History of Sikhism

5024: 2134: 1586: 4650: 5219:

if they were seen as “rebels,” The British were wary of giving the Sikhs unmitigated control of their own gurdwaras, and drew from Sikh factions seen as loyal to the British, like the Sikh aristocracy and Sikhs with noted family lineages, who were given patronage and pensions, and Udasis, who had gained control of historical gurdwaras in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, were allowed to retain proprietary control over lands and gurdwara buildings. The colonial administration went to considerable lengths to insert such loyalists into the Golden Temple in order to exert as much control over the Sikh body-politic as possible. One reason for this was the emergence of Sikh revivalist groups, like the Nirankaris, the Namdharis, and the Singh Sabha movement, shortly after annexation; this revivalism was spurred by a growing disaffection within the ranks of ordinary Sikhs about the perceived decline of proper Sikh practices.

1981: 4712: 4223: 4095: 5008: 4372: 4724: 5718: 4384: 4052: 4980: 2115: 4669: 2065: 5052: 2162: 1423:(service) to the Guru and the community. Under the impact of Guru Angad and the teachings of the Gurus, Bhai Amar Das became a devout Sikh. He adopted Guru as his spiritual guide (Guru). Amar Das began to live at Khadur Sahib, where he used to rise early in the morning and bring water from the Beas River for the Guru's bath; he would wash the Guru's clothes and fetch wood from the jungle for 'Guru ka Langar'. He was so dedicated to Sewa and the Guru and had completely extinguished pride and was totally lost in this commitment that he was considered an old man who had no interest in life; he was dubbed Amru, and generally forsaken. 4992: 4681: 2202: 4075: 4964: 3945: 3335:, the birthplace of Guru Nanak Dev. In 1752, Kaura Mall was killed in a battle with Ahmed Shah Abdali and state policy towards the Sikhs quickly changed. Mir Mannu, the Governor, started hunting Sikhs again. He arrested many men and women, put them in prison and tortured them. In November 1753, when he went to kill the Sikhs hiding in the fields, they showered him with a hail of bullets and Mannu fell from the horse and the animal dragged him to death. The Sikhs immediately proceeded to Lahore, attacked the prison, and got all the prisoners released and led them to safety in the forests. 2036: 1128: 2178: 4693: 4344: 4594: 4360: 2232: 4408: 2341: 4634: 4115: 3705: 5208: 4420: 2991: 5064: 4502: 4396: 1801: 4948: 1938: 3148:. The Sikhs quickly overpowered the police defending the station in Lahore and confiscated all of their weapons and released all the prisoners. Nawab Kapur Singh told the sheriff to inform the Governor that, the sheriff of God, the True Emperor, came and did what he was commanded to do. Before the policemen could report the matter to the authorities, or the army could be called in, the Khalsa were already riding their horses back to the forest. Nawab Kapur Singh died in 1753. 2519: 1739:

the contemporary Mughal Empire. Once, Dara Shikoh (the eldest son of emperor Shah Jahan), came to Guru Har Rai asking for help in the war of succession with his brother, the murderous Aurangzeb. The Guru had promised his grandfather to use the Sikh Cavalry only in defense. Nevertheless, he helped him to escape safely from the bloody hands of Aurangzeb's armed forces by having his Sikh warriors hide all the ferry boats at the river crossing used by Dara Shikoh in his escape.

3537: 3792:. Beg asked the Sikhs for help and they both got a chance to weaken their common enemy. Adina Beg won the battle and became the Governor of Punjab. Sikhs rebuilt their fort Ramgarh and repaired the Harmandir Sahib. Beg was well acquainted with the strength of the Sikhs and he feared they would oust him if he allowed them to grow stronger, so he led a strong army to demolish the fort. After fighting valiantly, the Sikhs decided to leave the fort. Adina Beg died in 1758. 1731:

have said, "Ram Rai, you have disobeyed my order and sinned. I will never see you again on account of your infidelity." It was also reported to the Guru that Ram Rai had also worked miracles in the Mughal's court against his father's direct instructions. Sikhs are constrained by their Gurus to not believe in magic and myth or miracles. Just before his death at age 31, Guru Har Rai passed the Gaddi of Nanak on to his younger son, the five-year-old – Guru Har Krishan.

3596: 14401: 5760:

83.5% of Punjab's waters were and still are going to other states leading to desertification, Sikhs are still a part of the Hindu Marriage Act and Chandigarh is still a union territory. Subsequently, a section of the Sikh leaders started demanding more autonomy for the states, alleging that the central government was discriminating against Punjab. The early stages of the Sikh agitation for equal rights were peaceful, leading one commentator to note:

5842: 769: 14393: 5295: 5665: 2625: 1880: 1064: 3344: 2190: 3412: 2764: 2080:– the Sikh Nation. The first Sikh Holy Scripture was compiled and edited by the Fifth Guru, Guru Arjan in AD 1604, although some of the earlier gurus are also known to have documented their revelations. This is one of the few scriptures in the world that has been compiled by the founders of faith during their own lifetime. The Guru Granth Sahib is particularly unique among sacred texts in that it is written in 6844:

conferences in Lahore to condemn the Muslim League. Master Tara Singh, leader of the Akali Dal, declared that his party would fight Pakistan 'tooth and nail'. Not be outdone, other Sikh political organizations, rival to the Akali Dal, namely the Central Khalsa Young Men Union and the moderate and loyalist Chief Khalsa Dewan, declared in an equally strong language their unequivocal opposition to the Pakistan scheme.

1235: 5333: 2599:, under the command of his deputy, Momin Khan. The murder of Tarra Singh spread across the Sikhs in Punjab and the Sikhs. Finding no Sikhs around, the government falsely announced in each village with the beat of a drum, that all Sikhs had been eliminated but the common people knew the truth that this was not the case. The Sikhs did not face the army directly, because of their small numbers, but adopted 6279: 5860:"Any knowledge of the "Amritdharis" who are dangerous people and pledged to committing murder, arson and acts of terrorism should be immediately brought to the notice of the authorities. These people may appear harmless from outside but they are basically committed to terrorism. In the interest of us all, their identity and whereabouts must always be disclosed.- Indira Gandhi during Operation Woodrose 2538:

going to be fulfilled. Hundreds of Sikhs were brought in from their villages and executed, and thousands who had joined merely for the sake of booty cut off their hair and went back to the Hindu fold again. Besides these there were some Sikhs who had not yet received the baptism of Guru Gobind Singh, nor did they feel encouraged to do so, as the adoption of the outward symbols meant courting death.

4563:'s diary revealed that the "British generals decided to lay down arms: News came from the Governor General that our attack of yesterday had failed, that affairs were disparate, all state papers were to be destroyed, and that if the morning attack failed all would be over, this was kept secret by Mr. Currie and we were considering measures to make an unconditional surrender to save the wounded...". 2438: 106: 5744:'s assumption of emergency powers in 1975 resulted in the weakening of the "legitimate and impartial machinery of government" and her increasing "paranoia" of opposing political groups led her to instigate a "despotic policy of playing castes, religions and political groups against each other for political advantage." As a reaction against these actions came the emergence of the Sikh leader 35: 5928:] sources indicates that discrimination does exist in certain sectors of the public administration; examples include the decline in the number of Sikhs in the police force and the absence of Sikhs in personal bodyguard units since the murder of Indira Gandhi." The reduced intake of the Sikhs in the Indian armed forces also attributes to following certain orders issued in the 1754: 1712: 1545: 3320:

carried out by their swords. Beg attacked the Ram Rauni fort at Amritsar and besieged the Sikhs there. Dewan Kaura Mal advised the Governor to lift the siege and prepare the army to protect the state from the Durrani invader, Ahmed Shah Abdali. Kaura Mal had a part of the revenue of Patti area given to the Sikhs for the improvement and management of Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar.

1666: 1311:) with Guru Nanak. So while on the annual pilgrimage to Jwalamukhi Temple, Bhai Lehna left his journey to visit Kartarpur and see Baba Nanak. His very first meeting with Guru Nanak completely transformed him. He renounced the worship of the Hindu goddess, dedicated himself to the service of Guru Nanak and so became his disciple (his Sikh), and began to live in Kartarpur. 2465:, who was responsible for organising all the Hill Rajas against Guru Gobind Singh and instigating battles with him. After Bhim Chand’s dead the other Hill Rajas accepted their subordinate status and paid revenues to Banda Singh. While Bahadur Shah's 4 sons were killing themselves for the throne of the Mughal Emperor Banda Singh Bahadur recaptured Sadhura and Lohgarh. 1727:

to have saved the Moghul Emperor Jahangir's life during a tiger's attack. Guru Har Rai continued the hunting till the age 31, Guru followed the tradition of his grandfather, but he would allow no animals to be killed on his grand Shikars. The Guru instead captured the animal and added it to his zoo. He made several tours to the Malwa and Doaba regions of Punjab.

3253:

severe consequences would be taken against anyone disobeying these orders. Local people were forcibly employed to search for the Sikhs to be killed by the army. Lakhpat Rai ordered Sikh places of worship to be destroyed and their holy books burnt. Information about including Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and a large body of Sikhs were camping in riverbeds in the

5023: 4134: 3408:, they conquered Lahore and arrested many Afghan soldiers who were responsible for filling the Amrit Sarovar with debris a few months earlier. They were brought to Amritsar and made to clean the Sarovar (holy water). After the cleaning of the Sarovar, the soldiers were allowed to go home with a warning that they should not do that again. 2056:

others to fight only 17,000 Mughals came back alive, his elder sons died on the battlefield with bravery and honour. The younger sons and their grandmother remained trapped in the same week that their brothers died. Wazir Khan said that he would give them riches if they convert and immurement if they do not, they chose death, till now

4498:

conquering and controlling the Khyber Pass, the United States of America wanted to build a statue in his praise. Mothers used to say his name to scare children to sleep in Afghanistan saying 'Sleep fast Nalwa is coming'. They also brought the queen's jewel, the Koh-i-noor diamond from Afghanistan and the gates to the Somnath temple.

4551:

demoralised, the backbone of the enemy's position would be broken". The fighting continued throughout the night earning the nickname "night of terrors". The British position "grew graver as the night wore on", and "suffered terrible casualties with every single member of the Governor General's staff either killed or wounded".

3132:. Kapur Singh planned to break the siege of Amritsar. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was made the commander of the attacking Sikh forces. In 1748, the Sikhs attacked. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, with his commandos behind him, dashed to the army commander and cut him into two with his sword. The commander's nephew was also killed. 3385:(garrison commander) in his place. The army was sent to arrest him and this prompted Adina Beg to request Sikh help. The Sikhs took advantage of the situation and to weaken the government, they fought against the army. One of the commanders was killed by the Sikhs and the other deserted. Later, the Sikhs attacked 5901:

India, the best known being the killing of General Vaidya, who had led the Indian army in the attack on the Golden Temple. The main groups were the Babbar Khalsa, the Bhindranwala Tigers Force of Khalistan, Khalistan Commando Force, the Khalistan Liberation Force and the All India Sikh Students Federation.

6843:

and heroes. Reactions to the Lahore Resolution were uniformly negative and Sikh leaders of all political persuasions made it clear that Pakistan would be 'wholeheartedly resisted'. The Shiromani Akali Dal, the party with a substantial following amongst the rural Sikhs, organized several well-attended

5904:

Many members joined the resistance after being radicalized by the army dragnet of the summer of 1984, designated Operation Woodrose, in which youths aged 15–24 were taken away from their homes in large numbers. Most had lost relatives or friends to army or police. Others had witnessed womenfolk being

5768:

On September 1981, Bhindranwale voluntarily offered his arrest in Amritsar, where he was detained and interrogated for twenty-five days, but was released because of lack of evidence. "For all I know, he is completely innocent and is genuinely and exclusively dedicated to the teachings of the Gurus.”

5239:

to frequent them, and began to simply ignore the needs of the general Sikh community, as they used gurdwara offerings and other donations as their personal revenue, and their positions became increasingly corrupt and hereditary. Some local congregations marshalled popular pressure against them and to

5218:

In this way the Ranjit Singh's army was disbanded and the Punjab demilitarized, and Sikh armies were required to publicly surrender their arms and return to agriculture or other pursuits. Certain groups, however, like those who held revenue-free lands (jagirdars) were allowed to decline, particularly

4051: 3472:

on their way to the forests and dry areas of the south and Abdali moved from Lahore very quickly and caught the Sikhs totally unprepared. They had their women, children and old people with them. As many as 30,000 Sikhs are said to have been murdered by the army. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia himself received

3274:

In 1747 Salabat Khan, a newly appointed Mughal commander, placed police around Amritsar and built observation posts to spot and kill Sikhs coming to the Amrit Sarovar for a holy dip. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Nawab Kapoor Singh led the Sikhs to Amritsar, and Salabat Khan was killed by Ahluwalia, and

3252:

Through March–May 1746, a new wave of violence was started against the Sikhs with all of the resources available to the Mughal government, village officials were ordered to co-operate in the expedition. Zakaria Khan issued the order that no one was to give any help or shelter to Sikhs and warned that

3109:

of Harmandir Sahib. Samad Khan was afraid that Sikhs would kill him so he remained far behind the fighting lines. Kapur Singh had a plan to get him. During the battle Kapur Singh ordered his men to retreat drawing the fighting army with them. He then wheeled around and fell upon the rear of the army.

