1398:
often the final scavenging process that takes trace chemicals and elements out of the water column. Sediments at this interface are more porous and can hold a larger volume of pore water in the interstitial sites due to high organic matter content and lack of settling. Therefore, chemical compounds in the water can undergo two main processes here: 1) diffusion and 2) biological mixing. Chemical diffusion into and out of the interstitial sites occurs primary through random molecular movement. While diffusion is the primary mode through which chemicals interact with the sediments, there are a number of physical mixing processes which facilitate this process (see
Physical Processes section). Chemical fluxes are dependent on several gradients such as, pH and chemical potential. Based on a specific chemical's partitioning parameters, the chemical may stay suspended in the water column, partition to biota, partition to suspended solids, or partition into the sediment. In addition, Fick's first law of diffusion states that the rate of diffusion is a function of distance; as time goes on, the concentration profile becomes linear. The availability of a variety of lake contaminants is determined by which reactions are taking place within the freshwater system.
1262:
1270:
1286:
55:
1509:). These constituents, diffused from the overlying water or the underlying sediment, can be used and/or formed during bacterial metabolism by different organisms or be released back into the water column. The steep redox gradients present at/within the sediment-water interface allow for a variety of aerobic and anaerobic organisms to survive and a variety of redox transformations to take place. Here are just a few of the microbial-mediated redox reactions that can take place within the sediment water interface.
1170:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1277:
1274:
31:
1293:
Physical movement of water and sediments alter the thickness and topography of the sediment-water interface. Sediment resuspension by waves, tides, or other disturbing forces (e.g. human feet at a beach) allows sediment pore water and other dissolved components to diffuse out of the sediments and mix
1298:
that is greater than the bed shear stress. For example, a very consolidated bed would only be resuspended under a high critical shear stress, while a "fluff layer" of very loose particles could be resuspended under a low critical shear stress. Depending on the type of lake, there can be a number of
1397:
Chemical reactions can occur at the sediment-water interface, abiotically. Examples of this would include the oxygenation of lake sediments as a function of free iron content in the sediment (i.e. pyrite formation in sediments), as well as sulfur availability via the sulfur cycle. Sedimentation is
1344:
Interactions between sediments and organisms living within sediments can also alter the fluxes of oxygen and other dissolved components in and out of the sediment-water interface. Animals like worms, mollusks and echinoderms can enhance resuspension and mixing through movement and construction of
1464:
When moving from the overlying waters to the sediment-water interface there is a 3-5 order of magnitude increase in the number of bacteria. While bacteria are present at the interface throughout the lake basin, their distributions and function vary with substrate, vegetation, and sunlight. For
1230:
and the overlying water column. The term usually refers to a thin layer (approximately 1 cm deep, though variable) of water at the very surface of sediments on the seafloor. In the ocean, estuaries, and lakes, this layer interacts with the water above it through physical flow and chemical
1252:
The location of the top of the sediment-water interface in the water column is defined as the break in the vertical gradient of some dissolved component, such as oxygen, where the concentration transitions from higher concentration in the well-mixed water above to a lower concentration at the
1273:
1389:) reactions can occur simply through the reactions of elements, or by oxidizing/reducing bacteria. The transformations and turnover of elements between sediments and water occur through abiotic chemical processes and microbiological chemical processes.
1303:
lakes do not mix. Polymictic lakes undergo frequent mixing and dimictic lakes mix twice a year. This type of lake mixing is a physical process that can be driven by overlaying winds, temperature differences, or shear stress within the lake.
1243:
generating mounds or trenches). Physical, biological, and chemical processes occur at the sediment-water interface as a result of a number of gradients such as chemical potential gradients, pore water gradients, and oxygen gradients.
1488:
Even though basin morphometry plays a role in the partitioning of bacteria within the lake, bacterial populations and functions are primarily driven by the availability of specific oxidants/electron acceptors
1385:
There are several chemical processes that happen abiotically (chemical reactions), as well as biotically (microbial or enzyme mediated reactions). For example, oxidation-reduction (
1194:
34:
The flux of oxygenated water into and out of the sediments is mediated by bioturbation or mixing of the sediments, for example, via the construction of worm tubes.
1265:
Waves and tidal currents can alter the topography of the sediment-water interface by forming sand ripples, like the ones shown here that are exposed at low tide.
