Shanghai International Settlement

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functions. Control of police, sanitation, roads, and other problems of local administration are granted to the Municipal Council simply because that body happens to be the one best equipped to deal with these matters in an area where the large majority of foreigners dwell. But the Municipal Council is in no sense a political body. Its powers, being delegated and hence limited, are subject to strict construction. What foreigners acquire is simply the delegated power of municipal administration, while the reserve powers remain in the sovereign grantor, the Chinese Government. Although under the control of the Consular Council, the area is still Chinese territory, over which China's sovereignty remains unsurrendered".

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obtained limited administrative powers over the areas adjacent to these "extra-settlement roads", making the area a "quasi-concession". The expansion of the International Settlement in 1899 took in most of the extra-settlement roads area, but from 1901 the Municipal Council began building further roads beyond the new boundary with a view to expanding the concession to cover those areas as well. However, a request to further expand the concession (inspired by a similar expansion of the French concession in 1914) was turned down by the Chinese government due to anti-imperialist sentiments. Britain, pre-occupied with

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after WWI, and Russia gave up her rights as a matter of political expediency. Belgium was declared by China to have lost her rights in 1927. Furthermore, the Chinese government adamantly refused to grant treaty power status to any of the new nations born in the wake of WWI, such as Austria and Hungary (formerly Austria-Hungary), Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, the Baltic states, or Finland.

666:- provided British merchants with the right to reside with their families and rent grounds and houses in five ports – Guanzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Shanghai and Ningbo – but there was not a word about separate residential areas for foreigners on Chinese soil. However, the imperial commissioner who negotiated the supplementary treaty reported to the 1417:, a measurement of weight with several different definitions. These included customs taels (for foreign trade) and cotton taels (for cotton trade), among others. Shanghai had its own tael, which was very similar in weight to the customs tael and therefore popular for international business. China also had a mixture of coins, including Chinese 1553:

its educational value was much greater than the cost of keeping it up. The Shanghai Municipal Orchestra had the financial and verbal backing of many other larger countries, including Italy, who donated 50,000 lire to the orchestra, the France Council, who acted as a defending argument for the maintenance of the orchestra, and Japan, whose

1297:, usually a consular officer, would sit with the Chinese magistrate and in many cases acted like a judge. In 1927, a Provisional Court was established with a sole Chinese judge presiding. In 1930, Chinese Special Courts were established which had jurisdiction over all non-treaty power individuals and companies in the Settlement. 990:, did not press the issue and the extra-settlement roads area retained the "quasi-concession" status until the demise of the concession. Parts of the northern extra-settlement roads area was allocated to Japan for defence purposes in 1927, which the Japanese used as a base for military operations during the 1932 1552:

In 1938, the Shanghai Municipal Orchestra faced disbandment as the ratepayers in the annual Municipal Council meeting considered reallocating budgets away from the orchestra, since it was "western and unnecessary." However, after much discussion, they decided to keep the orchestra, acknowledging that

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as the country with the largest number of foreign residents in Shanghai. In 1914, Japan sided with Britain and France in the war and conquered all German possessions in China. By the beginning of the 1930s, Japan was swiftly becoming the most powerful national group in Shanghai and accounted for some

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and the Daotai Lin’gui agreed in 1849 that a French settlement be established on a strip of land between the Chinese city and the British settlement. The American consul was somewhat offended by the fact that the British and the French had secured the best plots of land in the area, and after lengthy

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The number of treaty powers had climbed to a high of 19 by 1918 but was down to 14 by the 1930s: the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, France, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Peru, Mexico, and Switzerland. Germany and Austria-Hungary lost their treaty rights

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European residents of the International Settlement were forced to wear armbands to differentiate them, were evicted from their homes, and—just like Chinese citizens—were liable to maltreatment. All were liable for punitive punishments, torture and even death during the period of Japanese occupation.

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By the early 1930s, the British and the Chinese each had five members on the council, the Japanese two and the Americans and others two. At the 1936 Council election, because of their increasing interests in the Settlement, the Japanese nominated three candidates. Only two were elected, which led to

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In 1932 there were 1,040,780 Chinese living within the International Settlement, with another 400,000 fleeing into the area after the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937. For the next five years, the International Settlement and the French Concession were surrounded by Japanese occupiers and

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The council had become a practical monopoly over the city's businesses by the mid-1880s. It bought up all the local gas-suppliers, electricity producers and water-companies, then—during the 20th-century—took control over all non-private rickshaws and the Settlement tramways. It also regulated opium

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The Shanghai Post Office controlled all post within the Settlement, but post entering or leaving the treaty port was required to go through the Chinese Imperial Post Office. In 1922 the various foreign postal services, the Shanghai Post Office, and the Chinese Post Office were all brought together

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20–21, 1936, at which the Japanese nominated only two candidates. In the case of the Chinese members, in 1926 the Ratepayers' Meeting adopted a resolution approving the addition of three Chinese members to the council and they took their seats for the first time in April, 1928; while in May, 1930,

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in Japan in the same way they held those in China. However, Japan rapidly developed into a modern nation, and by the turn of the 20th century the Japanese had successfully negotiated with all powers to abrogate all unequal treaties with it. Japan stood alongside the European powers as part of the

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From the 1860s, the Municipal Council began building roads beyond the concession boundaries, ostensibly to connect the concession with other properties or facilities which required the protection of Britain and other treaty powers during the unrest of the Taiping Rebellion. The Municipal Council

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stated unequivocally that "the land encompassed in the territory remains Chinese territory, subject to China's sovereign rights." As expressed by legal experts, "the self-governing International Settlement possesses no more power than the mere delegation of purely local and municipal powers and

851:, is possibly the most notable. An American, he served as the settlement's main administrator during Shanghai's most turbulent era, and was considered more "British" than the council's British members. He oversaw many of the major incidents of the decade, including the May 30th Movement and the 777:

to Suzhou Creek) to become the Shanghai International Settlement. The French concession remained independent and the Chinese retained control over the original walled city and the area surrounding the foreign enclaves. This would later result in sometimes absurd administrative outcomes, such as

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dropped out of the arrangement. The following year the British and American settlements formally united to create the Shanghai International Settlement. As more foreign powers entered into treaty relations with China, their nationals also became part of the administration of the settlement. The

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was governed by a separate municipal council, under the direction of the consul general. The French Concession was not part of the International Settlement, but had economic interests in it as evidenced by the presence of the French flag on the seal and the flag of the Municipal Council.

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The International Settlement did not have a unified legal system. The Municipal Council issued Land Regulations and regulations under this, that were binding on all people in the settlement. Other than this, citizens and subjects of powers that had treaties with China that provided for

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By the late-1860s Shanghai's official governing body had been practically transferred from the individual concessions to the Shanghai Municipal Council (工部局, literally "Works Department", from the standard English local government title of 'Board of works'). The British Consul was the

1465:. The Chinese reckoned purely in terms of silver, and value was always compared against a weight of silver (hence, the reason large prices were given in tael). It was the strict adherence of the Chinese to silver that caused China and even the British colonies of Hong Kong and 762:), ignoring protests of consular officials, and laid down the Land Regulations which established the principles of self-government. The aims of this first Council were simply to assist in the formation of roads, refuse collection, and taxation across the disparate Concessions. 1560:

In addition to the string orchestra, opera and choral music were favored forms of entertainment. Often, the orchestra would accompany singers as a part of orchestra concerts, in addition to the symphonies and other pieces that they played, or just in choral or opera concerts.

690:), which set forth the institutional basis for the British settlement. In 1848, with the permission of the Daotai, the 138-acre British settlement – a fraction of the 5,584 acres the International Settlement was to cover by 1899 – was slightly expanded westward and northward. 1120:

Chinese revolutionaries, with conflict often spilling into the Settlement's borders. In 1941, the Japanese launched an abortive political bid to take over the SMC: during a mass meeting of ratepayers at the Settlement Race Grounds, a Japanese official leaped up and shot

581:, where the United Kingdom and Portugal enjoyed full sovereignty in perpetuity, the foreign concessions in China remained under Chinese sovereignty. In 1854, the three countries created the Shanghai Municipal Council (SMC) to serve all their interests, but, in 1862, the 998:. After that battle, Japan took full control over the northern extra-settlement roads area and expelled International Settlement police. The neutrality of the western extra-settlement roads area survived in some form until the withdrawal of British troops in 1940. 1170:, which refused to surrender; six of the 18 British crew on board at the time were killed when the ship was sunk after the Japanese opened fire at almost point-blank range. The French troops did not move from the preserved French Concession, as the French 1412:

In Shanghai, this complexity represented a microcosm of the complicated economy existing elsewhere along the China coast. The Chinese reckoned in weights of silver, which did not necessarily correspond to circulating coins. One important unit was a

678:, that is, a system that strictly confined foreigners to a segregated zone. At Shanghai, the intention of the imperial officials had clearly been initially to keep the foreigners out and upon his arrival in 1843, the first British consul, Captain 586:

number of treaty powers had climbed to a high of 19 by 1918 but was down to 14 by the 1930s: the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, France, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Peru, Mexico, and Switzerland.

