218:
33:
1315:
1076:
609:
402:, but other details remain sketchy, with his year of birth given as far back as 1801 or as recent as 1813. Historian Petronel Zahariuc notes that it may be impossible to pinpoint the exact date, though he believes that the most likely one was provided by Vârnav himself as being October 14, 1813. Zahariuc also points out that another record from Vârnav's day had 1810, and sees 1801 as unrealistic. A family manuscript, which has September 29, 1816, also notes that Vârnav was baptised by, and named after, the reigning
624:" mores were "dead", but also that the "new ideas and new beliefs" had not yet settled. The prospects worried him: "we are at times troubled as to whether our so very backward nation might be allowed the time to enjoy those future joys". Vârnav's manifesto chided Westernized Romanians for forgetting their modernizing mission, and even their native language, suggesting that the two were inextricably linked. Overall, he proposed that the emerging
747:("The Brotherhood"), which was repressed at home but maintained a presence in the diaspora; the Society itself may have been a front for Rosetti's revolutionary conspiracy. Privately, he expressed his dislike for the patronage, noting that Ghica-Comănești and the others had surrendered the Society to "backbiters". The Society was still highly popular, and, according to ledgers published by Vârnav, made a yearly profit of 21,200
931:, a more liberal Prince, in late 1849. A passing note by an adversary suggests that in summer 1850 the Romanian Library had gone out of business, and that its Cashier "has returned to his family in Moldavia." Upon his eventual arrival, Moldavian officials asked him to pay storage fees for the Marismas collection, but he was also able to recover it from Galați. He ordered its restoration, and assigned it to Bardasare and
1505:) erupted in the city. As noted by D. R. Rosetti, "the excitement of the population required intervention of troops sent in from bordering counties, as a safeguard for the Jews, whose lives were being threatened." The same is noted by Iorga: "His death was found suspicious, and military measures were taken to curb the anti-Jewish movements." The conspiracy theory was shunned as "infamy" by C. A. Rosetti's daily
763:
1192:, serving as inspector. Proposed innovations he "learned at Paris", now included the establishment of a printing press and the demolition of new additions to the historical site. However, he was also suspected of giving away boons, including the monastery's cloth factory and a large press, to his patron Mihail Kogălniceanu and to the government itself.
503:. One account is that Scarlat was selected by his mother to take orders in the Moldavian Church. According to this reading, he was tutored at home by his cousin Miclescu, but escaped to his relatives in Bukovina, and later made his way to Paris. His departure, whether or not prompted by the incident, is tentatively dated to between 1832 and 1836.
1184:, which also doubled as Cuza's attempt at curbing Russian influence within the national borders. Unlike a circle of conservative monks, led by Andronic Popovici, Vârnav and his followers were enthusiastic about the proposed secularization; Popovici called Vârnav the "new heretic of Moldavia". Moldavia's Education Minister,
1348:
in 1864, supported Cuza's anti-parliamentary coup. Also a Cuza loyalist, Constantin Vârnav continued to serve on the
Princely Court of Justice, where he notably enforced censorship laws against Ionescu de la Brad. During the coup events, Sofronie lived in a rented townhouse at Sfântul Dumitru, shared
990:
as his title, Vârnav highlighted at once his ideas of self-sacrifice for the greater good and his critique of the boyar class as a drain on
Moldavia's budget. Zahariuc however disagrees, suggesting that the name primarily invoked Vârnav's responsibilities at his Library and elsewhere. In a letter to
900:
ordered the border guards to prevent him from doing so. One of his companions, Teodor Râșcanu, managed to pass through, but soon after had to flee for
Wallachia. Vârnav made a return to Bukovina, where other Moldavian radicals had found temporary refuge. He proposed that the library funds be used to
1550:
government. The pogrom, they argue, was attempted by some of the petitioners themselves, and higher authorities, who "arrested all the Jews, supposedly to protect them", actually "facilitated things for the rioters"; the investigation of the riot "was opened, but carried no effect." On
February 25,
1532:
was directly involved in calming the populace, before "rebels" could succeed in destroying the synagogue. A detailed note of protest, signed by 200 notables of Bârlad, claimed that the riot had been started by mourners gathering in front of Vârnav's lodging, located opposite a Jewish establishment;
901:
sponsor selective clandestine returns to the country; when other
Society members argued against this initiative, he promised to pay back the money using his personal assets. Some reports suggest that Vârnav eventually returned to his native country alongside Claude Thions, Consul to Moldavia of the
782:
to have survived the calamity. This was particularly unusual, as he did not believe that cholera was contagious, and relied on folk medicine in his attempts to cure it. He shared some of
Scarlat's views about modernization, publishing his plans to set up a sanitary service and medical schools. From
1238:
Timofei dismissed his defense as fantasy, depicting Vârnav as a persecutor of his monks, who had loosely interpreted Cuza's policies in order to suppress dissent at the monastery. He was allowed to return after a few weeks in jail, in time to witness the great fire which affected Neamț in
December
711:
of
Wallachia, with the Moldavian Vârnav as cashier. However, Rosetti and Vârnav handled most of daily business, with Ghica effectively absent from Paris after August 1846; in later months, Rosetti also left, to be replaced by Bălcescu. This and other concerns prompted the Society to seek patronage
1457:
politics, but also in efforts to furnish the local hospital. According to
Melchisedec Ștefănescu, he also continued to "propagate his political and religious heresies". With Ion and Constantin Codrescu, P. Chenciu, A. V. Ionescu, and Ioan Popescu, he established a "National Liberal Party", which
1032:
Andronic
Popovici contrarily suggests that Vârnav turned to monasticism as a result of scandals on his estate, during which "his woman ran away". As Andronic claims, Vârnav was faced with a choice between prison and monastery, and chose the latter. This account is doubtful, with some biographers
1094:
were being threatened with physical harm by a servant of the Mavrodin boyars. For these elections, Vârnav endorsed an old friend, Vasile Mălinescu, who became a county delegate to the Divan. The younger Vârnav brother remained active with the National Party; he published the short-lived gazette
628:
needed to keep cosmopolitan tendencies in check: the predominant themes needed to display "originality and Romanianism" rather than the "illusions of the senses" and "chimeras of individual hurdles." His disregard for what he termed the "outer forms of civilization" was picked up by cultural
1006:
of Dorohoi, for his violent persecution of the peasants, his disregard for others' property, and his attempts to chase away police agents inspecting his lands. One allegation was that he had personally tortured a Moldavian Gendarme for three days on end. Vârnav, who had obtained
1429:
and others put up separatist resistance in Iași, he also took an emergency trip there, effectively acting as a negotiator between the two camps. Declaring himself against any attempt at separation, he hoped to ingratiate himself with the authorities and be assigned curator of
1033:
doubting that Vârnav was ever married; according to Antonovici, he "slept in his clothes and would never allow any woman to visit him, under no pretext." M. D. Sturdza notes however that Vârnav had been the husband of Eliza Jora, making him brothers-in-law with Kogălniceanu.
1011:, could not be tried in a regular tribunal; the French consul heard and dismissed the charges against him in December 1857. The Vârnavs sold their Dorohoi estate over the late 1850s, with Scarlat liquidating all his assets there in December 1857. His land was sold to
1311:. Vârnav was instead auditor of the state charity funds, in which capacity he uncovered misuse and embezzlement by the political clientele. One such case referred to young girls collecting social welfare while serving as mistresses to some in the ministry staff.
334:, and was especially active as an electoral campaigner. However, his support of modernization in schools and the church was not welcomed by the religious establishment, and his stand-off with the conservative monks of Neamț resulted in the establishment of
1199:, protected Vârnav. He scolded those monks who wanted him tried by church tribunal, calling them the "hirelings of Russia". Vârnav himself had a long-standing feud with Popovici, whom he accused of using sermons to promote anti-Cuza sentiments and
574:
999:
referred to his belief in "peaceful reform", the sort that required material investment rather than bloodshed. While maintaining a profile in philanthropy, Vârnav acquired a negative reputation, and, in March 1856, a formal investigation by the
480:. As argued by Zahariuc, this identification is partly misleading: Scarlat's father was indeed a Vasile Vârnav, but not the same as the translator; his wife, and Scarlat's mother, was Maria née Gheuca. The future monk's distant cousins included
1188:, assigned Vârnav to a reform committee which uncovered great irregularities at Neamț, including a dysfunctional seminary and an inhumane ward for the insane. Vârnav refurbished the seminary, and then also organized the peasant schools of
1173:. These efforts created situations that appeared to other monks as irritatingly "playful and non-canonical". During the early part of his stay, Vârnav donated to the Secu patrimony items replicating the Romanian tricolor scheme, including
1022:, which supported the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia. This prompted speculation that his turn to religion, again publicized in 1858, was a ruse for nationalists to have an agent of influence in the clergy. A passing note by Bishop
861:. According to a letter sent home by Mihail Kogălniceanu's brother Alecu, Vârnav was regarded as "insane" by the more conservative exiles, who feared that he had no grasp of the revolution's weakness. He went on to serve briefly in the
1373:, the sign was both of questionable taste and unintentionally humorous, since it did not clarify what was yes was being said to, concluding: "that great Vărnavŭ, being as zealous as ever, fell from the sublime into the ridiculous!"
