681:. The religious diversity in Nigeria reflects the ethnic diversity in the country, as different ethnic groups tend to follow different religions. For example, most Hausa-Fulani are Muslim, most Igbo are Christian, most Yoruba are either Muslim or Christian, etc. The religious diversity in Nigeria poses a challenge for secularism, as different religious groups have different interests, demands, and expectations from the state. Some religious groups may seek more recognition, representation, or protection from the state than others. Some religious groups may also seek to influence or control the state's policies or laws according to their religious doctrines or values.
40:
582:. Islam was introduced to northern Nigeria by Arab traders and missionaries in the 11th century, and became the dominant religion of the Hausa, Fulani, and Kanuri peoples. Christianity was brought to southern Nigeria by European missionaries in the 15th century, and spread among the Igbo, Yoruba, Edo, and other peoples. Traditional African religions were indigenous to Nigeria, and involved the worship of various gods, spirits, ancestors, and natural forces.
661:
reaffirms that
Nigeria is a secular state, and that no government or state shall adopt any religion as state religion. The constitution also reiterates the right to freedom of religion and conscience for all citizens and prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion. The constitution also maintains the provision for Sharia courts of appeal in states that desire them but limits their jurisdiction to matters relating to Islamic personal law.
467:
653:
secular state, and that no government or state shall adopt any religion as state religion. The constitution also reaffirmed the right to freedom of religion and conscience for all citizens, and prohibited discrimination on grounds of religion. The constitution also expanded the scope of Sharia courts of appeal to cover all states that desired them, and gave them jurisdiction over civil proceedings involving questions of
Islamic law.
645:. The constitution declared Nigeria to be a sovereign state, but did not explicitly mention secularism or state religion. However, it guaranteed the right to freedom of religion and conscience for all citizens, and prohibited discrimination on grounds of religion. The constitution also provided for the establishment of Sharia courts of appeal in the Northern Region, which had jurisdiction over matters of Islamic personal law.
694:
the
Islamic State network. The attack was believed to be a retaliation for the killing of Muslims by Christian vigilantes in the same state a few days earlier. Similarly, in April 2012, gunmen killed at least 15 people in a university theatre being used by Christian worshippers in the northern city of Kano. The attack was claimed by Boko Haram, which accused the Christians of provoking them by holding services on their land.
690:
report also states that more than 100,000 Christians have been displaced and over 1,000 churches have been destroyed or closed down. Some of the perpetrators of these attacks include the militant
Islamist group Boko Haram, which aims to establish an Islamic state in Nigeria, and the Fulani herdsmen, who often clash with Christian farmers over land and resources.
1046:
657:
integration among the diverse ethnic and religious groups in
Nigeria. For example, it required that every political party must reflect the federal character of Nigeria in its membership and leadership, and that every candidate for election must have support from at least two-thirds of the states in Nigeria.
