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1287:, completely destroying the southwest tower and the two defenders in it. Approximately 10 minutes after the explosion, the Republicans launched four attacks on the Alcázar with the aid of armoured cars and tanks. The attacks failed after a determined defence by the Nationalists, but the Republicans responded with a continuous artillery bombardment of the Alcázar throughout the night and into the next day.
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executed. Moscardó asked to speak to his son and his son asked what he should do. "Commend your soul to God," he told his son, "and die like a patriot, shouting,'¡Viva Cristo Rey!' and '¡Viva España!' The Alcázar does not surrender." "That," answered his son, "I can do." Luis was immediately shot, contrary to the rumour that he was not in fact shot until a month later "in reprisal for an air raid".
260:
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1132:(including women and children) were held by the Nationalists through the duration of the siege. Among the hostages were the Civil Governor of the province and his family. Some sources say the hostages were never heard from again after the siege, though one journalist who visited the fortress after the battle reported seeing the hostages chained to a railing in the cellar.
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propaganda value of the Alcázar was more important and ordered the Army of Africa to relieve it. Indeed, when Franco arrived at the Alcázar one day after its relief, he was greeted by
Moscardó, who said: "No further news in the Alcázar, my General. I give it to you destroyed, but with its honour preserved". Two days after the relief of the Alcázar, Franco was proclaimed
1477:. Moss arrived in Toledo three weeks after the end of the siege and stayed for three months, interviewing survivors and checking reports by Moscardó and the internal newspaper. It was re-published and translated several times. While Moss admires the defenders, he is careful in distinguishing his conjectures from oral reports.
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Franco's decision to relieve the defenders of the Alcázar was a controversial one at the time. Many of his advisers thought that he should have kept up the advance towards Madrid because the besiegers of the Alcázar would have been recalled to Madrid for its defense. However, Franco believed that the
1316:
The position of the
Republicans in Toledo grew desperate and on the morning of September 27, they made a final assault on the Alcázar. The attack was repulsed and shortly after the Nationalists moved from Bargas to end the siege. After the arrival of the main Nationalist force, most of the Republican
1242:
On August 14, the
Republicans changed tactics after they felt the defences on the northern side of the Alcázar had been sufficiently reduced. Over the next five weeks, the Republicans attacked the House of the Military Government on eleven occasions but were turned back each time by the Nationalists.
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Apart from a small-arms factory, Toledo was a city of no military value to either side; the
Nationalist forces there were small, isolated, badly equipped and in no condition to conduct offensive operations. The Republican government believed that since the garrison was only 64 kilometres (40 mi)
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while others had fled from the advancing
Republican militias. The women were given no role in the defence of the Alcázar; they were not even allowed to cook or nurse the wounded. However, their presence in the Alcázar provided the men with the moral courage to continue the defence. The civilians were
1225:
Colonel
Moscardó was called on the telephone by the chief of the Worker's Militia, Commissar Cándido Cabello, on the morning of July 23 in Toledo and told that if the Alcázar were not surrendered within ten minutes, Moscardó's 24-year-old son, Luis, who had been captured earlier in the day, would be
1344:
The symbolic value of the Alcázar grew as weeks went by, and the
Republicans threw badly needed men, artillery and weapons into the fortress capture (instead of using them to confront Franco's northern advance through western Spain). The press was invited by the Republican government to witness the
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The
Chilean Ambassador to Spain, José Ramón Gutiérrez, having heard that the previous attempts for surrender failed, went on September 12 to secure the surrender of the Alcázar. He was unable to contact Moscardó because the telephone wires had been damaged the previous night from grenades thrown by
1299:
At 5 a.m. on
September 23, the Republicans assaulted the northern breaches of the Alcázar and surprised the defenders by lobbing grenades and dynamite. The Nationalists on that side were driven into the courtyard of the Alcázar, but reserves arrived from elsewhere in the building to drive back the
1295:
The bombardment of the outlying buildings had been so great that communication between them and the Alcázar had become impossible. A withdrawal from the buildings was ordered and by the night of
September 21, the garrisons were concentrated in what remained of the Alcázar. The Republicans attacked
1312:
The first sign of an advancing Nationalist column was on August 22 when a plane sent by Franco airlifted a trunk of food into the Alcázar along with a message to the defenders that the Army of Africa was on its way to relieve the garrison. By September 26, the Nationalist columns had reached the
1113:, six cadets of the Military Academy, one hundred Army officials and 200 civilians from right-wing political parties. The only weapons that they possessed were rifles, a few old machine guns and some hand grenades, but the officials and Guardia Civil had managed to bring in abundant ammunition.
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of the province to concentrate in the city of Toledo. During July 19 and 20, various attempts were made by the War Ministry of the Republican government to obtain the munitions in the arms factory at Toledo. Each time, Colonel Moscardó refused and was threatened that a force from
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kept safe from Republican attacks, the five civilians that died were due to natural causes. There were two births during the siege. One of the babies born, who eventually became an officer in the Spanish military, was expelled from the Army in the late 1970s for joining the
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himself detonated the mine, but it would not be until September 29 that the press entered the Alcázar, this time by the invitation of the Nationalists, turning the whole affair into a huge propaganda victory for the Nationalists, undermining the Republican morale.