2964:

Zakaria Khan called his advisers to plan another strategy to deal with the Sikhs. It was suggested that the Sikhs should not be allowed to visit the Amrit Sarovar, which was believed to be the fountain of their lives and source of their strength. Strong contingents were posted around the city and all

2537:

Emperor, issued all Sikhs to be converted to Islam or die, an attempt to destroy the power of the Sikhs and to exterminate the community as a whole. A reward was offered for the head of every Sikh. For a time it appeared as if the boast of Farrukh Siyar to wipe out the name of Sikhs from the land was

2263:

state tyranny and gave the common people of Punjab courage, equality, and rights. On his way to Punjab, Banda Singh punished robbers and other criminal elements making him popular with the people. Banda Singh inspired the minds of the non-Muslim people, who came to look upon the Sikhs as defenders of

2060:

is the youngest Martyr in the history of the World. Guru Gobind Singh Ji sent his letter of victory to Aurangzeb and they signed a treaty. Later when Aurangzeb Died and the Guru was in Rajputana there was a war of succession between Muhammad Azam Shah and Bahadur Shah I and Guru Gobind Singh Ji sided

1984:

Detail of a mural from Gurdwara Baba Atal Rai depicting Guru Tegh Bahadar and a young Guru Gobind Singh (then known as Gobind Das or Gobind Rai) receiving a delegation of Kashmiri Pandits (alt. spelt as 'Pundits') whom petition their help against religious persecution of Kashmiri Hindus by the Mughal

1785:

When Har Krishan stayed in Delhi there was a smallpox epidemic and many people were dying. According to Sikh history at Har Krishan's blessing, the lake at Bangla Sahib provided cure for thousands. Gurdwara Bangla Sahib was constructed in the Guru's memory. This is where he stayed during his visit to

1349:

Guru Angad travelled widely and visited all important religious places and centres established by Guru Nanak for the preaching of Sikhism. He also established hundreds of new Centres of Sikhism (Sikh religious Institutions) and thus strengthened the base of Sikhism. The period of his Guruship was the

5772:

Bhindranwale and his followers were armed with traditional swords, shields and muskets. Few also had Dragunov Rifles, Kashganovs, Ak-74s and Ak-47s. These were licensed and supplied by the Indian Government. It was the peak of the Cold War and India was leaning towards Russia and Pakistan had allied

5155:

through magazines and media." The movement sought to reform Sikhism and bring back into the Sikh fold the apostates who had converted to other religions; as well as to interest the influential British officials in furthering the Sikh community. At the time of its founding, the Singh Sabha policy was

4765:

The British made Punjab flourish in education and almost everyone was literate. After the State of Bombay and Madras Punjab was the third most literate state and many Books and compositions were written. The Guru Granth Sahib and Dasam Granth were both translated by a British Sikh convert Max Arthur

4550:

in 1845 marked many turning points, the British encountered the Punjabi Army, opening with a gun-duel in which the Sikhs "had the better of the British artillery". But as the British made advancements, Europeans in the British army were especially targeted, as the Sikhs believed if the army "became

3759:

intensified his violence and oppression against the Sikhs. There were only 900 Sikhs when he surrounded the Ramgarh fort again. The Sikhs fought their way out bravely through thousands of army soldiers. The army demolished the fort. The hunt for and torture of the Sikhs continued until Mannu died in

3422:

came again in October 1759 to loot Delhi. The Sikhs gave him a good fight and killed more than 2,000 of his soldiers. Instead of getting involved with the Sikhs, he made a rapid advance to Delhi. The Khalsa decided to collect revenues from Lahore to prove to the people that the Sikhs were the rulers

2726:

The Mughal rulers and the commanders alongside the Delhi government lost all hope of defeating the Sikhs through repression and decided to develop another strategy, Zakaria Khan, the Governor of Lahore, went to Delhi where it was decided to befriend the Sikhs and rule in cooperation with them and in

2575:

of the Harminder Sahib and a leader of the Sikhs and the Bandia Khalsa and Tat Khalsa joined by Bhai Mani Singh into the Tat Khalsa and after the event from that day the Bandeis assumed a quieter role and practically disappeared from the pages of history. A police post was established at Amritsar to

1730:

His son, Ram Rai, seeking to assuage concerns of Aurangzeb over one line in Guru Nanak's verse (Mitti Mussalmaan ki paerrai pai kumihaar) suggested that the word Mussalman was a mistake on the copyist's part, therefore distorting Bani. The Guru refused to meet with him again. The Guru is believed to

1726:

As a very young child, he got disturbed by the suffering of a flower damaged by his robe in passing. Though such feelings are common with children, Guru Har Rai would throughout his life be noted for his compassion for life and living things. His grandfather, who was famed as an avid hunter, is said

1458:

He who calls himself a Sikh of the True Guru, He must get up in the morning and say his prayers. He must rise in the early hours and bathe in the holy tank. He must meditate on God as advised by the Guru. And rid him of the afflictions of sins and evil. As the day dawns, he should recite scriptures,

1321:

When Guru Nanak died on 22 September 1539, Guru Angad left Kartarpur for the village of Khadur Sahib (near Goindwal Sahib). He carried forward the principles of Guru Nanak both in letter and spirit. Yogis and Saints of different sects visited him and held detailed discussions about Sikhism with him.

3743:

The Governor of Lahore ordered an attack on Ram Rauni to kill the Sikhs staying in that fort. Adina Beg was required to send his army as well and Jassa Singh, being the commander of the Jalandhar forces, had to join the army to kill the Sikhs in the fort. After about four months of siege, Sikhs ran

3430:

Ahmed Shah Abdali returned from Delhi in March 1761 with much gold and more than 2,000 girls as prisoners who were to be sold to the Afghans in Kabul. When Abdali was crossing the river Beas, the Sikhs swiftly fell upon them. They freed the women prisoners and escorted them back to their homes. The

2902:

This was the period when the Sikhs were sawed into pieces, burnt alive, their heads crushed with hammers and young children were pierced with spears before their mother’s eyes. To keep their morale high, the Sikhs developed their own high-sounding terminologies and slogans: For example. Tree leaves

2898:

sent roaming squads to hunt and kill the Sikhs. Orders were issued to all administrators down to the village level officials to seek Sikhs, murder them, get them arrested, or report their whereabouts to the governments. One year's wages were offered to anyone who would murder a Sikh and deliver his

2609:

Under the leadership of Nawab Kapoor Singh and Jathedar Darbara Singh, in attempt to weaken their enemy looted many of the Mughals caravans and supplies and for some years no money from revenue could reach the government treasury. When the forces of government tried to punish the outlaws, they were

1812:

He sacrificed himself to protect Hindus. Aurungzeb was forcibly converting Hindus to Muslims. Hindus from Kashmir came to Guru Teg Bahadur for protection and requested for assistance. Guru asked them to tell Aurungzeb that if he will be able to convert Guru Teg Bahadur to Islam then they all become

1738:

Although Guru Har Rai was a man of peace, he never disbanded the armed Sikh Warriors (Saint Soldiers), who earlier were maintained by his grandfather, Guru Hargobind. He always boosted the military spirit of the Sikhs, but he never himself indulged in any direct political and armed controversy with

1567:

A hymn by Guru Ram Das from Ang 305 of the Guru Granth Sahib: "One who calls himself a Sikh of the True Guru shall get up early morning and meditate on the Lord's Name. Make effort regularly to cleanse, bathe and dip in the ambrosial pool. Upon Guru's instructions, chant Har, Har singing which, all

1318:) to Guru Nanak and his holy mission was so great that he was instated as the Second Nanak on 7 September 1539 by Guru Nanak. Earlier Guru Nanak tested him in various ways and found an embodiment of obedience and service in him. He spent six or seven years in the service of Guru Nanak at Kartarpur. 6838:

No sooner was it made public than the Sikhs launched a virulent campaign against the Lahore Resolution. Pakistan was portrayed as a possible return to an unhappy past when Sikhs were persecuted and Muslims the persecutor. Public speeches by various Sikh political leaders on the subject of Pakistan

5363:

Gurdwara Sahib on West 2nd Avenue. He murdered Bhai Bhag Singh, President of the Society and Battan Singh and Bela Singh was charged with murder, but Hopkinson decided to appear as a witness in his case and made up much of his testimony at his trail and subsequently Bela Singh was acquitted. On 21

5222:

Sikh institutions deteriorated further under the administration of the mahants, supported by the colonial government, who in addition to being considered as ignoring the needs of the Sikh community of the time, allowed the gurdwaras to turn into spaces for societal undesirables like petty thieves,

4558:

recorded: "Truly the night was one of gloom and forbidding and perhaps never in the annals of warfare has a British Army on such a large scale been nearer to a defeat which would have involved annihilation". The Punjabi ended up recovering their camp, and the British were exhausted. Lord Hardinge

3496:

again by filling it up with gunpowder hoping to eliminate the source of "life" of the Sikhs. While Abdali was demolishing the Harminder Sahib a he was hit on the nose with a brick; later in 1772 Abdali died of cancer from the 'gangrenous ulcer' that consumed his nose. Within a few months the Sikhs

3202:

In 1748 Jassa Singh Ahluwalia became the supreme commander of all the Misls. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was honored with the title of Sultanul Kaum (King of the Nation). Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was the head of the Ahluwalia Misl and then after Nawab Kapoor Singh become the leader of all the Misls jointly

3170:

when Ahluwalia was young. Mata Sundri was impressed by his melodious singing of hymns and kept the Ahluwalia near her. Later Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was adopted by Nawab Kapoor Singh, then the leader of the Sikh nation. Ahluwalia followed all Sikh qualities required for a leader Ahluwalia would sing

2505:

and pressured to give up their faith and become Muslims. On their firm refusal all of them were ordered to be executed. Every day, 100 Sikhs were brought out of the fort and murdered in public daily, which went on approximately seven days.After 3 months of confinement On 9 June 1716, Banda Singh’s

1430:

Soon large numbers of Sikhs started flocking to Goindwal to see the new Guru. Here, Guru Amar Das propagated the Sikh faith in a vigorous, systematic, and planned manner. He divided the Sikh Sangat area into 22 preaching centres or Manjis, each under the charge of a devout Sikh. He himself visited

1169:

and instead said that he would wear the true name of God in his heart as protection, as the thread which could be broken, be soiled, burnt or lost could not offer any security at all. From early childhood, Bibi Nanki saw in her brother the Light of God but she did not reveal this secret to anyone.

5777:

newspaper group. The Indian secret operation called Black Cats was made by Indira Gandhi to disguise the Punjab Police as terrorists and kill Hindus in the countryside. Bhindranwale condemned these but it was not outlined on any newspapers as they were government controlled. He also made a speech

3319:

chief to cooperate with him in the civil administration, and he wanted a meeting to discuss the matter. This was seen as a trick to disarm the Sikhs and keep them under government control. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia replied that their meeting place would be the battleground and the discussion would be

3248:

area and also the brother of Lakhpat Rai, faced the Sikhs in a battle one of the Sikhs held the tail of his elephant and got on his back from behind and with a quick move, he chopped off his head. Seeing their master killed, the troops fled. Lakhpat Rai, after this incident, committed himself to

2782:

The Khalsa reorganised themselves into two divisions, the younger generation would be part of the Taruna Dal, which provided the main fighting force, while the Sikhs above the age of forty years would be a part of the Budha Dal, which provided the responsibility of the management of Gurdwaras and

1780:

called Lal Chand in Panjokhara town. The Pundit asked him to recite Salokas from the Geeta since his name was similar to that of Lord Krishna. Guru Ji invited a mute person called Chhajju Mehra and placed his stick on his head. He immediately started interpreting salokas from the Geeta. Everybody

1722:

Guru Har Rai (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਹਰਿ ਰਾਇ) (26 February 1630 – 6 October 1661) was the seventh of the ten Gurus of Sikhism, becoming Guru on 8 March 1644, following in the footsteps of his grandfather, Guru Har Gobind, who was the sixth guru. Before Guru Har Rai died, he nominated Guru Har Krishan, his

1426:

However, as a result of Amar Das' commitment to Sikh principles, dedicated service, and devotion to the Sikh cause, Guru Angad Sahib appointed Bhai Amar Das as the third Nanak in March 1552 at the age of 73. He established his headquarters in the newly built town of Goindwal, which Guru Angad had

1395:

It is recorded that before becoming a Sikh, Bhai Amar Das, as he was known at the time, was a very religious Vaishanavite Hindu who spent most of his life performing all of the ritual pilgrimages and fasts of a devout Hindu. One day, Bhai Amar Das heard some hymns of Guru Nanak being sung by Bibi

1329:

Script, modifying the old Punjabi script's characters. Soon, this script became very popular and started to be used by the people in general. He took great interest in the education of children by opening many schools for their instruction and thus increased the number of literate people. For the

5759:

trifurcated the Punjab state. Afterwards the government assured the Sikhs that only excess water would go to other states, after 5 years Chandigarh would be the capital and Sikhism would be considered a separate religion as it had been for the past centuries. Those promises were not fulfilled as

2396:

came to Banda Singh complaining of the iniquities practices by their landlords. Banda Singh ordered Baj Singh to open fire on them. The people were astonished at the strange reply to their representation, and asked him what he meant. He told them that they deserved no better treatment when being

2332:

who was responsible for the death of the two youngest sons of Guru Gobind Singh at Sirhind. Becoming the ruler of Sirhind Banda Singh gave order to give ownership of the land to the farmers and let them live in dignity and self-respect. Petty officials were also satisfied with the change. Dindar

1993:

forcing them to convert to Islam. Guru Teg Bahadur told them that martyrdom of a great man was needed. His son, Guru Gobind Singh said "Who could be greater than you", to his father. Guru Teg Bahadur told pundits to tell Aurangzeb's men that if Guru Teg Bahadur will become Muslim, they all will.