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of 1844 had gained the same rights as those enjoyed by the British in the five treaty ports – established their own settlement northeast of Shanghai. In 1852 the total population of the settlements was about 500, including 265 foreigners.

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maintained a United States Postal Agency at the Shanghai consulate through which Americans could use the US Post Office to send mail to and from the US mainland and US territories. Starting in 1919 the 16 current regular US stamps were

674:), an intent however that was not clearly stated in the English-language version of the treaty. The Qing rulers, by intending to confine the "barbarians" to an officially designated special zone, apparently hoped to resurrect the old 1046:. Japan entered the 20th century as a rising world power, and with its unequal treaties with the European powers now abrogated, it actually joined in, obtaining an unequal treaty with China granting extraterritorial rights under the 1203: 1222:. However, because Shanghai was under Japanese control, this was unenforceable. In reply, in July 1943, the Japanese retroceded the SMC to the City Government of Shanghai, which was then in the hands of the pro-Japanese 1229:

After the war and the liberation of the city from the Japanese, a Liquidation Commission fitfully met to discuss the remaining details of the handover. By the end of 1945, most Westerners not actively involved in the

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Shanghai was notable for a long period as the only place in the world that unconditionally offered refuge for Jews escaping from the Nazis. These refugees often lived in squalid conditions in an area known as the

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to remain on the silver standard after the rest of the world had changed over to the gold standard. When China began producing official Republican yuan coins in 1934, they were minted in Shanghai and shipped to

816:, power station, and public works, were British dominated (though not controlled, since Britain itself had no authority over the council). Some of the Settlement's actions during this period, such as the 66: 3020: 919: 6229: 3081:

William C. Johnstone, "International Relations: The Status of Foreign Concessions and Settlements in the Treaty Ports of China", The American Political Science Review, no 5, Oct. 1937, p. 942.

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to the Shanghai Post Office. Some other foreign countries refused to fall under this new postal service's remit, however; for many years, Japan notably sent almost all its mail to Shanghai in

604:. In early 1943, new treaties signed formally ended the extraterritorial privileges of Americans and Britons, although its terms were not met until the recovery of Shanghai following Japan's 593:'s involvement in the late 1930s. The international character of the Settlement was reflected in the flag and seal of the Municipal Council, which featured the flags of several countries. 1637: 1598: 1431:

was used in the Japanese district of "Little Tokyo". European and North American currencies did not officially circulate in the International Settlement. Until the year 1873, however,

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No Chinese residing in the International Settlement were permitted to join the council until 1928. Amongst the many members who served on the council, its chairman during the 1920s,

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The British originally used British postage stamps overprinted with the local currency amount, but from 1868, the British changed to Hong Kong postage stamps already denominated in

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The currency situation in China was very complicated in the 19th century, as there was no unified monetary system. Different parts of China operated different systems, and the

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authority in the Settlement, but he had no actual power unless the ratepayers (who voted for the council) agreed. Instead, he and the other consulates deferred to the council.

1988: 1962: 1793: 1585: 1518:. However, in the special case of Shanghai, in the year 1865 the International Settlement began to issue its own postage stamps, denominated in the local Shanghai tael unit. 1507:

for use in Shanghai with the city's name, "China", and amounts double their printed face values. In 1922 texts for two of the overprints were changed, thereby completing the

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that by signing the treaty he had successfully arranged that in the treaty ports "the boundaries of an area should be designated which foreigners are not allowed to exceed" (

1650: 1624: 1450:, contained an inscription which related their value to an already existing Chinese system of accounts. On the earliest Chinese dollar (yuan) coins it states the words 7 5850: 1728: 1090: 574:. American and French involvement followed closely on the heels of the British and their enclaves were established north and south, respectively, of the British area. 3434:

Cheng, Hu. "Quarantine, Race and Politics in the International Settlement: Clashes between Chinese and Foreigners after the Outbreak of Plague in Shanghai in 1910."

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International merchants brought with them amateur musical talent that manifested in the creation of the Shanghai Philharmonic Society in 1868. From here, the

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Despite the complications arising from a mixture of Chinese and Spanish coinages, there was one overwhelming unifying factor binding all the systems in use:

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was established in the US Consulate in 1906. Both courts were occupied by the Japanese on 8 December 1941 and effectively ceased to function from that date.

4893: 1754: 54: 6335: 6295: 5860: 2452:, social worker with the National YWCA of China (1926–1933) and chief of the social and industrial division of the Shanghai Municipal Council (1933–1942) 1910: 1135: 5825: 3615: 1884: 1715: 1343: 5910: 1458:. The mace and candareen were sub-divisions of the tael unit of weight. Banknotes tended to be issued in dollars, either worded as such or as yuan. 1234:(such as intelligence agents, soldiers, journalists, etc.) or in Shanghai's remaining foreign businesses, had left the city. With the defeat of the 5895: 1289:

Chinese citizens and citizens of non-treaty powers were subject to Chinese law. Inside the Settlement, cases against them would be brought to the

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were subject to the laws of their own countries and civil and criminal complaints against them were required to be brought against them to their

1163:. The British and American troops, taken by surprise, surrendered without a shot, with the exception of the only British riverboat in Shanghai, 4667: 1780: 2888: 1421:

coins and Mexican dollars. Paper money was first issued by European and North American colonial banks (one British colonial bank known as the

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The Chinese themselves officially adopted the dollar unit as their national currency in 1889, and the first Chinese dollar coins, known as

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a Japanese protest after 323 uncounted votes were discovered. As a result, the election was declared invalid and a new poll held on April

682:, could not even find a house for the consulate. The British finally decided to locate themselves in the northern suburbs and asked the 6330: 6300: 6072: 5951: 4694: 4647: 3359: 5794: 5619: 4657: 4566: 2969: 2551: 1871: 1301: 5740: 5624: 2541: 524: 86:

Location of Shanghai International Settlement (in red) relative to the French Concession (faded yellow) and the Chinese zone (gray)

6305: 5462: 5284: 6315: 6213: 6021: 4888: 4706: 4576: 4561: 2576: 1534: 1089:(1937–1945) Hongkew was almost entirely outside of the SMC's hands, with law and protection enforced to varying degrees by the 2932: 1498:, but during the treaty port era foreign postal services were organised through their respective consulates. For example, the 5830: 5467: 4652: 4531: 3405: 2859: 2800: 2773: 2636: 6345: 6239: 6122: 5956: 4867: 1499: 1533:

The General Shanghai Post Office was first located on Beijing Road and moved to the location on Sichuan North Road of the

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The international settlement came to an abrupt end in December 1941 when Japanese troops stormed in immediately following

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1935 map of Shanghai showing the International Settlement with its boundary marked "settlement boundary", as well as the

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including Shanghai were opened to foreign merchants, overturning the monopoly then held by the southern port of Canton (

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Bickers, Robert. "Shanghailanders: The formation and identity of the British settler community in Shanghai 1843–1937."

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In 1931, supposed "protection of Japanese colonists from Chinese aggression" in Hongkew was used as a pretext for the

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were current along the China coast. Until the 1840s, these silver dollar coins were Spanish coins minted mainly in

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coins would have reasonably corresponded in size, shape and value to Mexican dollars. Between 1873 and 1900, all

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Wakeman, Frederick. "Licensing Leisure: The Chinese Nationalists' Attempt to Regulate Shanghai, 1927–49."

3209:"Italy's Gift to Shanghai: Italian Government's Donation of 50,000 Lire to Shanghai Municipal Orchestra". 1300:

Two countries, Britain and the United States, established formal court systems in China to try cases. The

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American marines holding up a Japanese patrol trying to enter the International Settlement, Shanghai, 1938

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into a single Chinese Post Office, thus extending the 1914 membership of the Chinese Post Office to the

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The International Settlement was wholly foreign-controlled, with staff of all nationalities, including

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The Commercial Revolution of Nineteenth-Century China: The Rise of Sino-Western Mercantile Competition

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encouraged the Japanese people to support the orchestra and the culture that it brought to the East.

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Britain evacuated its garrisons from mainland Chinese cities, particularly Shanghai, in August 1940.

