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abused in early childhood; rather, Freud used the analytic interpretation of symptoms and patients' associations, and the exerting of pressure on the patient, in an attempt to induce the "reproduction" of the deeply repressed memories he posited. Though he reported he had succeeded in achieving this aim, he also acknowledged that the patients generally remained unconvinced that what they had experienced indicated that they had actually been sexually abused in infancy. Freud's reports of the seduction theory episode went through a series of changes over the years, culminating in the traditional story based on his last account, in
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evidence that the data he reportedly acquired were accurate (that he had discovered genuine abuse). He thought that the community could not yet handle the clinical case stories about sexual abuse. He did not want to present these stories before the seduction theory had become more accepted. Freud made several arguments to support the position that the memories he had uncovered were genuine. One of them was, according to Freud, that the patients were not simply remembering the events as they would normally forgotten material; rather they were essentially reliving the events, with all the accompanying painful sensory experiences.
62:
934:, met at Mount Sinai Hospital to reconsider the Seduction Theory, during which they discussed what any therapist can really know about their patients' true histories and whether that lack of certainty about the truth matters for treatment. Shengold called the meeting, "a Woodstock of epistemology." And the analyst Robert Michaels, defending psychoanalysts' lack of historical truth about their patients said, "We are experts not in helping patients learn facts but in helping them construct useful myths. We are fantasy doctors, not reality doctors."
31:
790:". Using a sample of 18 patients—male and female—from his practice, he concluded that all of them had been the victims of sexual assaults by various caretakers. The cause of the patient's distress lay in a trauma inflicted by an actor in the child's social environment. The source of internal psychic pain lay in an act inflicted upon the child from outside. This led to his well-known "seduction theory".
797:, published weekly in Vienna, on May 14, 1896, three papers were reported from the April 21 meeting (p. 420). Two of the papers were reported in the usual manner. Invariably, the practice was to give the title of a paper, a brief summary of its contents, and an account of the ensuing discussion. But in the citation of the last paper, there was a break with tradition. The report reads as follows:
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877:, the unconscious memory does not break through , so the secret of the childhood experiences is not disclosed even in the most confused delirium." (In the same letter Freud wrote that his loss of faith in his theory would remain known only to himself and Fliess, and in fact he did not make known his abandonment of the theory publicly until 1906.)
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use of suggestion and the exerting of pressure to induce his patients to "reproduce" the deeply repressed memories he posited, has led several Freud scholars and historians of psychology to cast doubt on the validity of his findings, whether of actual infantile abuse, or, as he later decided, unconscious fantasies.
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On two occasions Freud wrote that he would be presenting the clinical evidence for his claims, but he never did so, which some critics have contended means that they have had to be taken largely on trust. Freud's clinical methodology at the time, involving the symbolic interpretation of symptoms, the
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memories and feelings incompatible with the central mass of thoughts and feelings that constitute his or her experience. Psychic disorders are a direct consequence of experiences that cannot be assimilated. Unconscious memories of infantile sexual abuse was a necessary condition for the development
808:
On the other hand, Freud had no trouble publishing three papers on the subject in a matter of months. Doubt has been cast on the notion that the occurrence of child sexual abuse was not acknowledged by most of Freud's colleagues. It has been pointed out that they were skeptical about Freud's claims
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Freud had a lot of data as evidence for the seduction theory, but rather than presenting the actual data on which he based his conclusions (his clinical cases and what he had learned from them) or the methods he used to acquire the data (his psychoanalytic technique), he instead addressed only the
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memories of sexual abuse in infancy. In the three seduction theory papers published in 1896, Freud stated that with all his current patients he had been able to uncover such abuse, mostly below the age of four. These papers indicate that the patients did not relate stories of having been sexually
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There were some serious negative consequences of this shift. The most obvious negative consequence was that a limited interpretation of Freud's theory of infantile sexuality would cause some therapists and others to deny reported sexual abuse as fantasy; a situation that has given rise to much
820:: the shaping of the mind by experience. This theory held that hysteria and obsessional neurosis are caused by repressed memories of infantile sexual abuse. Infantile sexual abuse, the root of all neurosis, is premature introduction of sexuality into the experience of the child.