1555:

Guru Ram Das (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਰਾਮ ਦਾਸ) (Born in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan on 24 September 1534 – 1 September 1581, Amritsar, Punjab, India) was the fourth of the Ten Gurus of Sikhism, and he became Guru on 30 August 1574, following in the footsteps of Guru Amar Das. He was born in Lahore to a Sodhi

5900:

In the wake of the Indian government's repression of Sikhs, some Sikhs formed guerrilla bands to take on the marauding police. At the height of the Sikh resistance movement, hundreds of men fought the so-called security forces in Punjab. Some also engaged in targeted assassinations elsewhere in

2961:. Kapur Singh sent messages to the Tauna Dal asking them to help them in the fight. After a day of fighting Kapur Singh from the trenches dug by the Khalsa surprisingly attacked the commanding posts killing three generals alongside many Mughal officers. The Mughal army thus retreated to Lahore. 2055:

and he got separated with his two sons aged 5 and 9 due to the cold Sirsa River. He entrusted his Brahmin cook, Gangu Brahmin, to take care of them but he sold them to Wazir Khan. In the meantime Aurangzeb dispatched 50,000-75,000 troops to attack the Guruji. after he sent his elder sons and 42

1490:

Guru Amar Das constructed "Baoli" at Goindwal Sahib having eighty-four steps and made it a Sikh pilgrimage centre for the first time in the history of Sikhism. He reproduced more copies of the hymns of Guru Nanak and Guru Angad. He also composed 869 (according to some chronicles these were 709)

1365: 5921:

on freedom of religion or belief, Abdelfattah Amor (Tunisia, 1993–2004), visited India in order to compose a report on religious discrimination. In 1997, Amor concluded, "it appears that the situation of the Sikhs in the religious field is satisfactory, but that difficulties are arising in the

4010:

were not willing to help Ranjit Singh to fight the invader, so the Afghans took over Lahore and looted it. Ranjit Singh occupied Lahore in 1799 but still the Ramgarhias and Bhangis did not accept him as the leader of all the Sikhs. They got the support of their friends and marched to Lahore to

2686:

held a meeting to make plans to respond to the state repression against the people of the region and they decided to take possession of government money and weapons in order to weaken the administration, and to equip themselves to face the everyday attacks. Kapur Singh was assigned to plan and

1960:

Gobind Rai, as he was called then, was beloved of many people in Patna including a large number of Muslims. The child had a charming personality which attracted everyone he met, even for a short while. When he was six years old he had learnt Hindi, Marathi and Gurumukhi. He was a very bold and

1734:

Guru Har Rai was the son of Baba Gurdita and Mata Nihal Kaur (also known as Mata Ananti Ji). Baba Gurdita was the son of the sixth Guru, Guru Hargobind. Guru Har Rai married Mata Kishan Kaur (sometimes also referred to as Sulakhni), daughter of Sri Daya Ram of Anoopshahr (Bulandshahr) in Uttar

4497:

Later the Sikhs under Hari Singh Nalwa Campaigned against the Afghans in the third phase of the Afghan Sikh wars and they took the Winter capital of the Afghans, Peshawar. Hari Singh Nalwa is considered one of the best commanders in history and is compared to Napoleon and Genghis Khan and for

4461:

was attacked numerous times. Yet the time is remembered by Sikh historians as the "Heroic Century". This is mainly to describe the rise of Sikhs to political power against large odds. The circumstances were hostile religious environment against Sikhs, a tiny Sikh population compared to other

2500:

was captured from the Gurdas Nangal fort and put in an iron cage and the remaining Sikhs were captured, chained. The Sikhs were brought to Delhi in a procession with the 780 Sikh prisoners, 2,000 Sikh heads hung on spears, and 700 cartloads of heads of slaughtered Sikhs used to terrorise the

1676:

Guru Hargobind became the sixth guru of the Sikhs. He carried two swords — one for Spiritual reasons and one for temporal (worldly) reasons. From this point onward, the Sikhs became a military force and always had a trained fighting force to defend their independence, establishing the

2428:

Banda Singh was in Uttar Pradesh when the Moghal army under the orders of Munim Khan marched to Sirhind and before the return of Banda Singh, they had already taken Sirhind and the areas around it. The Sikhs therefore moved to Lohgarh for their final battle. The Sikhs defeated the army but

3548:

came again he sent messages to the Sikhs for their cooperation. He offered them the governorship of Punjab but was rejected. The Sikhs using repeated guerrilla attacks took away his caravan of 1,000 camels loaded with fruits from Kabul. The Sikhs were again in control of the areas between

2817:

The Taruna Dal quickly increased to more than 12,000 recruits and it soon became difficult to manage the house and feeding of such a large number of people at one place. It was then decided to have five divisions of the Dal, each to draw rations from the central stocks and cook its own

2133: 3687:

accepted it. After the battle Zakaria Khan gave five villages to the Sikhs in reward for the bravery of Giani Bhagwan Singh, father of Ramgarhia, who died in the battle. Village Vallah was awarded to Ramgarhia, where Ramgarhia gained the administrative experience required to become a

3261:

tract). Zakaria Khan managed to have 3,000 Sikhs of these Sikhs captured and later got them beheaded in batches at Nakhas (site of the horse market outside the Delhi gate). Sikhs raised a memorial shrine known as the Shahidganj (the treasure house of martyrs) at that place latter.

1475:

came to see the Guru and he had to eat the coarse rice in the Langar before he could have an audience with the Guru. The emperor was so impressed with this system that he expressed his desire to grant some royal property for 'Guru ka Langar', but the Guru declined it with respect.

3088:. The commander there was told that Abdus Samad Khan was holding the Sikhs under siege and wanted him with all his force to go and arrest them. The few guards left behind were then overpowered by the Sikhs, and all the arms and ammunition were looted and brought to the Sikh camp. 1764:

Guru Har Krishan born in Kirat Pur, Ropar (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਹਰਿ ਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਨ) (7 July 1656 – 30 March 1664) was the eighth of the Ten Gurus of Sikhism, becoming the Guru on 7 October 1661, following in the footsteps of his father, Guru Har Rai. Before Har Krishan died of complications of

1479:

He introduced new birth, marriage, and death ceremonies. Thus he raised the status of women and protected the rights of female infants who were killed without question as they were deemed to have no status. These teachings were met with stiff resistance from the Orthodox Hindus.

1219:

free blessed food was available. The food would be partaken of by Hindus, rich, poor, both high and so-called low castes. Guru Nanak worked in the fields and earned his livelihood. After appointing Bhai Lehna as the new Sikh Guru, on 22 September 1539, aged 70, Guru Nanak died.

1556:

family of the Khatri clan. His father was Hari Das and his mother Anup Devi, and his name was Jetha, meaning 'first born'. His wife was Bibi Bhani, the younger daughter of Guru Amar Das, the third guru of the Sikhs. They had three sons: Prithi Chand, Mahan dev, and Arjan Dev.

5147:

had lost its prestige, and mainstream Sikhs were rapidly converting to other religions. The movement's aims were to "propagate the true Sikh religion and restore Sikhism to its pristine glory; to write and distribute historical and religious books of Sikhs; and to propagate

4215:, and Punjabi Muslims. This period saw the army grow and split into semi-independent misls, each controlling different regions. Between 1762 and 1799, Sikh rulers began consolidating power within their misls. The formal establishment of the Sikh Empire occurred in 1801 with 2718:. Some additional war supplies were being taken from Afghanistan to Delhi and Kapur Singh organised an attack to capture them. In another attack, the Khalsa recovered gold and silver which was intended to be carried from Peshawar to Delhi by Jaffar Khan, a royal official. 1559:

As a Guru one of his main contributions to Sikhism was organising the structure of Sikh society. Additionally, he was the author of Laava, the hymns of the Marriage Rites, the designer of the Harmandir Sahib, and the planner and creator of the township of Ramdaspur (later

1786:

Delhi. Gurdwara Bala Sahib was built in south Delhi besides the bank of the river Yamuna, where Har Krishan was cremated at the age of about 7 years and 8 months. Guru Har Krishan was the youngest Guru at only 7 years of age. He did not make any contributions to Gurbani.

5773:

with The United States of America. This is why Bhindranwale was carrying Russian made guns. The Indian Government started alleging that Bhindranwale was killing Hindus and allied with Pakistan to create Khalistan. The first time that the phrase Khalistan came was in the

5203:

movement sought converts to their faith. The British colonial government, after annexing the Sikh empire in mid-19th-century, continue to patronize and gift land grants to these mahants, thereby increasing their strength and helped sustain the idolatry in Sikh shrines.

1953:) and did his basic schooling there. Along with the religious scriptures, he also studied the Bihari language at Patna. His Uncle, Bhai Kripal, trained him in archery and swordsmanship and soon he became a great marksman. When Guru Tegh Bahadur returned from Dhaka (now 3744:

short of food and supplies in the fort. He contacted the Sikhs inside the fort and joined them. Jassa Singh used the offices of Divan Kaura Mal and had the siege lifted. The fort was strengthened and named Ramgarh; Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, having been designated the

1391:

sat with the ordinary and poor people of Punjab to have Langar. Guru Amar Das also trained 140 apostles, of which 52 were women, to manage the rapid expansion of the religion. Before he died in 1574 aged 95, he appointed his son-in-law Jetha as the fourth Sikh Guru.

5818:. Indian security forces suppressed the insurgency in the early 1990s by doing genocide upon the innocent Sikhs; over 2,500,000 Sikhs died, according to Jaswant Sikh Khalra, who was also killed by the police in a fake encounter for being against the Government. 5888:, that "Sikhs are Hindus" angered Sikh sensibilities. Many Sikhs still are campaigning for justice for victims; only one person has gone to jail in the 1984 anti-Sikh riots, of the violence and the political and economic needs of the Punjab espoused in the 1957:‘s Capital) to Patna he saw his five years old child for the first time, and kissed and embraced his divine boy. The Guru blossomed under the spiritual guidance of his father, but it was short-lived since Guru Tegh bahadur had to leave Patna for Anandpur. 5801:

had around 3000 casualties with 700 injuries, and 200–250 Sikh militants were killed. The handling of the operation, damage to the holy shrine and loss of life on both sides, led to widespread criticism of the Indian Government. The Indian Prime Minister

5628:

in Amritsar, approved by the Akali-led Punjab government, sparked violent clashes with orthodox Sikhs. The Sant Nirankaris, viewed as heretical by orthodox Sikhs for revering their leaders as gurus and altering Sikh scriptures, held a procession, leading

1257:, on 31 March 1504. He was the son of a small trader named Pheru. His mother's name was Mata Ramo (also known as Mata Sabhirai, Mansa Devi, Daya Kaur). Baba Narayan Das Trehan was his grandfather, whose ancestral house was at Matte-di-Sarai near Muktsar. 5368:

of Khalsa Diwan Society shot William Hopkinson in the Assize court corridor with two revolvers because he believed him to be unscrupulous and corrupt, using informers to spy on Indian immigrants. Canadian policeman William Hopkinson shot and killed by

3110:

Samad Khan and his guards were lying dead on the field within hours. The Punjab governor also took extra precautions for safety against the Sikhs. He started to live in the fort. He would not even dare to visit the mosque outside the fort for prayers.

1980: 2429:

reinforcements were called and they laid siege on the fort with 60,000 troops. Gulab Singh dressed himself in the garments of Banda Singh and seated himself in his place. Banda Singh left the fort at night and went to a secret place in the hills and

2433:

forests. The failure of the army to kill or catch Banda Singh shocked Emperor, Bahadur Shah and On 10 December 1710 he ordered that wherever a Sikh was found, he should be murdered. The Emperor became mentally disturbed and died on 18 February 1712.

2424:

force was organised to defeat and kill Banda Singh. All the generals were directed to join the Emperor’s army. To ensure that there were no Sikh agents in the army camps, an order was issued on 29 August 1710 to all Hindus to shave off their beards.

1585: 3727:

region, to begin killing the Sikhs. Adina Beg was a very smart politician and wanted the Sikhs to remain involved helping them. In order to develop good relations with the Sikhs, he sent secret messages to them who were living in different places.

5764:"...over 100,000 volunteers have been arrested. This high number of arrests is undoubtedly, a national record and so has been the peaceful nature in which the Satyagrahas of this magnitude have been handled by the Sikhs, with extreme tolerance." 4589:

were secretly allied to the British. They supplied important war plans of the Army, and provided the British with updated vital intelligence on the Army dealings, which ended up changing the scope of the war and benefiting the British positions.