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The only department not chaired by a Briton was the Municipal Orchestra, which was controlled by an

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MacPherson, Kerrie L. "Designing China's urban future: The Greater Shanghai Plan, 1927–1937."

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entered and occupied the British and American controlled parts of the city in the wake of the

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in Hongkew. On 21 August 1941 the Japanese government closed Hongkew to Jewish immigration.

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Transcending the Borders of Countries, Languages, and Disciplines in Russian Émigré Culture

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The foreign architecture of the International Settlement era can still be seen today along

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Currency issued inside the settlement for use by the British Armed Forces inside the city (

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July 1854 a committee of Western businessmen met and held the first annual meeting of the

608:. The French later surrendered their privileges in a separate agreement in February 1946. 8: 6047: 5905: 4862: 4509: 4494: 4418: 4159: 4029: 3977: 3904: 3801: 3786: 3727: 3678: 3668: 3663: 3472:"Origin and Development of the Political System in the Shanghai International Settlement" 3283: 2878:(Royal Institute of International Affairs), Vol. 14, No. 12 (Dec. 11, 1937), p. 543. 2641: 2556: 2209: 1663: 1611: 1418: 1275: 1250: 801: 694: 624:

Arrival of the British, the French and the Americans and establishment of the settlements

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International Shanghai (1863–1931): Imperialism and private authority in the Global City

2443:, Canadian educator and sports executive with the YMCA, and commissioned officer in the 6269: 5769: 5407: 5371: 4961: 4951: 4924: 4732: 4211: 4044: 3796: 3521: 3486: 2944: 2921:, British Institute of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 21, No. 1 (1939), p. 45. 2235: 2157: 1451: 1164: 1124:, then chairman of the council. While Keswick was only wounded, a near riot broke out. 1114: 995: 848: 840: 605: 3385:

Altman, Avraham, and Irene Eber. "Flight to Shanghai, 1938–1940: the larger setting."

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Avraham Altman, and Irene Eber. "Flight to Shanghai, 1938–1940: the larger setting."

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at one time issued banknotes in Shanghai that were denominated in Mexican dollars).

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dollars of the United States and Canada, leading to a rising economic depression.

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British–Chinese Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China

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Manley O. Hudson, "The Rendition of the International Mixed Court at Shanghai."

2849: 2763: 2676: 2660: 2509: 2387: 1767: 1554: 1508: 1462: 1436: 1394: 1219: 1187: 1054: 944: 843:, one of the longest serving chairmen of the SMC, as the "Lord Mayor of Shanghai" 723: 590: 589:

Nonetheless, the SMC remained a predominantly British affair until the growth of

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Hudson, Manley O. "The Rendition of the International Mixed Court at Shanghai."

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whose extraterritorial rights were established by the United Kingdom treaty).

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Until the late-1920s, therefore, the SMC and its subsidiaries, including the

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Anglo-American influence effectively ended after 8 December 1941, when the

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Lockwood, William W. "The International Settlement at Shanghai, 1924–34."

1601:(21.7.1853 – 11.7.1854, as Chairman of the Committee on Roads and Jetties) 947:, the defences at Shanghai were augmented by a permanent battalion of the 809:

sales and prostitution until their banning in 1918 and 1920 respectively.

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Beyond the Neon Lights - Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century

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C. F. Fraser, "The Status of the International Settlement at Shanghai",

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Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire

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The Japanese sent European and American citizens to be interned at the

472: 3428: 2948: 2818:"Shanghai International Settlement Elections: Japan Demand New Ballot" 1150: 546:

The British settlements were established following the victory of the

4807: 4802: 4316: 4301: 4201: 3021:"Lunghua Civilian Assembly Centre: Teacher to reveal grim history of" 1564: 1504: 1455: 1432: 778:

needing three drivers' licenses to travel through the complete city.

563: 3507:"The Shanghai Municipal Council, 1850–1865: Some Biographical Notes" 1325: 1014: 5174: 4326: 4206: 4123: 4049: 3932: 3925: 3870: 3652: 3588:(Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1992.) 3548:

In the shadow of the rising sun: Shanghai under Japanese occupation

2366:

is set in the International Settlement and other parts of Shanghai.

1486:

Shanghai local post stamp showing the seal of the Municipal Council

1066:, which had become an unofficial Japanese settlement, was known as 964: 892: 828:(leading to anti-Western protests), did embarrass and threaten the 528: 420: 336: 1378: 925:

The Settlement maintained its own fire-service, police force (the

662:

and its supplementary treaty of 1843 – the first of the so-called

3257:

The North – China Herald and Supreme Court & Consular Gazette

3211:

The North – China Herald and Supreme Court & Consular Gazette

3188:

The North – China Herald and Supreme Court & Consular Gazette

3162:

The North – China Herald and Supreme Court & Consular Gazette

2943:(1). British Institute of International and Comparative Law: 45. 1471: 876: 91: 628: 611:

It was one of two Chinese international settlements, along with

6030:

Imperial Japanese surprise attacks and battles of December 1941

5103: 3950: 3837: 3827: 3610: 2762:

Flamm, Christoph; Marti, Roland; Raev, Ada (17 December 2018).

1515: 1304:

was established in 1865 and located in its own building in the

1043: 1001: 904: 884: 543:

agreed by both parties. These treaties were abrogated in 1943.

760:

Council for the Foreign Settlement North of the Yang-king-pang

710:

Flag after 1914 with a blank spot where the Prussian flag was.

4113: 4054: 3118:

http://www.stampnotes.com/Notes_from_the_Past/pastnote432.htm

1391: 1208:

Treaty for Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China

1100: 1085:, when Japanese troops invaded Shanghai. From then until the 896: 888: 331: 169: 3514:

Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

3479:

Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

2434: 1397:

that had been coming from Mexico for a few hundred years on

943:). Following some disturbances at the British concession in 773:)—officially joined the British Settlement (stretching from 5156: 3621: 1414: 2792:

The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations: S-Z

3579:

Port of last resort: The diaspora communities of Shanghai

3232:"Viscount Konoye Urges That Japanese Support Orchestra". 2734:, Leiden Journal of International Law (2021, 34), p. 918. 1439:

dollars had depreciated to about 50% of the value of the

1428: 1062:

80% of all extraterritorial foreigners in China. Much of

2937:

Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law

2933:"The Status of the International Settlement at Shanghai" 2919:

Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law

2567:

Former Consulate-General of the United Kingdom, Shanghai

1024: 785:

Boundary Stone of the Shanghai International Settlement.

486: 299:

Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China

2351: 2679:

was also included, later to be replaced by whitespace.

2462: 2988:

Our Times: An Illustrated History of the 20th Century

2970:"The Lewiston Daily Sun – Google News Archive Search" 531:, in which British and American citizens would enjoy 463: 449: 2485: 1040:

fifty-five-day siege of the foreign embassy compound

72:

Seal of the Shanghai Municipality before World War I

60:

Flag of the Shanghai Municipality before World War I

1573:

Simplified map of Shanghai Settlement (west on top)

1198:In February 1943, the International Settlement was 1151:

Japanese occupy the International Settlement (1941)