1281:
Bioturbation mixes sediments and changes the topography of the sediment-water interface, as shown by time lapse photography of lugworms moving through sediment.
1349:. These microalgal mats' stabilizing effect is in part due to the stickiness of the exopolymeric substances (EPS) or biochemical "glue" that they secrete.
2026:
1473:, due to higher organic matter content in the former. And, a functional artifact of heavy vegetation at the interface might be a greater number of
1345:
burrows. Microorganisms such as benthic algae can stabilize sediments and keep the sediment-water interface in a more stable condition by building
1289:
The sulfur cycle is a great example of lake nutrient cycling that occurs via biologically mediated processes as well as chemical redox reactions.
582:
1930:
Tolhurst, T.J.; Gust, G.; Paterson, D.M. (2002). "The influence of an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) on cohesive sediment stability".
1733:
Gundersen, Jens K.; Jorgensen, Bo Barker (June 1990). "Microstructure of diffusive boundary layers and the oxygen uptake of the sea floor".
1784:
Phillips, Matthew C.; Solo-Gabriele, Helena M.; Reniers, Adrianus J. H. M.; Wang, John D.; Kiger, Russell T.; Abdel-Mottaleb, Noha (2011).
1201:
899:
483:
17:
1611:; Höhener, Patrick; Benoit, Gaboury; Brink, Marilyn Buchholtz-ten (1990). "Chemical processes at the sediment-water interface".
1231:
reactions mediated by the micro-organisms, animals, and plants living at the bottom of the water body. The topography of this
2120:
2085:
1909:
473:
1294:
with the water above. For resuspension to occur the movement of water has to be powerful enough to have a strong critical
1099:
1299:
mixing events each year that can influence the sediment interface. Amictic lakes are permanently stratified, similarly,
1261:
2154:
1947:
1866:
1709:
2172:"The Modulating Role of Dissolved Organic Matter on Spatial Patterns of Microbial Metabolism in Lake Erie Sediments"
1094:
1026:
769:
577:
1089:
1064:
1021:
638:
451:
663:
276:
1849:
Mehta, Ashish J.; Partheniades, Emmanuel (1982). "Resuspension of
Deposited Cohesive Sediment Beds".
1187:
1141:
774:
1964:
2240:
1074:
1069:
668:
1653:
Santschi, Peter; Höhener, Patrick; Benoit, Gaboury; Buchholtz-ten Brink, Marilyn (1990-01-01).
1564:
1352:
Biological processes that affect the sediment-water interface include, but are not limited to:
967:
619:
389:
381:
230:
2230:
2040:
2020:
1324:
1307:
Physical processes that affect the sediment-water interface include, but are not limited to:
1232:
518:
2001:
1976:
1797:
1742:
1666:
1620:
1569:
1513:
1314:
1106:
721:
695:
316:
70:
1253:
sediment surface. This can include less than 1 mm to several mm of the water column.
8:
851:
105:
1980:
1801:
1746:
1670:
1624:
2235:
2207:
1826:
1785:
1766:
1589:
1320:
1174:
1059:
821:
800:
756:
513:
367:
341:
271:
262:
110:
75:
1939:
1654:
1285:
2199:
2191:
2150:
2116:
2081:
1943:
1862:
1831:
1813:
1758:
1715:
1705:
1682:
1678:
1632:
1518:
1330:
861:
737:
690:
468:
331:
302:
297:
221:
145:
2211:
1809:
2183:
2142:
2073:
1935:
1854:
1821:
1805:
1770:
1750:
1674:
1628:
1373:
928:
706:
683:
648:
129:
54:
2077:
1465:
example, the bacterial population at the sediment-water interface in a vegetative
2110:
1579:
1574:
1523:
1300:
1111:
1081:
951:
875:
790:
764:
596:
525:
431:
2065:
1885:
1608:
1537:
1470:
1148:
1036:
941:
841:
795:
785:
732:
436:
426:
409:
326:
2187:
2109:
Schwarzenbach, René P.; Gschwend, Philip M.; Imboden, Dieter M. (2016-10-12).
