20:
1008:), which required a count of the senators present. Like modern quorum calls, this was usually a delaying tactic. Senators could also demand that a motion be divided into smaller motions. Acts such as applause, booing, or heckling often played a major role in a debate, and, in part because all senators had an absolute right to free speech, any senator could respond at any point if he was attacked personally. Once debates were underway, they were usually difficult for the presiding magistrate to control. The presiding magistrate typically only regained some control once the debating had ended, and a vote was about to be taken.
1062:) if the Senate did not comply. If the Senate did not comply, he could physically prevent the Senate from acting, and any resistance could be criminally prosecuted as constituting a violation of his sacrosanctity. If the vetoed motion was proposed the next day, and the plebeian tribune who had vetoed it the day before was not present to interpose himself, the motion could be passed. In general, the plebeian tribune had to physically be present at the Senate meeting, otherwise his physical threat of interposing his person had no meaning. Ultimately, the plebeian tribune's veto was based in a promise of physical force.
803:
precedent, or the auspices. Senators who failed to obey various laws could also be punished. While punishment could include impeachment (expulsion) from the Senate, often a punishment was less severe than outright expulsion. While the standard was high for expelling a member from the Senate, it was easier to deny a citizen the right to join the Senate. Various moral failings could result in one not being allowed to join the Senate, including bankruptcy, prostitution, or a prior history of having been a gladiator. One law (the
726:
52:
819:
695:, who retained this power until the end of the Roman Republic. This law also required the censors to appoint any newly elected magistrate to the Senate. Thus, after this point in time, election to magisterial office resulted in automatic Senate membership. The appointment was for life, although the censor could impeach any senator.
870:
1041:
When it was time to call a vote, the presiding magistrate could bring up whatever proposals (in whatever order) he wished, and every vote was between a proposal and its negative. Quorums were required for votes to be held, and it is known that in 67 BC the size of a quorum was set at 200 senators (by
1098:
was transcribed into a final document by the presiding magistrate. This document included the name of the presiding magistrate, the place of the assembly, the dates involved, the number of senators who were present at time the motion was passed, the names of witnesses to the drafting of the motion,
1011:
In the later years of the
Republic, attempts were made by the aristocracy to limit the increasing level of chaos associated with the obstructive tendencies and democratic impulses of some of the senators. Laws were enacted to prevent the inclusion of extraneous material in bills before the Senate.
698:
The Senate directed the magistrates, especially the consuls, in their prosecution of military conflicts. The Senate also had an enormous degree of power over the civil government in Rome. This was especially the case with regard to its management of state finances, as only it could authorize the
802:
were the magistrates who enforced the ethical standards of the Senate. Whenever a censor punished a senator, they had to allege some specific failing. Possible reasons for punishing a member included corruption, abuse of capital punishment, or the disregard of a colleague's veto, constitutional
1074:
in 91 BC, although they had no legal power to do so, several
Consuls were known to have vetoed acts of the Senate. Ultimately, if there was no veto, and the matter was of minor importance, it could be voted on by a voice vote or by a show of hands. If there was no veto, and the matter was of a
663:
which had the ultimate authority over elections, legislation, and criminal trials. However, since the Senate controlled money, administration, and the details of foreign policy, it had the most control over day-to-day life. The power and authority of the Senate derived from precedent, the high
792:
The ethical requirements of senators were significant. Senators could not engage in banking or any form of public contract without legal approval. They could not own a ship that was large enough to participate in foreign commerce without legal approval, and they could not leave Italy without
938:), which was usually brief, but was sometimes a lengthy oration. The presiding magistrate would then begin a discussion by referring an issue to the senators, who would discuss the issue, one at a time, by order of seniority, with the first to speak, the most senior senator, known as the
967:
A senator could make a brief statement, discuss the matter in detail, or talk about an unrelated topic. All senators had to speak before a vote could be held, and since all meetings had to end by nightfall, a senator could talk a proposal to death (a
908:
for this very reason. The Senate meetings were technically public because the doors were usually left open, which allowed people to look in, but only senators could speak. The Senate was directed by a presiding magistrate, who was usually either a
705:, which were official "advice" from the Senate to a magistrate. While technically these decrees did not have to be obeyed, in practice, they usually were. During an emergency, the Senate (and only the Senate) could authorize the appointment of a
758:. Senate meetings might take place outside of the formal boundary of the city for several reasons. For example, the Senate might wish to meet with an individual, such as a foreign ambassador, whom they did not wish to allow inside the city.
809:
of 123 BC) made it illegal for a citizen to become a senator if they had been convicted of a criminal offense. Many of these laws were enacted in the last century of the
Republic, as public corruption began reaching unprecedented levels.