813:; after hearing Quinet speak, Vârnav reportedly stood up and obtained that all Romanians present swear an "oath that they would die for their motherland". By November of that year, Vârnav, Bălcescu, Lecca and Chinezu, alongside
986:); this was included as part of his signature on a letter he addressed to Prince Sturdza, causing the latter's annoyance and generating some interest from the French consul in Iași. Historian Nicolae Isar notes that, by using
690:
In Vârnav's own definition, the political unification of Moldavia and Wallachia could originate from the cultural "fusion" that he was promoting in the Romanian student colony; his letters of the time opened with the slogan
1209:, having to share administrative power with a traditionalist, Timofei Ionescu. In September 1861, Vârnav finally obtained Popovici's demotion, prompting the latter to cross over into the Bessarabia Governorate and set up
1124:. Described as an "independent unionist", he agitated in the streets, mocking his 1848 adversary Prince Sturdza, who had stood as a Moldavian-and-separatist candidate for the throne. As recounted by literary historian
1497:, which found nothing of relevance. His stomach and intestines were dispatched to Bucharest, for a more in-depth toxicological inquest. Already before his death, rumor spread that his Jewish enemies had poisoned the
217:
597:. He tried to persuade Dincă not to return to his owners to Moldavia, offering to employ him as a secretary of the library. In the mid 1840s, Vârnav was also in contact with the agronomist and political thinker
1533:
altercations, they argued, had been provoked by the Jews, who "insulted the agonizing patient" and attempted to injure peaceful mourners by hurling boiling water in their direction; the petitioners asked the
1087:
1168:
services. As noted by Zahariuc, the conflict was exacerbated when Vârnav, backed in this by Miclescu, used church events to popularize the unionist cause, including among pilgrims arriving in from Russia's
1239:
1862; in their polemical writings, the renegades of Kitskany alleged that Vârnav himself was the arsonist. Finally forced out of the monastery in 1862, he drifted toward Wallachia and spent some time in
1049:
1443:
1160:
a few months later. He subsequently became a proponent of innovation, creating controversy with his belief that monks should let their estate be curated by the state, his attempt at introducing
1048:
clergymen who adhered to the National Party's Unionist Committee, which openly advocated the Principalities' merger, and later signed petitions for union's international recognition. Before the
562:
of Brussels, in 1842. In 1847, he donated all artworks in his possession to the Moldavian state, which took little interest in the offer. The collection was left to deteriorate at a shipyard in
888:. This activity created the impression that Vârnav himself was editing the newspaper; as noted by Zahariuc, it remains plausible that Vârnav was in fact the author of Romanian-centered news in
495:. After an early education allegedly provided by his father, Scarlat began trying his hand at copying manuscripts. Zahariuc notes that both Scarlat and Constantin were sent to study abroad in
1322:
1103:, representing Dorohoi in the Divan. His campaign was organized by Scarlat, who lectured the peasant voters of Hilișeu in church and re-baptized the village rallying point as "Union Square".
499:"immediately after" the 1821 troubles, but that Scarlat had made it back to his home village in 1826. Following the death of his father, Maria remarried to another boyar, Costache Roset of
1284:
1148:("The Romanian to his Motherland / Pledges his life, his fortune, his honor!"). This was also featured on his 1859 testament, by which he donated all his belongings to the Paris library.
1100:
1069:
1026:
contradicts this claim, suggesting that Vârnav, whom he knew and befriended, wanted to raise the intellectual level of the church by climbing through church ranks. A hostile account by
515:
1562:
Cultural Society, were still in police custody by February. Constantin, who served several terms in the Assembly and Senate, survived his brother by nine years, dying shortly after
654:. He specifically asked book publishers to specify whether their books were in Latin or Cyrillic, intending to prioritize the former. His own experiments resulted in what historian
1486:(who took 163 out of 233 total votes), but was able to win a deputy's mandate at Tutova's Fourth College. Without ever taking his seat, he died at Bârlad, on January 6, 1868 [
306:, Vârnav also managed the Society of Romanian Students in Paris, whose revolutionary agenda brought him into conflict with European governments. He then played a small part in the
1223:
for the old one. Vârnav, who kept the monastery seal on him, did not validate this in writing, but his adversaries either forged or obtained permission from other administrators.
1144:
also claimed paternity of that particular joke. Vârnav is known to have introduced several slogans for the unionist cause, which appeared on painted banners; his favorite was:
713:
616:
In his address to the library's patrons, which he printed in over 3,000 copies, Vârnav explained that he regarded the Romanian language and the church as the two "protective
695:("Long Live Union"). His campaigning led to the establishment of a Society of the Romanian Students in Paris on July 25, 1846, after preliminary networking by a Wallachian,
2128:
Bodea, pp. 79, 297–298, 309; Dimitrescu, p. 66; Iorga, pp. 176–177; Isar, pp. 1436–1437; Nistor, pp. 531, 534; Pocitan Ploeșteanu, pp. 25–26; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 119–120
377:
sparked a riot, which had to be quelled by armed intervention, and an official inquiry. He was survived by his brother Constantin and a nephew, engineer and politician
1227:
1064:, while Constantin was registered with the boyars' college at Dorohoi. Their campaigning failed to prevent an anti-unionist, Iorgu Mavrodin, from taking a seat in the
963:, but apparently also returned to Hilișeu, where he enjoyed living among the peasants. He still maintained contacts with the Paris Orthodox circles, donating 5,000
491:
Scarlat had a brother, Constantin (also known as Costandin or Costache), who trained himself as a surgeon. Together, the two inherited Hilișeu estate and part of
1296:
646:
Vârnav's focus was on providing young intellectuals with a cultural training that was already in their vernacular language; this included efforts to discard the
450:
1567:
378:
197:
3708:
3481:
1683:
1467:
1276:
1040:, which inaugurated a series of major changes in Moldavian society. At the time, he openly celebrated Captain G. Filipescu for his defiance of the invading
837:, it had a political project to unify and standardize education in both Principalities. This agenda was seen as untimely by other intellectuals, including
814:
269:
clergyman. The scion of an aristocratic family, he was made to study for a career in the church, but fled Moldavia and studied abroad. Acquainted with the
3563:, "Două comunicații la Academia Română. II: O foaie de popularisare igienică și economică la 1844–45. Rolul fraților Vîrnav în Renașterea romănească", in
1588:
1061:
3092:
481:
3453:
1196:
3640:
Mihai D. Sturdza, "Proclamația din 1848 a românilor de la Paris către reprezentanții poporului francez. În jurul unui document pierdut și regăsit", in
3390:
1426:
1023:
1308:
3713:
3667:"'Popa Vârnav zice da!' Noi informații din biografia unui unionist: Scarlat (Sofronie) Vârnav", in Petronel Zahariuc, Adrian-Bogdan Ceobanu (eds.),
3833:
3768:
1157:
896:
form. Vârnav reportedly tried to cross the border into Moldavia that March, just days before of the revolutionary attempt; the conservative Prince
1606:. By then, Iorga claims, both Scarlats had been unduly forgotten. Interest in Scarlat Sr and his work was revived in 1981 by the Orthodox scholar
884:, helping to draft its only manifesto. Scarlat fed this effort by sending his friends at home issues of the French radical newspapers, especially
2038:
1630:
1012:
630:
1287:. This position helped him to resume contacts with his old friend Rosetti, alongside whom Vârnav wished to reconfigure Romanian radicalism. The
573:, Vârnav established in 1846 a Romanian library, which he dedicated to the "new era" of European liberalism, and also set the foundation for a
1385:" of liberals and conservatives. Just hours after, supporters of the coup ambushed Vârnav in his house. He was picked up, covered in tricolor
1181:
3723:
3828:
3718:
1230:
took over at the ministry and had Vârnav arrested. Vârnav pleaded for his case and petitioned the Divan with letters also taken up in
3868:
2673:
Simion-Alexandru Gavriș, "Alexandru Sturdza-Bârlădeanu (1800–1869): câteva date biografice", in Marius Balan, Gabriel Leanca (eds.),
1558:
was buried at Bârlad's Sfinții Voievozi Cemetery later that month, but his belongings, including itemized lists of donations for the
790:, a conservative figure. Nonetheless, the Students' Society revolutionary connections irritated Bibescu, and also caused concern in
1519:). However, the paper also played down the riot, reporting that only the city synagogue and a few Jewish houses had been damaged.