723:
Secularism is a legal position in the supreme law of
Nigeria, stating that religious belief should not influence any public or governmental decisions. In other words, secularism is a documented position in a Constitution relating to political belief in the separation of religion and state. Secularism
744:
The relationship between secularism and democracy in
Nigeria is complex and dynamic. Some studies suggest that there is no inherent contradiction between Islam or Christianity and democracy, and that Nigerians across different religions support democratic values and principles. However, some studies
656:
The fourth constitution of
Nigeria was adopted in 1989, after another period of military rule that lasted from 1983 to 1993. The constitution was similar to the third constitution in terms of its structure and content. However, it added some provisions that were aimed at promoting national unity and
689:
Nigeria has witnessed many cases of religious intolerance and violence among its various religious groups over the years. According to a report by the
International Society for Civil Liberties and Rule of Law, over 50,000 Christians have been killed by Islamist extremists in Nigeria since 2009. The
652:
The third constitution of
Nigeria was adopted in 1979, after a period of military rule that lasted from 1966 to 1979. The constitution introduced a presidential system of government, with a bicameral legislature and an independent judiciary. The constitution also explicitly stated that Nigeria is a
607:
The colonial era also witnessed the emergence of nationalism and anti-colonial movements in Nigeria, which sought to end British rule and achieve independence. Some of these movements were based on ethnic or regional identities, while others were based on religious or ideological affiliations. Some
735:
Religious pressure: Some religious groups demand more recognition or accommodation from the state than others. For example, some Muslim groups advocate for the implementation of Sharia law in all aspects of life, not just personal law. Some Christian groups oppose this and call for more protection
693:
On the other hand, Muslims in Nigeria have also faced discrimination and violence from some Christian groups, especially in the southern and central regions of the country. For example, in June 2022, dozens of worshippers were killed in a Catholic church in Ondo state by a militant group linked to
603:
in Nigeria, which meant that it governed through local rulers who were loyal to the British crown. Britain also introduced its own legal system, education system, and administration system, which were based on Western values and norms. These systems often conflicted with the existing religious and
660:
The fifth and current constitution of Nigeria was adopted in 1999, after yet another period of military rule that lasted from 1993 to 1999. The constitution is largely based on the third and fourth constitutions, with some amendments and modifications. At chapter one article ten, the constitution
731:
Constitutional ambiguity: The Nigerian Constitution contains contradictory provisions on secularism and religion. On one hand, it declares that Nigeria is a secular state and that no government or state shall adopt any religion as state religion. On the other hand, it recognizes Sharia courts of
648:
The second constitution of Nigeria was adopted in 1963 and was largely similar to the first constitution. The only major difference was that it proclaimed Nigeria to be a republic, and replaced the British monarch with a Nigerian president as the head of state. The constitution also retained the
598:
The colonial era began in the late 19th century, when Britain established its control over Nigeria through treaties, wars, and annexations. Britain divided Nigeria into two protectorates: the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate. The Northern Protectorate was predominantly Muslim,
589:
in pre-colonial Nigeria. Religion was mainly a personal matter, and each group had its own religious institutions and authorities. There were also cases of inter-religious dialogue and cooperation among Muslims, Christians, and traditionalists. For example, some Muslim rulers employed Christian
636:
Nigeria gained its independence from Britain on 1 October 1960, and became a federal republic on 1 October 1963. The post-colonial era has been marked by political instability, military coups, civil war, ethnic conflicts, religious violence, corruption, and economic crises. Nigeria has also
739:
Democratic deficit: Some political institutions and processes in Nigeria are not conducive to democratic governance or secularism. For example, there is a lack of transparency and accountability in public affairs, a high level of corruption and nepotism, a weak rule of law and human rights
732:
appeal for Islamic personal law matters and allows states to establish their own Sharia courts. It also requires that every political party must reflect the federal character of Nigeria in its membership and leadership, which implies some consideration of religious representation.
628:. These leaders had different visions for the future of Nigeria, and often disagreed on the role of religion in politics and society. Some of them advocated for a secular state, while others advocated for a state based on Islamic or Christian principles.
745:
also indicate that there are significant differences among Nigerians regarding their attitudes towards secularism, democracy, human rights, gender equality, tolerance, trust, civic engagement, etc., depending on their religious affiliation.
1324:
710:
Social exclusion: Some religious groups face discrimination or harassment in accessing education, health care, employment, or justice, especially in areas where they are minorities or where there is a dominant
677:
Nigeria is a highly religious country, with about 51.1% of its population being Muslim, 46.9% being Christian, and 2% being traditionalist or adherent of other faiths according to an estimate by
707:
Economic inequality: Some religious groups feel marginalized or oppressed by the unequal distribution of resources and opportunities in the country, especially between the north and the south.
701:
Historical grievances: Some religious groups harbor resentment and mistrust towards other groups based on historical events, such as the colonial era, the civil war, and the Sharia crisis.
521:
shall not adopt any religion as a state religion, and that every person shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Secularism in Nigeria is derived from the
525:, which is the supreme law of the country. Secularism in Nigeria aims to ensure and protect the religious diversity and freedom of all citizens, regardless of their faith or belief.