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creates affects and thoughts that simply cannot be integrated. The adult who had a normal, non-traumatic childhood is able to contain and assimilate sexual feelings into a continuous sense of self. Freud proposed that adults who experienced sexual abuse as a child suffer from
866:, not excluding my own, had to be accused of being perverse" if he were to be able to maintain the theory; and the "realization of the unexpected frequency of hysteria... whereas surely such widespread perversions against children are not very probable."
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Third, Freud referred to indications that, he argued, the unconscious is unable to distinguish fact from fiction. In the unconscious there is no sign of reality, so one cannot differentiate between the truth and the fiction invested with
1061:, xxxv: 937-65; Israëls, H. and Schatzman, M. (1993). The Seduction Theory. History of Psychiatry, iv: 23-59; McCullough, M. L. (2001). Freud's seduction theory and its rehabilitation: A saga of one mistake after another.
885:. The impulses, fantasies and conflicts that Freud claimed to have uncovered beneath the neurotic symptoms of his patients derived not from external contamination, he now believed, but from the mind of the child itself.
1074:
Masson (1984), pp. 276, 281; Garcia (1987); Schimek (1987); Israëls and
Schatzman (1993); Salyard, A. (1994), On Not Knowing What You Know: Object-coercive Doubting and Freud's Announcement of the Seduction Theory,
699:
2067:
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Esterson, Allen (2001). The
Mythologizing of Psychoanalytic History: deception and self-deception in Freud's accounts of the seduction theory episode. History of Psychiatry, Vol. 12 (3),
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or a molestation experience was the essential precondition for hysterical or obsessional symptoms, with the addition of an active sexual experience up to the age of eight for the latter.
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In the traditional account of development of seduction theory, Freud initially thought that his patients were relating more or less factual stories of sexual mistreatment, and that the
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An alternative account that has come to the fore in recent
Freudian scholarship emphasizes that the theory, as posited by Freud, was that hysteria and obsessional neurosis result from
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of one hundred percent confirmation of his theory, and would have been aware of criticisms that his suggestive clinical procedures were liable to produce findings of doubtful
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Gleaves, D. H., Hernandez, E. (1999). Recent reformulations of Freud's development and abandonment of his seduction theory. History of psychology, 2 (4), 324-354.
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Freud did not publish the reasons that led to his abandoning the seduction theory in 1897–1898. For these we have to turn to a letter he wrote to his confidant
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Esterson, Allen (1998). Jeffrey Masson and Freud's
Seduction Theory: a new fable based on old myths. History of the Human Sciences, 11 (1), pp. 1–21.
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First, he referred to his inability to "bring a single analysis to a real conclusion" and "the absence of complete successes" on which he had counted.
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801:(Sigmund Freud, lecturer: On the Aetiology of Hysteria.) There was no summary and no discussion. Freud published it a few weeks later in the
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Masson (1984), p. 273; Paul, R. A. (1985). Freud and the
Seduction Theory: A Critical Examination of Masson's "The Assault on "Truth",
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of certain disorders, hysteria in particular. But another condition had to be met: There had to be an unconscious memory of the abuse.
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On the evening of April 21, 1896, Sigmund Freud presented a paper before his colleagues at the
Society for Psychiatry and Neurology in
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Joyce, P. A. (1995). Psychoanalytic theory, child sexual abuse and clinical social work. Clinical social work journal, 23 (2), 199-214
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1057:, Vol. 42. Yale University Press, pp. 443-468; Schimek, J. G. (1987). Fact and Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: a Historical Review.
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Esterson, Allen (2002). "The myth of Freud's ostracism by the medical community in 1896-1905: Jeffrey Masson's assault on truth".
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Cioffi (1998 ), pp. 199-204; Schimek (1987); Salyard (1994); Esterson (1998); Eissler (2001), pp. 107-117; Allen, B. P. (1997).