581:, who described the library as actually a salon and a "reunion center for us Romanians." According to the Moldavian liberal writer
2342:
Bejenaru, p. 188; Adrian Butnaru, "Reprezentanți de seamă ai familiei Iamandi în preajma și după Unirea Principatelor Române", in
716:, Roxanda Roznovanu, Alexandru Sturdza-Miclăușanu, and various others. Vârnav also offered honorary presidency to the French poet
703:, and then emerged as the Society's administrator after earning Rosetti's full trust. The club held meetings at Vârnav's house in
3823:
3818:
3738:
3808:
3748:
1594:
In the interwar period, Iorga took over and revived Vârnav's student library, which became the nucleus of a Romanian School in
1534:
1474:, his "preaching against the Israelites of the most barbaric kind", disturbing the otherwise tolerant mood of Tutova. In the
755:, N. Chinezu, and Ianache Lecca. Also as a result of new funding, he and Ghica were able to bail out the student Martino from
3778:
3680:
3108:
3081:
2686:
2412:
1811:
850:
743:
while in Paris. Despite his public overture to the conservative boyars, he had also joined the Wallachians' secret society,
551:
1546:(AIU) sources tell that Vârnav himself had incensed the Romanian crowds earlier in the campaign, with endorsement from the
865:
and set up a first-aid station inside his library. As reported by N. Ionescu, the events also saw the creation of a single
270:
803:
3863:
1571:
751:
in subscriptions and donations. He was able to sponsor scholarships for new recruits to the nationalist cause, including
485:
957:: Sofрonie Вaрnaвꙋ̆). Described by Iorga as intelligent, charitable and industrious, he was for a while the community's
3793:
3773:
1056:, during which time he became highly aware of the censorship and intimidation tactics used against his colleagues. As "
3339:
Nicolae Liu, "Cartea și biblioteca, mijloace de cunoaștere și de apropiere în istoria relațiilor româno-franceze", in
1733:, pp. 142–153. Botoșani: Ediția Primăriei de Botoșani, 1938. See also Iorga, pp. 170–175; Nistor, p. 531; Stino, p. 88
3783:
3469:
2054:
1393:; he was however welcomed and protected there by the regency council. Vârnav was out of the country, on a mission to
1542:
662:
for the shared ethnicity and culture, and trying to settle on a spelling of that word, Vârnav suggested the variant
444:
Vasile Vârnav (died 1824), noted as a book collector and translator to Romanian—in particular for his renditions of
3803:
3788:
3763:
3570:
Nicolae Isar, "Ideile social-politice ale lui Scarlat Vîrnav — fondatorul bibliotecii române din Paris (1846)", in
682:), as well as from other Romanian-speaking regions, meet up in congress "somewhere central to the Romanian lands".
620:
of our nationhood." Like Rosetti, he made reference to Romanians entering an "era of transition", explaining that "
413:
3838:
3753:
1414:
351:
3660:"Sur le hiéromoine Andronic des monastères de Neamț et de Secu et sur son voyage au Mont Athos (1858–1859)", in
3858:
3672:
3444:
Istoria țărănismului, volumul I-iu. Vieața și opera întâiului țărănist român, Ion Ionescu dela Brad (1818–1891)
2678:
2675:
Cultură juridică, stat și relații internaționale în epoca modernă. Omagiu Profesorului Corneliu-Gabriel Bădărău
2404:
1475:
1439:
982:
As argued by Iorga, the monk was adamantly "democratic", and from the 1840s proudly listed himself a taxpayer (
707:(Place de la Sorbonne, 3, where the library was also housed). Its triumvirate leadership comprised Rosetti and
374:
370:
367:
48:
2137:
Cretzianu, p. 123; Xenopol, pp. 236–237; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 115, 117. See also Clain, pp. 8–9; Isar, p. 1436
455:
3853:
3733:
1939:
Dimitrescu, p. 66; Ichim, pp. 318–319, 325. See also Paradais, pp. 11–12, 19–20; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 130–131
1602:: in September 1916, Constantin's grandson Petre S. Vârnav was decapitated by shrapnel during the bombing of
1487:
519:
406:
254:
1425:, persuading Wallachians and Moldavians alike to vote for Carol (and thus, for a cemented union). As Bishop
905:. Zahariuc dismisses these as rumors, proposing that they may refer to another Scarlat Vârnav. According to
735:. According to genealogist Mihai D. Sturdza, Vârnav never joined the Freemasonry, though he was a member of
3758:
3728:
3698:
3553:
Rodica Iftimi, Sorin Iftimi, "Alegătorii divanului ad-hoc din Moldova (1857). Un manuscris necunoscut", in
3539:, pictura dispărută a lui Henri Philippoteaux, conservată prin copii din muzeele românești și străine", in
3096:
1563:
1501:, who, despite his antisemitic campaign, had taken residence at a Jewish-owned hotel; a riot (or attempted
1459:
881:
775:
363:
145:
32:
543:
3813:
3743:
3609:
Claudiu Paradais, "Aspecte ale cercetării muzeistice la Pinacoteca din Iași între anii 1860—1960, I", in
2986:
2364:
Gh. Ungureanu, "Framîntări social-politice premergătoare mișcării revoluționare din 1848 în Moldova", in
1483:
1257:
919:; however, Iorga indicates, these were bestowed upon the other Vârnav, who had been allowed in Moldavia.
784:
277:, he helped establish bodies of intellectuals dedicated to cultural and political cooperation across the
1610:, who dedicated him a micro-monograph, part of a series on Romanian monks who were culturally prolific.
942:
292:
3848:
3506:
Neamurile Mavrodinești din Țara Românească și din Moldova și monografia familiei Ion Mavrodi Vel Hatman
3461:
2840:
Buletin informativ al Simpozionului Național Rolul Mănăstirii Secu în Viața Religioasă a Țării Moldovei
1599:
1540:
not to punish the populace for what it viewed as "calumnies by the adversaries of the national cause".
1165:
954:
647:
403:
3546:
Aurica Ichim, "Constituirea patrimoniului Pinacotecii din Iași în domnia lui Alexandru Ioan Cuza", in
1607:
3103:, pp. 25–26, 447. Bucharest: Institute of South-East European Studies & Editura Predania, 2012.
1090:, Scarlat himself was documenting instances of authoritarian abuse, describing how peasant voters in
975:, which opened in 1852. In 1851, both brothers also sponsored the establishment of a boys' school in
916:
846:
510:
between 1837 and 1840, but he never took a diploma; he probably also heard literature courses at the
476:
307:
2396:
2368:, Issue 3/1958, p. 19. See also Bejenaru, p. 188; Ghibănescu (1915), p. 373; Zahariuc (2020), p. 124
2288:
Bodea, pp. 91–94. See also Cretzianu, pp. 132–133; Isar, pp. 1437–1439; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 121–122
1203:. Facing opposition from the mostly conservative monks, Sofronie failed in his bid to be elected as
658:
deems a "bizarre personal orthography". While the nationalist movement was struggling to popularize
3069:
1370:
1350:
1304:
1019:
937:
287:
266:
164:
3527:
3439:
1314:
1398:
928:
862:
842:
704:
675:
634:
278:
114:
3669:
160 de ani de la Unirea Principatelor: oameni, fapte și idei din domnia lui Alexandru Ioan Cuza
3488:, Vol. I. Bucharest: Așezământul Cultural Ion C. Brătianu & Imprimeriile Independența, 1933.
1511:, which noted that "ignorance was exploited" by "the enemies of the country"—both in Tutova and
1210:
927:
As recounted by Zahariuc, Vârnav could only have been repatriated following the enthronement of
335:
3843:
3518:
Surete și izvoade (Documente slavo-române). Volumul X (Documente cu privire la familia Râșcanu)
3414:
Vasile Bîrzu, "New Historical Information about the Foundation of the New Neamț Monastery", in
3256:
3198:
Laurențiu Chiriac, Mihai-Cristian Șelaru, "Manolache Costache Epureanu — omul epocii sale", in
3101:
Documentele redeșteptării macedoromâne (Izvoare privitoare la istoria romanității balcanice, I)
1554:
As noted by the AIU, Vârnav's death was likely caused by "some rather particular disease." The
1524:
1438:. Switching back to his civilian commitments, he angered Miclescu by announcing his bid for an
1431:
1358:
1330:
1170:
1086:
The results were cancelled due to widespread electoral fraud by the anti-unionists; during the
1008:
902:
732:
598:
586:
527:
129:
3511:
1434:. He was still in the city in September, representing government at the funeral of his friend
826:
192:
3633:
Aurel George Stino, "Biblioteca românească din Paris, fundată în 1846 de Scarlat Vârnav", in
1551:
Brătianu spoke in the Assembly to announce that "solely Jews" had participated in the riot.