1320:
590:
advisers and diplomats, while some Christian kings adopted Islamic titles and practices. Some traditional rulers also patronized both Islamic and Christian schools and scholars.
952:"Traditional African religions and their influences on the worldviews of Bangwa people of Cameroon: Expanding the cultural horizons of study abroad students and professionals"
585:
The pre-colonial era was characterized by a high degree of religious diversity and tolerance among the different ethnic groups. There was no concept of a state religion or a
704:
Political manipulation: Some political actors exploit religious sentiments and identities to mobilize support or undermine opponents, often along ethnic and regional lines.
538:
Before the colonial era, Nigeria was inhabited by various ethnic groups, each with its own culture, language, and religion. Some of the major ethnic groups include the
714:
Religious extremism: Some religious groups adopt radical or violent interpretations of their faith and seek to impose them on others, often through coercion or force.
2514:
Ogbondah, Chris Wolumati; Agbese, Pita Ogaba (2018). "Terrorists and Social Media Messages: A Critical Analysis of Boko Haram's Messages and Messaging Techniques".
1155:
2805:
Nast, H. J. (16 February 2008). "Islam and Colonialism: Intellectual responses of Muslims of northern Nigeria to British colonial rule, by Muhammad S. Umar".
1418:
697:
The causes of religious intolerance and violence in Nigeria are complex and multifaceted. Some of the factors that contribute to the problem include:
2070:
Shitu, Mujahid (15 August 2020). "An appraisal of 'dialogue of the truth' and inter-religious dialogue in Nigeria : a Muslim view-point".
1200:
1444:
642:
497:
1614:
1813:
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experienced several constitutional changes, which have affected the status and interpretation of secularism in the country. The first
1894:
184:
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in Nigeria aims to ensure and protect the religious diversity and freedom of all citizens, regardless of their faith or belief.
2531:
2052:
1640:
1589:
451:
1358:
2483:
1669:
1862:
1095:
2551:"Religious violence in Nigeria: Causal diagnoses and strategic recommendations to the state and religious communities"
1695:
2326:
2201:
2147:
1284:
1775:
1509:
490:
1561:
2307:
Odinkalu, Chidi A. (2001). "The Management of Transition to Civil Rule by the Military in Nigeria (1966-1996)".
2848:
740:
protection, a low level of civic education and participation, and a high level of electoral fraud and violence.
212:
2391:"Why the Judicial Annulment of the Constitution of 1999 Is Imperative for the Survival of Nigeria's Democracy"
579:
234:
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while the Southern Protectorate was predominantly Christian and traditionalist. Britain adopted a policy of
2858:
2853:
378:
109:
2109:
Islam, Christianity, Traditional Religions and Power Politics in Northern Nigeria Since Pre-Islamic Period
2843:
483:
262:
23:
2127:
1736:
174:
71:
2613:(4). Comparative Politics, Ph.D. Programs in Political Science, City University of New York: 439β458.
446:
2484:"Religious Violence in Contemporary Nigeria: Implications and Options for Peace and Stability Order"
257:
924:
638:
522:
272:
207:
169:
146:
94:
727:
However, secularism in Nigeria faces many challenges from various sources and factors, such as:
1449:
1321:"The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations"
621:
860:
514:
252:
224:
129:
124:
890:
1633:
66:
2603:"Beyond the Secularism Trap: Religion, Political Institutions, and Democratic Commitments"
2550:
1156:"CONSTITUTION OF NIGERIA [1960, 1963, 1979, 1999 WITH ALL AMENDMENTS AND ALTERATIONS)"
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cultural systems of the Nigerians, and caused resentment and resistance among the people.