3291:

Nawab Kapoor Singh Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was made the supreme leader. They also decided to declare that the Punjab belonged to them and they would be the sovereign rulers of their state. The Sikhs also built their first fort, called Ram Rauni, at

982:

with Christians, Muslims and Hindus in positions of power. The establishment of the Sikh Empire in 1799 is commonly considered the zenith of Sikhism in the political sphere, during its existence (from 1799 to 1849) the Sikh Empire came to include

5223:

drunks, pimps, and peddlers of unsavory and licentious music and literature, with which they themselves took part in such activities. In addition, they also allowed non-Sikh, Brahmanical practices to take root in the gurdwaras, including

2023:

and common Hindus made an alliance to fight him. He and the kingdom of Una allied and won the Battle of Bhangani. The even more Himachali states allied and still lost. This showed the Guruji's influence and military strength in the area.

2488:, Punjab, when the army under the rule of Samad Khan, the Mogual king of Delhi laid siege to the Sikh forces. The Sikhs fought and defended the small fort for eight months. On 7 December 1715 Banda Singh starving soldiers were captured. 3850:

Later, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, one day while hunting, happened to enter Ramgarhia territory where Jassa Singh Ramgarhia's brother arrested him. Ramgarhia apologised for the misbehaviour of his brother, and returned Ahluwalia with gifts.

2391:

of their own land. It seems that all classes of government officers were addicted to extortion and corruption and the whole system of regulatory and order was subverted. Local tradition recalls that the people from the neighborhood of

5836:

and ultimately led to Gandhi's assassination by her Sikh bodyguards. Many sources state that as much as 5 hundred thousand innocent Sikhs died by Indian police and rioters after June 1984 and Sikh population started decreasing after

1808:

Guru Tegh Bahadur was the ninth of the Sikh Gurus. The eight Sikh Guru, Guru Har Krishan, nominated him, his grand-uncle as the next Guru before he died. Guru Tegh Bahadur was actually the son of the sixth Sikh Guru, Guru Hargobind.

877:, the Pañj Piārē, then baptised him into the Khalsa fold. This gives the order of Khalsa a history of around 500 years. Historical theory and analysis suggests that Sikhism came into existence during the early Medieval period of the 3639:

Ahluwalia died in 1783 and was cremated near Amritsar. There is a city block, Katra Ahluwalia, in Amritsar named after him. This block was assigned to his Misl in honor of his having stayed there and protected the city of Amritsar.

2002:

After Guru Tegh Bahadur ji's martyrdom Guru Gobind Singh Ji created many poems compositions and letters, including Zafarnama, Ugardandis, Lakhi Jungle Khalsa, Hikayatan, Akal Ustat, Jaap Sahib etc., these were incorporated into the

4044:

served as his capital from 1799. In 1802 he shifted his capital to Lahore and Amritsar. Ranjit Singh rose to power in a very short period, from a leader of a single Sikh misl to finally becoming the Maharaja (Emperor) of Punjab.

2969:

were checked. The Sikhs, however, risking their lives, continued to pay their respects to the holy place and take a dip in the Sarovar (sacred pool) in the dark of the night. When Kapur Singh went to Amritsar he had a fight with

2356:. The coin described Lohgarh: "Struck in the City of Peace, illustrating the beauty of civic life, and the ornament of the blessed throne." He briefly established a state in Punjab for half a year. Banda Singh sent Sikhs to the 1696:

and the other shorter flag is towards Akal Takht. The first represents the reins of the spiritual authority while the later represents temporal power stating temporal power should be under the reins of the spiritual authority.

2744:

feet. Thus Kapur Singh became Nawab Kapur Singh. Kapur Singh guided the Sikhs in strengthening themselves and preaching Gurmat to the people. He knew that peace would be short-lived. He encouraged people to freely visit their

5568:

But after the partition of India he did not give Sikhs even a state to themselves and this led to further grievances. Many Hindus refused to keep Punjabi as their language and only Sikhs viewed their language as Punjabi.

2698:

treasure; the Khalsa looted the money and took over the arms and horses of the guards. They then took over one lakh rupees from the Kasoor estate treasury going from Kasur to Lahore. Next they captured a caravan from

6890: 2735:

through a famous Lahore Sikh, Subeg Singh. The Khalsa did not wanted to rule freely and not to be under the rule of a subordinate position. However this offer was eventually accepted and this title was bestowed on

2291:

with the help of revolting oppressed Hindu and common folk, killing about 10,000 Muslims. Samana which was famous for minting coins, with this treasury the Sikhs became financially stable. The Sikhs soon took over

1521:

Guru Amar Das did not consider any of his sons fit for Guruship and chose instead his son-in-law (Guru) Ram Das to succeed him. Guru Amar Das Sahib at the age of 95 died on 1 September 1574 at Goindwal in District

1196:. It was said that he was gone for three days. When he reappeared, it is said he was "filled with the spirit of God". His first words after his re-emergence were: "There is no Hindu, there is no Muslim". With this 1459:

and repeat God's name in every activity. He to whom the Guru takes kindly is shown the path. Nanak! I seek the dust of the feet of the Guru's Sikh who himself remembers God and makes others remember Him. (Gauri)

3567:, ordered his commander Zabita Khan to fight the Sikhs. Zabita made a truce with them instead and then was dismissed from Alam’s service. Zabita Khan then became a Sikh and was given a new name, Dharam Singh. 2061:

with Bahadur Shah I who was secular in his views. On his way to Aurangabad he was stabbed three times in his lungs and killed the assassin. He survived for three more weeks and but later died from his wounds.

3628:. With the resources available to him, he repaired all the buildings, improved the management of the Gurdwaras, and provided better civic facilities to the residents of Amritsar. He wanted every Sikh to take 4723: 4094: 3017:. Nader Shah killed more than 100,000 people in Delhi and carried off all of the gold and valuables. He added to his caravan hundreds of elephants and horses, along with thousands of young women and Indian 3666:

during the lifetime of Guru Gobind Singh, and joined him in many battles; he joined the forces of Banda Singh Bahadur. Ramgarhia was the oldest of five brothers. When Ramgarhia was young he had memorised

3265:

In 1747, Shah Nawaz took over as Governor of Lahore. To please the Sikhs, Lakhpat Rai was put in prison by the new Governor. Lakhpat Rai received severe punishment and was eventually killed by the Sikhs.

4257:

alone there were 18 formal schools for girls besides specialist schools for technical training, languages, mathematics and logic, let alone specialised schools for the three major religions, they being

3926:, became enemies. This resulted in a war which changed the course of Sikh history. Maha Singh requested Ramgarhia to help him. In the battle, Jai Singh lost his son, Gurbaksh Singh, while fighting with 4649: 1813:

Muslim. He was asked by Aurungzeb, the Mughal emperor, under coercion by conservative Naqshbandi clerics, to convert to Islam or to sacrifice himself. The exact place where he died is in front of the

4711: 3772:. The Sikhs took upon themselves the task of protecting the people in the villages from the invaders. The money they obtained from the people was called Rakhi (protection charges). The new Governor, 3025:

learned of this, he decided to warn Nader Shah that if not the local rulers, then the Sikhs would protect the innocent women of Muslims and Hindus from being sold as slaves. While crossing The river

2783:

Gurmat preaching. The Budha Dal would be responsible to keep track of the movements of government forces, plan their defense strategies, and they provide a reserve fighting force for the Taruna Dal.

2481:

region. Banda Singh came out and captured Kalanaur and Batala which rebuked Farrukh Siyar to issue Mughal and Hindu officials and chiefs to proceed with their troops to Lahore to reinforce his army.

3574:

They do not kill a woman, a child, or a coward running away from the fight. They do not rob any person nor do they take away the ornaments of a woman, be she a queen or a slave girl. They commit no

5922:

political (foreign interference, terrorism, etc.), economic (in particular with regard to sharing of water supplies) and even occupational fields. Information received from nongovernment [

4797:

of British India, died defending an army post from 10,000 Afghan and Orakzai tribesmen in 1897. In the end of Partition Sikhs were 20 percent of the British army despite they 1 percent population.

6860: 1249:, his disciple, as a successor to the Guruship rather than one of his sons. Bhai Lehna was named Guru Angad and became the successor of Guru Nanak. Bhai Lehna was born in the village of Harike in 2473:

of Jammu. In 1713 the Sikhs left Lohgarh and Sadhura and went to the remote hills of Jammu and where they built Dera Baba Banda Singh. During this time Sikhs were being hunted down especially by

4979: 2648:(ownership of an estate) and a valuable royal robe, the Khalsa accepted it all in the name of Kapur Singh. Henceforth, he became known as Nawab Kapur Singh. In 1748 he would organise the early 3423:

of the state. The Governor of Lahore closed the gates of the city and did not come out to fight against them. The Sikhs laid siege to the city. After a week, the Governor agreed to pay 30,000

2579:

Abdus Samad Khan, was transferred to Multan in 1726, and his more energetic Son, Zakaria Khan, also known as Khan Bahadur, was appointed to take his place as the governor of Lahore. In 1726,

12078: 1651:

because he gave Jehangir's son langer and made him hear Kirtan, his son, Khusrau, was revolting against Jehangir. Guru Arjan Dev Ji refused to convert to Islam when he was given the choice.

11974: 2727:

1733 the Delhi rulers withdrew all orders against the Khalsa. The Sikhs were now permitted to own land and to move freely without any state violence against them. To co-operate with the

2899:

head to the police station. Rewards were also promised to those who helped arrest Sikhs. Persons providing food or shelter to Sikhs or helping them in any way were severely punished.

2640:. He was a volunteer at Darbar Sahib Amritsar. His was cleaning shoes of Sangat that come to pay their respect to Darbar Sahib, work in the kitchen to feed the Sangat. He was given a 4114: 1773:

Sri Guru Harkrishan Ji was the epitome of sensibility, generosity, and courage. There is a famous incident from an early age. Once on the way to Delhi from Punjab he met an arrogant

5563:"The brave Sikhs of Panjab are entitled to special consideration. I see nothing wrong in an area and a set up in the North wherein the Sikhs can also experience the glow of freedom. 2866:

and told him that Ahluwalia was like a son to her and that the Nawab should raise him like an ideal Sikh. Ahluwalia under the guidance of Kapur Singh, was given a good education in

1272:

in January 1520 and had two sons, (Dasu and Datu), and two daughters (Amro and Anokhi). The whole Pheru family had to leave their ancestral village because of the ransacking by the

11557: 2114: 3902:, the Mughal emperor, extended the Sikhs a warm welcome. Ramgarhia left Delhi after receiving gifts from him. Because of the differences arising out of the issue of dividing the 6807:

A lot of Hindu and Muslim peasants converted to Sikhism from conviction, fear, economic motives, or a combination of the three (Khushwant Singh 1999: 106; Ganda Singh 1935: 73).

4371: 2161: 1483:

Guru Amar Das not only preached the equality of people irrespective of their caste but also fostered the idea of women's equality. He preached strongly against the practice of

12324: 6135: 6882: 6444: 2545:, Punjab and other Mughal officers began to pursue Sikhs less and thus the Sikhs came back to the villages and started going to the Gurdwaras again, which were managed by 6752: 5769:

In December 1983, a senior officer in Chandigarh confessed: “It’s really shocking that we have so little against him while we keep blaming him for all sorts of things.”

5007: 6163: 4509:

The Maharaja Employed many Prussian, French and Italian generals to train Sikhs in a more modern manner. He divided the army into three, the mordern, elite soldiers the

11580: 3362:, Jahan Khan attacked Amritsar with a huge army and the Sikhs because of their small numbers decided to withdraw to the forests. Their fort, Ram Rauni, was demolished, 1350:

most crucial one. The Sikh community had moved from having a founder to a succession of Gurus and the infrastructure of Sikh society was strengthened and crystallised.

4782:. Sikhs were increasingly incorporated into the Indian army because they were not only seen as 'loyal', but because the colonial government believed that they were a ' 3442:. Sikhs, as rulers of the city, received full cooperation from the people. After becoming the Governor of Lahore, Punjab Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was given the title of 6168: 6064: 4011:

challenge Ranjit Singh. When the Bhangi leader died Jassa Singh Ramgarhia returned to his territory. Ramgarhia was eighty years old when he died in 1803. His son,

5387:, Rajguru, and Sukhdev are convicted of murder of police inspector J.P. Saunders and executed; Bhagat Singh is popularly known as Shaheedey Azam (supreme martyr) 4941:, yet the Sikhs only made up less than 2% of the total population in India. Sikhs were known as 'Black Lions' by the German and Chinese forces for their ferocity 2380:, the Sikhs started fighting for the rights of the people. They used their newly established power to remove corrupt officials and replace them with honest ones. 13592: 12363: 2957:, while having sufficient amount of Sikhs with him to keep the army engaged. When Jassa Singh was reached a considerable distance the Khalsa safely retreated to 873:

in the end of seventeenth century. He baptised five Sikh people from different parts of India, with different social backgrounds, to form the Khalsa. Those five

5884:

in which he "felt like a refugee in my country. In fact, I felt like a Jew in Nazi Germany."In 2002 the claims of the popular right-wing Hindu organisation the

1173:

Even as a boy, his desire to explore the mysteries of life eventually led him to leave home. Nanak married Sulakhni, daughter of Moolchand Chona, a trader from

5637:, resulting in multiple deaths, including Fauja Singh's. The violence and subsequent cremation of the slain Sikhs brought Bhindranwale to national prominence. 1330:

youth, he started the tradition of Mall Akhara, where physical, as well as spiritual exercises, were held. He collected the facts about Guru Nanak's life from

5778:

that he did not hate Hindus and he had donated 5 lakhs to restore ald Hindu and Sikh architecture and Mandirs. He even adopted a Hindu women as his daughter.