1345:
1292:
1269:
1121:
1117:
1041:
717:
531:
331:
3703:
3626:, "Conflictul dintre guvernul Moldovei și Mânăstirea Neamțului. II. După 1 Iunie 1859", in
838:
795:
570:
274:
3491:
1570:, was by then becoming distinguished as a civil and military engineer. After managing the
1462:. Like other Factionalists, Vârnav also involved himself in the debates over the issue of
1381:
On the morning of February 11, 1866, Cuza and his authoritarian regime were deposed by a "
1156:
Recorded as living among the monks of Neamț from December 31, 1857, Vârnav took orders at
818:
8:
3220:, January 1–3, 1868, p. 3. Isar (p. 1442) and Zahariuc (2020, p. 155) propose December 26
1463:
1382:
1185:
1107:
1080:
740:
736:
625:
511:
344:
3585:
1195:
Such activism, and also his harsh temper, led to numerous complaints. The new minister,
578:
558:, which was probably done by the artist himself, and which he may have purchased at the
373:, but died after sudden illness just days after winning. Rumors of his poisoning by the
299:
1595:
1406:
1243:. It was probably this more sympathetic community that bestowed upon him the titles of
756:
699:. In April, Vârnav had provided the enterprise with its first capital, by donating 400
617:
590:
431:
355:
2462:
Dimitrescu, pp. 66–67; Grigorescu, p. 257; Ichim, pp. 318–319; Paradais, pp. 19–20, 27
1993:
Bogdan-Duică, p. 103; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 122–123. See also Isar, pp. 1440, 1441–1442
1512:
1075:
950:
822:
700:
547:
311:
3676:
3590:
3465:
3430:
3426:
3398:
3104:
3077:
2771:
2682:
2408:
2050:
1978:
1807:
1699:
Bejenaru, p. 188; Dimitrescu, p. 65; Isar, p. 1442; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 112–113, 114
1479:
972:
870:
854:
651:
535:
507:
496:
445:
281:
and beyond—including, in 1846, the Romanian library of Paris. His purchase of mainly
3013:
Furia suicidiuluĭ. Studiul causelor principale cari viciază organismul nostru social
1547:
1068:. Both Vârnavs signed a letter of protest condemning Moldavia's Education Minister,
834:
605:
in southern Moldavia, and also offering to employ Ionescu as a trainer of peasants.
3798:
874:
806:
chose not to give any recognition to the Society, pushing it into the underground.
787:
327:
282:
187:
1260:, Vârnav, being "detested by the public and disgraced by prince Cuza", settled in
608:
417:
395:
90:
3501:
3029:
1974:
1390:
1300:
932:
866:
752:
659:
471:
463:
326:. Throughout the 1850s, he and his brother Constantin, who was the son-in-law of
2637:
Nistor, pp. 534–535. See also Xenopol, pp. 332–335; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 138–139
1537:
1189:
1053:
992:
1795:
1726:
1529:
1435:
1397:—Rosetti, who took over as Education Minister, sent him over to consecrate the
1249:
1091:
897:
858:
791:
435:
399:
94:
2763:
1470:
as a "firebrand antisemite". According to a Jewish man's letter, published in
1125:
723:
Some records suggest that, from about 1845, Vârnav had been accepted into the
3692:
3647:
3560:
3317:"Romani'a. Adunarea Societâtiei Transilvani'a procesu-vorbale (Urmare.)", in
2786:
1966:
1454:
1369:(both meaning "Father Vârnav Says Yes"). As noted at the time by polemicist
1338:
1334:
1329:("Yes!"), at the top of the electoral ladder. Other figures pictured include
1205:
1141:
799:
771:
728:
696:
655:
582:
539:
424:
writer. His immediate ancestors had taken up liberal causes, inspired by the
359:
303:
69:
1273:
3662:
Analele Științifice ale Universității Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iași. Istorie
3623:
3580:
1446:. This initiative resulted in another investigation by church authorities.
1129:
1065:
1045:
810:
748:
3402:
1264:, "providing his services to whoever would need them." He sees the former
2775:
1769:
Iuliu Bud, "Cartea românească și străină de istorie. Antonie Plămădeală,
1516:
1405:
youths for training at the Bucharest Seminary. During the same interval,
1394:
1200:
1037:
945:, which opened for the public in 1860. In 1850, after only a few months'
809:
In early 1847, Vârnav's Library welcomed the French republican historian
621:
440:
3594:
3486:
Din arhiva lui Dumitru Brătianu: acte și scrisori din perioada 1840—1870
3434:
3357:
1982:
1418:
1214:
1140:("Whoa There Fella")—and thus launched an urban legend. However, writer
500:
208:
Landowner, librarian, philanthropist, revolutionary, monk, civil servant
3599:
1402:
1060:
Varnav", Scarlat was a registered elector for the clergy estate in the
968:
906:
893:
602:
523:
421:
3236:
3216:
1507:
594:
1261:
1161:
1044:, and later sent him a stallion. By June 1856, Vârnav was one of the
1028:
1002:
946:
911:
720:
who, as he recalled, accepted with "the greatest joy and affection".
708:
679:
492:
426:
316:
2146:
Bodea, pp. 78–80, 82, 85. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 115–116, 120
1490:
December 25, 1867], after illness that lasted "just one day".
1450:
1303:. However, his name was immediately flagged and stricken out by the
1180:
Vârnav thereafter involved himself in the controversy over the full
849:. He rallied with the majority of Romanian students who saluted the
563:
430:. One relative, Petrachi, also led the Moldavian resistance to the "
110:
2914:
Zahariuc (2016), pp. 185–186. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 150–152
2770:, pp. 35–36. Bucharest: Tipografia Bucovina I. E. Torouțiu, 1930.
2043:
Pentru Europa. Integrarea României: Aspecte ideologice și culturale
1957:
Bejenaru, p. 188; Dimitrescu, p. 66; Pocitan Ploeșteanu, pp. 83, 89
1603:
1280:
1112:
798:. Despite Lamartine's support, these developments also worried the
340:
258:
124:
98:
3015:, pp. 162–163. Bucharest: Tipo-Litografia Societățiĭ Tiparul, 1900
1840:
Ghibănescu (1929), pp. 35–36. See also Iftimi & Iftimi, p. 102
1422:
1240:
3586:
La Situation des Israélites en Turquie, en Serbie, et en Roumanie
2046:
1803:
1576:
1494:
1386:
976:
959:
762:
639:
514:. With his own private funds, he purchased the art collection of
322:
262:
134:
2092:
Pocitan Ploeșteanu, p. 26. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 117–118
1482:
and the Assembly. He was soundly defeated in the former race by
779:
3447:
2583:
Ghibănescu (1929), p. 36. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 141–142
1502:
1299:, appointed him to a commission that was tasked with assessing
1174:
2346:, Vol. XXII, Issues 5–6, September–December, 2011, pp. 527–528
1598:. The Vârnav line had been extinguished shortly after Romania
1279:". Vârnav found employment at Sfântul Dumitru–Poștă Church in
16:
Moldavian and Romanian political figure and Orthodox clergyman
2101:
Iorga, p. 176; Stino, pp. 87–88; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 117–118
1458:
functioned as the provincial affiliate of the Moldavian-wide
1219:
1036:
Vârnav was again visible in political life shortly after the
964:
347:, although he still approved of Cuza's authoritarian agenda.
330:, took part in the nationalist movement that established the
1690:, p. 190. Bucharest: Editura Lito-Tipografiei Populara, 1897
1413:. Vârnav was again active in politics by April, which saw a
2952:Рeспȣnсꙋ̆ лa пetiцiȣnea Sf-saлe monaхȣлȣĭ Sofрonie Вaрnaвꙋ̆
2507:
Gh. Amarandei, "Vechi instituții culturale dorohoiene", in
1478:, Vârnav put himself up as a Tutova candidate for both the
1120:
was saluted as a major fulfillment in Scarlat's letters to
3407:
Ionel Bejenaru, "Botoșănenii în Revoluția de la 1848", in
1800:
Rumânii fericiți. Vot și putere de la 1831 până în prezent
1072:, for using his position to canvass anti-unionist votes.