632:1884 map of Shanghai with foreign concessions: the 3287:. Brantford, Ontario. 15 February 1912. p. 7. 2816: 2675:), the United Kingdom, and the United States. The 1565:List of chairmen of the Shanghai Municipal Council 765:In 1863 the American concession—land fronting the 3091:Bruce, Colin R.; Michael, Thomas (11 June 2007). 2768:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 59–61. 2458:, U.S. trade commissioner in Shanghai (1928–1939) 2408:, French clergyman and former Archbishop of Reims 1127: 693:Following the British example, the French consul 6287: 3417:Empire Made Me: An Englishman Adrift in Shanghai 1238:in 1949, the city was occupied by the Communist 718:also arrived, with Russia's construction of the 375:, Shanghai, within the International Settlement. 2874:H. L., "The International Status of Shanghai", 2788: 2708:, University of California Press (1999), p. 31. 2396:, Swiss-American Nobel Prize–winning biochemist 3094:2008 Standard Catalog of World Coins 1901–2000 2761: 2671:, Portugal, Russia, Spain (represented by its 6275:Invasion of Shanghai International Settlement 6015: 3637: 3584:Wakeman, Frederic E., and Wen-Hsin Yeh, eds. 3279:"Mr. J. H. Crocker Tells Of Work at Shanghai" 1530:, which could not be opened by postal staff. 1423:Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China 1006:Article 28 of the International Settlement's 938: 408: 27: 3160:"The Philharmonic Concert at Masonic Hall". 3090: 2795:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1509. 1002:Legal Status of the International Settlement 698:deliberations, the Americans – who with the 3546:Henriot, Christian, and Wen-Hsin Yeh, eds. 175: 6296:States and territories established in 1863 6022: 6008: 3644: 3630: 3354:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 3255:"Professor Sternberg's Symphony Concert". 2854:. Stanford University Press. p. 247. 1386:) are reserved for the Foreign Community". 1101:Japanese take over rest of Shanghai (1937) 80: 3446:. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace & Co. 3324: 2889:"The Queen's join the China Station 1927" 2847: 2552:British Supreme Court for China and Japan 2435:Residents of the International Settlement 1366:Learn how and when to remove this message 1302:British Supreme Court for China and Japan 1193: 1029:In the 19th century, Europeans possessed 974: 570:. The British also established a base on 516:) originated from the 1863 merger of the 5741:Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel and Bridge 3450: 3139:The North-China Herald and Market Report 2782: 2721:, Oxford University Press (2012), p. 64. 2542:List of former foreign enclaves in China 1568: 1537:that is today the Shanghai Post Museum. 1481: 1405:; but from the 1840s, these gave way to 1377: 1260: 1134: 1104: 1072: 1013: 834: 796: 780: 737: 705: 627: 387:with an unlabelled boundary also marked. 378: 367: 3395: 3325:Foley, Meredith; Radi, Heather (1983). 1253:and in many locations around the city. 1202:returned to the Chinese as part of the 16:Merged conceded territories (1863–1941) 6336:United Kingdom–United States relations 6288: 6214:Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse 3441: 3398:Shanghai: China's Gateway to Modernity 3389:28 (2000): 51–86. Jews fleeing Europe 3343: 2930: 2577:List of historic buildings in Shanghai 2360:, British writer. His acclaimed novel 6003: 3625: 3555:American Journal of International Law 3362:from the original on 22 February 2024 3300:John Howard Crocker LL. D., 1870–1959 3297: 3181: 3179: 3070:American Journal of International Law 1025:Rise of Imperial Japan (20th century) 714:Towards the end of the 19th century, 577:Unlike the colonies of Hong Kong and 5851:International Business and Economics 3504: 3469: 3298:Keyes, Mary Eleanor (October 1964). 3010:. W.H. Allen (1960) ASIN: B0000CKH0A 2352:Born in the International Settlement 1500:United States Post Office Department 1348:adding citations to reliable sources 1319: 1109:Japanese soldiers in Shanghai, 1937. 868:their number was increased to five. 769:to the north-east of Soochow Creek ( 733: 554:(1839–1842). Under the terms of the 119:22.59 km (8.72 sq mi) 6260:List of shipwrecks in December 1941 2463:Relation with the French Concession 2430:, British duchess and fashion model 13: 6161:Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf 3581:(Stanford University Press, 2003). 3351:Australian Dictionary of Biography 3331:Australian Dictionary of Biography 3176: 2390:, British dancer and choreographer 1511:set of K1-18, "Offices in China". 1477: 1242:and came under the control of the 14: 6357: 6301:Shanghai International Settlement 6141:Japanese invasion of Batan Island 4773:Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve 4597:Waterworks Science and Technology 3871:Lujiazui Financial and Trade Zone 3616:Shanghai International Settlement 3603: 3562:American Political Science Review 3327:"Eleanor Mary Hinder (1893–1963)" 2848:Johnstone, William Crane (1937). 2346: 613:Gulangyu International Settlement 506:Shanghai International Settlement 394:Shanghai International Settlement 24:Shanghai International Settlement 6240:Philippines campaign (1941–1942) 6112: 6106: 6068:Shelling of Johnston and Palmyra 5984: 5983: 3609: 2516: 2502: 2488: 2428:Jane Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch 2418:editor, TV producer and designer 2333: 2320: 2314:William Johnstone "Tony" Keswick 2307: 2294: 2281: 2268: 2255: 2242: 2229: 2216: 2203: 2190: 2177: 2164: 2151: 2138: 2125: 2112: 2099: 2086: 2073: 2054: 2041: 2034: 2021: 2008: 1995: 1982: 1969: 1956: 1943: 1930: 1917: 1904: 1891: 1878: 1865: 1852: 1839: 1826: 1813: 1800: 1787: 1774: 1761: 1748: 1735: 1722: 1709: 1696: 1683: 1670: 1657: 1644: 1631: 1618: 1605: 1592: 1579: 1324: 1180:Lunghua Civilian Assembly Center 650:of the city to the south of the 324: 303: 278: 264: 65: 53: 5122:Shanghai World Financial Center 4640:Party's First National Congress 3346:"Addie Viola Smith (1893–1975)" 3337: 3318: 3291: 3271: 3248: 3225: 3202: 3153: 3130: 3111: 3084: 3075: 3062: 3046: 3033: 3013: 3000: 2980: 2962: 2924: 2911: 2881: 2868: 2841: 1549:was officially formed in 1879. 1335:needs additional citations for 1267:British Supreme Court for China 1256: 951:, which was referred to as the 487: 423:communal concession territories 6326:China–United Kingdom relations 6306:1943 disestablishments in Asia 6250:Battle of Changsha (1941–1942) 6151:Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay 6131:Attack on Clark and Iba Fields 5826:East Political Science and Law 5594:Shanghai Public Transport Card 4695:People's Heroes Memorial Tower 3543:(U of California Press, 1984), 3436:Modern Chinese History Studies 3396:Bergere, Marie-Claire (2010). 3356:Australian National University 3186:"S.M.C. Ratepayers' Meeting". 3127:U.S. Postal Agency in Shanghai 2876:Bulletin of International News 2809: 2755: 2746: 2737: 2730:Wanshu Cong, Frédéric Mégret, 2724: 2711: 2698: 2654: 2532:American Concession (Shanghai) 1128:Evacuation of British garrison 939: 929:), and even possessed its own 646:to the north in faded orange; 642:to the south in faded red and 464: 450: 409: 286:American Concession (Shanghai) 1: 6331:China–United States relations 6316:European colonisation in Asia 6092:Battle of Prachuap Khiri Khan 6088:Japanese invasion of Thailand 4768:Dongping National Forest Park 3886:Yangshan Free Trade Port Area 3304:University of Western Ontario 2893:www.queensroyalsurreys.org.uk 2686: 2603:United States Court for China 2414:, Portuguese-Macanese model, 1310:United States Court for China 1140: 465:Shang-hai Kung-kung Tsu-chieh 272:British Concession (Shanghai) 6156:Japanese invasion of Legazpi 3983:List of people from Shanghai 3651: 2691: 2547:Astor House Hotel (Shanghai) 1547:Shanghai Municipal Orchestra 1535:General Post Office Building 1093:and Japanese members of the 824:were shot by members of the 7: 6346:Foreign affairs in Shanghai 6209:Bombing of Singapore (1941) 6136:Japanese invasion of Aparri 6073:Invasion of Gilbert Islands 6063:First Bombardment of Midway 5780:East Science and Technology 3577:Ristaino, Marcia Reynders. 