1858:
2224:
2195:
1817:
1762:
1686:
1549:
1466:
1346:
1236:
1131:
1116:
856:
658:
643:
614:
572:
567:
547:
446:
399:
357:
257:
249:
2171:
2146:
1719:
2203:
1835:
1559:
1356:
1295:
1240:
1215:
1153:
1136:
1121:
962:
846:
742:
552:
530:
478:
441:
421:
414:
336:
307:
2136:
1401:
Chemical reactions at the sediment water interface are listed here below:
1474:
1031:
904:
891:
870:
816:
805:
678:
631:
604:
508:
458:
346:
1652:
1126:
716:
540:
535:
321:
287:
119:
1754:
1219:
1016:
1001:
985:
946:
711:
673:
609:
362:
1227:
936:
394:
235:
46:
1908:
Gingras, Murray K.; Pemberton, S. George; Smith, Michael (2015).
1704:. Gruber, Nicolas, 1968-. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1554:
1361:
1239:
causing rippling or resuspension) and biological processes (e.g.
990:
980:
653:
626:
292:
175:
124:
1934:. Proceedings in Marine Science. Vol. 5. pp. 409–425.
1783:
1235:
is often dynamic, as it is affected by physical processes (e.g.
27:
The boundary between bed sediment and the overlying water column
1584:
189:
140:
135:
1386:
1367:
1011:
1006:
562:
557:
404:
194:
2108:
1999:
1786:"Pore Water Transport of Enterococci out of Beach Sediments"
914:
909:
503:
199:
170:
165:
160:
30:
1607:
1910:"Bioturbation: Reworking Sediments for Better or Worse"
1699:
2070:
1907:
1469:
tends to be larger than the population of the deeper
1929:
1655:"Chemical processes at the sediment-water interface"
2170:Hoostal, Matthew J.; Bouzat, Juan L. (2008-02-01).
1732:
2063:
1848:
2222:
2009:International Journal of Air and Water Pollution
1932:Fine Sediment Dynamics in the Marine Environment
1366:Bacterial use of different chemical "food" (see
2064:Thibodeaux, Louis J.; Germano, Joseph (2012),
2169:
2066:"Sediment–Water Interfaces, Chemical Flux at"
1195:
2025:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1202:
1188:
2041:"NetLogo Models Library: Solid Diffusion"
1825:
1454:
1284:
1268:
1260:
29:
1339:
14:
2223:
2104:
2102:
2000:Gardner, Wayne, Lee, G. Fred (1965).
1380:
1256:
1962:
1880:
1878:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1477:, a genus of bacteria that can fix N
24:
2099:
1919:. Oilfield Review. pp. 46–58.
25:
2252:
1875:
1639:
1426:Manganese reduction- Mn --> Mn
2072:, Springer, pp. 9128–9145,
1169:
1168:
53:
2163:
2129:
2112:Environmental Organic Chemistry
2057:
2033:
2002:"Oxygenation of Lake Sediments"
1993:
1956:
1810:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.08.049
1700:Sarmiento, Jorge Louis (2006).
583:Microbial calcite precipitation
2068:, in Meyers, Robert A. (ed.),
1923:
1901:
1842:
1777:
1726:
1693:
1601:
1376:of organic carbon and detritus
13:
1:
2078:10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_645
1940:10.1016/s1568-2692(02)80030-4
1702:Ocean biogeochemical dynamics
1595:
1247:
298:Aeolian (windborne) transport
1679:10.1016/0304-4203(90)90076-O
1633:10.1016/0304-4203(90)90076-o
1429:Iron reduction- Fe --> Fe
1226:is the boundary between bed
7:
1543:
1090:cross-cutting relationships
639:Amorphous calcium carbonate
10:
2257:
1969:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
1392:
664:Coastal sediment transport
2188:10.1007/s00248-007-9281-7
2115:. John Wiley & Sons.
1859:10.1061/9780872623736.095
1790:Marine Pollution Bulletin
474:Soft-sediment deformation
71:Terrigenous (lithogenous)
1851:Coastal Engineering 1982
1459:
1224:sediment–water interface
775:calcareous nannoplankton
464:Sediment–water interface
18:Sediment-water interface
2147:10.1016/c2009-0-02112-6
1319:Rippling (either small
669:Coastal sediment supply
442:Paleocurrent indicators
1565:Benthic boundary layer
1290:
1282:
1266:
1100:original horizontality
770:biogenic calcification
620:oolitic aragonite sand
390:Sedimentary structures
231:Oolitic aragonite sand
35:
1481:to ionic ammonium (NH
1455:Biologically mediated
1439:Methane formation- CH
1432:Sulfate reduction- SO
1405:Oxygen consumption- O
1325:giant current ripples
1288:
1280:
1264:
33:
2045:ccl.northwestern.edu
1963:Bada, J. L. (2001).