892:, and, as such, that he was attracted by socialism in its
770:
In Moldavia, Constantin became famous for his advocacy of
3036:, p. 22. Bucharest: Tipografia Cărților Bisericești, 1932
2216:
Cretzianu, p. 123; Iorga, p. 179; Zahariuc (2020), p. 115
438:. Scarlat was generally believed to have been the son of
3567:, Vol. V, Issues 8–10, August–October 1919, pp. 170–187.
1268:
as an extremist and a heretic, "formed in the school of
1217:. Andronic claimed that this establishment was merely a
1079:
1859 cartoon mocking the censorship laws enforced under
1052:, he became the head organizer of the National Party in
650:
as "foreign", and familiarize students with the various
362:. Active in antisemitic circles, he was allied with the
2838:
Costin Clit, "Pomelnicul Mănăstirii Secu din 1845", in
2306:
Sturdza, pp. 366–367, 368; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 124–125
2189:
Bodea, pp. 50–51. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 114–115
3628:
Analele Academiei Române. Memoriile Secțiunii Istorice
3604:
Analele Academiei Române. Memoriile Secțiunii Istorice
3555:
Ioan Neculce. Buletinul Muzeului de Istorie a Moldovei
3541:
Ioan Neculce. Buletinul Muzeului de Istorie a Moldovei
2592:
R. Rosetti, pp. 692–693; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 143, 148
2498:
Nistor, pp. 529, 531. See also Zahariuc (2020), p. 141
2207:
Pocitan Ploeșteanu, p. 26. See also Iorga, pp. 178–179
1357:
in order to increase his executive power and impose a
1018:
From before 1850, Vârnav had been affiliated with the
967:
to the Romanian chapel, and, with Constantin, ceded a
853:, outvoting the more cautious young boyars, including
2444:
Ichim, pp. 318–319, 325. See also Paradais, pp. 19–20
1587:
s painting collection was only gradually restored by
880:
Constantin, meanwhile, played a part in the abortive
416:, attested back to 1621; he was distantly related to
3524:
Bașoteștii și Pomârla (studiu genealogic și istoric)
3423:
Lupta românilor pentru unitatea națională, 1834–1849
2878:
R. Rosetti, p. 693. See also Zahariuc (2020), p. 150
922:
3637:, Vol. II, Fasc. 1–2, January–June 1942, pp. 85–88.
3620:. Bucharest: Tipografia Cărților Bisericești, 1941.
3520:. Iași: Tipografia Dacia P. & D. Iliescu, 1915.
3369:Paul Mihail, "Comptes rendus. Antoinie Plămădeală,
2768:
Scriitori români contemporani, I: Vasile Alecsandri
2401:
Marea arhondologie a boierilor Moldovei (1835–1856)
1627:
Parlamentul Romîn: 1866–1901. Biografii și portrete
1146:
Viața, averea, onorul, / Patriei prosternă Românul!
3602:, "Desvoltarea bibliotecilor noastre publice", in
3508:. Bucharest: Imprimeriile Frăția Românească, 1942.
949:, the former revolutionary was ordained a monk at
841:, who refused to participate. Now openly drawn to
3630:, Series II, Vol. XXXII, 1909–1910, pp. 865–1006.
3478:. Piatra Neamț: Imprimeria Județului Neamț, 1929.
3234:"Bucurescĭ 28 Îndrea 1867/9 Cărindariŭ 1868", in
3119:
3117:
3034:Biserica Sf. Dumitru din București (Strada Carol)
1128:, it was who first Vârnav quipped that Strudza's
712:from conservative figures in both Principalities—
265:political figure, philanthropist, collector, and
3690:
3606:, Series III, Vol. XXIX, 1946–1947, pp. 517–549.
2993:, Issue 28/1882, p. 290; Zahariuc (2020), p. 152
2745:Iorga, pp. 179–180; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 137–138
2511:, 1979, p. 414. See also Zahariuc (2020), p. 132
1574:, he also pursued a career in politics with the
3476:Din trecutul mișcărilor pentru Unirea românilor
3377:, Vol. XX, Issue 3, July–September 1982, p. 352
2119:Cretzianu, pp. 123–124; Zahariuc (2020), p. 115
1912:Isar, pp. 1433–1434. See also Dimitrescu, p. 66
802:, which was transitioning to conservatism. The
506:Vârnav lived in France until 1848. He attended
3114:
2164:Marian Dulă, "Francmasoneria și Biserica", in
3214:"D–luĭ Redactore alŭ d̦iaruluĭ Românulŭ", in
3076:, p. 204. Bucharest: Editura Vestala, 2009.
2065:Stino, pp. 86–88. See also Iorga, pp. 175–179
1591:, who worked under Bardasare's supervision.
1344:Vârnav, who was reportedly a delegate to the
845:, Vârnav became an active participant in the
3709:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
3397:. Huși: Atelierele Zanet Corlățeanu, 1928.
3354:Note din războiul pentru intregirea neamului
3268:
3266:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3210:
3208:
3053:
3051:
2851:Zahariuc (2016), p. 184 & (2020), p. 147
2802:Isar, p. 1441; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 140, 149
1515:(the scene of a scandal over allegations of
1409:, a foreign prince, was selected as the new
833:("Lazarian Association"). Named in honor of
366:. On this basis, he contested a seat in the
61:December 26, 1867 – January 6, 1868
3418:, Vol. XII (XXXVII), 2011–2012, pp. 94–124.
2989:, "Biseric'a Ortodoxa si Calindariulu", in
2982:
2980:
2978:
2941:Iorga, pp. 180–182; Zahariuc (2020), p. 151
2471:R. Rosetti, p. 692; Zahariuc (2016), p. 184
1866:
1864:
1453:in 1867, and his last months were spent in
1417:, during which he traveled as far south as
674:. He also proposed that linguists from the
338:. Subsequently, Vârnav lost the backing of
3395:Un dascăl ardelean la Bârlad: Ioan Popescu
3250:
3248:
3246:
3065:
3063:
1389:, and paraded into the Princely Palace on
1376:
434:" during the civil war of 1821, alongside
3263:
3223:
3205:
3158:
3156:
3048:
3025:
3023:
3021:
2723:
2721:
2324:Bejenaru, p. 188; Zahariuc (2020), p. 125
2176:
2174:
1890:
1888:
1679:
1677:
915:and was advanced to Sublieutenant in the
412:Vârnav belonged to a large family of the
3714:Free and Independent Faction politicians
2975:
2422:
2420:
2270:Bodea, pp. 90–91. See also Isar, p. 1437
1878:
1876:
1861:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1313:
1291:returned to favor in January 1864, when
1074:
761:
607:
394:It is known that Vârnav was a native of
3834:Eastern Orthodox Christians from France
3769:Romanian book and manuscript collectors
3243:
3202:, Vol. XXX, Part II, 2009, pp. 225, 236
3060:
2793:, Vol. III, Issue 4, January 1900, p. 6
2655:Iftimi & Iftimi, pp. 97–98, 100–102
1493:The mysterious circumstances led to an
3691:
3652:Istoria partidelor politice în România
3543:, Vols. X–XII, 2004–2006, pp. 255–258.
3494:, "Pinacoteca națională din Iași", in
3371:Dascăli de cuget și simțire românească
3358:Atelierele Societății Anonime Adevĕrul
3153:
3018:
2954:. Iași: Tiparĭul Tribuneĭ Romăne, 1862
2718:
2171:
2110:Isar, p. 1440; Zahariuc (2020), p. 149
1903:Isar, p. 1433; Zahariuc (2020), p. 114
1885:
1349:with Cuza's uncle Grigore. During the
601:, sponsoring his attempts to set up a
37:Portrait of Vârnav in monastic clothes
3589:. Paris: Joseph Baer et Cie., 1877.
3557:, Vols. X–XII, 2004–2006, pp. 93–182.
2417:
2198:Bodea, p. 80; Zahariuc (2020), p. 120
1873:
1654:
1580:constitutionalists in the 1890s. The
1325:, showing Vârnav, with papers marked
1099:("Times"), and eventually ran in the
971:townhouse to the Romanian library of
310:, before returning to take orders at
3375:Revue des Études Sud-est Européennes
796:shared custody of the Principalities
783:1844, he was also son-in-law of the
3530:& Editura Casa Școalelor, 1929.