8:
678:
114:
76:
2793:
2737:
2721:
2680:
2630:
2537:
2470:
2426:
2418:
2377:
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2240:
2213:"The Sharia Court of Appeal in Northern Nigeria: The Continuing Crises of Jurisdiction"
2095:
2083:
2058:
1988:
1945:
669:
Secularism in Nigeria faces many challenges from various sources and factors, such as:
61:
31:
2822:
2785:
2741:
2729:
2713:
2694:"On the Bodies of Women: the common ground between Islam and Christianity in Nigeria"
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2023:
1992:
1980:
1949:
1937:
518:
426:
368:
99:
2445:
Dowd, Robert A. (23 September 2014). "Religious Diversity and Religious Tolerance".
2166:"AMALGAMATION OF NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN PROTECTORATES OF NIGERIA: BLESSING OR CURSE?"
2018:
2001:
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2013:
1970:
1927:
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136:
119:
104:
2766:"Constitutional Treatment of Religion and the Politics of Human Rights in Nigeria"
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Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa (PDF) (Report)
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provisions on religious freedom, non-discrimination, and Sharia courts of appeal.
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1915:
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2318:
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179:
1975:
1959:"Secularism and National in Nigeria's Fourth Republic: an Empirical Study"
1958:
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1471:
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2602:
2422:
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2244:
2164:
Isiani, Mathias Chukwudi; Obi-Ani, Ngozika Anthonia (30 October 2019).
1916:"Is Nigeria a Secular State? Law, Human Rights and Religion in Context"
1510:"Conflict in Nigeria Is More Complicated Than "Christians vs. Muslims""
567:
563:
295:
267:
2765:
2390:
2292:
2212:
1255:
1123:
2260:
1535:"Nigeria Owo church attack: Gunmen kill Catholic worshippers in Ondo"
340:
217:
2338:"Nigeria's Federal Character Commission (FCC): a critical appraisal"
2228:
2002:"The impact of religion on a secular state: the Nigerian experience"
1755:
2516:
The Palgrave Handbook of Media and Communication Research in Africa
2276:
1029:
1027:
929:
820:
818:
320:
2336:
Demarest, Leila; Langer, Arnim; Ukiwo, Ukoha (16 February 2020).
1843:
1814:"The Failure of Governance in Nigeria: An Epistocratic Challenge"
1615:"Nigeria links church attack in Ondo state to ISWAP terror group"
1562:"Owo massacre: Rotimi Akeredolu confirms arrest of five suspects"
1489:
1419:"Over 50,000 Christians killed in Nigeria by Islamist extremists"
784:
782:
2035:
Oguntola-Laguda, Danoye (2014). "African Traditional Religion".
1445:"Over 50000 Christians killed in Nigeria by Islamist extremists"
1096:"Nigeria is 60: Here are those whose labour led to independence"
1024:
968:
878:
815:
2188:. Cambridge University Press. 24 April 2008. pp. 136β157.
1737:"A review of the secularity of the Nigerian 1999 constitution"
779:
2518:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 313β345.
1776:"Understanding Sharia: The Intersection of Islam and the Law"
1719:
1717:
1715:
1397:
1395:
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513:
is a legal and constitutional principle that states that the
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310:
2580:
1926:(1). Osgoode Hall Law School, York University: 135β178.
1761:
1607:
1007:
2184:"Nationalist movements and independence, 1929 β 1960".
1670:"20 killed at Bayero University church services attack"
1659:
1464:
1339:
1641:"Deadly attack on Nigeria's Bayero university in Kano"
1412:
1410:
1382:
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1378:
1285:"Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999"
1217:
1173:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
760:
980:
2335:
2223:(4). American Society of Comparative Law: 859β900.
2072:
African Journal of Religion, Philosophy and Culture
1892:
1831:
1407:
1375:
1266:
997:
995:
902:
Religion and Public Life at Harvard Divinity School
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1527:
1501:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1089:
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1085:
570:. The religions practised by these groups include
2261:"The 1979 Nigerian Constitution and Human Rights"
1645:Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack
1581:
1124:"Independence Day: How Nigeria gain independence"
1047:"England's Indirect Rule in Its African Colonies"
844:
2835:
992:
2813:(427). Oxford University Press (OUP): 290β292.
2482:Sulaiman, Kamal-deen Olawale (6 January 1990).