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problems. Within a few years Freud abandoned his theory, concluding that the memories of sexual abuse were in fact imaginary
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In 1998, a century after Freud abandoned the
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1092:, Routledge, pp. 9-10; Toews, J. E. (1991). Historicizing Psychoanalysis: Freud in His Time and for Our Time,
899:). However, without the rejection of the seduction theory, concepts such as the unconscious, repressions, the
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Smith, (1991), pp. 11-14; Triplett, H. (2005). "The
Misnomer of Freud's 'Seduction Theory'",
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Masson (ed.) (1985), pp. 264-266; Masson (1984), pp. 108-110; Israëls and
Schatzman, (1993).
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The collapse of the seduction theory led in 1897 to the emergence of Freud's new theory of
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Schimek, J. G. (1987). "Fact and
Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: A Historical Review."
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Schimek, (1987); Israëls and Schatzman (1993); Salyard, A. (1994); Esterson, A. (2001).
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946:, psychoanalyst and theorist who took up Freud's abandoned theory and developed his
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1113:, vol. 8, pp. 161-187; Garcia (1987); Schimek, (1987); Eissler, (2001), pp. 114-116.
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Masson (ed.) (1985), pp. 141, 144; Garcia, E. E. (1987). Freud's Seduction Theory.
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The medical journals of that time did not report Freud's lecture. In the
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that he believed provided the solution to the problem of the origins of
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Masson (ed.) 1985, pp. 141, 144; Schimek (1987); Smith (1991), pp. 7-8.
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Freud, S. (1896b). Further remarks on the neuro-psychoses of defence.
1299:, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks.Cole, pp. 484-485; McNally, R. J. (2003),
1031:. London: Hogarth Press, p. 28; Clark (1980), p. 156; Gay, P. (1988).
1970:
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ed. and trans. J. M. Masson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1171:. University of California Press, p. 114-115; Borch-Jacobsen (1996),
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Hidden Conversations: An Introduction to Communicative Psychoanalysis
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stages of childhood would never have been added to human knowledge.
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Postcards From the End of the World: Child Abuse in Freud's Vienna
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Child Abuse in Freud's Vienna: Postcards From the End of the World
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The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess 1887-1904.
1295:, Boston: Allyn & Bacon, pp. 43-45; Hergenhahn, B. R. (1997),
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1906:
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The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory
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1014:. Volume 1. London: Hogarth Press, p. 289; Clark, R. W. (1980).
1960:
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Freud, S. (1896a). Heredity and the aetiology of the neuroses.
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1591:"Interview with Larry Wolff on Freud and the Seduction Theory"
1096:, vol. 63 (pp. 504-545), p. 510, n.12; McNally, R. J. (2003),
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Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought
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Freud's seduction theory emphasizes the causative impact of
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Fourth, Freud wrote of his belief that in "deep-reaching
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Second, he wrote of his "surprise that in all cases, the
1303:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 159-169.
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Personality Theories: Development, Growth and Diversity
1179:, 76, Spring 1996, MIT, pp. 15-43; Esterson, A. (2002).
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Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work
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Freud and the Seduction Theory: A Brief Love Affair
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Masson (ed.) (1985), p. 265; Masson (1984), p. 109.
1214:, 1896a, pp. 151-152; 1896b, p. 166, 1896c, p. 211.
799:
Docent Sigm. Freud: Über die Ätiologie der Hysterie
1546:Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
1437:, New York: International Universities Press, 2001
1330:Israëls and Schatzman (1993); Esterson, A. (2001).
1059:Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
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1010:Masson (ed.) (1985), p. 187; Jones, E. (1953).
448:The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis
1513:Freud, S. (1896c). The aetiology of hysteria.
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1260:Robinson, P. (1993), p. 107; Esterson (2001).
1231:: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory
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1803:Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
1713:Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
1297:An Introduction to the History of Psychology
1282:Schimek (1987); Eissler (2001), pp. 114-116.
1681:Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious
1520:Israëls, Han and Schatzman, Morton (1993).
772:New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis
1819:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement
1705:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement
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1197:Mitchell, S. A., and Black, M. J. (1995).
748:was responsible for many of his patients'
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590:International Psychoanalytical Association
1586:"Freud and Seduction Theory Reconsidered"
1273:, 2005, University of Pennsylvania Press.
1173:Neurotica: Freud and the Seduction Theory
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1447:: Volume III Psychoanalytic Series, 1973
1425:Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience.