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The story of the siege was very interesting for foreign supporters of Franco, who would read the several books published in foreign languages, and would strive for meeting Moscardó when visiting wartime Spain. In December 1936 a delegation of Romanian
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to the defenders of the Alcázar. That evening, Rojo met with Moscardó to discuss the evacuation of the women and children. The women unanimously replied that they would never surrender and if need be would take up arms for the defence of the Alcázar.
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By July 22, the Republicans controlled most of Toledo and sought the surrender of the Alcázar by artillery bombardment. For the duration of the siege, the Nationalists engaged in a passive defence, only returning fire when an attack was imminent.
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A proclamation declaring a "State of War" was read by Captain Emilio Vela-Hidalgo, Captain of Cavalry (and nephew of the Republican General Manuel Cardenal Dominicis), at the Military Academy at 7 a.m. in the Zocodover, the main plaza of
1204:
The Republican troops sent from Madrid first arrived at the Hospital of Tavera on the outskirts of Toledo but redirected their attack towards the Arms Factory upon receiving heavy fire from the hospital. A detachment of 200
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for his bravery in the breach. Had the Republicans captured the House of the Military Government, it would have enabled them to mass a large number of troops only 37 metres (40 yd) away from the Alcázar.
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A fresh assault was mounted later in the morning, this time led by a tank. Wave after wave of Republican soldiers attacked the breaches, but after 45 minutes the attack had ground to a halt and fell back.
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From August 16 the Republicans had been digging two mines towards the southwest tower of the Alcázar. On the morning of September 18, explosives in the mines were detonated by
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Vázquez Camarassa, a Madrid preacher with left-wing views, was sent to the Alcázar during the morning of September 11, performed the necessary functions and issued a
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Approximately 670 civilians (five hundred women and 50 children) lived in the Alcázar for the duration of the siege. Many of these were the family members of the
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1201:. Euphemistic orders were given for "the arrest of well-known left-wing activists" in Toledo, but only the governor of the local prison was arrested.
1255:, was sent to Moscardó on September 9 to ask for the surrender of the Alcázar. This was refused, but Moscardó requested for a priest to be sent to
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the outlying buildings on the morning of September 22, but progress was slow because they did not realize that the buildings had been abandoned.
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southwest of Madrid and would not be receiving any immediate help from the other Nationalist forces, it would be an easy propaganda victory.
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presented a ceremonial sword to the survivors of the siege and announced the alliance of their movement with the Spanish Nationalists.
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loaded trucks with ammunition from the factory and sent it to the Alcázar before evacuating and destroying the factory.
1106:. The Republican Air Force performed reconnaissance, spotted for the artillery and bombed the Alcázar on 35 occasions.
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was held by a variety of military forces in favour of the Nationalist uprising. Militias of the parties in the
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was stationed at the Arms Factory and negotiations with the Republicans ensued. During these talks, the
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The Republican forces dispatched to Toledo consisted of approximately 8,000 men of the militias of the
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Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939. Hachette UK, 2012, p.122
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explosion of the mines and storming of the Alcázar on September 18, when the Prime minister
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began their siege on July 21, 1936. The siege ended on September 27 with the arrival of the
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by Gilbert Frankau, in which one of the characters and his wife are caught up in the siege.
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After the war, Franco posthumously awarded Guillermo Juárez de María y Esperanza, with the
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Luchando por Franco: Voluntarios europeos al servicio de la España fascista, 1936–1939
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the Republican militias and he was unwilling to use other methods of communication.
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Nationalist victory in Toledo (1936) at the opening stages of the Spanish Civil War
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Additionally, ten prisoners captured during sorties in Toledo and about 100-200
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Boletin de GEFREMA - Grupo de estudios del Frente de Madrid no.14 November 2008
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Boletin de GEFREMA - Grupo de estudios del Frente de Madrid no.14 November 2008
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The Siege of the Alcázar: A History of the Siege of the Toledo Alcázar, 1936
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List of Spanish Nationalist military equipment of the Spanish Civil War
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List of Spanish Republican military equipment of the Spanish Civil War
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Great Sieges in World History: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century
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The siege was the basis for the prize-winning 1940 Italian war film,
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Eby, Cecil D. The Siege of the Alcazar. Random House, 1965, p.187
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Participants in the Nationalist uprising were the 800 men of the
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1067:. On July 18, the military governor of the province of Toledo,
1469:. London: Rich & Cowan; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1937.
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The Nationalists saw the Alcázar as a representation of the
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The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge.
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village of Bargas, four miles (6 km) north of Toledo.
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Moscardó diary excerpt and image of the Alcázar collapsing
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The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.
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the two children born during the siege and to also say
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Phases of the destruction of the Alcázar over September
1175:. Toledo was also the spiritual capital of the Spanish
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1360:and in October was declared the head of state.