1065:
Once a vote occurred, and a measure passed, he could do nothing, since his promise to physically interpose his person against the senators was now meaningless. In addition, during a couple of instances between the end of the
785:) was taken. The auspices were taken in order to determine whether that particular Senate meeting held favor with the gods. The Senate was only allowed to meet in a building of religious significance, such as the
895:
Meetings usually began at dawn, although occasionally certain events (such as festivals) might delay the beginning of a meeting. A magistrate who wished to summon the Senate had to issue a compulsory order (a
996:
Senators had several ways in which they could influence (or frustrate) a presiding magistrate. When a presiding magistrate was proposing a motion, for example, the senators could call "consult" (
934:
While in session, the Senate had the power to act on its own, and even against the will of the presiding magistrate if it wished. The presiding magistrate began each meeting with a speech (the
781:. In addition, the Senate operated while under various religious restrictions. For example, before any meeting could begin, a sacrifice to the gods was made, and a search for divine omens (the
1044:
1048:). At any point before a motion passed, the proposed motion could be vetoed. Usually, vetoes were handed down by plebeian tribunes. If the Senate proposed a bill that the
742:
were both complex and ancient. Many of these rules and procedures originated in the early years of the
Republic, and were upheld over the centuries under the principle of
1695:
2111:
1910:
1094:
793:
permission from the Senate. In addition, since they were not paid, individuals usually sought to become a senator only if they were independently wealthy.
664:
caliber and prestige of the senators, and the Senate's unbroken lineage, which dated back to the founding of the
Republic in 509 BC. It developed from the
1019:
Laws were also enacted to strengthen the requirement that three days pass between the proposal of a bill, and the vote on that bill. During his term as
952:). This continued, until the most junior senators had spoken. Senators who had held magisterial office always spoke before those who had not, and if a
602:
1850:
1505:. Vol. 1 (Translated from the original, with Dissertations and Notes in Two Volumes By Francis Barham, Esq ed.). London: Edmund Spettigue.
1812:
1905:
1075:
significant nature, there was usually a physical division of the house, where senators voted by taking a place on either side of the chamber.
1998:
2540:
1882:
1727:
2582:
2570:
1887:
1827:
2629:
1930:
1029:, or "daily proceedings", was meant to increase transparency and minimize the potential for abuse. This publication was posted in the
748:("customs of the ancestors"). While Senate meetings could take place either inside or outside of the formal boundary of the city (the
3945:
2545:
3917:
2555:
1865:
711:. The last ordinary dictator, however, was appointed in 202 BC. After 202 BC, the Senate responded to emergencies by passing the
3862:
2550:
2284:
1645:
Orations and
Letters of Cicero: With Historical Introduction, An Outline of the Roman Constitution, Notes, Vocabulary and Index
595:
199:
639:
served his term in office, it usually was followed with automatic appointment to the Senate. According to the Greek historian
575:
3832:
2657:
2184:
1920:
189:
3922:
3797:
2950:
681:, appointed all new senators. They also had the power to remove individuals from the Senate. Around the year 318 BC, the "
2503:
360:
2174:
1870:
1855:
1503:
The
Political Works of Marcus Tullius Cicero: Comprising his Treatise on the Commonwealth; and his Treatise on the Laws
644:
182:
165:
3842:
2602:
2169:
2164:
2140:
1991:
1963:
1817:
1752:
1570:
1540:
1521:
1491:
1472:
762:
717:("Ultimate Decree of the Senate"), which suspended civil government and declared something analogous to martial law.
657:(the highest-ranking of the regular magistrates) who led the armies and the civil government in Rome, and it was the
588:
160:
3950:
3857:
2530:
2179:
2106:
1915:
1832:
1720:
177:
900:), and senators could be punished if they failed to appear without reasonable cause. In 44 BC for example, consul
883:
19:
2123:
2056:
1935:
1860:
170:
2877:
2802:
2560:
1103:, a capital letter "C" was stamped on the document, to verify that the motion had been approved by the Senate.
1023:, Julius Caesar enacted laws that required the publication of Senate resolutions. This publication, called the
1016:, which are bills, usually enacted by a single vote, that contain a large volume of often unrelated material.
3373:
891:) of deceased ancestors in his hands; marble, late 1st century BC; head (not belonging): mid 1st century BC.
3213:
2817:
2269:
1984:
1580:
Taylor, Lily Ross; Scott, Russell T (1969). "Seating Space in the Roman Senate and the
Senatores Pedarii".