2034:
1436:
1142:
1082:
974:
853:"RELIGION AND POLITICS IN PRE-COLONIAL NIGERIA"
2691:
2581:U.N.human rights bodies. (21 September 2004).
2513:
1956:
1849:
1495:
1039:
916:
788:
2163:
1590:"ISWAP blamed for church massacre in Nigeria"
1553:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1201:"CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERATION (1963 No.20)"
1195:
1193:
1191:
1033:
608:of the prominent nationalist leaders include
491:
2692:Pereira, Charmaine; Ibrahim, Jibrin (2010).
2271:(2). Johns Hopkins University Press: 23β41.
1957:Okolie, Ugo Chuks; Osayande, Festus (2021).
1805:
643:Westminster model of parliamentary democracy
2310:Nigeria during the Abacha Years (1993-1998)
2126:Linden, Mieke van der (25 September 2016).
2039:. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 26β31.
1818:Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
851:Oladiti, Abiodun Akeem (13 November 2007).
718:
2704:(6). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 921β937.
2401:(2). Cambridge University Press: 135β166.
1688:
1351:
1272:
1188:
641:was adopted in 1960, and was based on the
498:
484:
2666:
2661:(1). African Journals Online (AJOL): 89.
2655:OGIRISI: A New Journal of African Studies
2649:Enweh, Innocent Ikechukwu (1 July 2019).
2363:
2353:
2116:
2017:
1974:
1931:
1416:
944:
925:"How did β±Christianityβ± come to Nigeria?"
2763:
2481:
2306:
2078:(1). Adonis and Abbey Publishers: 9β29.
1773:
1507:
1472:"Thousand Churches Destroyed in Nigeria"
1401:
1249:
684:
2600:
2548:
2388:
2217:The American Journal of Comparative Law
2037:Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion
1799:
1723:
1587:
1307:
1154:Areas, Substantive (11 November 2020).
850:
2836:
2555:African Journal on Conflict Resolution
2125:
1999:
1963:Humanities and Social Sciences: Latvia
1914:Ogbu, Osita Nnamani (1 January 2014).
1386:
1018:
826:"Colonialism, Independence, Civil War"
809:
672:
2648:
2258:
2132:The Acquisition of Africa (1870-1914)
2069:
2006:Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae (SHE)
1920:The Transnational Human Rights Review
1837:
1442:
1232:
1153:
1093:
986:
922:
2804:
2444:
2106:
1913:
1345:
1327:from the original on 18 January 2021
1001:
773:
631:
452:Third Generation of Nigerian writers
2210:
1559:
1182:
923:Simwa, Adrianna (15 January 2018).
533:
13:
2757:
2348:(4). Informa UK Limited: 315β328.
2134:. Brill Nijhoff. pp. 95β138.
1969:(2). University of Latvia: 65β89.
1811:
1696:"Religion and Conflict in Nigeria"
1443:Salau, Seyi John (20 April 2023).
1359:"CIFORB Country Profile β Nigeria"
38:
14:
2870:
2651:"Secularism and guided democracy"
2488:Journal for the Study of Religion
2453:(4). SAGE Publications: 617β644.
2211:Oba, Abdulmumini Adebayo (2004).
1867:United States Department of State
1417:Zengarini, Lisa (17 April 2023).
1267:Demarest, Langer & Ukiwo 2020
1094:Asadu, Chinedu (1 October 2020).
16:Overview of secularism in Nigeria
2313:. IFRA-Nigeria. pp. 57β99.
1774:Robinson, Kali (25 April 2005).
465:
2111:(Thesis). James White Library.
1885:
1313:
1077:Cambridge University Press 2008
593:
2447:Journal of Conflict Resolution
2084:10.31920/2634-7644/2020/v1n1a1
2045:10.1007/978-1-4614-6086-2_9120
1:
2355:10.1080/13600818.2020.1727427
2000:Yesufu, Momoh Lawani (2016).
1762:U.N.human rights bodies. 2004
1508:Campbell, John (1 May 2019).