1160:and in the 18th century was converted into a
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1519:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 24.
1484:. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961.
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1394:. In Spanish, the film is known as
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1815:History of the province of Toledo
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1459:. New York: Random House, 1965.
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307:Lt. Col. Ricardo Villalba Rubio
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1576:Penguin Books. London. p.236
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190:Col. Aureliano Álvarez-Coque
57:July 21 – September 27, 1936
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1515:Quesada, Alejandro (2014).
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1082:would be sent against him.
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1554:. Original English title:
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1337:the ruins of the Alcázar,
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1657:. ABC-CLIO. p. 215.
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1457:The Siege of the Alcazar
1245:Orden del Mérito Militar
1230:August 14 – September 17
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1610:Preston, Paul. (2006).
1436:The closing section of
1780:Sieges involving Spain
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1574:The Spanish Civil War.
1572:Thomas, Hugh. (2001).
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1586:Luchando por Franco
1556:Fighting for Franco
1438:The Dangerous Years
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122:Confederal militias
1805:August 1936 events
1380:In popular culture
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1268:general absolution
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1177:Visigothic Kingdom
1059:On July 17, 1936,
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1790:Conflicts in 1936
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1526:978-1-78200-782-1
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1770:1936 in Spain
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1734:39°51′29.52″N
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180:José Riquelme
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1544:Judith Keene
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1374:Vasile Marin
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1357:Generalisimo
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1339:October 1940
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867:2nd Belchite
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809:1st Belchite
801:
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739:
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627:
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587:Cape Spartel
562:Monte Pelado
547:
513:Almendralejo
500:
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483:
442:
430:
410:
403:
243:Juan Modesto
213:Luis Barceló
160:Nationalists
102:
97:Belligerents
83:Siege lifted
78:
31:Part of the
18:
1749: /
1737:4°1′14.16″W
1542:, page 61,
1027:victory in
1025:Nationalist
979:Valsequillo
941:2nd Gandesa
887:1st Gandesa
769:Deutschland
688:Guadalajara
502:Extremadura
350:438 wounded
111:Republicans
1764:Categories
1686:Moss, p217
1677:Moss, p203
1588:, page 62.
1445:References
1419:El Alcázar
1366:Iron Guard
1253:Major Rojo
1150:reconquest
1148:after the
1055:Background
989:La Garriga
929:2nd Mérida
919:Granollers
882:2nd Lérida
855:Cape Palos
845:Valladolid
824:1st Lérida
819:Sabiñánigo
790:Albarracín
694:Pozoblanco
616:Villarreal
523:1st Mérida
485:Guadarrama
424:Revolution
405:Background
352:22 missing
348:48–65 dead
178:Maj. Gen.
1699:, page 73
1325:Aftermath
1158:Philip II
1136:Symbolism
1104:tankettes
999:Cartagena
973:Catalonia
947:Cantabria
747:El Mazuco
735:Santander
491:Andalusia
211:Lt. Col.
199:Lt. Col.
1402:See also
1370:Ion Moța
1319:Aranjuez
1300:attack.
1130:hostages
1098:and the
914:Alicante
904:Balaguer
850:Alfambra
803:Zaragoza
741:Asturias
723:Guernica
630:Aceituna
567:Talavera
549:Gipuzkoa
518:Sigüenza
327:Strength
62:Location
1450:General
1368:led by
1257:baptize
1192:July 21
1142:Alcázar
994:Minorca
898:Levante
796:Brunete
780:Segovia
775:Almería
718:Durango
543:Córdoba
533:Majorca
528:Badajoz
496:Alcázar
438:Seville
432:Melilla
215: (
69:, Spain
1661:
1550:
1523:
1488:
1473:
1425:búnker
1308:Relief
1199:Toledo
1173:morale
1086:Forces
1080:Madrid
1047:under
1035:. The
1029:Toledo
984:Xàtiva
924:Bielsa
861:Aragon
830:Teruel
785:Huesca
728:Bilbao
712:Biscay
676:Jarama
663:Málaga
637:Lopera
622:Ursula
598:Madrid
592:Seseña
577:Guinea
460:Oviedo
332:~8,000
274:Brig.
75:Result
67:Toledo
1499:Notes
1187:Siege
1154:Moors
953:Cabra
892:Segre
877:Caspe
455:Gijón
335:1,028
286:Col.
230:Cpt.
1659:ISBN
1548:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1372:and
1261:Mass
1140:The
1019:The
965:1939
935:Ebro
838:1938
756:Jaén
651:1937
555:Irún
472:1936
345:High
54:Date
1123:UMD
1100:UGT
1096:CNT
1092:FAI
319:WIA
218:WIA
1766::
1563:^
1507:^
1465:.
1398:.
1321:.
1263:.
1179:.
1125:.
1094:,
1051:.
422:/
1667:.
1558:.
1529:.
381:e
374:t
367:v
322:)
221:)
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