3420:(Allen Lane History, 2003). 3302:(Thesis). London, Ontario: 2481: 1625:Christopher Augustus Fearon 1315: 1174:considered itself neutral. 10: 6362: 6255:Dutch East Indies campaign 6166:Japanese invasion of Vigan 6146:Japanese invasion of Davao 5170:Shimao International Plaza 4060:Jinshanzui Fishing Village 3881:Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone 3442:Hauser, Ernest O. (1940). 3378: 2537:Shanghai French Concession 2469:Shanghai French Concession 2466: 1407:Mexican republican dollars 1306:British Consulate compound 1112: 978: 957:a contingent of US Marines 752:Shanghai Municipal Council 618: 6222: 6174: 6121: 6104: 6035: 5979: 5944: 5896:Political Science and Law 5818: 5762: 5753: 5718: 5602: 5544: 5521: 5493: 5455: 5446: 5421: 5395: 5386: 5298: 5257: 5216: 5207: 5155: 5102: 5093: 5053: 5012: 4917: 4906: 4876: 4835: 4705: 4467: 4411: 4355: 4317:Longemont Shopping Centre 4259: 4149: 4019: 4010: 3970: 3942: 3917: 3903: 3856: 3810: 3710: 3699: 3659: 3451:Earnshaw, Graham (2012). 3344:Barker, Heather (2006) . 3107:– via Google Books. 2835:British Newspaper Archive 2752:Hanchao Hu (1999), p. 32. 2599:(formerly Ward Road Gaol) 2592:Shanghai Municipal Police 2384:, Chinese-American writer 2262:Ernest Brander Macnaghten 1490:Shanghai had developed a 1095:Shanghai Municipal Police 927:Shanghai Municipal Police 857:Shanghai massacre of 1927 826:Shanghai Municipal Police 672:yiding jiezhi, buxu yuyue 513: 498: 478: 471: 457: 443: 436: 431: 427: 416: 402: 398: 393: 319: 243: 239: 235: 231: 221: 211: 207: 199: 195: 166: 159: 155: 145: 135: 131: 123: 113: 105: 90: 79: 49: 44: 37: 28: 23: 5343:Tour of Chongming Island 5185:Shanghai Wheelock Square 5076:Jiading Confucian Temple 4794:Ancient Chinese gardens 4068:European-style boroughs 4040:International Settlement 3876:Shanghai Free-Trade Zone 3774:Shanghai Free-Trade Zone 3596:Journal of Asian Studies 3564:28.6 (1934): 1030–1046. 2823:Dundee Evening Telegraph 2789:Cathal J. Nolan (2002). 2647: 2445:Shanghai Volunteer Corps 2225:(17.3.1922 – 12.10.1923) 1540: 1240:People's Liberation Army 1091:Japanese Consular Police 1087:Second Sino-Japanese War 935:Shanghai Volunteer Corps 688:Shanghai zudi zhangcheng 39:International Settlement 5731:Bund Sightseeing Tunnel 4994:Songjiang Square Pagoda 4634:Historical and Cultural 3891:Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park 3444:Shanghai: City for Sale 3427:159.1 (1998): 161–211. 2402:, Chinese mathematician 2277:(22.3.1932 – 27.3.1934) 2238:(12.10.1923 – 5.3.1929) 2212:(17.2.1920 – 17.3.1922) 2199:(24.1.1913 – 17.2.1920) 2186:(17.1.1911 – 24.1.1913) 2147:(25.1.1906 – 24.8.1906) 2108:(26.1.1901 – 25.1.1902) 2067:(3.8.1898 – 30.11.1898) 2017:(26.1.1897 – 21.4.1897) 1939:(22.1.1884 – 22.1.1886) 1937:James Johnstone Keswick 1887:(16.1.1879 – 30.1.1882) 1770:(25.4.1865 – 18.4.1866) 1705:(31.1.1859 – 15.2.1860) 1638:William Shepard Wetmore 1599:William Shepard Wetmore 1276:extraterritorial rights 1224:Wang Jingwei Government 967:suppletive troops from 720:Chinese Eastern Railway 451:Shànghǎi Gōnggòng Zūjiè 6204:Battle of Kuala Lumpur 6043:Attack on Pearl Harbor 5911:Science and Technology 5195:Grand Gateway Shanghai 5132:Bocom Financial Towers 4562:Science and Technology 4429:Shanghai Grand Theatre 4282:Xujiahui Shopping City 3041:Secret War in Shanghai 2931:Fraser, C. F. (1939). 2002:James Lidderdale Scott 1885:Robert "Bob" W. Little 1859:Alfred Adolphus Krauss 1757:(4.4.1863 – 25.4.1865) 1744:(31.3.1862 – 4.4.1863) 1731:(2.2.1861 – 31.3.1862) 1718:(15.2.1860 – 2.2.1861) 1574: 1524:Universal Postal Union 1487: 1387: 1270: 1212:Nationalist Government 1194:Return to Chinese rule 1161:attack on Pearl Harbor 1157:Imperial Japanese Army 1147: 1110: 1078: 1021: 981:Extra-settlement roads 975:Extra-settlement roads 953:Shanghai Defence Force 844: 832:'s position in China. 805: 786: 743: 711: 655: 388: 376: 223:• Disestablished 176: 6058:Battle of Wake Island 6053:Battle of Guam (1941) 5795:International Studies 5785:Finance and Economics 5552:Shanghai rail transit 5030:St Ignatius Cathedral 4644:Former Residence of: 4532:Aerospace Enthusiasts 3993:Shanghainese language 3557:21.3 (1927): 451–471. 3550:(Cambridge UP, 2004). 3453:Tales of Old Shanghai 3072:21.3 (1927): 451–471. 3043:(1999) at pp 140–150. 2743:Cassel (2012), p. 65. 2631:Maiden Voyage (novel) 2467:Further information: 2378:, Canadian politician 2342:(5.1.1942 – 1.8.1943) 2329:(1.5.1941 – 5.1.1942) 2197:Edward Charles Pearce 2028:Albert Robson Burkill 2004:(11.1893 – 26.1.1897) 1809:(2.4.1870 – 4.4.1871) 1572: 1485: 1381: 1264: 1206:and American–Chinese 1138: 1113:Further information: 1108: 1076: 1048:Treaty of Shimonoseki 1036:Eight-Nation Alliance 1017: 992:January 28th Incident 838: 800: 784: 775:Yang-ching-pang Creek 742:Shanghai tram, 1920s. 741: 709: 639:the French Concession 631: 537:consular jurisdiction 382: 371: 190:"All Joined into One" 6311:Concessions in China 6235:Day of Infamy speech 6199:Battle of Kota Bharu 5836:Engineering Sciences 5180:White Magnolia Plaza 5112:Oriental Pearl Tower 5071:Mazu Cultural Palace 4728:Park of the Old City 4723:Gongqing Forest Park 4393:Jinjiang Action Park 4307:Jing An Kerry Centre 3998:Shanghainese cuisine 3618:at Wikimedia Commons 3572:Planning Perspective 3470:Haan, J. H. (1982). 3236:. 20 February 1936. 3164:. 24 December 1879. 3123:29 June 2017 at the 2851:The Shanghai Problem 2719:Grounds for Judgment 2637:Free City of Trieste 2609:When We Were Orphans 2327:John Hellyer Liddell 2290:(27.3.1934 – 4.1937) 2288:Harry Edward Arnhold 2249:Harry Edward Arnhold 2173:(5.1907 – 17.1.1911) 2160:(24.8.1906 – 5.1907) 2119:William George Bayne 2095:(8.1900 – 25.1.1901) 2093:Edbert Ansgar Hewett 2030:(12.5.1897 – 1.1898) 2015:Edward Albert Probst 1991:(1.1893 – 7.11.1893) 1874:(1.1877 – 16.1.1879) 1835:(1.1873 – 16.4.1874) 1833:Robert Inglis Fearon 1807:George Basil Dixwell 1783:(18.4.1866 – 3.1868) 1679:(31.1.1857 – 1.1858) 1677:George Watson Coutts 1666:(1.1856 – 31.1.1857) 1344:improve this article 1265:The building of the 1053:In 1915, during the 1038:during the infamous 6321:History of Shanghai 6048:Battle of Hong Kong 5317:Motorsport circuit 5040:St Nicholas' Church 5020:Holy Trinity Church 4783:Jinshan Binhai Park 4572:C. Y. Tung Maritime 4383:Haichang Ocean Park 4180:Zhouqiao Old Street 3978:Shanghainese people 3598:54.1 (1995): 19–42. 3586:Shanghai sojourners 3505:Haan, J.H. (1984). 3284:Brantford Expositor 3141:. 6 February 1968. 2667:, the Netherlands, 2663:, Denmark, France, 2642:Free City of Danzig 2316:(4.1940 – 1.5.1941) 2210:Alfred Brooke-Smith 1822:(4.4.1871 – 1.1873) 1796:(3.1868 – 2.4.1870) 955:(SDF or SHAF), and 855:that came with the 820:, in which Chinese 722:and acquisition of 695:Charles de Montigny 644:American Concession 598:the Japanese attack 539:under the terms of 533:extraterritoriality 488:Zånhae Konkun Tsyga 213:• Established 177:Omnia Juncta in Uno 100:Shanghainese people 6098:Invasion of Borneo 6078:Bombing of Rangoon 5372:Shanghai Race Club 5035:St Joseph's Church 4962:Chenxiang Pavilion 4952:Yuanming Jiangtang 4925:Jade Buddha Temple 4542:Revolution History 4212:North Sichuan Road 3574:5.1 (1990): 39–62. 