3912:
3837:
3596:
2652:
2535:
2081:
1822:
1713:
665:
3872:
3536:
3428:
3198:
2970:
2792:
2700:
2565:
2508:
1925:
669:
373:
3892:
2985:
2940:
2867:
2787:
2735:
2725:
2677:
2024:
1211:
1071:
1000:), which required the magistrate to ask for the opinions of the senators. Any senator could demand a
774:
713:
438:
140:
3493:
3403:
2912:
2892:
2887:
2872:
2825:
2765:
2720:
2522:
954:
778:
42:
976:) if they could keep the debate going until nightfall. It is known, for example, that the senator
3902:
3882:
3822:
3812:
3802:
3208:
2897:
2797:
2777:
2692:
2682:
2387:
2327:
2307:
2019:
805:
476:
1116:(vetoed Senate motion) had no legal value, it did serve to show the opinion of the Senate. If a
1054:(the magistrate who was the chief representative of the people) did not agree with, he issued a
3907:
3897:
3847:
3827:
3641:
3616:
3581:
3463:
3188:
2835:
2597:
2128:
1953:
1058:, which was backed by the promise to literally "interpose the sacrosanctity of his person" (or
3955:
3877:
3807:
3631:
3383:
3183:
3178:
2975:
2882:
2807:
2770:
2755:
2730:
2710:
2612:
1078:
Any motion that had the support of the Senate but was vetoed was recorded in the annals as a
839:
699:
disbursal of public monies from the treasury. In addition, the Senate passed decrees called
3887:
3852:
3541:
3408:
3308:
3233:
3098:
3061:
2437:
2101:
118:
3531:
8:
3817:
3666:
3468:
3338:
3288:
2607:
2204:
1777:
632:
253:
1700:
3867:
3591:
3398:
3253:
3193:
3113:
3056:
2920:
2156:
2135:
1945:
1757:
1736:
1597:
682:
511:
150:
3506:
1372:
3501:
3353:
3108:
3068:
3046:
2254:
1794:
1566:
1560:
1536:
1517:
1511:
1487:
1468:
1088:
874:
863:
770:
766:
701:
430:
423:
226:
1633:
Gruen, E. S. "The Last
Generation of the Roman Republic" (U California Press, 1974)
3566:
3526:
3458:
3393:
3318:
3313:
3085:
3008:
2955:
2750:
2745:
2634:
2493:
2442:
2402:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2352:
2274:
2221:
2214:
2199:
2194:
2118:
2046:
1787:
1772:
1767:
1701:
Rome at the End of the Punic Wars: An
Analysis of the Roman Government; by Polybius
1589:
1196:
1186:
1150:
1125:
1067:
1050:
977:
940:
927:
847:
835:
659:
636:
552:
546:
539:
525:
354:
333:
278:
263:
258:
243:
127:
3661:
3473:
3453:
3413:
3348:
3298:
3293:
3168:
3118:
3026:
2860:
2840:
2760:
2209:
2034:
1782:
1155:
832:
268:
761:
At the beginning of the year, the first Senate meeting always took place at the
3716:
3358:
3093:
3041:
3013:
2960:
2945:
2925:
2740:
2715:
2672:
2662:
2488:
2462:
2392:
2377:
2342:
2302:
2063:
1842:
1191:
1020:
852:
786:
729:
Chart showing the checks and balances of the Constitution of the Roman Republic
707:
620:
557:
504:
348:
323:
232:
80:
1562:
Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar
1309:(Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World), Blackwell Publishing, 2016, p. 33
3939:
3248:
3218:
3133:
2667:
2644:
2457:
2312:
2297:
2244:
2051:
1804:
981:
922:
878:
453:
303:
71:
1374:
Cato, the Younger Biography | Encyclopedia of World Biography Biography
1106:
The document was then deposited in the temple that housed the Treasury (the
773:, or, if the meeting was outside of the formal boundary of the city, at the
3726:
3586:
3031:
2980:
2935:
2930:
2782:
2592:
2478:
2422:
2417:
2189:
2073:
2007:
1897:
1762:
1744:
1216:
1201:
1025:
1013:
911:
828:
798:
739:
691:
677:
653:
648:
628:
624:
366:
318:
288:
214:
89:
623:. It was not an elected body, but one whose members were appointed by the
619:
was the governing and advisory assembly of the aristocracy in the ancient
3521:
3143:
2965:
2855:
2249:
1030:
1001:
901:
869:
744:
651:
was the predominant branch of government. Polybius noted that it was the
409:
3746:
3686:
3651:
3443:
3378:
3368:
3263:
3148:
3036:
2619:
2587:
2332:
2259:
2091:
2086:
1601:
969:
823:
725:
490:
220:
100:
1976:
915:(the highest-ranking magistrate) or, if the consul was unavailable, a
3776:
3771:
3731:
3656:
3626:
3606:
3483:
3423:
3333:
3283:
3278:
3203:
3163:
3051:
3021:
2830:
2705:
2498:
2382:
2357:
2236:
1958:
1705:
1582:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
1161:
562:
532:
398:
380:
343:
1593:
1082:, while any motion that was passed and not vetoed was recorded as a
980:
once filibustered in an attempt to prevent the Senate from granting
51:
3736:
3721:
3711:
3696:
3611:
3601:
3571:
3561:
3556:
3546:
3448:
3363:
3243:
3228:
3158:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3103:
2902:
2483:
2447:
2337:
2264:
2096:
1664:
1206:
1176:
1166:
1108:
960:
888:
843:
750:
640:
497:
387:
298:
209:
107:
28:
818:
3756:
3751:
3741:
3706:
3701:
3691:
3636:
3621:
3438:
3433:
3418:
3388:
3343:
3323:
3303:
3258:
2990:
2845:
2624:
2432:
2427:
2317:
917:
483:
462:
313:
293:
754:), no meeting could take place more than a mile outside of the
3766:
3646:
3576:
3516:
3511:
3478:
3238:
3223:
3173:
3153:
2575:
2452:
2347:
1181:
1099:
and the substance of the act. In addition, if the motion was a
985:
905:
518:
308:
24:
944:(leader of the Senate), who was then followed by ex-consuls (
3551:
3273:
3000:
2292:
1554:. Vol. 2 (Fifth ed.). Oxford: Printed by W. Baxter.