1596:

In 1581, Guru Arjan — the youngest son of the fourth guru — became the Fifth Guru of the Sikhs. In addition to being responsible for building the

14517: 4343: 3898:. The Sikhs disciplined and brought to justice all the Hindu Nawabs who were harassing their Muslim population. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia entered Delhi in 1783. 1514:. Jetha had come to visit the Guru with a party of pilgrims from Lahore and had become so enchanted by the Guru's teachings that he had decided to settle in 1467:' and made it compulsory for the visitor to the Guru to eat first, saying that 'Pehle Pangat Phir Sangat' (first visit the Langar then go to the Guru). Once 1165:

From an early age, Guru Nanak seemed to have acquired a questioning and enquiring mind and refused as a child to wear the ritualistic sacred thread called a

11830: 5436:

Out of 2646 Indians deported for life to the Andaman Islands (where the colonial government exiled political and hardened criminals) 2147 (80%) were Sikhs.

4222: 3080:

to subdue the Sikhs. Kapur Singh learned of this scheme and planned his own strategy accordingly. As soon as the army was sent out to hunt for the Sikhs, a

1379:

became an important centre for Sikhism during the Guruship of Guru Amar Das. He continued to preach the principle of equality for women, the prohibition of

9445: 8654: 4778:

and then British colonial rule from 1858 Sikhs were feared and respected for their martial ability. After they played a key role in the suppression of the

2550: 6856: 4518: 3662:. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was the son of Giani Bhagwan Singh and was born in 1723. They lived in the village of Ichogil, near Lahore. His grandfather took 3654:

Jassa Singh Ramgarhia played an active role in Jassa Singh Alhuwalia’s army. He founded the Ramgarhia Misl and played a major role in the battles of the

4383: 3557:. After Abdali’s departure to Kabul, Sikhs crossed the Sutlej and brought Sirhind and other areas right up to Delhi, entire Punjab under their control. 3327:

to quell a rebellion there. He asked the Sikhs for help and they agreed to join him. After the victory at Multan, Kaura came to pay his respects to the

1007:, the Commander-in-chief of the Sikh army along the northwest Frontier from 1825 to 1837, took the boundary of the Sikh Empire to the very mouth of the 6029: 4219:

coronation, unifying the misls under one political entity. The misldars, affiliated with the army, were nobility with prestigious histories in Punjab.

3692:(leader) of the Sikhs. During this period of peace with the government, the Sikhs built their fort, Ram Rauni, in Amritsar. Zakaria died in 1745 and 2610:

unable to contact them, as the Sikhs did not live in houses or forts, but ran away to their rendezvous in forests or other places difficult to access.

1404:. Bibi Amro was married to Bhai Amar Das' brother, Bhai Manak Chand's son who was called Bhai Jasso. Bhai Amar Das was so impressed and moved by these 2978:, would not dare to come to Amritsar and face him. In the ensuing fight Abdul Rehman was killed. When his son tried to save him, he too died. In 1738 6387: 4617:

that were granted a statehood, and eventually a lieutenant governorship stationed in Lahore as a direct representative of the Royal Crown in London.

1769:, he nominated his granduncle, Guru Teg Bahadur, as the next Guru of the Sikhs. The following is a summary of the main highlights of his short life: 896:

and the socio-political situation in the north-west of the Indian subcontinent during the 17th century. From the rule of India by the Mughal Emperor

11129: 4991: 4754:(beginners book), which was compulsory for females and thus, almost every Punjabi woman was literate in the sense that she could read and write the 3616:, fearing the Sikhs, did not follow his normal route through Punjab while he returned to Kabul. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia did not add more areas to his 1487:(a Hindu wife burning on her husband's funeral pyre). Guru Amar Das also disapproved of a young widow remaining unmarried for the rest of her life. 3983:, though very young, was a great statesperson. Sada Kaur saw the end of the Khalsa power through such mutual battles but she was able to convince 5051: 4326:

were taught to the highest standard. In Lahore, Schools opened from 7am and closed at midday. In no case was a class allowed to exceed 50 pupils.

4074: 2870:

and thorough training in managing the Sikh affairs. Later Jassa Singh Ahluwalia would become an important role in leading the Sikhs to self-rule.

3492:

rejected his offers and told him that Sikhs own Punjab and they do not recognise his authority at all. Abdali went to Amritsar and destroyed the

5515:

in India, as the Punjabi Sikhs agitated for the creation of a Punjabi Sikh majority state, an undertaking which was promised to the Sikh leader

5420:', Bhagat Puran Singh was spreading awareness about environmental pollution, and increasing soil erosion long before such ideas became popular. 3883:. Maharaja Amar Singh welcomed Ramgarhia and who then occupied the areas of Hansi and Hissar which eventually Ramgarhia handed over to his son, 14435: 2201: 5416:

in 1947 with only a few patients, the neglected and rejected of the streets of Amritsar. An early advocate of what we today refer to as the '

4963: 4668: 3229:

In 1746 about seven thousand Sikhs were killed and three thousand to fifteen thousand Sikhs were taken prisoners during by the order of the

5355:

ship to the port of Vancouver with 346 Sikhs on board; forced to leave port on 23 July. Bela Singh Jain an informer and agent of Inspector

3715:(Mu'in ul-Mulk), the Governor of Lahore, was worried about the increasing power of the Sikhs so he broke the peace. Mir Mannu also ordered 2011:

respectively. He stayed at Anandpur Sahib for most of his life and the Hindu Hill Chieftains were jealous of his riches so the Kingdoms of

1507: 12150: 5740:

heard that in 1982 the government had created a model of the Darbar Sahib in Dehra Dun and were planning an attack. Historians argue that

12285: 6470: 5427:. They made sacrifices wholly out of proportion to their demographic strength (the Sikhs make up less than 2% of the Indian population). 4692: 3847:, and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia on one side and Bhangis, Ramgarhias and their associates on the other side. The Bhangi side lost the battle. 1419:

In 1535, upon meeting Guru Angad, Amar Das was so touched by the Guru's message that he became a devout Sikh. Soon he became involved in

1192:

as the manager of the government granary. One morning, when he was twenty-eight, Guru Nanak went as usual down to the river to bathe and

11549: 11105: 4538:'s death in 1839, the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the 14460: 12178: 3140:

The Sikhs built their first fort Ram Rauni at Amritsar in 1748. In December 1748, Governor Mir Mannu had to take his forces outside of

3125:, gave him a royal welcome. Kapur Singh subdued all local administrators around Delhi who were not behaving well towards their people. 2177: 3871:

was taken over and he was followed from village to village, and finally forced to vacate all his territory. He had to cross the river

3780:, despised the Sikhs. In 1757, he again forced the Sikhs to vacate the fort and move to their hiding places. The fort was demolished, 13596: 4407: 3162:

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was born in 1718. His father, Badar Singh, died when Ahluwalia was only four years old. His mother took him to

2305: 799: 12308: 12002:

The politics of homeland : a study of the ethnic linkages and political mobilisation amongst Sikhs in Britain and North America

6494:

Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Dhan Dhan Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), pages 29-62

3029:, the Sikhs attacked the rear end of the caravan, freed many of the women, freed the artisans, and recovered part of the treasure. 14867: 11002: 4926:

In two world wars 83,005 Sikh soldiers were killed and 109,045 were wounded. Sikh soldiers died or were wounded for the freedom of

2313: 1518:. Here he earned a livelihood selling boiled chickpeas and would regularly attend the services of Guru Amar Das in his spare time. 5321:

to overthrow British colonial authority in India by means of an armed revolution. The Ghadar party is closely associated with the

3732:

responded and agreed to cooperate with the Faujdar and was made a Commander. This position helped him develop good relations with

12103: 5092: 5084: 4680: 2076:(the Sikh Holy Scripture), would be the ultimate spiritual authority for the Sikhs and temporal authority would be vested in the 11072: 6440: 5215:

The annexation of the Punjab to the East India Company in the mid-19th century saw severe deterioration of Gurdwara management.

12980: 12010: 3570:

Qadi Nur Mohammed, who came to Punjab with Ahmad Shah Abdali and was present during many Sikh battles writes about the Sikhs:

3211:, the capital of Punjab, for the first time. They were the masters of Lahore for a few months and minted their own Nanakshahi 2469:, the next Moghal Emperor, appointed Abdus Samad Khan as the governor of Lahore and Zakaria Khan, Abdus Samad Khan's son, the 1989:

In 1675 Pundits from Kashmir in India came to Anandpur Sahib pleading to Guru Teg Bahadur (father of Guru Gobind Singh) about

1860:

just before the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur. Bhai Mati Das was executed by being bound between two pillars and cut in two.

13287: 12279: 12243: 11922: 11778:

Dutt, Amitava; Devgun, Surinder (23 September 1977). "Diffusion of Sikhism and recent migration patterns of Sikhs in India".

11039: 6831: 6700: 6665: 6638: 6608: 6583: 6363: 8082: 5184: 3473:

about two dozen wounds. Fifty chariots were necessary to transport the heads of the victims to Lahore. The Sikhs call this

3331:, and offered 11,000 rupees and built Gurdwara Bal-Leela; He also spent 3,000,000 rupees to build a Sarover (holy water) at 2561:. The Khalsa had been split into two major factions Bandia Khalsa and Tat Khalsa and tensions were spewing between the two. 14001: 11822: 5484: 5462: 3939: 1027: 5905:

picked up by the police for torture and abuse. Many had been personally tortured before taking up arms against the state.

5577:

Sikhs composed 18 percent of the Indian army and are the most decorated regiment in India. Sikhs composed majority of the

4068:. Maharaja Ranjit Singh rebuilt Harmandir Sahib in marble and copper in 1809, overlaid the sanctum with gold foil in 1830. 14811: 13124: 13087: 5682: 3764:

without any effective Governor. It was again an opportune period for the Sikhs to organise themselves and gain strength.

3101:

Abdus Samad Khan sent many roaming squads to search for and kill Sikhs. He was responsible for the torture and murder of

1897: 1081: 14487: 14836: 14698: 14428: 12545: 12393: 11066: 12347: 12070: 5063: 12423: 12357: 12318: 12050: 11762: 11720: 11695: 11670: 11639: 11614: 11533: 11508: 11483: 11434: 11394: 11369: 11344: 11312: 11238: 11188: 11160: 10961: 10936: 10853: 10828: 10754: 10704: 10678: 10610: 10585: 10532: 10454: 10399: 10368: 10343: 10318: 10278: 10220: 10195: 10167: 10127: 10102: 10008: 9953: 9928: 9878: 9838: 9813: 9718: 9693: 9612: 9584: 9544: 9476: 9416: 9307: 9227: 9202: 9177: 9085: 9057: 9017: 8916: 8876: 8765: 8740: 8715: 8607: 8552: 8527: 8499: 8446: 8421: 8366: 8341: 8316: 8276: 8245: 8203: 8138: 8113: 8076: 8046: 8021: 7996: 7971: 7916: 7888: 7863: 7824: 7759: 7719: 7694: 7669: 7638: 7613: 7588: 7563: 7538: 7485: 7400: 7375: 7350: 7325: 7275: 7250: 7210: 7137: 7110: 7085: 7060: 7035: 6983: 6958: 6927: 6800: 6775: 6730: 6558: 6424: 5914: 5704: 5594: 5559:

After the Partition of India Sikhs had been disrespected in many ways. Jawaharlal Nehru and Gandhi had stated that -

3488:, fearing Sikh retaliation, sent messages that he was willing to assign some areas to the Sikhs to be ruled by them. 2268:

called to the people of Punjab to take arms under the leadership of Banda Singh overthrow and destroy the oppressive

1919: 1103: 947:), who were also tortured and killed by Mughal rulers for refusing their orders, and for opposing the persecution of 3890:

Maharaja Amar Singh and Ramgarhia took control of the villages on the west and north of Delhi, now forming parts of

14806: 14201: 6248: 6014: 6004: 4633: 4566:

However, a series of events of the Sikhs being betrayed by some prominent leaders in the army led to its downfall.

4443: 4359: 3991:(later the Maharaja of the Punjab), who was then just a boy. The balance of power shifted in favour of this united 3823:, a town founded by the sixth Guru. The large size of Ramgarhia's territory aroused the jealousy of the other Sikh 1968:, who, too, often came here to sit in the Queen's lap giving her immense delight and spiritual solace. She fed the 5088: 3404:

The Sikhs started bringing more areas under their control and realising revenue from them. In 1758, joined by the

3366:

was also demolished, and the army desecrated the Sarovar (Holy water) by filling it with debris and dead animals.

13561: 13242: 12781: 5999: 5994: 5825: 5745: 5633:

to oppose the event. A confrontation ensued between Sant Nirankaris and a group of Sikhs led by Bhindranwale and

4970: 4133: 9433: 8642: 5240:

relinquish control, but the large revenue derived from gurdwara estates empowered them to resist such pressure.