1570:Biogeochemical cycle
1340:Biological processes
1981:2001AGUFM.U51A..11B
1802:2011MarPB..62.2293P
1747:1990Natur.345..604G
1671:1990MarCh..30..269S
1625:1990MarCh..30..269S
1528:Manganese reduction
1514:Aerobic respiration
1416:Denitrification- NO
900:Soil carbon storage
835:Sedimentary ecology
757:Biogenous sediments
41:Part of a series on
1590:Sediment transport
1381:Chemical processes
1331:Turbidity currents
1291:
1283:
1267:
1257:Physical processes
1142:carbonate-silicate
1112:Sedimentary record
1095:lateral continuity
892:Sedimentary carbon
822:Reverse weathering
801:diatomaceous earth
484:Vegetation-induced
368:Turbidity currents
342:ice-sheet dynamics
272:Sediment transport
263:Sedimentary budget
36:
2176:Microbial Ecology
2122:978-1-118-76704-7
2087:978-1-4419-0851-3
1796:(11): 2293–2298.
1741:(6276): 604–607.
1534:Sulfate reduction
1519:Nitrogen fixation
1335:Bed consolidation
1278:
1212:
1211:
862:Soil biodiversity
738:Sedimentary basin
691:Marine regression
469:Sedimentary basin
332:Fluvial processes
303:Biomineralization
222:Manganese nodules
16:(Redirected from
2248:
2216:
2215:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2016:
2006:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1755:10.1038/345604a0
1730:
1724:
1723:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1659:Marine Chemistry
1650:
1637:
1636:
1613:Marine Chemistry
1605:
1374:Remineralization
1279:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1177:
1172:
1171:
929:Sedimentary rock
684:pelagic red clay
649:Continental rise
57:
38:
37:
21:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2018:
2017:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1928:
1924:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1847:
1843:
1782:
1778:
1731:
1727:
1712:
1698:
1694:
1651:
1640:
1609:Santschi, Peter
1606:
1602:
1598:
1580:Nepheloid layer
1575:Marine sediment
1546:
1524:Denitrification
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1484:
1480:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1408:
1395:
1383:
1342:
1269:
1259:
1250:
1208:
1167:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1082:Legacy sediment
1051:
1043:
1042:
1041:
997:
974:
958:
931:
921:
920:
919:
894:
884:
883:
882:
876:root microbiome
866:
836:
828:
827:
826:
812:
791:biogenic silica
781:
765:Calcareous ooze
759:
749:
748:
747:
728:
702:
599:
597:Marine sediment
589:
588:
587:
498:
490:
489:
488:
384:
374:
373:
372:
353:
312:
283:
267:
252:
242:
241:
240:
226:
216:
208:
207:
206:
182:
154:
132:
115:
100:
92:
91:
90:
80:
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2254:
2244:
2243:
2241:Marine geology
2238:
2233:
2218:
2217:
2182:(2): 358–368.