1171:
862:) Republican type. The statue features an inscription in the
3761:
3328:
3268:
2850:
2226:
1305:
Ceccarelli, L., in Bell, S., and Carpino, A., A, (Editors)
1055:
1552:
The General History of Polybius: Translated from the Greek
2322:
1465:
A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions
469:
416:
1486:. US Government Printing Office Senate Document 103–23.
1136:
had its authority based in precedent, and not in law. A
1033:, and then sent by messengers throughout the provinces.
1500:
925:. By the late Republic, another type of magistrate, a
904:
threatened to demolish the house of the former consul
1638:
Researches Into the History of the Roman Constitution
921:(the second-highest ranking magistrate), usually the
984:
a law that would have given land to the veterans of
1462:
991:
689:) gave this power to another Roman magistrate, the
838:depicting Aule Metele (Latin: Aulus Metellus), an
16:Governing and advisory assembly of the aristocracy
1682:The Theory of the Mixed Constitution in Antiquity
1558:
23:Representation of a sitting of the Roman Senate:
3937:
1012:Other laws were enacted to outlaw the so-called
1588:. The Johns Hopkins University Press: 529–582.
1530:
1036:
1428:
1426:
733:
1992:
1721:
1513:Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic
1337:
1335:
1333:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1269:
1267:
1265:
596:
1684:. Columbia University Press, New York. 1975.
1509:
1481:
1416:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1444:
1435:
1423:
1388:
1358:
1356:
1344:
1140:, however, could serve to interpret a law.
857:
631:, which were appointed by the aristocratic
1999:
1985:
1728:
1714:
1330:
1312:
1285:
1262:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
964:, the patrician would always speak first.
948:), and then the praetors and ex-praetors (
842:man of Roman senatorial rank, engaging in
603:
589:
1675:The Development of the Roman Constitution
1411:
1397:
1616:Cambridge Ancient History, Volumes 9–13.
1549:
1353:
868:
817:
724:
18:
2006:
1321:
1276:
1229:
3938:
1735:
1533:The Constitution of the Roman Republic
675:Originally the chief magistrates, the
1980:
1709:
1647:. Scott, Foresman and Company. 1891.
1565:. The University of Michigan Press.
1070:in 201 BC and the beginning of the
13:
1609:
645:Constitution of the Roman Republic
14:
3967:
1689:
765:. Other venues could include the
3946:Government of the Roman Republic
1696:Cicero's De Re Publica, Book Two
1484:The Senate of the Roman Republic
992:Delaying and obstructive tactics
738:The rules and procedures of the
50:
1501:Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1841).
1365:
1652:The Emperor in the Roman World
1299:
720:
643:, the principal source on the
1:
1456:
777:or (if a war meeting) at the
763:Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus
2571:Frontiers and fortifications
1643:Johnston, Harold Whetstone.
1463:Abbott, Frank Frost (1901).
1307:A Companion to the Etruscans
1037:Votes and the Tribune's vote
958:was of equal seniority as a
31:, from a 19th-century fresco
7:
2630:Decorations and punishments
1579:
1535:. Oxford University Press.
1143:
1045:lex Cornelia de privilegiis
931:, would sometimes preside.
734:Venue and ethical standards
666:Senate of the Roman Kingdom
10:
3972:
3537:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2112:historiography of the fall
1677:. D. Apple & Co. 1886.
1654:, (Duckworth, 1977, 1992).
1640:. William Pickering. 1853.
1559:Taylor, Lily Ross (1966).
813:
670:Senate of the Roman Empire
3918:External wars and battles
3785:
3679:
3492:
3084:
3077:
2999:
2911:
2816:
2691:
2643:
2521:
2471:
2410:
2401:
2283:
2235:
2155:
2072:
2042:
2033:
2015:
1944:
1896:
1841:
1803:
1743:
1212:Procurator (ancient Rome)
714:senatus consultum ultimum
439:Senatus consultum ultimum
334:Extraordinary magistrates
1659:Roman Constitutional Law
1630:, (Fontana Press, 1978).
1623:, (Fontana Press, 1993).
1531:Lintott, Andrew (1999).