4253:

The Sikh rulers were very tolerant of other religions; and arts, painting and writings flourished in Punjab. In

1817:

in Delhi (Lal Qila) and the gurdwara is called Sisganj. This marked a turning point for Sikhism. His successor,

1303:

from Bhai Jodha (a Sikh of Guru Nanak Sahib) who was in Khadur Sahib. He was thrilled and decided to proceed to

14300: 14295: 11213: 10986: 10881: 10803: 10729: 10635: 10560: 10504: 10479: 10038: 9903: 9788: 9516: 9391: 9282: 8992: 8851: 8793: 8690: 8582: 8471: 8178: 7784: 7513: 7440: 7300: 7185: 5803: 5686: 5360: 4299: 4157: 3987:

to adopt the path of friendship. For this she offered the hand of her daughter, then only a child, to his son,

1901: 1085: 9341:. The University of California: Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. 1977. p. 85. 2457:

to the Sikhs telling them to get themselves reorganised and join him at once. In 1711 the Sikhs gathered near

1011:. The Sikh Empire's secular administration integrated innovative military, economic and governmental reforms. 14726: 14716: 14421: 13810: 13092: 5615: 3068:, cut off his head, and took it with them. It was a lesson for the ruler that no tyrant would go unpunished. 3064:, went to Amritsar disguised as revenue collectors. They tied their horses outside, walked straight into the 792: 9356:. The University of Michigan: Department of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University Press. p. 43. 7004: 5430:(Figures below provided by Maulana Abul Azad, President of the Congress Party at the time of Independence.) 5156:

to avoid criticism of other religions and political matters unlike Hindu, Christian and Muslim protelisers.

2918:

The army pursued the Sikhs hiding near the hills and forced them to cross the rivers and seek safety in the

1030:, viewing the possibility of the creation of Pakistan as inviting persecution. The months leading up to the 14171: 13119: 12970: 12923: 6379: 5524: 5424: 5303: 5289: 3968:) in Red Fort and Ahluwalia became king but they gave it back to the Mughals after signing peace treaties. 3275:

his nephew was killed by the arrow of Kapur Singh. The Sikhs restored Harmandir Sahib and celebrated their

1454:

to spread the gospel of Sikhism. Before leaving, Guru Amar Das prescribed the following routine for Sikhs:

17: 5717: 3620:. Instead, whenever any wealth or villages came into the hands of the Sikhs he distributed them among the 2272:

rulers, oppressed Muslims and oppressed Hindus also joined him in the popular revolt against the tyrants.

1234: 927:, were tortured and executed, and close kin of several gurus (such as the seven and nine-year old sons of 14862: 14535: 13981: 13112: 11121: 6111: 5885: 5483:

and the movement to create Pakistan, viewing it as inviting possible persecution; the Sikhs largely thus

5406:

when 15,000 to 20,000 people including women, children were shot at after a peaceful protest in Amritsar

5276:

when 4000 peaceful protesters including women, children and the elderly were shot at under the orders of

2348:

Banda Singh developed the village of Mukhlisgarh, and made it his capital He then renamed the city it to

678: 4947: 4395: 3679:

In 1733, Zakaria Khan, the Governor of Punjab, needed help to protect himself from the Iranian invader,

1038:

between Sikhs and Muslims, which saw the effective religious migration of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus from

13775: 13442: 13022: 11851:

Telford, Hamish (November 1992). "The Political Economy of Punjab: Creating Space for Sikh Militancy".

6069: 5918: 5794: 5737: 5630: 5503:

between Sikh and Muslims, which saw the effective religious migration of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus from

5403: 4937:, Sikh military personnel numbered around 35,000 men of the 161,000 troops, which is around 22% of the 4419: 3843:

sardars also developed differences with Jai Singh Kanhaiya. A big battle was fought between Jai Singh,

2016: 6355:

Religion and the Specter of the West: Sikhism, India, Postcoloniality, and the Politics of Translation

5751:

Sikhs did not get an autonomous region or even a state so following India's independence in 1947, the

4729:

Bejewelled Sikh women in a bullock carriage, temple in the background, family on foot in front, c.1874

3578:, rather they respect the women of even their enemies. They always shun thieves and adulterers and in 2890:

should be taken over by the Sikhs. This decision was taken against heavy odds but was endorsed by the

2337:

and became Dinder Singh and the newspaper writer of Sirhind, Mir Nasir-ud-din, became Mir Nasir Singh

2189: 1781:

around was dumbstruck. Lal Chand's arrogance too was shattered and he asked for Guru Ji's forgiveness.

14781: 14706: 14067: 14047: 13996: 13855: 13680: 13588: 13495: 13392: 13387: 13280: 7053:

Celestiyal Song/Gobind Geet: The Dramatic DialogueyBetween Guru Gobind Singh and Banda Singh Bahadyur

6198: 6173: 6116: 6098: 5989: 5951: 5748:

who vocalised Sikh sentiment for justice. This accelerated Punjab into a state of peaceful protests.

5259: 2830:

they were Ramsar, Bibeksar, Lachmansar, Kaulsar and Santokhsar. The divisions later became known as

907:), Sikhism came into conflict with Mughal laws, because they were affecting political successions of 380: 11959: 915:. Mughal rulers killed many prominent Sikhs for refusing to obey their orders, and for opposing the 14771: 14711: 14176: 14052: 14031: 13382: 12806: 12635: 6839:

invariably raised images of atrocities committed by Muslims on Sikhs and of the martyrdom of their

6145: 6140: 6106: 5981: 5199:

ceremonies. Muslim proselytizers formed the Anjuman-i-Islamia midst the Sikhs in Lahore, while the

4779: 4640: 4208: 3944: 3633: 3522: 3316: 3176: 2758: 2653: 2064: 785: 688: 621: 13976: 9123: 5814:

saw several secessionist militant groups becoming active in Punjab, supported by a section of the

5806:

by her two Sikh bodyguards in retaliation. Following her death 17,000 of Sikhs were killed in the

4605:

The Punjab Empire was finally dissolved after a series of wars with the British at the end of the

14553: 14492: 14365: 14342: 13940: 13452: 13427: 13062: 12865: 12690: 12665: 12572: 12550: 6078: 6039: 5675: 4236: 4173: 2240: 1890: 1735:

Pradesh on Har Sudi 3, Samvat 1697. Guru Har Rai had two sons: Baba Ram Rai and Sri Har Krishan.

1074: 626: 546: 497: 462: 448: 65: 57: 13961: 11886: 10928: 10922: 4449:

There was strong collaboration in defense against foreign incursions such as those initiated by

3370:

made history when he cut through 20,000 Durrani soldiers and reached Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar.

2953:

the government of Lahore sent troops to attack the Sikhs. Kapur Singh entrusted the treasury to

2945:

were killed. The Khalsa took over the city, the took over the treasury and they established the

1158:

of land revenue in the government. Nanak's mother was Mata Tripta, and he had one older sister,

14766: 14749: 14654: 14642: 14634: 14470: 14196: 13895: 13880: 13870: 13850: 13845: 13650: 13556: 13457: 13432: 13077: 13067: 13027: 12893: 11662: 11656: 11458:. A look at the actual history of one of the most shocking events of the independence struggle. 6238: 6158: 6088: 6049: 5971: 5621: 5280:. The site of the massacre was later established as 'memorial of national importance' in 1951. 4614: 1753: 1204:

work. He made four distinct major journeys, in the four different directions, which are called

713: 45: 12269: 12215: 12144: 12042: 12036: 11006: 6857:"Did Sikh squads participate in an organised attempt to cleanse East Punjab during Partition?" 6466: 5445:

In the Indian Liberation Army, out of the 20,000 ranks and officers, 12,000 (60%) were Sikhs.

4985:

Sikh soldier with a captured swastika after the surrender of German forces in Italy, May 1945.

2397:

thousands in number they still allowed themselves to be cowed down by a handful of Zamindars.

14801: 14380: 14320: 14233: 13966: 13835: 13805: 13584: 13543: 12908: 12855: 12776: 12416: 12071:"Assassination in India: Sikhs at the center of the drama; Sikh separation dates back to '47" 12006: 10391: 10385: 6655: 6317: 6297: 6130: 5929: 5553: 5377: 5322: 5180: 5168: 4740: 4606: 4479: 3961: 3953: 3800: 3765: 3729: 3649: 3489: 3157: 2954: 2937:

and Kapur Singh helped him increase the boundaries of his state. In 1736 the Khalsa attacked

2895: 2863: 2057: 2035: 1617: 1127: 836: 636: 631: 12801: 12791: 12172: 11099: 8268: 8262: 7477: 7471: 3867:

changed sides and joined Jai Singh Kanhaiya to defeat Jassa Singh Ramgarhia. His capital at

1665: 931:), were brutally killed, along with numerous other main revered figures of Sikhism (such as 14688: 14680: 14545: 14507: 14455: 14310: 14268: 14253: 14191: 14161: 13971: 13865: 13670: 13523: 13510: 13467: 13273: 13230: 13208: 13057: 12987: 12898: 12825: 12555: 12099: 7661: 6322: 6218: 6083: 5845: 5807: 5654: 5325:, a 1921 splinter group of "militant" Sikhs who broke away from the mainstream non-violent 5314: 4938: 4598: 4547: 4543: 4012: 3884: 2583:, a renowned Sikh leader, and his 26 men was killed after Governor Zakaria Khan, sent 2200 2329: 2044: 955:. Subsequently, Sikhism militarised itself to oppose Mughal hegemony. The emergence of the 916: 743: 718: 708: 683: 591: 12796: 5442:

At Jallianwala Bagh out of the 1302 men, women and children killed, 799 (61%) were Sikhs.

2039:

Painting of the court of Guru Gobind Singh. Illustration from a manuscript of Krishnavatar

8: 14821: 14659: 14586: 14581: 14479: 14444: 14370: 14305: 14263: 14223: 14218: 14181: 13860: 13795: 13785: 13102: 13082: 13042: 13012: 12441: 6768:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers (French Sources of Indian History Sources)

6259: 6153: 5946: 5833: 5782: 5729: 5650: 5582: 5472: 5224: 5080: 5038: 5014: 4998: 4790: 4560: 4156:

The Sikh Empire (from 1801 to 1849) was formed on the foundations of the Punjabi Army by

3876: 3381:

did not pay revenues to the government so the Governor dismissed him and appointed a new

3287:

In 1748 all the Misls joined themselves under one command and on the advice of the aging

3061: 3014: 2930: 2834:

and their number increased to eleven. Each took over and ruled a different region of the

2671: 2580: 2497: 2462: 2446: 2276: 2236: 2226: 2089: 1304: 1212: 1019: 979: 975: 870: 824: 753: 703: 693: 135: 53: 9117: 3513:

Durrani Governor of Sirhind, and the regions around Sirhind were divided among the Sikh

2372:, and other areas nearby bringing relief to the repressed population. In the regions of 1188:

His brother-in-law, Jai Ram, the husband of his sister Nanki, obtained a job for him in

14816: 14619: 14591: 14396: 14375: 14206: 13935: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13800: 13675: 13655: 13580: 13551: 13490: 13422: 13367: 13097: 12955: 12945: 12935: 12913: 12903: 12880: 12845: 12748: 12540: 12535: 11947: 11928: 11868: 11803: 8220: 6243: 6223: 6093: 6074: 6044: 5961: 5889: 5646: 5542: 5535: 5496: 5468: 5409: 5399: 5310: 5160: 4775: 4539: 4454: 3999: 3812: 3773: 3737: 3724: 3510: 3312: 3254: 3224: 2894:

and all the Sikhs assured him of their full cooperation in his endeavor for self-rule.

2478: 2373: 1031: 1015: 457: 424: 125: 61: 12118: 11427:

Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-Determination: The Accommodation of Conflicting Rights

3529:

were killed. The Sikhs started striking Govind Shahi coins and in 1765 they took over

2808:. Anyone going anywhere would get permission from him and report to him on his return. 14744: 14739: 14606: 14558: 14258: 14091: 14057: 13900: 13885: 13765: 13533: 13485: 13437: 13407: 13402: 13072: 13052: 13047: 13037: 12960: 12950: 12918: 12870: 12786: 12758: 12728: 12698: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12389: 12353: 12314: 12275: 12239: 12046: 11918: 11807: 11795: 11758: 11716: 11691: 11666: 11635: 11610: 11529: 11504: 11479: 11430: 11390: 11365: 11340: 11308: 11234: 11209: 11184: 11156: 11062: 11056: 11035: 10982: 10957: 10932: 10877: 10849: 10824: 10799: 10750: 10725: 10700: 10674: 10631: 10606: 10581: 10556: 10528: 10500: 10475: 10450: 10395: 10364: 10339: 10314: 10274: 10216: 10191: 10163: 10123: 10098: 10034: 10004: 9949: 9924: 9899: 9874: 9834: 9809: 9784: 9714: 9689: 9608: 9580: 9540: 9512: 9472: 9412: 9387: 9303: 9278: 9223: 9198: 9173: 9081: 9053: 9013: 8988: 8912: 8872: 8847: 8789: 8761: 8736: 8711: 8686: 8603: 8578: 8548: 8523: 8495: 8467: 8442: 8417: 8362: 8337: 8312: 8272: 8241: 8199: 8174: 8134: 8109: 8072: 8042: 8017: 7992: 7967: 7912: 7884: 7859: 7820: 7780: 7755: 7715: 7690: 7665: 7634: 7609: 7584: 7559: 7534: 7509: 7481: 7436: 7396: 7371: 7346: 7321: 7296: 7271: 7246: 7206: 7181: 7143: 7133: 7106: 7081: 7056: 7031: 6979: 6954: 6923: 6827: 6796: 6771: 6726: 6696: 6661: 6634: 6604: 6579: 6554: 6420: 6359: 6327: 6233: 6193: 6054: 6024: 6019: 5941: 5811: 5516: 5504: 5480: 5476: 5348: 4462:

religious and political powers, which were much larger in the region than the Sikhs.