2162:
2155:
2128:
2121:
2098:
2086:
2056:
2032:
1992:
1955:
1948:
1922:
1900:
1886:"Book sources"
1874:
1867:
1841:
1776:
1725:
1710:
1692:
1638:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1538:Methanogenesis
1535:
1532:
1531:Iron reduction
1529:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1482:
1478:
1471:profundal zone
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1394:
1391:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1317:
1312:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1149:Paleolimnology
1146:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
998:
996:
995:
994:
993:
988:
983:
975:
973:
972:
971:
970:
959:
957:
956:
955:
954:
949:
939:
933:
932:
927:
926:
923:
922:
918:
917:
912:
907:
902:
896:
895:
890:
889:
886:
885:
881:
880:
879:
878:
867:
865:
864:
859:
854:
852:soil pathogens
849:
844:
842:Soil biomantle
838:
837:
834:
833:
830:
829:
825:
824:
819:
813:
811:
810:
809:
808:
803:
798:
796:silicification
793:
786:Siliceous ooze
782:
780:
779:
778:
777:
772:
761:
760:
755:
754:
751:
750:
746:
745:
740:
735:
733:Salt tectonics
729:
727:
726:
725:
724:
719:
714:
703:
701:
700:
699:
698:
688:
687:
686:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
635:
634:
624:
623:
622:
617:
607:
601:
600:
595:
594:
591:
590:
586:
585:
580:
578:Mineralization
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
544:
543:
538:
533:
523:
522:
521:
516:
511:
500:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
487:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
455:
454:
449:
439:
434:
429:
427:Alluvial river
424:
419:
418:
417:
412:
410:graded bedding
407:
402:
392:
386:
385:
380:
379:
376:
375:
371:
370:
365:
360:
354:
352:
351:
350:
349:
344:
334:
329:
327:Exner equation
324:
319:
313:
311:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
284:
282:
281:
280:
279:
268:
266:
265:
260:
254:
253:
248:
247:
244:
243:
239:
238:
233:
227:
225:
224:
218:
217:
215:By composition
214:
213:
210:
209:
205:
204:
203:
202:
197:
192:
183:
181:
180:
179:
178:
173:
168:
163:
155:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
143:
133:
127:
116:
114:
113:
108:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
63:
62:
59:
58:
50:
49:
43:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2253:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2156:9780127447605
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2103:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1949:9780444511362
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1868:9780872623736
1864:
1860:
1856:
1853:: 1569–1588.
1852:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1711:9780691017075
1707:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
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1634:
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1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
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1591:
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1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1550:Anoxic waters
1548:
1547:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1492:
1486:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:littoral zone
1438:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1415:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1390:
1388:
1375:
1372:
1369:
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1334:
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1326:
1322:
1318:
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1310:
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1308:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1287:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1117:Sedimentology
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
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1057:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
977:
976:
969:
966:
965:
964:
961:
960:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
930:
925:
924:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
893:
888:
887:
877:
874:
873:
872:
869:
868:
863:
860:
858:
857:Pedodiversity
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
832:
831:
823:
820:
818:
815:
814:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
787:
784:
783:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
766:
763:
762:
758:
753:
752:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
708:
705:
704:
697:
696:transgression
694:
693:
692:
689:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
659:Bioirrigation
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
644:Calcification
642:
640:
637:
633:
630:
629:
628:
625:
621:
618:
616:
615:aragonite sea
613:
612:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
598:
593:
592:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
573:Hydropedology
571:
569:
568:Soil salinity
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
527:
524:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
505:
502:
501:
497:Soil sediment
494:
493:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
453:
450:
448:
447:sole markings
445:
444:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
400:cross-bedding
398:
397:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
383:
378:
377:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
358:Lithification
356:
355:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
269:
264:
261:
259:
258:Sedimentation
256:
255:
251:
246:
245:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
223:
220:
219:
212:
211:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
185:
184:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
157:
156:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
96:
95:
86:
83:
82:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
45:
44:
40:
39:
32:
19:
2231:Oceanography
2179:
2175:
2165:
2137:
2131:
2111:
2091:, retrieved
2069:
2059:
2048:. Retrieved
2044:
2035:
2021:cite journal
2012:
2008:
1995:
1984:. Retrieved
1972:
1968:
1958:
1931:
1925:
1917:Schlumberger
1916:
1903:
1893:, retrieved
1889:
1850:
1844:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1701:
1695:
1662:
1658:
1616:
1612:
1603:
1560:Benthic zone
1490:
1487:
1463:
1400:
1396:
1384:
1357:Bioturbation
1351:
1343:
1321:wave ripples
1311:Resuspension
1306:
1296:shear stress
1292:
1251:
1241:bioturbation
1223:
1216:oceanography
1213:
1154:Biosignature
1122:Stratigraphy
1075:soil science
1070:paleontology
1027:Organic-rich
968:conglomerate
847:Soil zoology
743:Tidal bundle
722:hemipelagite
553:Soil horizon
519:permeability
479:Unconformity
463:
422:Alluvial fan
415:ripple marks
382:By structure
337:Glacier flow
308:Bioturbation
1665:: 269–315.