1223:
877:", a statue depicting a
43:Politics of ancient Rome
3951:Historical legislatures
3913:Roman–Iranian relations
2388:Optimates and populares
1128:, the law overrode the
1124:) that was passed by a
1120:conflicted with a law (
1086:. After the vote, each
3923:Civil wars and revolts
3189:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2836:Conflict of the Orders
2195:Legislative assemblies
1954:Conflict of the Orders
1621:The Later Roman Empire
1516:. Random House Books.
892:
866:
858:
730:
200:Political institutions
32:
3632:Simplicius of Cilicia
3384:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2613:Siege in Ancient Rome
2222:Executive magistrates
1510:Holland, Tom (2005).
1482:Byrd, Robert (1995).
872:
821:
728:
22:
3642:Stephanus Byzantinus
3547:Eusebius of Caesaria
3409:Sidonius Apollinaris
3099:Ammianus Marcellinus
2438:Tribune of the plebs
1467:. Elibron Classics.
279:Ordinary magistrates
3818:Distinguished women
3469:Velleius Paterculus
3309:Nicolaus Damascenus
3289:Marcellus Empiricus
2678:Republican currency
1871:reforms of Augustus
687:plebiscitum Ovinium
633:Centuriate Assembly
627:, and later by the
3592:Phlegon of Tralles
3399:Seneca the Younger
2873:Naming conventions
2603:Personal equipment
2136:Later Roman Empire
1737:Roman Constitution
1657:Mommsen, Theodor.
1628:The Roman Republic
1114:senatus auctoritas
1095:senatus auctoritas
1080:senatus auctoritas
893:
867:
731:
683:Ovinian Plebiscite
512:Triumvir monetalis
446:Titles and honours
33:
3931:
3930:
3893:Pontifices maximi
3675:
3674:
3532:Diogenes Laërtius
3354:Pliny the Younger
3109:Asconius Pedianus
3069:Romance languages
2941:Civil engineering
2683:Imperial currency
2556:Political control
2517:
2516:
2151:
2150:
1974:
1973:
1921:(post Diocletian)
1911:(post Diocletian)
1866:reforms of Caesar
1680:Von Fritz, Kurt.
1550:Polybius (1823).
1138:senatus consultum
1134:senatus consultum
1130:senatus consultum
1118:senatus consultum
1101:senatus consultum
1089:senatus consultum
1084:senatus consultum
1004:(with the cry of
875:Togatus Barberini
864:Etruscan alphabet
856:of the "skimpy" (
779:Temple of Bellona
771:Temple of Concord
668:, and became the
613:
612:
431:Quaestio perpetua
424:Senatus consultum
227:Roman citizenship
3963:
3883:Magistri equitum
3798:Cities and towns
3791:
3717:Constantinopolis
3527:Diodorus Siculus
3459:Valerius Maximus
3394:Seneca the Elder
3314:Nonius Marcellus
3082:
3081:
2635:Hippika gymnasia
2598:Infantry tactics
2504:Consular tribune
2494:Magister equitum
2443:Military tribune
2408:
2407:
2368:Pontifex maximus
2363:Princeps senatus
2353:Magister militum
2119:Byzantine Empire
2040:
2039:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1861:reforms of Sulla
1730:
1723:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1673:Tighe, Ambrose.
1605:
1576:
1555:
1546:
1527:
1506:
1497:
1478:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1421:
1418:
1409:
1406:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1197:Pontifex Maximus
1187:Plebeian Council
1151:Byzantine Senate
1068:Second Punic War
1051:plebeian tribune
978:Cato the Younger
941:princeps senatus
928:plebeian tribune
861:
848:senatorial shoes
836:bronze sculpture
827:, c. 100 BC, an
806:Lex repetundarum
775:Temple of Apollo
702:senatus consulta
660:Roman assemblies
637:Roman magistrate
605:
598:
591:
547:Pontifex maximus
540:Princeps senatus
526:Magister militum
361:Consular tribune
355:Magister equitum
183:Augustan reforms
54:
38:
37:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3789:
3787:
3781:
3671:
3507:Aëtius of Amida
3488:
3474:Verrius Flaccus
3454:Valerius Antias
3414:Silius Italicus
3349:Pliny the Elder
3294:Marcus Aurelius
3169:Cornelius Nepos
3119:Aurelius Victor
3073:
2995:
2907:
2841:Secessio plebis
2812:
2687:
2639:
2513:
2467:
2397:
2279:
2231:
2147:
2068:
2029:
2011:
2005:
1975:
1970:
1940:
1892:
1837:
1799:
1739:
1734:
1692:
1687:
1636:Ihne, Wilhelm.
1612:
1610:Further reading
1594:10.2307/2935928
1573:
1543:
1524:
1494:
1475:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1378:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1156:Commune of Rome
1146:
1039:
994:
873:The so-called "
816:
767:Temple of Fides
736:
723:
609:
580:
576:Other countries
567:
436:
393:
328:
273:
238:
194:
171:Sullan republic
136:
132:
123:
114:
110:
103:
93:
84:
75:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3969:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3359:Pomponius Mela
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3094:Aelius Donatus
3090:
3088:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3062:Ecclesiastical
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2803:Toys and games
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2343:Vigintisexviri
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2303:Cursus honorum
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2102:Western Empire
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1843:Roman Republic
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1690:External links
1688:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1626:Crawford, M.