3455:. Earnshaw Books. 3425:Past & Present 3387:Yad Vashem Studies 3213:. 5 October 1938. 3097:. F+W Media, Inc. 3056:28 (2000): 51–86. 3054:Yad Vashem Studies 2986:Lorraine Glennon. 2264:(1930 – 22.3.1932) 2236:Stirling Fessenden 2134:(1904 – 25.1.1906) 2132:Frederick Anderson 2121:(25.1.1902 – 1904) 2080:Frederick Anderson 2050:(1.1898 – 8.1899) 1976:John Graeme Purdon 1952:(22.1.1886 – 1889) 1926:(1883 – 22.1.1884) 1900:(30.1.1882 – 1882) 1848:(16.4.1874 – 1876) 1846:John Graeme Purdon 1755:Henry William Dent 1664:James Lawrence Man 1614:(11.7.1854 – 1855) 1612:James Lawrence Man 1575: 1488: 1474:for distribution. 1388: 1271: 1148: 1115:Battle of Shanghai 1111: 1079: 1022: 996:Battle of Shanghai 849:Stirling Fessenden 845: 841:Stirling Fessenden 806: 787: 744: 712: 656: 634:British Concession 389: 377: 6283: 6282: 5997: 5996: 5975: 5974: 5805:Shanghai Jiaotong 5749: 5748: 5584:Buses in Shanghai 5513:Shanghai Hongqiao 5442: 5441: 5382: 5381: 5360:Sheshan Golf Club 5203: 5202: 5089: 5088: 5045:St Peter's Church 4977:Xilin Chan Temple 4902: 4901: 4848:Shanghai Jinjiang 4778:Shanghai Greenway 4035:French Concession 4006: 4005: 3899: 3898: 3614:Media related to 3539:Hao, Yen-p'ing. 3414:Bickers, Robert, 3407:978-0-8047-4905-3 3190:. 14 April 1938. 3026:Independent.co.uk 3008:The Lonely Battle 3006:Wetten, Desmond. 2861:978-0-8047-1066-4 2802:978-0-313-32383-6 2775:978-1-5275-2356-2 2623:Empire of the Sun 2475:French Concession 2456:Addie Viola Smith 2441:J. Howard Crocker 2394:Edmond H. Fischer 2372:, British actress 2363:Empire of the Sun 2303:(4.1937 – 4.1940) 2251:(5.3.1929 – 1930) 2082:(8.1899 – 1.1900) 1978:(5.1891 – 1.1893) 1924:Alexander Myburgh 1911:Walter Cyril Ward 1794:Edward Cunningham 1692:(1.1858 – 1.1859) 1586:Edward Cunningham 1376: 1375: 1368: 1244:mayor of Shanghai 1232:Chinese Civil War 1216:Republic of China 1083:Shanghai Incident 1057:, Japan overtook 1019:Hongkew Japantown 961:Troupes de marine 818:May 30th Movement 734:Municipal Council 716:Shanghai Russians 700:Treaty of Wanghia 660:Treaty of Nanking 652:French Concession 583:French concession 556:Treaty of Nanking 502: 501: 494: 493: 438:Standard Mandarin 385:French Concession 366: 365: 315: 314: 311: 310: 291: 290: 191: 6353: 6270:HMS Peterel sunk 6265:USS Wake capture 6245:Malayan campaign 6194:Battle of Kampar 6116: 6110: 6024: 6017: 6010: 6001: 6000: 5987: 5986: 5760: 5759: 5736:Dapu Road Tunnel 5529:Port of Shanghai 5453: 5452: 5393: 5392: 5214: 5213: 5147:Bank of Shanghai 5100: 5099: 5081:Songjiang Mosque 5025:Sheshan Basilica 4915: 4914: 4868:InterContinental 4825:Botanical Garden 4668:Soong Ching-ling 4485:Contemporary Art 4347:Super Brand Mall 4267:1933 Old Millfun 4222:M50 Art district 4017: 4016: 3915: 3914: 3776: 3708: 3707: 3646: 3639: 3632: 3623: 3622: 3613: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3476: 3466: 3447: 3411: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3183: 3174: 3173: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3134: 3128: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3050: 3044: 3039:Wasserstein, B. 3037: 3031: 3030: 3017: 3011: 3004: 2998: 2990:. October 1995. 2984: 2978: 2977: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2928: 2922: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2895:. Archived from 2885: 2879: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2832: 2830: 2820: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2728: 2722: 2715: 2709: 2702: 2680: 2658: 2597:Tilanqiao Prison 2526: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2512: 2507: 2506: 2498: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2370:Mary Hayley Bell 2338: 2337: 2336: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2301:Cornell Franklin 2299: 2298: 2297: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1716:Rowland Hamilton 1714: 1713: 1712: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1494:as early as the 1371: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1351: 1328: 1320: 1172:Vichy government 1145: 1142: 1050:signed in 1895. 1008:Land Regulations 969:French Indochina 942: 941: 931:military reserve 866: 839:A caricature of 749: 664:unequal treaties 654:in faded yellow. 541:unequal treaties 515: 490: 489: 467: 466: 453: 452: 429: 428: 412: 411: 391: 390: 352:Hongkou district 347:Jing'an district 342:Huangpu district 330: 328: 327: 307: 306: 295: 294: 282: 281: 268: 267: 261: 260: 245: 244: 189: 187: 179: 172: 84: 69: 57: 32: 31: 30: 21: 20: 6361: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6218: 6189:Battle of Jitra 6184:Battle of Gurun 6170: 6117: 6111: 6102: 6031: 6028: 5998: 5993: 5971: 5952:Europe Business 5940: 5814: 5745: 5714: 5598: 5572:Zhangjiang Tram 5540: 5517: 5495: 5489: 5438: 5417: 5413:Jiading Huilong 5388: 5378: 5294: 5275:Shanghai Indoor 5253: 5209: 5199: 5190:Tomorrow Square 5151: 5085: 5061:City God Temple 5049: 5008: 4982:Yuanying Pagoda 4909: 4898: 4872: 4831: 4701: 4587:Madame Tussauds 4552:Natural History 4547:Jewish Refugees 4463: 4439:Yue Opera House 4407: 4351: 4297:HKRI Taikoo Hui 4255: 4145: 4077:Holland Village 4045:People's Square 4012: 4002: 3988:Shanghailanders 3966: 3938: 3908: 3895: 3852: 3848:Shanghai County 3843:Chuansha County 3806: 3772: 3702: 3695: 3655: 3650: 3606: 3601: 3530: 3528: 3509: 3495: 3493: 3474: 3463: 3408: 3381: 3376: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3342: 3338: 3323: 3319: 3296: 3292: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3259:. 23 May 1900. 3254: 3253: 3249: 3234:The China Press 3231: 3230: 3226: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3185: 3184: 3177: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3125:Wayback Machine 3116: 3112: 3105: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3067: 3063: 3051: 3047: 3038: 3034: 3029:. 9 March 2014. 3019: 3018: 3014: 3005: 3001: 2985: 2981: 2974:news.google.com 2968: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2929: 2925: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2899:on 24 July 2011 2887: 2886: 2882: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2846: 2842: 2828: 2826: 2825:. 26 March 1936 2815: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2729: 2725: 2716: 2712: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2677:flag of Prussia 2661:Austria-Hungary 2659: 2655: 2650: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2510:Politics portal 2508: 2501: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2471: 2465: 2437: 2388:Eunice Crowther 2354: 2349: 2334: 2332: 2321: 2319: 2308: 2306: 2295: 2293: 2282: 2280: 2269: 2267: 2256: 2254: 2243: 2241: 2230: 2228: 2217: 2215: 2204: 2202: 2191: 2189: 2178: 2176: 2165: 2163: 2152: 2150: 2139: 2137: 2126: 2124: 2113: 2111: 2100: 2098: 2087: 2085: 2074: 2072: 2055: 2053: 2048:James S. Fearon 2042: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2022: 2020: 2009: 2007: 1996: 1994: 1983: 1981: 1970: 1968: 1965:(1889 – 5.1891) 1957: 1955: 1944: 1942: 1931: 1929: 1918: 1916: 1905: 1903: 1892: 1890: 1879: 1877: 1866: 1864: 1861:(1876 – 1.1877) 1853: 1851: 1840: 1838: 1827: 1825: 1814: 1812: 1801: 1799: 1788: 1786: 1775: 1773: 1768:William Keswick 1762: 1760: 1749: 1747: 1736: 1734: 1723: 1721: 1710: 1708: 1697: 1695: 1684: 1682: 1671: 1669: 1658: 1656: 1651:William Thorbun 1645: 1643: 1640:(3.1855 – 1855) 1632: 1630: 1619: 1617: 1606: 1604: 1593: 1591: 1580: 1578: 1567: 1555:Viscount Konoye 1543: 1528:diplomatic bags 1509:Scott catalogue 1480: 1478:Postal services 1437:silver standard 