2789:, "Amintirĭ de la 24 Ianuarie", in
1771:Lazăr-Leon Asachi în cultura română
1182:secularization of monastery estates
1151:
1106:The Divan's subsequent election of
953:, taking the name Sofronie Vârnav (
774:, and also for his work during the
560:Exposition nationale des beaux-arts
389:
13:
3724:Romanian people of the Crimean War
3618:Biserica Ortodoxă Română din Paris
1572:School of Bridges, Roads and Mines
1564:Romanian independence was achieved
1361:, he put up a "lit sign" reading:
575:Romanian Orthodox chapter in Paris
14:
3880:
3829:French people of Romanian descent
3719:People of the Revolutions of 1848
2574:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 132, 135–137
2547:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 117, 118–119
1708:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 112–113, 114
1466:, and is described by biographer
1283:, which answered directly to the
923:Unionist agent and legal troubles
585:, Vârnav was good friends with a
3869:French people of the Crimean War
3550:, Vol. XXXII, 2013, pp. 317–344.
3363:
3346:
3333:
3324:
3311:
3302:
3293:
3284:
3275:
3192:
3183:
3174:
3171:Nistor, p. 535; Zahariuc, p. 155
3165:
3144:
3135:
3126:
3086:
3039:
3005:
2996:
2966:
2957:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2832:
2823:
2814:
2805:
2796:
2780:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2730:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2667:
1948:Nistor, p. 532; Stino, pp. 85–86
1415:plebiscite on Carol's acceptance
1164:, and his moves to do away with
685:
257:December 25, 1867]), was a
216:
31:
3664:, Vol. LXII, 2016, pp. 157–195.
3654:. Bucharest: Albert Baer, 1910.
2658:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2559:
2550:
2541:
2532:
2523:
2514:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2358:
2349:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1789:
1780:
1763:
1754:
1745:
909:, Vârnav received the title of
486:Metropolitan Bishop of Moldavia
149:(Tutova National Liberal Party)
49:Assembly of Deputies of Romania
3824:Naturalized citizens of France
3819:Romanian expatriates in France
3739:Romanian educational theorists
3673:Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
3574:, Issue 8/1978, pp. 1433–1442.
3409:Acta Moldaviae Septentrionalis
2679:Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
2405:Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
1736:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1645:
1636:
1619:
1543:Alliance Israélite Universelle
1256:According to church historian
550:; Vârnav also owned a copy of
1:
3749:Romanian activist journalists
3616:Veniamin Pocitan Ploeșteanu,
3498:, Issues 3–4/1932, pp. 65–73.
3383:
1449:Vârnav ultimately settled in
1297:unified ministry of education
995:, Vârnav had also noted that
851:French Provisional Government
829:, had founded the semi-legal
520:Gheorghe Panaiteanu Bardasare
358:, Vârnav ended his career in
253:; died January 6, 1868 [
3779:19th-century philanthropists
3644:, Vol. V, 2013, pp. 365–385.
3613:, Vol. VIII, 1977, pp. 9–25.
3411:, Vol. I, 1999, pp. 185–190.
3343:, Issue 3/1985, pp. 293, 299
3240:, December 25–29, 1868, p. 1
3141:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 153–154
2972:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 151–152
2829:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 147–148
2811:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 144–145
2646:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 139–140
2619:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 142–143
2565:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 132–137
2556:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 122–123
2355:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 125–130
2279:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 119–120
2234:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 120–121
1858:Zahariuc (2020), pp. 112–114
1731:Monografia Orașului Botoșani
1460:Free and Independent Faction
1401:there. He returned with two
1367:Părintele S. Varnav d̦ice Da
1305:Romanian Metropolitan Bishop
1088:repeat election of September
1070:Alexandru Sturdza-Bârlădeanu
882:Moldavian liberal revolution
778:: he was the only doctor of
384:
364:Free and Independent Faction
146:Free and Independent Faction
7:
3809:People from Botoșani County
3254:"Romani'a. In Barladu", in
3200:Acta Moldaviae Meridionalis
1760:Iorga, p. 172; Stino, p. 88
1688:Dicționarul contimporanilor
1484:Manolache Costache Epureanu
766:Vârnav's brother Constantin
522:. It included paintings by
484:, who would later serve as
185:Constantin Vârnav (brother)
10:
3885:
3864:University of Paris alumni
3290:Loeb, pp. 167–168, 298–300
3281:Loeb, pp. 167–168, 298–299
2366:Studii. Revistă de Istorie
2155:Bodea, p. 83; Stino, p. 85
941:. It was the basis of the
612:Vârnav family coat of arms
3794:Romanian Orthodox priests
3774:Romanian conservationists
2489:Pocitan Ploeșteanu, p. 83
2395:Nistor, p. 535. See also
1651:Ghibănescu (1915), p. 350
1476:election of December 1867
544:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
518:on the recommendation of
477:On Crimes and Punishments
308:French Revolution of 1848
271:Romanian liberal movement
224:
212:
204:
179:
171:
153:
141:
120:
104:
84:
79:
75:
65:
54:
46:
42:
30:
21:
3784:Romanian philanthropists
3356:, pp. 14–16. Bucharest:
3070:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu
2887:R. Rosetti, pp. 693, 885
2842:, Vol. III, 2017, p. 217
1613:
1371:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu
1228:Alexandru A. Cantacuzino
468:Istoria tis palai Dakias
414:Moldavian boyar nobility
291:, forms the core of the
3804:Romanian civil servants
3789:Romanian Orthodox monks
3764:Romanian art collectors
3321:, Issue 28/1868, p. 108
3272:Zahariuc (2020), p. 155
3150:Zahariuc (2020), p. 154
3099:, Ștefan Vâlcu (eds.),
3097:Nicolae Șerban Tanașoca
3057:Zahariuc (2020), p. 153
3045:Bogdan-Duică, pp. 69–70
3002:Zahariuc (2020), p. 152
2963:Zahariuc (2020), p. 151
2860:R. Rosetti, pp. 690–693
2820:Zahariuc (2020), p. 146
2610:Zahariuc (2020), p. 136
2601:Zahariuc (2020), p. 141
2529:Zahariuc (2020), p. 123
2520:Iorga, pp. 175–176, 180
2435:Zahariuc (2020), p. 130
2386:Zahariuc (2020), p. 124
2002:Zahariuc (2020), p. 117
1930:Grigorescu, pp. 256–257
1870:Zahariuc (2020), p. 114
1831:Zahariuc (2020), p. 144
1822:Zahariuc (2020), p. 112
1717:Zahariuc (2020), p. 113
1377:1867 campaign and death
1351:plebiscite of June 1864
1323:elections of April 1866
929:Grigore Alexandru Ghica
890:La Démocratie Pacifique
886:La Démocratie Pacifique
714:Nicolae Ghica-Comănești
705:Quartier de la Sorbonne
676:Danubian Principalities
635:conservative liberalism
569:Taking up the cause of
279:Danubian Principalities
115:Principality of Romania
3839:French Christian monks
3754:Romanian propagandists
3458:Alfabetul de tranziție
3180:Antonovici, pp. XIV–XV
3072:(editor: I. Oprișan),
2987:Melchisedec Ștefănescu
2397:Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu
1777:, Issue 4/1988, p. 456
1528:claimed that Bârlad's
1444:November 1866 election
1432:Trei Ierarhi Monastery
1341:
1331:Ion Ionescu de la Brad
1258:Melchisedec Ștefănescu
1171:Bessarabia Governorate
1083:
903:French Second Republic
871:Wallachian blue-yellow
794:, which, at the time,
767:
733:Grand Orient de France
652:adaptations from Latin
613:
599:Ion Ionescu de la Brad
528:Philippe de Champaigne
516:Aguado de las Marismas
352:campaigning nationally
183:Vasile Vârnav (father)
3859:Romanian esotericists
3671:, pp. 111–155. Iași:
3440:Gheorghe Bogdan-Duică
3260:, Issue 3/1868, p. 12
3257:Gazet'a Transilvaniei
2453:Dimitrescu, pp. 66–67
2168:, Issue 3/2011, p. 63
2045:, pp. 240–241. Iași:
1971:Suvenire contimporane
1849:Dimitrescu, pp. 65–66
1625:George D. Nicolescu,
1525:Gazet'a Transilvaniei
1407:Carol of Hohenzollern
1317:
1293:Dimitrie Bolintineanu
1226:Eventually, by 1862,
1122:Constantin Hurmuzachi
1118:United Principalities
1078:
1050:election of July 1857
955:transitional alphabet
776:1848 cholera epidemic
765:
725:Athénée des Etrangers
718:Alphonse de Lamartine
611:
556:La Retraite de Russie
532:Egbert van Heemskerck
336:a dissident monastery
332:United Principalities
239:Charles Basile Varnav
231:Scarlat Vasile Vârnav
23:Scarlat Vasile Vârnav
3854:French spiritualists
3734:Romanian monarchists
3537:Retragerea din Rusia
3535:Marica Grigorescu, "
2315:Sturdza, pp. 366–367
1973:, p. 38. Bucharest:
1742:Xenopol, pp. 100–102
1642:Nistor, pp. 534, 535
1629:, p. 30. Bucharest:
1440:Assembly of Deputies
1421:and as far north as
1285:Archdiocese of Buzău
1211:Noul Neamț Monastery
1177:and a large ribbon.