1624:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1577:
1571:
1556:
1547:
1541:
1528:
1522:
1507:
1498:
1492:
1479:
1473:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1396:
1387:
1377:. Bookrags.com
1364:
1352:
1343:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1298:
1284:
1275:
1261:
1252:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1192:Cursus honorum
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1132:, because the
1126:Roman Assembly
1038:
1035:
993:
990:
974:diem consumere
853:toga praetexta
815:
812:
787:Curia Hostilia
735:
732:
722:
719:
621:Roman Republic
611:
610:
608:
607:
600:
593:
585:
582:
581:
579:
578:
572:
569:
568:
566:
565:
560:
555:
550:
543:
536:
529:
522:
515:
508:
505:Vigintisexviri
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
458:
457:
456:
448:
447:
443:
442:
435:
434:
427:
420:
413:
405:
402:
401:
395:
394:
392:
391:
384:
377:
370:
363:
358:
351:
346:
340:
337:
336:
330:
329:
327:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
285:
282:
281:
275:
274:
272:
271:
266:
261:
256:
250:
247:
246:
240:
239:
237:
236:
233:Cursus honorum
229:
224:
217:
212:
206:
203:
202:
196:
195:
193:
192:
187:
186:
185:
175:
174:
173:
163:
157:
154:
153:
147:
146:
145:
144:
135:
134:
125:
115:
113:
112:
105:
104:27 BC – AD 284
97:
96:
95:
94:27 BC – AD 395
86:
81:Roman Republic
77:
65:
64:
60:
59:
56:
55:
47:
46:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3968:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3934:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Julius Paulus
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Fabius Pictor
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:Amphitheatres
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Deforestation
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:Siege engines
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:Establishment
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:Extraordinary
2470:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:Promagistrate
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:Twelve Tables
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1946:Miscellaneous
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1805:Roman Kingdom
1802:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1669:The Histories
1666:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1572:0-472-08125-X
1568:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1542:0-19-926108-3
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1523:1-4000-7897-0
1519:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1493:0-16-058996-7
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1474:0-543-92749-0
1470:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1391:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1347:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1324:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:(1144 onward)
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1014:omnibus bills
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
989:
987:
983:
982:Julius Caesar
979:
975:
971:
965:
963:
962:
957:
956:
951:
947:
943:
942:
937:
932:
930:
929:
924:
923:urban praetor
920:
919:
914:
913:
907:
903:
899:
890:
886:
885:
880:
879:Roman senator
876:
871:
865:
860:
855:
854:
849:
845:
841:
837:
834:
830:
826:
825:
820:
811:
808:
807:
801:
800:
794:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
752:
747:
746:
741:
727:
718:
716:
715:
710:
709:
704:
703:
696:
694:
693:
688:
684:
680:
679:
673:
671:
667:
662:
661:
656:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
606:
601:
599:
594:
592:
587:
586:
584:
583:
577:
574:
573:
571:
570:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
548:
544:
542:
541:
537:
535:
534:
530:
528:
527:
523:
521:
520:
516:
514:
513:
509:
507:
506:
502:
500:
499:
495:
493:
492:
488:
486:
485:
481:
479:
478:
474:
472:
471:
467:
465:
464:
460:
459:
455:
452:
451:
450:
449:
445:
444:
441:
440:
433:
432:
428:
426:
425:
421:
419:
418:
414:
412:
411:
407:
406:
404:
403:
400:
397:
396:
390:
389:
385:
383:
382:
378:
376:
375:
371:
369:
368:
364:
362:
359:
357:
356:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
339:
338:
335:
332:
331:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
304:Promagistrate
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
284:
283:
280:
277:
276:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
249:
248:
245:
242:
241:
235:
234:
230:
228:
225:
223:
222:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
205:
204:
201:
198:
197:
191:
188:
184:
181:
180:
179:
176:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
156:
155:
152:
149:
148:
143:
142:
138:
137:
131:
130:
126:
122:
121:
117:
116:
109:
106:
102:
99:
98:
92:
91:
87:
83:
82:
78:
74:
73:
72:Roman Kingdom
69:
68:
67:
66:
62:
61:
58:
57:
53:
49:
48:
44:
40:
39:
36:
30:
26:
21:
3956:Roman Senate
3933:
3863:Institutions
3727:Leptis Magna
3680:Major cities
3587:Philostratus
3374:Quadrigarius
3194:Rufus Festus
3057:Contemporary
2778:Romanization
2701:Architecture
2308:Collegiality
2157:Constitution
2008:Ancient Rome
1916:Constitution
1898:Roman Empire
1877:
1856:Constitution
1818:Constitution
1758:Constitution
1745:Ancient Rome
1681:
1674:
1668:
1658:
1651:
1650:Millar, F.