1399:Manila galleons 1395:pieces of eight 1372: 1361: 1355: 1352: 1341: 1329: 1318: 1280:consular courts 1259: 1220:Chiang Kai-shek 1196: 1188:Shanghai Ghetto 1153: 1143: 1130: 1122:William Keswick 1117: 1103: 1055:First World War 1027: 1004: 983: 977: 909:Newfoundlanders 864: 758:, formally the 747: 736: 626: 621: 552:First Opium War 482: 417:Literal meaning 357:Yangpu district 325: 323: 304: 279: 265: 224: 214: 188: 181: 167: 148: 138: 116: 85: 75: 74: 73: 70: 62: 61: 58: 33: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6359: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6180: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6127: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6085: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6004: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5831:Electric Power 5828: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 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Cassel, 2710: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2627: 2619: 2616:The Blue Lotus 2612: 2605: 2600: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2524:History portal 2513: 2499: 2483: 2480: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2453: 2450:Eleanor Hinder 2447: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2416:Harpers Bazaar 2409: 2406:Thierry Jordan 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2347:Notable people 2345: 2344: 2343: 2340:Katsuo Okazaki 2330: 2317: 2304: 2291: 2278: 2265: 2252: 2239: 2226: 2213: 2200: 2187: 2174: 2161: 2148: 2145:Cecil Holliday 2135: 2122: 2109: 2096: 2083: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2031: 2018: 2005: 1992: 1989:John Macgregor 1979: 1966: 1963:John Macgregor 1953: 1940: 1927: 1914: 1901: 1888: 1875: 1862: 1849: 1836: 1823: 1810: 1797: 1784: 1771: 1758: 1745: 1732: 1729:William Howard 1719: 1706: 1693: 1680: 1667: 1654: 1641: 1628: 1615: 1602: 1589: 1566: 1563: 1542: 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5017: 5015: 5011: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4967:Hongfu Temple 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4947:Zhenru Temple 4945: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4905: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4813:Qiuxia Garden 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4758:People's Park 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4663:Zhang Wentian 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 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4244:Hengshan Road 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4230:Thoroughfare 4229: 4228: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4134:Jinshan Beach 4132: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4119:Dianshan Lake 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4009: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 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3193: 3189: 3182: 3180: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3114: 3106: 3104:9780896895003 3100: 3096: 3095: 3087: 3078: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3042: 3036: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3016: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2996:9781878685582 2993: 2989: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2920: 2914: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2877: 2871: 2863: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2844: 2836: 2824: 2819: 2812: 2804: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2785: 2777: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2758: 2749: 2740: 2733: 2727: 2720: 2714: 2707: 2701: 2697: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2669:Norway-Sweden 2666: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2587:Shanghai Club 2585: 2583: 2582:Richard Sorge 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2572:Klaus Mehnert 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2562:China Marines 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2500: 2497: 2486: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2412:China Machado 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2358:J. G. Ballard 2356: 2355: 2341: 2331: 2328: 2318: 2315: 2305: 2302: 2292: 2289: 2279: 2276: 2266: 2263: 2253: 2250: 2240: 2237: 2227: 2224: 2214: 2211: 2201: 2198: 2188: 2185: 2184:Harry De Gray 2175: 2172: 2171:David Landale 2162: 2159: 2158:Henry Keswick 2149: 2146: 2136: 2133: 2123: 2120: 2110: 2107: 2106:John Prentice 2097: 2094: 2084: 2081: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2032: 2029: 2019: 2016: 2006: 2003: 1993: 1990: 1980: 1977: 1967: 1964: 1954: 1951: 1941: 1938: 1928: 1925: 1915: 1912: 1902: 1899: 1889: 1886: 1876: 1873: 1863: 1860: 1850: 1847: 1837: 1834: 1824: 1821: 1811: 1808: 1798: 1795: 1785: 1782: 1772: 1769: 1759: 1756: 1746: 1743: 1733: 1730: 1720: 1717: 1707: 1704: 1694: 1691: 1681: 1678: 1668: 1665: 1655: 1652: 1642: 1639: 1629: 1626: 1616: 1613: 1603: 1600: 1590: 1587: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1550: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1484: 1475: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1441:gold standard 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1385: 1380: 1370: 1367: 1359: 1356:December 2016 1349: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1333:This section 1331: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1268: 1263: 1254: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1162: 1158: 1137: 1133: 1125: 1123: 1116: 1107: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1009: 999: 997: 994:and the 1937 993: 989: 982: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 936: 932: 928: 923: 921: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 875:, Americans, 874: 869: 860: 858: 854: 850: 842: 837: 833: 831: 827: 823: 822:demonstrators 819: 815: 810: 803: 799: 795: 793: 783: 779: 776: 772: 768: 767:Huangpu River 763: 761: 757: 753: 740: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 708: 704: 701: 696: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 676:Canton system 673: 669: 665: 661: 653: 649: 645: 641: 640: 635: 630: 616: 614: 609: 607: 603: 599: 594: 592: 587: 584: 580: 575: 573: 569: 568:Canton System 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 523: 519: 511: 507: 497: 485: 481: 477: 474: 470: 462: 460: 456: 448: 446: 442: 439: 435: 430: 426: 422: 419: 415: 407: 405: 401: 397: 392: 386: 381: 374: 370: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 339: 338: 335: 334: 333: 322: 320:Today part of 318: 302: 300: 297: 296: 293: 287: 284: 277: 276: 273: 270: 263: 262: 259: 258: 255: 252: 250: 247: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 220: 216: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 185: 178: 174: 171: 168: • 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 144: 140: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 112: 108: 104: 101: 98: 95: 93: 89: 83: 78: 68: 56: 48: 43: 40: 36: 22: 19: 5755:Universities 5567:Maglev Train 5142:One Lujiazui 5137:Shanghai IFC 5004:Fahua Pagoda 4989:Huzhu Pagoda 4748:Jing'an Park 4738:Huangpu Park 4718:Century Park 4673:Moller Villa 4495:Rockbund Art 4424:Concert Hall 4419:Oriental Art 4388:Happy Valley 4363:Circus World 4332:Raffles City 4197:Huaihai Road 4192:Nanjing Road 4175:Dongmen Road 4082:Scandinavian 4039: 3962:LGBT culture 3949: 3931: 3924: 3910:demographics 3595: 3585: 3578: 3571: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3540: 3529:. Retrieved 3517: 3513: 3494:. Retrieved 3482: 3478: 3452: 3443: 3435: 3424: 3415: 3397: 3386: 3364:. Retrieved 3349: 3339: 3330: 3320: 3299: 3293: 3282: 3273: 3256: 3250: 3233: 3227: 3210: 3204: 3187: 3161: 3155: 3138: 3137:"Shanghai". 