748:
664:
580:Traditional African religions
2764:Ilesanmi, Simeon O. (2001).
2710:10.1080/01436597.2010.502725
2549:Sampson, IT (10 July 2012).
2524:10.1007/978-3-319-70443-2_18
2194:10.1017/cbo9780511819711.010
2128:"Chapter 5: British Nigeria"
1893:Pew Research Center (2010).
1812:Vo, Steven (12 April 2021).
1780:Council on Foreign Relations
1588:Adetayo, Ope (9 June 2022).
1560:Ugo, Chima (9 August 2022).
1514:Council on Foreign Relations
753:
7:
2118:10.32597/dissertations/1678
2019:10.17159/2412-4265/2016/255
10:
2875:
2619:10.5129/001041515816103257
2601:Buckley, David T. (2015).
2389:Ogowewo, Tunde I. (2000).
2342:Oxford Development Studies
1850:Pereira & Ibrahim 2010
1496:Ogbondah & Agbese 2018
1160:Constitution β Law Nigeria
789:Okolie & Osayande 2021
528:
2782:10.1093/afraf/100.401.529
2407:10.1017/S0021855300012195
2140:10.1163/9789004321199_006
1034:Isiani & Obi-Ani 2019
2459:10.1177/0022002714550085
2259:Akpan, Moses E. (1980).
885:Pew Research Center 2010
719:Secularism and democracy
22:This article is part of
2107:Abar, Emmanuel (2019).
1933:10.60082/2563-4631.1003
830:Encyclopedia Britannica
736:from Islamic extremism.
639:constitution of Nigeria
578:, and various forms of
523:Constitution of Nigeria
2583:""Political Shari'a"?"
2395:Journal of African Law
2319:10.4000/books.ifra.634
2265:Universal Human Rights
1450:Business Day (Nigeria)
622:Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
43:
2849:Secularism in Nigeria
2698:Third World Quarterly
1976:10.22364/hssl.29.2.05
1902:. Pew Research Center
685:Religious intolerance
515:government of Nigeria
511:Secularism in Nigeria
197:Religion and folklore
42:
2819:10.1093/afraf/adn015
2607:Comparative Politics
2186:A History of Nigeria
975:Oguntola-Laguda 2014
185:World Heritage Sites
2859:Religion in Nigeria
2854:Politics of Nigeria
1852:, pp. 921β937.
1802:, pp. 439β458.
1743:. 30 September 2017
1726:, pp. 103β134.
1498:, pp. 313β345.
1348:, pp. 617β644.
1310:, pp. 135β166.
1269:, pp. 315β328.
1185:, pp. 859β900.
1130:. 30 September 2021
1079:, pp. 136β157.
1036:, pp. 145β158.
776:, pp. 135β178.
679:Pew Research Center
673:Religious diversity
2844:Culture of Nigeria
2776:(401). : 529β554.
2668:10.4314/og.v14i1.5
2587:Human Rights Watch
2012:(1). UNISA Press.
1476:OrthoChristian.Com
1404:, pp. 85β103.
1021:, pp. 95β138.
898:"Islam in Nigeria"
472:Nigeria portal
44:
32:Culture of Nigeria
2533:978-3-319-70442-5
2054:978-1-4614-6085-5
1252:, pp. 57β99.
1235:, pp. 23β41.
977:, pp. 26β31.
791:, pp. 65β89.
632:Post-colonial era
508:
507:
379:New Yam Festivals
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2439:
2437:
2385:
2367:
2357:
2332:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2207:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2122:
2120:
2103:
2066:
2031:
2021:
1996:
1978:
1953:
1935:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1567:Prime 9ja Online
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1414:
1405:
1399:
1390:
1384:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1281:
1270:
1264:
1253:
1247:
1236:
1230:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1186:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1151:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1091:
1080:
1074:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1022:
1016:
1005:
999:
990:
989:, pp. 9β29.