839:Alexandru G. Golescu
831:Însocierea Lazariană
666:, later replaced by
648:Cyrillic orthography
577:. Regulars included
571:Romanian nationalism
451:Descriptio Moldaviae
396:Hilișeu (or Silișeu)
371:during December 1867
368:Assembly of Deputies
285:, donated by him to
275:Romanian nationalist
3759:Romanian librarians
3729:Romanian Freemasons
3699:19th-century births
3657:Petronel Zahariuc,
3512:Gheorghe Ghibănescu
3482:Alexandru Cretzianu
3330:Paradais, pp. 11–12
3011:Basile C. Livianu,
2991:Biseric'a si Scól'a
2706:Isar, pp. 1440–1441
2538:Isar, pp. 1441–1442
2509:Hierasus. Anuar '78
2029:Isar, pp. 1438–1439
1684:Dimitrie R. Rosetti
1600:entered World War I
1522:An early report by
1468:Dimitrie R. Rosetti
1464:Jewish emancipation
1383:monstrous coalition
1363:Popa Vârnav zice da
1353:, organized by the
1186:Alexandru Teriachiu
1108:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
1081:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
938:Academia Mihăileană
847:February Revolution
827:Mihail Kogălniceanu
660:the name "Romanian"
633:as prefiguring the
626:Romanian literature
512:College of Sorbonne
345:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
288:Academia Mihăileană
193:Mihail Kogălniceanu
3814:Moldavian nobility
3744:Language reformers
3611:Cercetări Istorice
3572:Revista de Istorie
3548:Cercetări Istorice
3341:Revista de Istorie
3162:Antonovici, p. XIV
3132:Iorga, pp. 181–182
3111:; Zahariuc, p. 154
3095:, Mihai Regleanu,
2932:R. Rosetti, p. 897
2923:Bîrzu, pp. 104–105
2905:R. Rosetti, p. 885
2480:Iorga, pp. 179–181
2252:Iorga, pp. 182–186
2243:Iorga, pp. 185–187
1921:Ichim, pp. 318–319
1775:Revista de Istorie
1751:Iorga, pp. 173–175
1608:Antonie Plămădeală
1596:Fontenay-aux-Roses
1399:Romanian Monastery
1342:
1295:, who chaired the
1084:
1009:French citizenship
943:Iași Museum of Art
875:Moldavian blue-red
815:Grigore Arghiropol
768:
637:later embraced by
614:
407:Scarlat Callimachi
293:Iași Museum of Art
243:Charles de Wirnave
3849:French Freemasons
3681:978-606-714-576-2
3492:Ștefan Dimitrescu
3427:Editura Academiei
3189:Loeb, pp. 298–299
3109:978-606-8195-28-5
3093:Victor Papacostea
3082:978-973-120-054-5
3074:Aghiuță 1863–1864
2950:Timofei Ionescu,
2697:Gane, pp. 114–115
2687:978-606-714-332-4
2413:978-606-714-007-1
1882:Dimitrescu, p. 66
1812:978-973-46-2201-6
1568:Scarlat C. Vârnav
1535:Interior Minister
1391:Mogoșoaiei Bridge
1346:Elective Assembly
1101:elections of 1858
917:Moldavian Militia
867:Romanian tricolor
855:Vasile Alecsandri
819:Dimitrie Brătianu
804:Guizot government
785:Wallachian Prince
591:born into slavery
536:Eustache Le Sueur
508:Paris Law Faculty
497:Bukovina District
482:Sofronie Miclescu
446:Dimitrie Cantemir
379:Scarlat C. Vârnav
283:Baroque paintings
228:
227:
198:Scarlat C. Vârnav
132:(1850s and later)
25:(Sofronie Vârnav)
3876:
3642:Archiva Moldaviæ
3635:Analele Moldovei
3579:
3565:Revista Istorică
3528:Viața Românească
3421:Cornelia Bodea,
3416:Anuarul Academic
3391:Iacov Antonovici
3378:
3367:
3361:
3350:
3344:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3322:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3261:
3252:
3241:
3232:
3221:
3212:
3203:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3112:
3090:
3084:
3067:
3058:
3055:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3027:
3016:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2994:
2984:
2973:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2955:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2784:
2778:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2716:
2715:Bejenaru, p. 189
2713:
2707:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2677:, p. 130. Iași:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2415:
2403:, p. 210. Iași:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2347:
2344:Revista Istorică
2340:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2297:Bodea, pp. 91–94
2295:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1894:Bejenaru, p. 188
1892:
1883:
1880:
1871:
1868:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1681:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1623:
1586:
1427:Calinic Miclescu
1321:cartoon for the
1152:Church conflicts
1138:Mai Stăi Voinice
1024:Iacov Antonovici
869:, combining the
843:radical politics
788:Gheorghe Bibescu
579:Nicolae Bălcescu
390:Early activities
328:Gheorghe Bibescu
300:Nicolae Bălcescu
273:, and an ardent
220:
188:Gheorghe Bibescu
80:Personal details
59:
35:
19:
18:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3577:
3502:Constantin Gane
3386:
3381:
3368:
3364:
3351:
3347:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3253:
3244:
3233:
3224:
3213:
3206:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3115:
3091:
3087:
3068:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3030:Ioan C. Filitti
3028:
3019:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2985:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2785:
2781:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:Sturdza, p. 367
2179:
2172:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:Cazimir, p. 118
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1975:Editura Minerva
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1802:, p. 25. Iași:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1682:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1589:Gheorghe Șiller
1584:
1566:. His own son,
1513:Ialomița County
1472:L'Echo Danubien
1379:
1301:calendar reform
1154:
1062:Diocese of Huși
951:Neamț Monastery
933:Gheorghe Asachi
925:
823:Ion C. Brătianu
800:French monarchy
757:debtors' prison
753:Nicolae Ionescu
741:esoteric lodges
688:
548:François Stella
472:Cesare Beccaria
464:Dionisie Fotino
392:
387:
312:Neamț Monastery
237:(also known as
235:Sofronie Vârnav
196:
191:
186:
184:
167:(ca. 1849–1859)
163:
155:
154:Other political
148:
142:Political party
133:
128:
109:
108:January 6, 1868
89:
60:
55:
38:
26:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3882:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3665:
3655:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3597:
3575:
3568:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3521:
3509:
3499:
3489:
3479:
3474:Daniel Clain,
3472:
3454:Ștefan Cazimir
3451:
3437:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3362:
3352:George Miron,
3345:
3332:
3323:
3310:
3301:
3292:
3283:
3274:
3262:
3242:
3222:
3204:
3191:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3113:
3085:
3059:
3047:
3038:
3017:
3004:
2995:
2974:
2965:
2956:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2791:Foaia Populară
2779:
2756:
2754:Nistor, p. 535
2747:
2738:
2729:
2717:
2708:
2699:
2690:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2612:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2416:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2357:
2348:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2225:Bodea, pp. 114
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2170:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1884:
1872:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1796:Cristian Preda
1788:
1786:Nistor, p. 531
1779:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1727:Arthur Gorovei
1719:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1548:Ștefan Golescu
1530:intelligentsia
1436:Anastasie Panu
1378:
1375:
1250:Protosyncellus
1232:Tribuna Română
1197:Dimitrie Rosăt
1158:Secu Monastery
1153:
1150:
1020:National Party
973:Bukovina Duchy
924:
921:
898:Mihail Sturdza
863:National Guard
859:Costache Negri
835:Gheorghe Lazăr
687:
684:
678:(Moldavia and
436:Gavril Istrati
400:Dorohoi County
391:
388:
386:
383:
354:in support of
226:
225:
222:
221:
214:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
181:
177:
176:
173:
169:
168:
165:National Party
157:
151:
150:
143:
139:
138:
122:
118:
117:
106:
102:
101:
95:Dorohoi County
86:
82:
81:
77:
76:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
52:
51:
47:Member of the
44:
43:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3881:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3844:French abbots
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3648:A. D. Xenopol
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3561:Nicolae Iorga
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3496:Boabe de Grâu
3493:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3470:973-50-1401-7
3467:
3463:
3460:. Bucharest:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3425:. Bucharest:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3342:
3336:
3327:
3320:
3314:
3305:
3296:
3287:
3278:
3269:
3267:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3209:
3201:
3195:
3186:
3177:
3168:
3159:
3157:
3147:
3138:
3129:
3123:Iorga, p. 182
3120:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3042:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3008:
2999:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2969:
2960:
2953:
2947:
2938:
2929:
2920:
2911:
2902:
2896:Bîrzu, p. 104
2893:
2884:
2875:
2869:Iorga, p. 181
2866:
2857:
2848:
2841:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2799:
2792:
2788:
2787:V. A. Urechia
2783:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2727:Iorga, p. 187
2724:
2722:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2628:Iorga, p. 179
2625:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2589:
2580:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2510:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2426:Iorga, p. 186
2423:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2383:
2377:Isar, p. 1442
2374:
2367:
2361:
2352:
2345:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2261:Bodea, p. 268
2258:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2175:
2167:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2089:
2083:Iorga, p. 175
2080:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2055:973-681-819-5
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2039:Adrian Marino
2035:
2026:
2020:Cazimir, p. 9
2017:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:Gheorghe Sion
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1783:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1648:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1455:Tutova County
1452:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1339:Pantazi Ghica
1336:
1335:Petre P. Carp
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1309:Nifon Rusailă
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1236:Archimandrite
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1206:Archimandrite
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1142:V. A. Urechia
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1013:Eugeniu Alcaz
1010:
1005:
1004:
998:
994:
989:
985:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
939:
934:
930:
920:
918:
914:
913:
908:
904:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
786:
781:
777:
773:
772:balneotherapy
764:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:Masonic lodge
726:
721:
719:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:C. A. Rosetti
694:
686:Revolutionary
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:Nicolae Iorga
653:
649:
644:
642:
641:
636:
632:
631:Adrian Marino
627:
623:
619:
610:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:Gheorghe Sion
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:Philippoteaux
549:
545:
541:
540:Pietro Liberi
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:
447:
443:
442:
437:
433:
429:
428:
423:
419:
418:Teodor Vârnav
415:
410:
408:
405:
401:
397:
382:
380:
376:
375:Romanian Jews
372:
369:
365:
361:
360:Tutova County
357:
353:
348:
346:
343:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:
319:
318:
313:
309:
305:
304:C. A. Rosetti
301:
296:
294:
290:
289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
189:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
158:
152:
147:
144:
140:
136:
131:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
87:
83:
78:
74:
71:
70:Tutova County
68:
64:
58:
53:
50:
45:
41:
34:
29:
20:
3668:
3661:
3651:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3624:Radu Rosetti
3617:
3610:
3603:
3584:
3581:Isidore Loeb
3571:
3564:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3536:
3523:
3517:
3505:
3495:
3485:
3475:
3457:
3443:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3394:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3353:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3326:
3319:Federatiunea
3318:
3313:
3308:Loeb, p. 167
3304:
3299:Loeb, p. 300
3295:
3286:
3277:
3255:
3235:
3215:
3199:
3194:
3185:
3176:
3167:
3146:
3137:
3128:
3100:
3088:
3073:
3041:
3033:
3012:
3007:
2998:
2990:
2968:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2937:
2928:
2919:
2910:
2901:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2839:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2767:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2736:Clain, p. 30
2732:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2674:
2669:
2664:Gane, p. 121
2660:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2516:
2508:
2503:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2365:
2360:
2351:
2343:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2166:Revista Nouă
2165:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2042:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2011:Stino, p. 86
2007:
1998:
1989:
1970:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1799:
1791:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1687:
1647:
1638:
1631:I. V. Socecŭ
1626:
1621:
1593:
1581:
1575:
1560:Transilvania
1559:
1555:
1553:
1541:
1538:Ion Brătianu
1523:
1521:
1506:
1498:
1492:
1471:
1448:
1442:seat in the
1410:
1380:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1343:
1326:
1318:
1288:
1265:
1255:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1218:
1204:
1194:
1190:Neamț County
1179:
1155:
1145:
1137:
1136:, stood for
1133:
1130:royal cypher
1111:
1105:
1096:
1085:
1066:ad-hoc Divan
1057:
1054:Bacău County
1046:Roman County
1042:Russian Army
1035:
1027:
1017:
1001:
996:
993:George Bariț
987:
983:
981:
958:
936:
926:
910:
889:
885:
879:
830:
811:Edgar Quinet
808:
769:
744:
724:
722:
693:Vivat Unirea
692:
689:
671:
667:
663:
645:
638:
615:
568:
559:
555:
505:
490:
475:
467:
459:
449:
439:
425:
411:
393:
349:
339:
321:
315:
297:
286:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:
159:
156:affiliations
88:c. 1801–1813
66:Constituency
56:
3704:1868 deaths
3578:(in French)
3446:. Craiova:
2764:N. Petrașcu
2333:Clain, p. 9
1517:blood libel
1395:Mount Athos
1359:land reform
1201:Russophilia
1126:N. Petrașcu
1038:Crimean War
432:Sacred Band
422:Bessarabian
162:(1847–1848)
137:(1859–1868)
121:Nationality
3693:Categories
3600:Ion Nistor
3384:References
969:Czernowitz
907:Ion Nistor
894:Fourierist
629:historian
622:Phanariote
603:model farm
524:Caravaggio
205:Profession
175:Eliza Jora
3675:, 2020.
3464:, 2006.
3462:Humanitas
3429:, 1967.
3403:895494408
2681:, 2016.
2407:, 2014.
2049:, 2005.
1977:, 1915.
1806:, 2011.
1582:Hieromonk
1403:Aromanian
1289:Hieromonk
1277:Rochefort
1262:Bucharest
1245:Hieromonk
1234:gazette.
1162:polyphony
1092:Broscăuți
1058:Hieromonk
1029:Hieromonk
1003:Ispravnic
947:novitiate
912:Postelnic
737:Spiritist
709:Ion Ghica
701:Napoléons
680:Wallachia
664:Roumén(é)
643:society.
589:, Dincă,
456:Condillac
427:Carbonari
385:Biography
317:Hieromonk
259:Moldavian
213:Signature
180:Relations
127:(to 1859)
125:Moldavian
57:In office
3526:. Iași:
3237:Romanulu
3217:Romanulu
2776:65579046
1604:Zimnicea
1419:Ploiești
1411:Domnitor
1387:cockades
1355:Domnitor
1281:Lipscani
1215:Kitskany
1213:outside
1166:Slavonic
1113:Domnitor
873:and the
501:Botoșani
341:Domnitor
267:Orthodox
263:Romanian
200:(nephew)
195:(in-law)
190:(in-law)
135:Romanian
99:Moldavia
3799:Starets
3595:1196244
3450:, 1922.
3435:1252020
2399:(ed.),
2047:Polirom
1983:7270251
1804:Polirom
1577:Junimea
1556:Starets
1508:Românul
1499:Starets
1495:autopsy
1319:Satyrul
1270:Blanqui
1266:Starets
1175:tassels
1116:of the
977:Dorohoi
960:Starets
731:of the
640:Junimea
595:Pașcani
460:Logique
356:Carol I
323:Starets
247:Varnavu
91:Hilișeu
3679:
3593:
3468:
3448:Ramuri
3433:
3401:
3373:", in
3360:, 1923
3107:
3080:
2774:
2685:
2411:
2053:
1981:
1810:
1773:", in
1633:, 1903
1503:pogrom
1480:Senate
1451:Bârlad
1337:, and
1134:M.S.V.
1097:Timpul
997:birnic
988:birnic
984:birnic
965:ducats
792:Russia
749:francs
745:Frăția
672:română
564:Galați
546:, and
493:Liveni
470:, and
420:, the
404:Prince
350:After
251:Vîrnav
172:Spouse
160:Frăția
130:French
111:Bârlad
1614:Notes
1585:'
1423:Bacău
1241:Buzău
1220:lavra
668:român
618:genii
298:With
233:, or
3677:ISBN
3591:OCLC
3466:ISBN
3431:OCLC
3399:OCLC
3105:ISBN
3078:ISBN
2772:OCLC
2683:ISBN
2409:ISBN
2051:ISBN
1979:OCLC
1808:ISBN
1488:O.S.
1274:Pyat
1247:and
857:and
825:and
780:Iași
739:and
727:, a
670:and
320:and
314:, a
302:and
261:and
255:O.S.
105:Died
85:Born
1365:or
1327:Da!
1110:as
1015:.
979:.
935:at
877:.
593:at
587:Rom
554:'s
474:'s
466:'s
458:'s
448:'s
441:Ban
249:or
3695::
3650:,
3583:,
3514:,
3504:,
3484:,
3456:,
3442:,
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