Digital safety for journalists
488:Southeast Asian Press Alliance
298:post-traumatic stress disorder
281:(Japan), who were beheaded by
214:Terrorism and increasing risks
1:
2390:"FPU Knowledge & Quality"
2077:"Threats Against Journalists"
1796:See resolution A/RES/68/163:
1694:. Paris: UNESCO. p. 89.
1407:. Paris: UNESCO. p. 88.
1130:
1065:International Press Institute
1028:The Secretary-General of the
1005:Council of the European Union
582:International Press Institute
341:Communication and Information
25:Journalist wearing a gas mask
3095:Violence against journalists
2866:(in French). 22 January 2016
2813:. Ipi.media. 9 December 2015
2790:Global Freedom of Expression
1119:license statement/permission
829:Resolution 2005/81; and the
632:Threats on women journalists
478:has documented incidents of
95:Violence against journalists
7:
1583:Marthoz, Jean-Paul (2017).
796:International organizations
519:Increased risks at protests
55:, enforced disappearances,
10:
3111:
1675:www.eyewitnessmediahub.com
1238:. UNESCO. pp. 84–85.
1103:
1040:across different regions.
709:
636:
624:
180:
170:
2701:"Human rights guidelines"
2052:U.S Press Freedom Tracker
2048:"Press Freedom In Crisis"
1602:Act for the Disappeared:
1127:, 200, UNESCO.
1079:Reporters without Borders
917:
809:International instruments
441:Reporters Without Borders
315:and interviewees against
2572:. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
2508:"Human Rights Documents"
1904:Reporter Sans Frontières
1069:Al Jazeera Media Network
833:Resolution 1738 (2006).
778:combat online harassment
502:One survey conducted by
2593:documents-dds-ny.un.org
2457:. Accessed 8 June 2017.
1671:"Home Eyewitness Media"
1349:. UNESCO. p. 113.
1121:). Text taken from
1050:University of Sheffield
938:World Press Freedom Day
928:World Press Freedom Day
767:Countering online abuse
508:government surveillance
2150:Cite journal requires
2001:https://cpj.org/exile/
1739:9 October 2019 at the
1609:9 January 2020 at the
1592:. UNESCO. p. 110.
1297:. UNESCO. p. 87.
994:Regional organizations
930:
890:enforced disappearance
846:
805:
733:
670:abuse in the workplace
546:
526:murder of George Floyd
369:
151:
112:
26:
3075:Freedom of expression
2632:digitallibrary.un.org
2443:of-guardian-comments.
2211:Privacy International
1034:freedom of expression
999:The Council of Europe
925:
844:
803:
760:’, eight were women.
731:
544:
361:
309:protection of sources
156:freelance journalists
146:
107:
45:freedom of expression
30:Safety of journalists
24:
912:Human Rights Council
277:(United States) and
183:Maguindanao massacre
79:, doxing, trolling,
2994:"Safety Advisories"
2652:. 16 February 2017.
1058:Columbia University
908:UN General Assembly
894:arbitrary detention
719:Pew Research Center
627:Women in journalism
610:Pew Research Center
445:citizen journalists
419:criminal defamation
244:Armed Islamic Group
115:From 2016 to 2020,
57:arbitrary detention
2786:"You searched for"
2295:. 9 November 2016.
1655:has generic name (
1538:has generic name (
1453:The New York Times
1211:unesdoc.unesco.org
931:
847:
819:Geneva Conventions
806:
734:
580:In late 2016, the
547:
370:
256:Lebanese Civil War
204:The New York Times
196:Jenin refugee camp
152:
113:
27:
2673:. 4 January 2018.
1783:978-92-3-100509-1
1701:978-92-3-100509-1
1414:978-92-3-100509-1
1356:978-92-3-100242-7
1304:978-92-3-200262-4
1245:978-92-3-200262-4
1003:In May 2014, the
910:, UNESCO and the
739:performed by the
685:Council of Europe
654:sexual harassment
646:Women journalists
586:online harassment
512:Council of Europe
449:women journalists
398:capacity building
261:According to the
177:Shireen Abu Akleh
131:According to the
119:Director-General
61:Women journalists
41:fundamental right
3102:
3059:
3058:
3056:
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2378:. 21 March 2017.
2376:"IPDC Documents"
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1722:. 21 April 2017.
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1488:. 7 October 2018
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1024:The Commonwealth
869:General Assembly
576:Cyber-harassment
558:non-state actors
345:legal frameworks
242:in Peru and the
167:Notable examples
32:is the ability
16:Overview article
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957:coalitions.
936:celebrates
886:SDG 16.10.1
504:PEN America
484:Arab region
427:retaliation
271:James Foley
228:Khmer Rouge
69:hate speech
34:journalists
3085:Censorship
3080:Journalism
3069:Categories
2530:www.un.org
2216:19 October
2179:5 December
2133:2 December
2093:5 December
2057:5 December
1131:References
741:think tank
625:See also:
279:Kenji Goto
224:guerrillas
206:, and the
181:See also:
49:kidnapping
1461:0362-4331
1056:In 2014,
463:(10) and
423:blasphemy
347:, a weak
317:reprisals
313:witnesses
246:(GIA) in
219:Terrorism
200:West Bank
187:In 2018,
137:crossfire
3044:"Awards"
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2553:25 April
2338:9 August
1935:14 March
1737:Archived
1645:cite web
1607:Archived
1528:cite web
1486:BBC News
961:attacks.
758:trolling
724:stalking
698:misogyny
650:newsroom
615:stalking
602:helpline
598:Pakistan
329:impunity
294:insomnia
232:Cambodia
3053:19 July
3048:cpj.org
3028:19 July
3023:cpj.org
3003:19 July
2998:cpj.org
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2973:cpj.org
2941:cpj.org
2920:19 July
2895:19 July
2870:19 July
2817:5 March
2770:23 July
1929:AP News
1909:24 July
1855:24 July
1820:27 July
1637:cpj.org
1518:26 July
1492:26 July
1466:26 July
1278:UNESDOC
1217:12 July
1157:24 July
1104:Sources
1036:within
855:Goal 16
748:Twitter
594:Austria
566:dissent
465:Belarus
461:Myanmar
302:despair
290:anxiety
252:Algeria
248:Algeria
198:in the
89:threats
2671:UNESCO
2650:UNESCO
2625:"Info"
2174:UNESCO
1815:UNESCO
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825:; the
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817:; the
737:Tweets
666:UNESCO
590:Turkey
459:(18),
455:(19),
234:, the
117:UNESCO
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2628:(PDF)
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1900:(PDF)
1590:(PDF)
1193:(PDF)
1148:(PDF)
744:Demos
453:China
283:Daesh
3055:2018
3030:2018
3005:2018
2980:2018
2955:link
2922:2018
2897:2018
2872:2018
2819:2019
2797:2021
2772:2018
2555:2018
2397:2022
2340:2023
2218:2019
2181:2022
2156:help
2135:2022
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