984:
978:
972:
966:
965:
963:
961:
956:
948:
942:
941:
939:
937:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
894:
888:
882:
876:
875:
873:
871:
848:
842:
841:
839:
837:
822:
813:
807:
792:
786:
777:
771:
626:Herbert Macaulay
534:Pre-colonial era
500:
493:
486:
470:
469:
468:
263:Kingdom of Benin
41:
19:
18:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2834:
2833:
2807:African Affairs
2770:African Affairs
2760:
2758:Further reading
2755:
2746:
2744:
2639:
2637:
2591:
2589:
2571:
2569:
2534:
2504:
2502:
2435:
2433:
2329:
2297:
2295:
2249:
2247:
2229:10.2307/4144468
2204:
2174:
2172:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2055:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1676:. 29 April 2012
1668:
1667:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1647:. 30 April 2012
1639:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1273:
1265:
1256:
1248:
1239:
1231:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1189:
1181:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1152:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1128:BBC News Pidgin
1122:
1121:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1092:
1083:
1075:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1008:
1000:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
959:
957:
954:
950:
949:
945:
935:
933:
921:
917:
907:
905:
904:. 9 August 2012
896:
895:
891:
883:
879:
869:
867:
849:
845:
835:
833:
824:
823:
816:
808:
795:
787:
780:
772:
761:
756:
751:
721:
687:
675:
667:
634:
614:Obafemi Awolowo
596:
536:
531:
504:
466:
464:
457:
456:
417:
409:
408:
354:
346:
345:
286:
278:
277:
248:
240:
239:
198:
190:
189:
160:
152:
151:
90:
82:
81:
52:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2872:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2832:
2831:
2802:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2689:
2646:
2598:
2578:
2561:(1): 103β134.
2546:
2532:
2511:
2479:
2442:
2386:
2333:
2327:
2304:
2277:10.2307/761809
2256:
2208:
2202:
2181:
2161:
2148:
2123:
2104:
2067:
2053:
2032:
1997:
1954:
1911:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1804:
1792:
1766:
1754:
1728:
1711:
1687:
1658:
1632:
1621:. 10 June 2022
1619:Anadolu AjansΔ±
1606:
1580:
1552:
1526:
1500:
1488:
1463:
1435:
1406:
1391:
1374:
1350:
1338:
1312:
1300:
1271:
1254:
1237:
1216:
1187:
1172:
1141:
1112:
1081:
1064:
1038:
1023:
1006:
991:
979:
967:
943:
915:
889:
877:
843:
832:. 26 July 1999
814:
793:
778:
758:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
742:
741:
737:
733:
720:
717:
716:
715:
712:
708:
705:
702:
686:
683:
674:
671:
666:
663:
633:
630:
610:Nnamdi Azikiwe
595:
592:
535:
532:
530:
527:
506:
505:
503:
502:
495:
488:
480:
477:
476:
475:
474:
459:
458:
455:
454:
449:
447:Onitsha Market
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
344:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
287:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
232:
227:
222:
221:
220:
210:
205:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
144:
139:
134:
133:
132:
127:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
91:
88:
87:
84:
83:
80:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
53:
50:
49:
46:
45:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2871:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2501:
2497:
2494:(1): 85β103.
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2328:9789788025009
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2203:9780521862943
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2151:
2149:9789004321199
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1869:. 2 June 2022
1868:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1840:, p. 89.
1839:
1834:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1796:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1697:
1691:
1675:
1674:Vanguard News
1671:
1665:
1663:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1541:. 5 June 2022
1540:
1536:
1530:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1439:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1402:Sulaiman 1990
1398:
1396:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1360:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1251:
1250:Odinkalu 2001
1246:
1244:
1242:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1053:. 1 July 2022
1052:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1003:
998:
996:
988:
983:
976:
971:
953:
947:
932:
931:
926:
919:
903:
899:
893:
887:, p. 33.
886:
881:
866:
862:
858:
854:
847:
831:
827:
821:
819:
812:, p. 38.
811:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
790:
785:
783:
775:
770:
768:
766:
764:
759:
746:
738:
734:
730:
729:
728:
725:
713:
709:
706:
703:
700:
699:
698:
695:
691:
682:
680:
670:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
644:
640:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
605:
602:
601:indirect rule
591:
588:
587:secular state
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
501:
496:
494:
489:
487:
482:
481:
479:
478:
473:
463:
462:
461:
460:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
413:
412:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
350:
349:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
316:Edikang ikong
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
282:
281:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
244:
243:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
219:
216:
215:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
200:
194:
193:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
156:
155:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
86:
85:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
48:
47:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
2810:
2806:
2773:
2769:
2745:. Retrieved
2701:
2697:
2658:
2654:
2638:. Retrieved
2610:
2606:
2590:. Retrieved
2586:
2570:. Retrieved
2558:
2554:
2515:
2503:. Retrieved
2491:
2487:
2450:
2446:
2434:. Retrieved
2398:
2394:
2345:
2341:
2309:
2296:. Retrieved
2268:
2264:
2248:. Retrieved
2220:
2216:
2185:
2173:. Retrieved
2170:ResearchGate
2169:
2153:. Retrieved
2131:
2108:
2075:
2071:
2036:
2009:
2005:
1966:
1962:
1923:
1919:
1904:. Retrieved
1895:
1886:Bibliography
1871:. Retrieved
1866:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1821:. Retrieved
1817:
1807:
1800:Buckley 2015
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1779:
1769:
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1740:
1731:
1724:Sampson 2012
1702:. Retrieved
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1673:
1649:. Retrieved
1644:
1635:
1623:. Retrieved
1618:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1593:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1565:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1538:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1513:
1503:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1475:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1448:
1438:
1426:. Retrieved
1423:Vatican News
1422:
1389:, p. 1.
1365:. Retrieved
1353:
1341:
1329:. Retrieved
1315:
1308:Ogowewo 2000
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1207:. Retrieved
1163:. Retrieved
1159:
1132:. Retrieved
1127:
1103:. Retrieved
1099:
1055:. Retrieved
1050:
1041:
982:
970:
958:. Retrieved
946:
934:. Retrieved
928:
918:
906:. Retrieved
901:
892:
880:
868:. Retrieved
856:
846:
834:. Retrieved
829:
743:
726:
722:
696:
692:
688:
676:
668:
659:
655:
651:
647:
635:
618:Ahmadu Bello
606:
597:
594:Colonial era
584:
576:Christianity
537:
510:
509:
273:Architecture
235:Folk beliefs
229:
208:Christianity
180:Miss Nigeria
170:Coat of arms
147:Video gaming
95:Architecture
2365:1887/138558
1387:Yesufu 2016
1019:Linden 2016
810:Yesufu 2016
326:Pounded yam
291:Jollof rice
2838:Categories
2747:27 October
2640:27 October
2592:27 October
2572:27 October
2505:27 October
2436:27 October
2298:27 October
2250:27 October
2175:27 October
2155:27 October
1906:2023-10-24
1873:27 October
1838:Enweh 2019
1823:27 October
1785:27 October
1747:27 October
1704:27 October
1680:27 October
1651:27 October
1625:27 October
1599:27 October
1594:Al Jazeera
1573:27 October
1545:27 October
1519:27 October
1481:27 October
1456:27 October
1428:27 October
1367:27 October
1331:27 October
1293:27 October
1233:Akpan 1980
1209:27 October
1165:27 October
1134:27 October
1105:27 October
1057:27 October
987:Shitu 2020
960:27 October
936:27 October
908:27 October
870:27 October
865:1614299342
836:27 October
749:References
665:Challenges
416:Literature
230:Secularism
225:Irreligion
130:Television
125:Newspapers
115:Literature
2827:0001-9909
2790:0001-9909
2742:205477929
2718:0143-6597
2685:198768143
2677:1597-474X
2627:0010-4159
2567:1562-6997
2542:158309183
2500:1011-7601
2475:144786850
2467:0022-0027
2431:145120828
2415:0021-8553
2382:214449593
2374:1360-0818
2285:0163-2647
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