1644:
1637:
1627:
1620:
1619:Cameron, A.
1585:
1581:
1561:
1551:
1532:
1512:
1502:
1483:
1464:
1446:
1437:
1390:
1379:. Retrieved
1373:
1367:
1346:
1323:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1278:
1255:
1217:Acta Senatus
1202:Roman senate
1137:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1064:
1059:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1024:
1018:
1010:
1005:
997:
995:
973:
966:
959:
953:
949:
945:
939:
935:
933:
926:
916:
910:
897:
894:
882:
881:holding the
851:
822:
804:
797:
795:
791:
782:
760:
755:
749:
743:
740:Roman Senate
737:
712:
706:
700:
697:
690:
686:
676:
674:
658:
652:
649:Roman Senate
616:
614:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
468:
461:
437:
429:
422:
415:
408:
386:
379:
372:
365:
353:
231:
219:
215:Collegiality
151:Constitution
139:
128:
119:
90:Roman Empire
88:
79:
70:
34:
3858:Geographers
3542:Dioscorides
3522:Cassius Dio
3144:Cassiodorus
3047:Renaissance
2653:Agriculture
2625:Auxiliaries
2566:Engineering
2403:Magistrates
2255:Citizenship
2250:Mos maiorum
2185:Late Empire
1936:Magistrates
1888:Magistrates
1833:Magistrates
1795:Magistrates
1661:. 1871–1888
1450:Abbott, 233
1441:Lintott, 85
1432:Lintott, 83
1394:Lintott, 82
1350:Abbott, 228
1341:Lintott, 78
1318:Lintott, 75
1296:Lintott, 70
1273:Lintott, 72
1259:Lintott, 73
1112:). While a
1060:intercessio
1031:Roman Forum
1026:acta diurna
1002:quorum call
936:verba fecit
902:Mark Antony
846:. He wears
745:mos maiorum
721:Institution
410:Mos maiorum
190:Late Empire
133:AD 395–1453
3940:Categories
3747:Mediolanum
3687:Alexandria
3652:Themistius
3617:Porphyrius
3444:Tertullian
3379:Quintilian
3369:Propertius
3264:Lactantius
3214:Fulgentius
3149:Censorinus
2971:Sanitation
2956:Metallurgy
2913:Technology
2878:Demography
2826:Patricians
2793:Spectacles
2751:Literature
2746:Hairstyles
2583:Technology
2333:Praefectus
2285:Government
2275:Litigation
2260:Auctoritas
2205:Centuriate
2092:Principate
2087:Pax Romana
2047:Foundation
1964:Obligation
1931:Assemblies
1883:Assemblies
1828:Assemblies
1778:Centuriate
1768:Assemblies
1457:References
1381:2008-09-19
1072:Social War
970:filibuster
946:consulares
824:The Orator
635:. After a
491:Praefectus
399:Public law
254:Centuriate
244:Assemblies
221:Auctoritas
124:AD 395–476
111:AD 284–641
101:Principate
76:753–509 BC
3903:Quaestors
3833:Empresses
3823:Dynasties
3813:Dictators
3788:and other
3777:Volubilis
3772:Vindobona
3732:Londinium
3657:Theodoret
3627:Procopius
3607:Polyaenus
3582:Pausanias
3484:Vitruvius
3429:Symmachus
3424:Suetonius
3334:Petronius
3319:Obsequens
3284:Macrobius
3279:Lucretius
3204:Frontinus
3179:Eutropius
3164:Columella
3114:Augustine
3104:Appuleius
3052:Neo-Latin
3027:Classical
3018:Versions
2926:Aqueducts
2868:Patronage
2788:Sexuality
2761:Mythology
2736:Education
2726:Cosmetics
2551:Campaigns
2546:Structure
2499:Decemviri
2358:Imperator
2057:overthrow
1959:Roman law
1420:Byrd, 133
1408:Byrd, 112
1162:Roman Law
1092:and each
955:patrician
950:praetorii
533:Imperator
381:Decemviri
374:Triumviri
344:Corrector
85:509–27 BC
3908:Tribunes
3898:Praetors
3848:Generals
3828:Emperors
3737:Lugdunum
3722:Eboracum
3712:Carthage
3697:Aquileia
3612:Polybius
3602:Plutarch
3572:Libanius
3562:Josephus
3557:Herodian
3449:Tibullus
3364:Priscian
3339:Phaedrus
3299:Manilius
3244:Jordanes
3229:Hydatius
3159:Claudian
3139:Catullus
3129:Boëthius
3124:Ausonius
3042:Medieval
3014:Alphabet
2986:Theatres
2961:Numerals
2946:Concrete
2936:Circuses
2903:Bagaudae
2893:Adoption
2888:Marriage
2861:Assembly