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1100:, Harvard University Press, pp. 159-169.
1044:Jahoda (1977), p. 28; Gay (1988), p. 96.
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27:Abandoned 1890s psychological hypothesis
1833:Thoughts for the Times on War and Death
1779:Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
1555:. New York: New York University Press.
1384:"Analysts Get Together for a Synthesis"
1351:"Analysts Get Together for a Synthesis"
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1787:Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva
1534:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
1427:Chicago: Open Court, pp. 199–204.
1233:, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York.
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1111:Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology
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1088:Schimek (1987); Smith, D. L. (1991).
1673:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
1537:Masson, Jeffrey M. (editor) (1985).
1055:The Psychological Study of the Child
1029:Freud and the Dilemmas of Psychology
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584:Psychoanalytic Training and Research
374:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
948:théorie de la séduction généralisée
595:World Association of Psychoanalysis
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1563:. Originally published in 1988 as
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83:Psychosocial development (Erikson)
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1795:Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming
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1452:http://human-nature.com/esterson/
600:List of schools of psychoanalysis
1745:Civilization and Its Discontents
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428:Civilization and Its Discontents
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795:Wiener klinische Wochenschrift
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468:The Sublime Object of Ideology
438:The Mass Psychology of Fascism
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1849:Beyond the Pleasure Principle
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729:. According to the theory, a
408:Beyond the Pleasure Principle
398:Psychology of the Unconscious
1729:The Question of Lay Analysis
1658:The Interpretation of Dreams
1063:Review of General Psychology
1016:Freud: The Man and the Cause
1012:Sigmund Freud: Life and Work
714:posited in the mid-1890s by
364:The Interpretation of Dreams
37:, founder of Psychoanalysis.
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1530:Masson, Jeffrey M. (1984).
1445:Symbol, Dream and Psychosis
1382:Boxer, Sarah (1998-03-14).
1349:Boxer, Sarah (1998-03-14).
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1137:Freud: A Life for Our Time
1033:Freud: A Life for Our Time
855:dated 21 September 1897.
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2146:Freud: The Secret Passion
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1772:The Aetiology of Hysteria
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1737:The Future of an Illusion
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1094:Journal of Modern History
971:Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson
788:The Aetiology of Hysteria
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563:Boston Graduate School of
2221:Clement Freud (grandson)
1993:Psychosexual development
1863:Dostoevsky and Parricide
1841:Mourning and Melancholia
1140:. New York: W. W. Norton
1018:. Jonathan Cape, p. 156.
959:Auguste Ambroise Tardieu
695:Freud's seduction theory
78:Psychosexual development
2231:Walter Freud (grandson)
2226:Lucian Freud (grandson)
1201:. Basic Books, New York
2246:Edward Bernay (nephew)
2122:Views on homosexuality
2085:London home and museum
2080:Vienna home and museum
1567:. New York: Atheneum.
1522:"The Seduction Theory"
1065:, vol. 5, no. 1: 3-22.
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2277:History of psychology
2236:Amalia Freud (mother)
2211:Anna Freud (daughter)
2206:Martha Bernays (wife)
1551:Wolff, Larry (1995).
1525:History of Psychiatry
1473:History of Psychology
1169:Freud and his Critics
1167:Robinson, P. (1993).
1158:Masson (1984), p. 11.
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1077:Psychoanalytic Review
988:In the Freud Archives
901:repetition compulsion
656:Psychology portal
635:Psychoanalytic theory
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2216:Ernst L. Freud (son)
2186:Freud's Last Session
1956:Id, ego and superego
1933:Daniel Paul Schreber
1753:Moses and Monotheism
1251:Esterson, A. (2001).
1229:The Assault on Truth
1149:Masson (1984), p. 6.
1035:, Norton, pp. 92-94.
977:The Freudian Coverup
966:The Assault on Truth
892:The Freudian Coverup
620:Child psychoanalysis
108:Id, ego and superego
46:a series of articles
2282:Freudian psychology
2162:Mahler on the Couch
1650:Studies on Hysteria
1422:"Was Freud a Liar?"
1027:Jahoda, M. (1977).