3132: 3113: 3093: 3086: 3077: 3069: 3064: 3053: 3048: 3040: 3035: 3024: 3015: 3007: 3002: 2987: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2952:. Retrieved 2940: 2936: 2926: 2918: 2913: 2901:. Retrieved 2897:the original 2892: 2883: 2875: 2870: 2850: 2843: 2833:– via 2827:. Retrieved 2822: 2811: 2791: 2784: 2764: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2731: 2726: 2718: 2713: 2705: 2704:Hanchao Hu, 2700: 2673:civil ensign 2656: 2629: 2622: 2614: 2607: 2496:China portal 2472: 2415: 2382:Eileen Chang 2361: 2064: 2061:Joseph Welch 1781:F.B. Johnson 1742:Henry Turner 1559: 1551: 1544: 1532: 1520: 1513: 1496:Ming dynasty 1489: 1460: 1445: 1427: 1411: 1389: 1384:Huangpu Park 1362: 1353: 1342:Please help 1337:verification 1334: 1299: 1288: 1284: 1272: 1257:Legal system 1248: 1228: 1199: 1197: 1184: 1176: 1166: 1154: 1131: 1118: 1080: 1068:Little Tokyo 1067: 1052: 1031:treaty ports 1028: 1007: 1005: 984: 949:British Army 924: 917: 870: 861: 853:White Terror 846: 811: 807: 791: 788: 771:Suzhou Creek 764: 759: 755: 751: 745: 713: 692: 687: 671: 668:Qing emperor 657: 651: 648:Chinese part 647: 643: 638: 633: 610: 602:Pearl Harbor 595: 588: 576: 566:) under the 560:treaty ports 545: 505: 503: 483:Romanization 480:Shanghainese 445:Hanyu Pinyin 373:Nanking Road 254:Succeeded by 253: 248: 147:• 1925 137:• 1910 18: 6341:City-states 6123:Philippines 5775:East Normal 5726:Bund Tunnel 5428:Basketball 5355:BMW Masters 5095:Skyscrapers 4877:Expo center 4858:Grand Hyatt 4820:Guilin Park 4798:Guyi Garden 4753:Lu Xun Park 4743:Fuxing Park 4707:Urban parks 4648:Sun Yat-Sen 4632:Protected 4557:Planetarium 4378:Great World 4373:Film Studio 4322:Ciros Plaza 4234:Yan'an Road 4170:Duolun Road 4165:Wukang Road 4105:Water Town 4092:German Town 4087:Venice Town 4072:Thames Town 4013:attractions 3531:8 September 3520:: 207–229. 3496:8 September 2954:8 September 2829:18 November 2422:Qian Xuesen 1913:(1882–1883) 1703:Robert Reid 1690:John Thorne 1653:(1855–1856) 1505:overprinted 1419:copper cash 1403:Mexico City 1291:Mixed Court 1269:in Shanghai 1144: 1940 988:World War I 728:Port Arthur 558:, the five 249:Preceded by 115:• 1925 6290:Categories 5936:Visual Art 5931:Technology 5856:Leadership 5693:Stone arch 4791:Admission 4688:Xu Guangqi 4658:Zhou Enlai 4605:Transport 4592:Open House 4505:Poster Art 4272:Tianzifang 4249:Henan Road 4217:Tianzifang 4139:Bund Beach 4109:Zhujiajiao 3265:1369467847 3242:1416718873 3219:1371435956 3196:1371344324 3170:1324910318 3147:1321172660 2687:References 2400:Hu Hesheng 2376:Pat Carney 2223:H.G. Simms 1898:H.R. Hearn 1456:candareens 1308:, and the 1236:Kuomintang 893:Portuguese 459:Wade–Giles 160:Government 124:Population 5841:Fisheries 5819:Municipal 5698:Fangsheng 5448:Transport 5285:Int'l Gym 5013:Christian 4908:Places of 4808:Zuibaichi 4803:Yu Garden 4733:Expo Park 4356:Amusement 4302:IAPM Mall 4202:Xintiandi 4188:Shopping 4156:Historic 4026:Historic 3918:Architect 3802:Chongming 3787:Songjiang 3728:Changning 3703:divisions 3674:Geography 3485:: 31–64. 2692:Citations 2275:A.D. Bell 1950:A.G. Wood 1820:John Dent 1467:Weihaiwei 1433:US dollar 1210:with the 905:Canadians 636:in blue, 572:Hong Kong 564:Guangzhou 227:1941/1943 151:1,137,298 5989:Category 5962:New York 5906:Shanghai 5866:Maritime 5763:National 5674:Waibaidu 5615:Chonghai 5534:Yangshan 5503:Shanghai 5483:Jiangwan 5463:Hongqiao 5456:Airports 5396:Football 5339:Cycling 5290:Oriental 5265:Jiangwan 5244:Yuanshen 5224:Shanghai 5217:Football 5175:Plaza 66 5066:Wen Miao 4918:Buddhist 4894:National 4884:Shanghai 4853:Broadway 4679:Tomb of 4527:Shanghai 4444:Tianchan 4412:Cultural 4337:IFC Mall 4327:Plaza 66 4207:Xujiahui 4160:The Bund 4124:Fengjing 4050:Xujiahui 4030:Old City 3933:Longtang 3926:Shikumen 3797:Fengxian 3691:Politics 3684:Timeline 3653:Shanghai 3526:23902774 3491:23889659 3366:14 April 3360:Archived 3312:61578234 3261:ProQuest 3238:ProQuest 3215:ProQuest 3192:ProQuest 3166:ProQuest 3143:ProQuest 3121:Archived 2903:18 March 2557:The Bund 2482:See also 1316:Currency 1295:assessor 1251:the Bund 965:Annamite 897:Italians 802:The Bund 529:Shanghai 525:enclaves 522:American 421:Shanghai 337:Shanghai 6223:Related 5945:Private 5926:Theatre 5846:Finance 5770:Donghua 5719:Tunnels 5637:Donghai 5625:Yangtze 5620:Chongqi 5603:Bridges 5496:station 5494:Railway 5478:Longhua 5474:Closed 5403:Shenhua 5309:Qizhong 5305:Tennis 5239:Jinshan 5229:Hongkou 4910:worship 4714:Public 4609:Railway 4523:Museum 4469:Museums 4459:Library 4150:Streets 4011:Tourist 3943:Culture 3905:Culture 3811:Defunct 3782:Jinshan 3763:Jiading 3758:Baoshan 3753:Minhang 3743:Hongkou 3733:Jing'an 3718:Huangpu 3711:Current 3679:History 3669:Economy 3664:Culture 3590:excerpt 3379:Sources 2625:(novel) 1872:J. Hart 1516:dollars 1472:Nanking 1392:Spanish 1214:of the 1200:de jure 1167:Peterel 1064:Hongkew 1059:Britain 933:in the 920:Italian 901:Germans 889:Spanish 873:British 804:, 1928. 792:de jure 619:History 550:in the 548:British 518:British 510:Chinese 404:Chinese 200:History 141:501,561 92:Demonym 6176:Malaya 6036:Topics 5957:German 5901:Dianji 5876:Normal 5810:Tongji 5708:Wan'an 5684:Yangpu 5669:Songpu 5649:Fengpu 5468:Pudong 5432:Sharks 5387:Sports 5331:Tianma 5326:Street 5258:Indoor 5249:Zhabei 5234:Pudong 5210:venues 5208:Sports 5104:Pudong 4836:Hotels 4683:Lu Xun 4653:Lu Xun 4619:Maglev 4577:Postal 4130:Beach 4097:Canada 3951:Haipai 3866:Pudong 3838:Zhabei 3833:Nanhui 3828:Wusong 3818:Nanshi 3792:Qingpu 3768:Pudong 3748:Yangpu 3566:online 3524: 3489: 3459: 3429:online 3404: 3391:online 3310: 3263: 3240: 3217: 3194: 3168: 3145: 3101: 3058:online 2994: 2949:754551 2947: 2858: 2799: 2772: 2065:acting 1627:(1855) 1463:silver 1454:and 2 1218:under 1044:Peking 911:, and 885:French 865: 814:police 748: 724:Harbin 684:Daotai 514:上海公共租界 512:: 410:上海公共租界 329: 203: 180: 127: 109: 29:上海公共租界 6082:Burma 5967:Sanda 5916:Sport 5881:Ocean 5871:Music 5861:Lixin 5790:Fudan 5664:Nanpu 5659:Minpu 5545:Modes 5522:Ports 5422:Other 5389:teams 5351:Golf 5299:Other 5270:Luwan 5054:Other 4843:Peace 4636:Site 4614:Metro 4114:Jinze 4055:Qibao 4020:Areas 3971:Other 3957:Opera 3823:Luwan 3738:Putuo 3723:Xuhui 3522:JSTOR 3510:(PDF) 3487:JSTOR 3475:(PDF) 2945:JSTOR 2665:Italy 2648:Notes 1541:Music 881:Dutch 877:Danes 746:On 11 591:Japan 579:Macau 332:China 184:Latin 170:Motto 5921:Tech 5891:Poly 5886:Open 5703:Puji 5679:Xupu 5654:Lupu 5408:Port 5157:Puxi 4863:Park 4624:Auto 4537:Film 4500:Long 4476:Art 4260:Mall 3533:2018 3498:2018 3457:ISBN 3402:ISBN 3368:2024 3308:OCLC 3099:ISBN 2992:ISBN 2956:2018 2905:2010 2856:ISBN 2831:2014 2797:ISBN 2770:ISBN 2473:The 1452:mace 1448:yuan 1415:tael 1165:HMS 963:and 940:萬國商團 899:and 726:and 658:The 535:and 520:and 504:The 217:1863 106:Area 5165:K11 4889:New 4510:Yuz 4480:Art 4403:Zoo 4312:K11 3907:and 3858:SEZ 1429:Yen 1346:by 1042:in 756:SMC 600:on 527:in 6292:: 4515:OV 3518:24 3516:. 3512:. 3483:22 3481:. 3477:. 3358:. 3348:. 3329:. 3281:. 3178:^ 3023:. 2972:. 2941:21 2939:. 2935:. 2891:. 2821:. 2063:, 1409:. 1246:. 1226:. 1141:c. 1097:. 922:. 907:, 895:, 891:, 887:, 883:, 879:, 859:. 730:. 615:. 473:Wu 6094:) 6090:( 6084:) 6080:( 6023:e 6016:t 6009:v 3645:e 3638:t 3631:v 3535:. 3500:. 3465:. 3431:. 3410:. 3370:. 3314:. 3267:. 3244:. 3221:. 3198:. 3172:. 3149:. 2976:. 2958:. 2907:. 2864:. 2837:. 2805:. 2778:. 1369:) 1363:( 1358:) 1354:( 1340:. 1146:) 1070:. 937:( 754:( 508:( 186:) 182:(

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