2766:Religion
2741:Folklore
2721:Clothing
2716:Calendar
2673:Currency
2663:Commerce
2561:Strategy
2523:Military
2509:Triumvir
2489:Dictator
2484:Interrex
2463:Governor
2448:Quaestor
2411:Ordinary
2393:Province
2383:Tetrarch
2373:Augustus
2338:Vicarius
2328:Officium
2265:Imperium
2215:Plebeian
2175:Republic
2097:Dominate
2064:Republic
2025:Timeline
1788:Plebeian
1665:Polybius
1362:Byrd, 44
1327:Byrd, 42
1282:Byrd, 36
1250:Byrd, 34
1207:Interrex
1177:Quaestor
1167:Centuria
1144:See also
1109:aerarium
1021:dictator
961:plebeian
889:effigies
884:imagines
844:rhetoric
840:Etruscan
783:auspices
756:pomerium
751:pomerium
708:dictator
641:Polybius
563:Tetrarch
553:Augustus
498:Vicarius
477:Officium
388:Interrex
349:Dictator
324:Governor
299:Quaestor
264:Plebeian
210:Imperium
166:Republic
141:Timeline
108:Dominate
29:Catiline
27:attacks
3878:Legions
3838:Fiction
3808:Consuls
3803:Climate
3757:Ravenna
3752:Pompeii
3742:Lutetia
3707:Bononia
3702:Berytus
3692:Antioch
3667:Zosimus
3662:Zonaras
3637:Sozomen
3622:Priscus
3597:Photius
3439:Terence
3434:Tacitus
3419:Statius
3404:Servius
3389:Sallust
3344:Plautus
3324:Orosius
3304:Martial
3259:Juvenal
3234:Hyginus
3219:Gellius
3078:Writers
3009:History
2991:Thermae
2981:Temples
2931:Bridges
2898:Slavery
2846:Equites
2818:Society
2798:Theatre
2771:Deities
2731:Cuisine
2711:Bathing
2693:Culture
2668:Finance
2645:Economy
2536:Borders
2531:History
2433:Tribune
2428:Praetor
2318:Legatus
2313:Emperor
2200:Curiate
2170:Kingdom
2165:History
2141:History
2124:decline
2082:History
2052:Kingdom
2035:History
2020:Outline
1906:History
1851:History
1813:History
1773:Curiate
1753:History
1602:2935928
998:consule
918:Praetor
829:Etrusco
814:Debates
799:censors
769:or the
678:consuls
654:consuls
629:censors
625:consuls
484:Praeses
463:Legatus
454:Emperor
314:Tribune
294:Praetor
259:Curiate
161:Kingdom
129:Eastern
120:Western
63:Periods
3888:Nomina
3873:Legacy
3853:Gentes
3790:topics
3786:Lists
3767:Smyrna
3647:Strabo
3577:Lucian
3567:Julian
3517:Arrian
3512:Appian
3502:Aelian
3479:Vergil
3254:Justin
3239:Jerome
3224:Horace
3209:Fronto
3199:Florus
3174:Ennius
3154:Cicero
3134:Caesar
3032:Vulgar
2856:Tribes
2783:Romans
2593:Legion
2576:castra
2453:Aedile
2423:Censor
2418:Consul
2378:Caesar
2348:Lictor
2270:Status
2210:Tribal
2190:Senate
2180:Empire
2074:Empire
2010:topics
1926:Senate
1878:Senate
1823:Senate
1783:Tribal
1763:Senate
1600:
1569:
1539:
1520:
1490:
1471:
1182:Aedile
1006:numera
986:Pompey
912:consul
906:Cicero
898:cogere
859:exigua
850:and a
692:censor
647:, the
617:Senate
558:Caesar
519:Lictor
319:Censor
309:Aedile
289:Consul
269:Tribal
178:Empire
25:Cicero
3552:Galen
3494:Greek
3464:Varro
3274:Lucan
3086:Latin
3001:Latin
2976:Ships
2966:Roads
2951:Domes
2883:Women
2831:Plebs
2756:Music
2298:Forum
2293:Curia
1598:JSTOR
1224:Notes
1172:Curia
833:Roman
3868:Laws
3843:Film
3762:Roma
3329:Ovid
3269:Livy
3037:Late
2851:Gens
2808:Wine
2620:Navy
2588:Army
2227:SPQR
2129:fall
2107:fall
1567:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1518:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1056:veto
1042:the
796:The
615:The
3022:Old
2706:Art
2479:Rex
2323:Dux
2237:Law
1590:doi
1586:100
1122:lex
972:or
685:" (
470:Dux
417:Ius
367:Rex
3942::
1667:.
1596:.
1584:.
1425:^
1413:^
1399:^
1355:^
1332:^
1287:^
1264:^
1231:^
988:.
789:.
672:.
35:.
2000:e
1993:t
1986:v
1729:e
1722:t
1715:v
1604:.
1592::
1575:.
1545:.
1526:.
1496:.
1477:.
1384:.
887:(
831:-
604:e
597:t
590:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