883:infantile sexuality
143:Countertransference
2292:Child sexual abuse
2272:1896 introductions
2170:A Dangerous Method
2037:Deferred obedience
1721:The Ego and the Id
1517:, Vol. 3, 191–221.
1463:2008-08-28 at the
1388:The New York Times
1355:The New York Times
1301:Remembering Trauma
1098:Remembering Trauma
735:child sexual abuse
708:Verführungstheorie
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418:The Ego and the Id
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2063:Bibliography
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1988:Transference
1966:Preconscious
1874:Case studies
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387:of Sexuality
383:
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228:Freud (Anna)
138:Transference
123:Introjection
113:Ego defenses
93:Preconscious
2189:(2023 film)
2173:(2011 film)
2165:(2010 film)
2157:(1993 play)
2154:The Visitor
2149:(1962 film)
2090:1971 statue
1927:("Wolfman")
1883:(Ida Bauer)
1661:(including
1458:pp. 329-352
928:Jacob Arlow
847:Abandonment
827:unconscious
766:unconscious
724:obsessional
88:Unconscious
2297:Hypotheses
2266:Categories
2251:Jofi (dog)
2138:depictions
2003:Anal stage
1998:Oral stage
1976:censorship
1642:On Aphasia
1561:0814792871
1401:2023-09-11
1368:2023-09-11
999:References
752:and other
712:hypothesis
537:Relational
148:Resistance
118:Projection
2097:Interment
1971:Ego ideal
1920:"Rat Man"
1907:"Anna O."
1700:(1916–17)
1663:On Dreams
1396:0362-4331
1363:0362-4331
875:psychosis
758:fantasies
700:‹See Tfd›
338:Winnicott
318:Spielrein
298:Laplanche
218:Fairbairn
158:Dreamwork
2287:Hysteria
2136:Cultural
2075:Archives
1944:concepts
1942:Original
1774:" (1896)
1493:12096757
1461:Archived
1420:(1998 .
1134:(1988).
938:See also
870:feeling.
811:validity
750:neuroses
727:neurosis
720:hysteria
710:) was a
613:See also
555:Training
532:Reichian
507:Lacanian
492:Adlerian
333:Sullivan
328:Strachey
283:Kristeva
258:Jacobson
253:Irigaray
243:Guattari
223:Ferenczi
208:Chodorow
163:Cathexis
71:Concepts
44:Part of
2056:Related
1881:"Dora"
1210:Freud,
1177:October
1132:Gay, P.
950:in 1987
818:nurture
522:Marxist
502:Jungian
213:Erikson
183:Abraham
2198:Family
1961:Libido
1909:
1866:(1928)
1858:(1922)
1852:(1920)
1844:(1918)
1836:(1916)
1828:(1915)
1822:(1914)
1814:(1914)
1806:(1910)
1798:(1908)
1790:(1907)
1782:(1905)
1764:Essays
1756:(1939)
1748:(1930)
1740:(1927)
1732:(1926)
1724:(1923)
1716:(1921)
1708:(1917)
1692:(1913)
1684:(1905)
1676:(1901)
1668:(1899)
1653:(1895)
1645:(1891)
1571:
1559:
1491:
1394:
1361:
1224:Masson
1212:S.E. 3
930:, and
864:father
822:Trauma
784:Vienna
778:Theory
704:German
472:(1989)
462:(1972)
452:(1964)
442:(1933)
432:(1930)
422:(1923)
412:(1920)
402:(1912)
391:(1905)
378:(1901)
368:(1899)
323:Stekel
303:Mahler
248:Horney
203:Breuer
193:Balint
153:Denial
128:Libido
2178:Freud
2107:Humor
1634:Books
343:Žižek
313:Reich
293:Laing
288:Lacan
278:Klein
273:Kohut
263:Jones
238:Fromm
188:Adler
133:Drive
1569:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1489:PMID
1392:ISSN
1359:ISSN
722:and
308:Rank
268:Jung
198:Bion
1481:doi
991:by
980:by
969:by
737:in
733:of
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48:on
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1911:(
1770:"
1665:)
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1575:.
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1467:.
1404:.
1371:.
697:(
683:e
676:t
669:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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