4279: 4271: 4228: 3976: 3919: 3777: 3684: 3613: 3545: 3526: 3485: 3465: 3419: 3359: 3276: 3167: 3145: 3085: 3022: 2942: 2883: 2859: 2851: 2737: 2619: 2603: 2576:

keep a check on the Sikhs. Mani Singh was killed by cutting each of his body joint .

2377: 2248: 2168: 2097: 2073: 1969: 1965: 1869: 1818: 1800: 1795: 1605: 1500: 1339: 1039: 1023: 928: 924: 893: 854: 748: 556: 205: 200: 195: 11887:"Punjabi University, Patiala | Higher Education Institute | NAAC "A" Grade | Punjab" 5433:

Out of 2125 Indians killed during the independence movement, 1550 (73%) were Sikhs.

4430:

The Sikh Fauj-i-Ain (regular army) consisted of roughly 71,000 men and consisted of

2731:, and win the goodwill of the people, the government sent an offer of an estate and 1571:

Guru Ram Das nominated Guru Arjan, his youngest son, as the next Guru of the Sikhs.

14647: 14573: 14497: 14404: 14330: 14290: 14123: 14062: 13830: 13790: 13780: 13770: 13685: 13660: 13614: 13566: 13528: 13500: 13480: 13475: 13417: 13412: 13377: 13372: 13359: 13146: 13107: 13017: 13007: 13002: 12965: 12930: 12840: 12815: 12605: 12496: 12409: 11860: 11787: 10249: 6516: 6264: 6254: 6228: 6203: 6188: 6183: 6121: 6034: 5976: 5966: 5956: 5590: 5448:

Out of 121 persons executed during the independence movement, 73 (60%) were Sikhs.

5417: 5265: 5228: 5152: 5132: 4748: 4555: 4475: 4335: 4275: 3915: 3868: 3820: 3659: 3474: 3455: 3180: 3122: 3053: 3010: 2958: 2923: 2819: 2798: 2637: 2518: 2340: 2231: 2105: 2085: 2028: 2020: 1757: 1748: 1597: 1510:

to marry, he selected a pious and diligent young follower of his called Jetha from

1420: 1384: 1315: 1289: 1216: 1004: 956: 881:

and also after repeated invasions by Muslim rulers upon the Hindu community during

723: 650: 492: 297: 267: 190: 89: 7655: 6416: 6410: 4593: 3704: 3056:, a desert region, for safety, were outraged to hear of this desecration. In 1740 2264:

their faith and country. Banda Singh possessed no army but Guru Gobind Singh in a

14776: 14734: 14624: 14334: 14273: 14026: 13986: 13930: 13840: 13760: 13518: 13447: 13397: 13320: 13032: 12997: 12992: 12940: 12860: 12562: 12530: 12522: 12233: 12032: 12000: 11737: 11302: 11029: 10897: 10770: 10666: 10069: 9629: 9138: 8948: 8066: 6915: 6353: 6332: 6213: 6178: 6059: 6009: 5877: 5873: 5829: 5786: 5725: 5625: 5598: 5356: 4698: 4057: 3964:

defeated the Mughals on 11 March 1783, captured Delhi and hoisted the Sikh flag (

3816: 3781: 3518: 3493: 3367: 3363: 3328: 3102: 3065: 3045: 2979: 2966: 2908: 2771: 2568: 2558: 2430: 2293: 1693: 1669: 1660: 1484: 1468: 1380: 1189: 878: 773: 611: 242: 3203:

called Dal Khalsa. He played a major role In leading the Khalsa to self-rule in

14525: 14502: 14280: 14083: 13945: 13696: 13645: 13225: 13186: 13156: 12743: 12708: 12585: 12486: 11304:

Between Colonialism and Diaspora: Sikh Cultural Formations in an Imperial World

10821:

When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799

10271:

When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799

10001:

When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799

9736:

The Ideal Man: The Concept of Guru Gobind Singh, the Tenth Prophet of the Sikhs

7842:

The Ideal Man: The Concept of Guru Gobind Singh, the Tenth Prophet of the Sikhs

7737:

History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh confederacies, 1708–1769 (3rd rev. ed.)

6307: 6302: 6284: 5528: 5508: 5326: 4927: 4659: 4610: 4446:

and soldiers from many countries including Russia, Italy, France, and America.

4037: 3903: 3468:

brought a big, well equipped army to finish the Sikhs forever. Sikhs were near

3439: 3405: 3355: 3007: 2990: 2767: 2458: 2442: 2413: 2388: 2288: 2207: 2144: 2124: 2120: 2052: 2008: 1961:

courageous boy, and had all the qualities of a great man and a natural leader.

1464: 1043: 1000: 570: 262: 257: 232: 180: 120: 7687:

Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material, Volume 2

6520: 5872:. This resulted in an explosion of violence against the Sikh community in the 3183:(selfless service). He became very popular with the Sikhs. He used to tie his 14856: 14563: 14530: 14213: 13991: 13722: 13640: 13215: 12888: 12835: 12771: 12630: 12620: 12471: 11799: 11094: 6292: 6208: 6125: 5865: 5821: 5815: 5774: 5741: 5578: 5500: 5352: 5277: 5207: 5176: 5091:

is passed, which transfers control of the Punjab's historic gurdwaras to the

5034: 5030: 4794: 4786:' whose religious traditions and popular customs made them skilled fighters. 4559:

sent his son to Mudki with a sword from his Napoleonic campaigns. A note in

4501: 4240: 4204: 4177: 3995:. This made Ranjit Singh the leader of the most powerful union of the Misls. 3895: 3836: 3761: 3629: 3332: 3230: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3037: 2995: 2934: 2887: 2839: 2835: 2683: 2534: 2530: 2466: 2357: 2334: 2269: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2152: 1849: 1829: 1825: 1388: 1368: 1359: 1273: 1254: 1147: 1047: 1035: 996: 940: 936: 932: 866: 820: 533: 523: 342: 327: 302: 277: 165: 105: 12625: 7147: 5083:

is established to free gurdwaras from corrupt masands (treasurers), and the

5041:

initiated the legion's formation as a military force fighting alongside the

3683:. He offered the Sikhs an estate and a royal robe. The Sikhs in the name of 3237:(Revenue Minister) of Zakaria Khan, sent military squads to kill the Sikhs. 3207:. In 1761 The Dal Khalsa under the leadership of Ahluwalia, would take over 1416:. It is recorded that this event took place when Amar Das was 61 years old. 477: 14759: 14136: 14096: 13925: 13732: 13665: 13340: 13315: 13310: 13203: 12975: 12830: 12703: 12670: 12491: 12476: 12220: 11932: 11912: 11690:. Denmark: Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre. p. 674. 11181:

History of Indigenous Education in the Panjab: Since Annexation and in 1882

10605:. Denmark: Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre. p. 447. 9713:. Denmark: Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre. p. 446. 9327:. The University of Virginia: New Academic Publishing Company. p. 363. 7420:. Pennsylvania State University: Deep & Deep Publications. p. 128. 5797:

who were with many other pilgrims in Gurdwaras. During this operation, the

5752: 5586: 5384: 5336: 5318: 5299: 5188: 5172: 5124: 4954: 4783: 4535: 4350: 4283: 4216: 4081: 4029: 3988: 3965: 3957: 3923: 3899: 3844: 3655: 3583: 3560: 3163: 2855: 2728: 2667: 2659:

Nawab Kapur Singh’s father was Chaudhri Daleep Singh as a boy he memorised

2565: 2140: 2077: 2048: 2004: 1950: 1937: 1715: 1706: 1685: 1629: 1548: 1539: 1527: 1413: 1281: 964: 563: 435: 430: 414: 322: 237: 185: 170: 11658:

Painting the Maple: Essays on Race, Gender, and the Construction of Canada

11153:

Ruling Through Education: The Politics of Schooling in the Colonial Punjab

10685:

Also, as according to the Purātan Janamsākhī (the birth stories of Nanak).

10058:. The University of Michigan: Department of Languages, Punjab. p. 27. 8813:. he University of Virginia: New Academic Publishing Company. p. 358. 8309:

Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy

6934:

Also, as according to the Purātan Janamsākhī (the birth stories of Nanak).

5339:

flag, was an Indian revolutionary organisation primarily founded by Sikh

4805:

In the late 1800s and early 1900s Punjabi and Sikhs began to immigrate to

4123:(Nihangs from Hazur Sahib), 1844. Shows turban-wearing Sikh soldiers with 4015:, developed good relations with Ranjit Singh and they never fought again. 3536: 3460:

In the winter of 1762, after losing his loot from Delhi to the Sikhs, The

1431:

and sent Sikh missionaries to different parts of India to spread Sikhism.

415: 406: 397: 14021: 13875: 13825: 13755: 13727: 13717: 13712: 13619: 13296: 13259: 13237: 13166: 12723: 12655: 12650: 12615: 10071:

The Sikh Courier International, Volume 25, Issue 60 - Volume 27, Issue 64

7127: 5798: 5634: 5391: 5236: 5211:

The First Lahore Singh Sabha Gurudwara, the birthplace of Guru Ram Das Ji

5164: 5140: 5116: 5042: 4934: 4806: 4570: 4510: 4491: 4287: 4161: 4105: 4085: 4024: 4007: 3864: 3840: 3057: 2700: 2633: 2507: 2421: 2401: 2353: 2012: 1841: 1601: 1492: 1435: 1143: 1008: 960: 944: 886: 882: 528: 487: 405: 367: 357: 337: 332: 317: 312: 282: 272: 247: 11109:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 892. 5511:. The 1960s saw growing animosity and rioting between Punjabi Sikhs and 2484:

In March 1715, Banda Singh Bahadur was in the village of Gurdas Nangal,

2108:. Sikhs consider the Guru Granth Sahib the last, perpetual living guru. 2051:

and together they still lost and one day Guruji started retreating from

14841: 14831: 14754: 14413: 14360: 14352: 14285: 14186: 14166: 14146: 14106: 13890: 13624: 13330: 13325: 13181: 12850: 12820: 12733: 12718: 12640: 12610: 12590: 12481: 12466: 12461: 12453: 11872: 11791: 11027: 8222:

Life of Banda Singh Bahadur: Based on Contemporary and Original Records

7844:. The University of Virginia: Khalsa College London Press. p. 177. 6536:

V. D. Mahajan (1970). Muslim Rule In India. S. Chand, New Delhi, p.223.

6312: 5876:

which resulted in the massacre of thousands of Sikhs throughout India;

5721: 5689: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5413: 5370: 5192: 5128: 5120: 4514: 4450: 4319: 4232: 4181: 4139: 4101: 4041: 3984: 3907: 3808: 3804: 3680: 3595: 3579: 3554: 3394: 3172: 3128:

Zakaria Khan died in 1745. His successor tightened the security around

3003: 2741: 2649: 2369: 2361: 2317: 2301: 1904: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1689: 1636: 1589: 1580: 1496: 1409: 1397: 1300: 1285: 1269: 1238: 1229: 1208:, spanning many thousands of kilometres, preaching the message of God. 1201: 1182: 1159: 1155: 1139: 1131: 1122: 1088: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 920: 874: 858: 812: 698: 673: 616: 597: 577: 518: 396: 362: 352: 347: 307: 175: 160: 155: 146: 12386:

History of the Sikhs: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764–1803,

5841: 5195:

reform movements of Hinduism began active pursuit of Sikhs into their

2911:

was a ‘rose’; a blind man was a ‘brave man’, getting on the back of a

1964:

A Raja's childless Queen had developed special fondness for the young

1945:

Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth guru of Sikhs. He was born in 1666 at

1308: 14614: 14228: 13820: 13815: 13335: 13176: 12645: 11253:

Ranjit Singh: administration and British policy, (Prakash, pp. 31–33)

10254: 10237: 6793:

Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy

5869: 5790: 5756: 5412:

dedicated his life to the 'selfless service of humanity'. He founded

5395: 5380:(literally, lion) revolutionary Akalis, are put to death by hanging. 5200: 5136: 4793:

where twenty-one Sikhs of the 4th Battalion (then 36th Sikhs) of the

4744: 4586: 4582: 4439: 4200: 4003: 3980: 3927: 3789: 3756: 3716: 3712: 3693: 3564: 3401:. Instead of roaming in the forests now they were ruling the cities. 3386: 3378: 3304: 3118: 2715: 2485: 2454: 2417: 2365: 2265: 1990: 1857: 1853: 1678: 1640: 1401: 1331: 1250: 1178: 390: 11864: 10095:

The Sikh Psyche: A Study of the Fictional Writings of Bhai Vir Singh

7459:. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. 1991. p. 98. 5664: 5294: 4199:

The Sikh Empire's foundations can be traced back to 1707, following

2624: 2510:, his limbs were severed, his skin removed, and then he was killed. 1879: 1063: 14826: 14325: 14156: 14151: 14141: 14113: 13191: 13161: 12766: 11263: 11261: 11259: 11098: 5507:

which mirrored a similar religious migration of Punjabi Muslims in

5340: 5273: 5269: 5149: 4810: 4759: 4702: 4567: 4483: 4458: 4431: 4323: 4311: 4307: 4259: 4193: 4176:

in the east. The main geographical footprint of the empire was the

4033: 3911: 3769: 3745: 3736:

Kaura Mal at Lahore and assign important posts to the Sikhs in the

3689: 3625: 3621: 3605: 3575: 3469: 3343: 3293: 3288: 3258: 3245: 3129: 3041: 3018: 2950: 2946: 2927: 2904: 2827: 2805: 2746: 2592: 2588: 2572: 2554: 2502: 2384: 2297: 2093: 2081: 1814: 1766: 1561: 1526:, after giving the responsibility of Guruship to the Fourth Nanak, 1523: 1515: 1443: 1376: 1375:

Guru Amar Das became the third Sikh guru in 1552 at the age of 73.