1619:: 269–315.
1475:Azotobacter
1443:O --> CO
1086:Principles
1032:Phosphorite
905:Soil carbon
871:Rhizosphere
817:Microfossil
806:radiolarite
679:Marine clay
632:calcite sea
605:Abyssal fan
459:River delta
452:imbrication
347:ice rafting
87:Hydrogenous
84:Cosmogenous
2225:Categories
2093:2020-05-15
2050:2020-05-15
2015:: 553–564.
1986:2020-05-15
1965:"NASA/ADS"
1895:2020-05-15
1596:References
1370:reactions)
1315:Deposition
1301:meromictic
1248:Definition
1127:Rock cycle
1107:Provenance
1065:geological
942:Carbonates
717:contourite
674:Evaporites
526:morphology
514:pore space
322:Concretion
317:Compaction
288:Weathering
250:By process
120:Grain size
99:By texture
2236:Sediments
2196:1432-184X
2138:Limnology
1890:Knowledge
1818:0025-326X
1763:1476-4687
1687:0304-4203
1436:--> HS
1233:interface
1220:limnology
1037:Siliceous
1022:Iron-rich
1017:Greywacke
1002:Evaporite
986:sandstone
947:limestone
712:turbidite
610:Aragonite
363:Siltation
106:Roundness
76:Biogenous
64:By origin
47:Sediments
2212:25154731
2204:17607503
2141:. 2001.
1836:21945015
1720:60651167
1544:See also
1420:--> N
1409:--> H
1362:Biofilms
1237:currents
1228:sediment
1175:Category
1056:History
952:dolomite
937:Badlands
395:Bedforms
236:Tektites
1977:Bibcode
1827:3202074
1798:Bibcode
1771:4324203
1743:Bibcode
1667:Bibcode
1621:Bibcode
1555:Benthos
1393:Abiotic
1132:calcium
1060:geology
1050:Related
991:mudrock
981:breccia
963:Clastic
707:Pelagic
654:Bay mud
627:Calcite
531:texture
293:Erosion
277:coastal
176:colloid
146:granule
125:boulder
111:Sorting
2210:
2202:
2194:
2153:
2119:
2084:
1946:
1865:
1834:
1824:
1816:
1769:
1761:
1735:Nature
1718:
1708:
1685:
1585:Seabed
1222:, the
1173:
1137:silica
548:Catena
509:matrix
405:duness
190:oolite
186:Other
141:pebble
136:gravel
130:cobble
2208:S2CID
2005:(PDF)
1913:(PDF)
1767:S2CID
1460:Lakes
1387:redox
1368:Redox
1012:Chert
1007:Chalk
563:Humin
558:Humus
541:color
536:value
432:Fault
195:scree
2200:PMID
2192:ISSN
2151:ISBN
2117:ISBN
2082:ISBN
2027:link
1973:2001
1944:ISBN
1863:ISBN
1832:PMID
1814:ISSN
1759:ISSN
1716:OCLC
1706:ISBN
1683:ISSN
1505:, CO
1501:, SO
1497:, NO
1491:e.g.
1447:, CH
1347:mats
1218:and
915:Peat
910:Coal
504:Soil
437:Fold
200:till
171:clay
166:silt
161:sand
2184:doi
2143:doi
2074:doi
1936:doi
1855:doi
1822:PMC
1806:doi
1751:doi
1739:345
1675:doi
1629:doi
1493:, O
1485:).
1323:or
1214:In
2227::
2206:.
2198:.
2190:.
2180:55
2178:.
2174:.
2149:.
2101:^
2080:,
2043:.
2023:}}
2019:{{
2011:.
2007:.
1975:.
1971:.
1967:.
1942:.
1915:.
1888:,
1877:^
1861:.
1830:.
1820:.
1812:.
1804:.
1794:62
1792:.
1788:.
1765:.
1757:.
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1737:.
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1681:.
1673:.
1663:30
1661:.
1657:.
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2186::
2159:.
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2076::
2053:.
2029:)
2013:9
1989:.
1979::
1952:.
1938::
1871:.
1857::
1838:.
1808::
1800::
1773:.
1753::
1745::
1722:.
1689:.
1677::
1669::
1635:.
1631::
1623::
1507:2
1503:4
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1203:e
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20:)
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