1364: 1326: 1293: 1193: 992: 897: 768: 668: 658: 606: 292: 12595: 11291:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the last to lay arms, (Duggal, pp. 136–138)

11267:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the last to lay arms, (Duggal, pp. 136–137)

11231:

Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-2: 1803–1920)

9170:

Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume 1: 1707–1803)

5781:

In June 1984, the Indian Government ordered a military operation,

4860:

Europe, America, Japan, Burma, North Africa and the Mediterranean

885:, which lasted between (1526–1857 AD) especially in the region of 467: 12713: 12675: 12432: 7000: 6883:"Census 2011: %age of Sikhs drops in Punjab; migration to blame?" 5853: 5546: 5523:

in return for Sikh political support during the negotiations for

5365: 5232: 4717:

A Sikh Nihang and Nihang Singhani both traditional Sikh warriors.

4494:. And Jawahar Singh and Zorawar Singh extended it to West Tibet. 4435: 4267: 4212: 4211:, the Sikh army, fought against Mughal remnants, Rajput leaders, 4189: 4165: 4124: 3891: 3880: 3720: 3498: 3461: 3411: 3382: 3352: 3308: 3114: 3106: 3076:

Abdus Samad Khan, a senior Mughal royal commander, was sent from

2938: 2912: 2867: 2845: 2775: 2763: 2666:

and was taught the arts of war. Kapur Singh was attracted to the

2660: 2470: 2393: 2349: 2325: 2284: 2280: 2251:. He was successful in setting up a Sikh Empire that spread from 2148: 1774: 1613: 1446:

and the Hindu scriptures. Following the tradition of sending out

1197: 984: 908: 840: 828: 816: 482: 97: 11256: 8911:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 119. 8735:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 117. 8494:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 116. 8441:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 115. 8416:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 113. 8336:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 106. 8296:. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 59. 7951:. The University of Michigan: New Academic Pub. Co. p. 279. 6951:

Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures

6948: 5302:

is considered among the most influential revolutionaries of the

4893:

California, Scotland, West Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and East Africa

3788:

Sarovar was filled with debris. The Governor decided to replace

3431:

Sikhs seized Lahore in September 1761, after Abdali returned to

3233:

when Zakaria Khan, The Governor of Lahore, and Lakhpat Rai, the

827:

in the 15th century and opposed many traditional practices like

14315: 14248: 14243: 13690: 13171: 13151: 12738: 12680: 12660: 12600: 12580: 7966:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 94. 7949:

History of Sikh nation: foundation, assassination, resurrection

7883:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 93. 7819:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 91. 7739:. the University of Virginia: Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 19. 7583:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 85. 7345:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 79. 7245:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 86. 5881: 5512: 5144: 5112: 4574: 4487: 4471: 4377:

Sikh soldiers receiving their pay at the Darbar of Ranjit Singh

4303: 4295: 4291: 4254: 4143: 3872: 3860: 3785: 3699: 3668: 3663: 3550: 3530: 3517:

and money recovered from the treasury were used to rebuild the

3443: 3390: 3324: 3208: 3204: 3184: 3141: 3049: 3026: 2891: 2710:(Superior Central Asian) horses from Murtaza Khan was going to 2695: 2691: 2690:

Information was obtained that money was being transported from

2663: 2596: 2542: 2522: 2474: 2409: 2309: 2101: 2072:

Shortly before passing away Guru Gobind Singh ordered that the

2027: 1972:

and his playmates, at his demand, with boiled and salted gram.

1833: 1777: 1711: 1625: 1609: 1544: 1511: 1447: 1405: 1334:

and wrote the first biography of Guru Nanak. He also wrote 63

1260:

Under the influence of his mother, Bhai Lehna began to worship

1205: 1174: 1151: 988: 952: 862: 663: 512: 507: 502: 472: 287: 252: 218: 13265: 10432:

Muslim society in northern India during the eighteenth century

10160:

Sharing the Sacred: Practicing Pluralism in Muslim North India

7132:. Vol. 2. Patiala: Punjabi University. pp. 113–114. 5332: 5143:

had been dissolved and annexed by the East India Company, the

4064:) is culturally the most significant place of worship for the 3525:

was built in Sirhind, at the location the two younger sons of

3135: 2786:

The following measures were established by Nawab Kapur Singh:

2068:

Takht Sri Hazur Sahib, Nanded where Guru Gobund Singh ji died.

1608:. He compiled and composed the most hymns. He even added many 1138:

Guru Nanak (1469–1539), founder of Sikhism, was born to

1050:, where they formed about 60 percent of the state population. 14238: 14101: 13220: 13196: 11975:"'Bhindranwale's rise from a small-time priest was meteoric'" 11031:

Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places

8133:. The University of Michigan: Enkay Publishers. p. 208. 5849: 5520: 5439:

Out of 127 Indians sent to the gallows, 92 (80%) were Sikhs.

4656: 4578: 4315: 4263: 4185: 4169: 4065: 3733: 3432: 3424: 3398: 3241: 3234: 3212: 3113:

On the request of the Budha Dal members, Kapur Singh visited

3081: 3077: 2975: 2919: 2879: 2791: 2732: 2711: 2703:

region which resulted in capturing numerous arms and horses.

2677: 2645: 2641: 2584: 2546: 2437: 2405: 2321: 1985:

Empire. This fresco no longer exists and has since been lost.

1946: 1621: 1472: 1439: 1335: 1277: 1265: 1261: 1246: 1166: 948: 912: 892:

The history of the Sikh faith is closely associated with the

844: 832: 227: 115: 11914:

Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants

7752:

The Great Gurus of the Sikhs: Banda Bahadur, Asht Ratnas etc

7318:

The Great Gurus of the Sikhs: Banda Bahadur, Asht Ratnas etc

7105:. Vol. 2. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 839. 5565:(Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress meeting: Calcutta - July, 1944) 13136: 12177:, Commission on Human Rights, 53rd Session, pp. 1–22, 12104:"The Co-existence of Violence and Non-Violence in Hinduism" 11713:

Martyr as Bridegroom: A Folk Representation of Bhagat Singh

9973:. The University of Michigan: Arsee Publishers. p. 88. 8936:. The University of California: Hemkunt Press. p. 144. 8630:. the University of Michigan: Arsee Publishers. p. 48. 8158:. The University of Michigan: Orient Longmans. p. 245. 7936:. the University of Michigan: Orient Longmans. p. 243. 7804:. The University of Michigan: Arsee Publishers. p. 27. 6441:"Was Sikhism created to protect Hindus from Muslim rulers?" 5108: 3992: 3824: 3617: 3601: 3514: 2971: 2878:

In 1735, the rulers of Lahore attacked and repossessed the

2831: 1997: 1941:

Takht Sri Patna Sahib, where Guru Gobind Singh Ji was born.

1837: 1451: 848: 12401: 10981:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 42. 10876:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 41. 10798:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 40. 10747:

Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707 - 1813

10724:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 38. 10630:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 37. 10555:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 36. 10499:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 35. 10474:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 34. 10033:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 33. 9921:

Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707 - 1813

9898:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 29. 9783:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 27. 9686:

Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707 - 1813

9511:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 25. 9386:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 24. 9277:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 21. 8987:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 19. 8846:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 18. 8788:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 17. 8685:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 16. 8577:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 14. 8466:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 15. 8173:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 12. 7779:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 10. 7180:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 13. 7080:(Second ed.). Walsall: Akaal Publishers. p. 15. 6573: 4838:

Singapore, Malaysia, China, Hong Kong, Canada and America

4302:

that had not a school attached to it. All the sciences in

4248: 3859:

Due to mutual jealousies, fights continued among the Sikh

3768:

rebuilt the fort and took possession of some areas around

3218: 2882:(estate) given to the Sikhs only two years before however 2644:

in 1733 when the Governor of Punjab offered the Sikhs the

1604:

and his personal addition of some 2,000 plus hymns in the

13247: 12310:

A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes, Volume 14

11362:

Sanity and Solitude: Cogent Ramblings of a Lone Aesthetic

11337:

Valour and Sacrifice: Famous Regiments of the Indian Army

9530: 9528: 9139:"Kemhunt to Sachkhand - pages from 'Kalgidhar Chamatkar'" 7508:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 9. 7435:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 8. 7295:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 7. 6578:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 236–238. 5924: 5175:

missionaries increased proselytising activities central

3084:

of commandos disguised as messengers of Khan went to the

2412:, the capital of Punjab, and this worried Mughal Emperor 1450:

across the country, Guru Amar Das deputed Bhai Gurdas to

10298:. University of Michigan: Sundeep Prakashan. p. 69. 6949:

Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005).

5640: 4625: 4505:

The flag of the elite soldiers of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

3449: 1268:

worshippers to Jwalamukhi Temple every year. He married

12271:

Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813

11501:

Miracles of Ardaas: Incredible Adventures and Survivals

10902:. Controller of Print. and Stationery. 1980. p. 38 10846:

Historical Development of Sikhism: Religion to Politics

10775:. Controller of Print. and Stationery. 1980. p. 37 9766:

The Sikh struggle: origin, evolution, and present phase

7689:. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 627. 6746: 6744: 6742: 6686: 6684: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6507:

McLeod, Hew (1987). "Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab".

5868:

advocating the creation of a Sikh autonomous homeland,

4002:, came in 1788 the Sikhs, however, were still divided. 3803:

occupied the area to the north of Amritsar between the

2974:

Abdul Rehman. He had declared that Sikhs the so-called

1042:

and organized ethnic cleansing of Punjabi Muslims from

11387:

Civil Rights in Wartime: The Post-9/11 Sikh Experience

10419:. The University of Michigan: Dhanpat Rai. p. 46. 10338:. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 15. 9562:

The Panjab chiefs, historical and biographical notices

9525: 9471:. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 19. 8399:

Sikh Polity in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

8311:. the University of Michigan: Singh Bros. p. 80. 7230:. The University of Michigan: Dhanpat Rai. p. 31. 6544: 6542: 6532: 6530: 6502: 6500: 6490: 6488: 5098: 4871:

England, Cochin, Tamil Nadu and the Bombay Presidency

3215:

coin in the name of 'Guru Nanak – Guru Gobind Singh'.

2903:

boiled for food were called ‘green dish’; the parched

2822:. These five divisions were stationed around the five 1299:

One day, Bhai Lehna heard the recitation of a hymn of

10311:

Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan, 1839-42

9670:. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 62. 9496:. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 32. 9247:. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 60. 9197:. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 4. 8401:. Oriental Publishers & Distributors. p. 58. 5895: 5451: 4813:, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. 3751: 3624:

of all the Misls. Ahluwalia passed his last years in

3480: 3389:

and thus became the rulers of all the tracts between

3338: 2632:

Nawab Kapur Singh was born in 1697 in a village near

2383:

Banda Singh is known to have abolished or halted the

11028:

Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (2012).

9630:"Tozuk-e-Jehangiri misquoted in Dr Hari Ram Gupta's 6739: 6681: 6617: 6567: 6274: 5243: 4620: 2549:

when the Sikhs were in hiding. The Sikhs celebrated

2541:

After a few years Adbus Samad Khan, the Governor of

2404:

east of Lahore obstructed the communication between

2247:

Banda Singh Bahadur was chosen to lead the Sikhs by

1046:. Currently, most Sikhs live in the Indian state of 9598: 9596: 7858:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 2010. p. 2.134. 6817: 6815: 6539: 6527: 6497: 6485: 3091: 2774:alongside playing portable instruments such as the 2721: 1506:When the time came for the Guru's younger daughter 1280:. After this, the family settled at the village of 11581:"Memorialising, and Remembering, Jallianwala Bagh" 11464:. Vol. 14 :: No. 22 :: 1 – 14 Nov. 1997. 10518: 10516: 9679: 9677: 9434:"The Lion Hearted Jassa Singh Ahluwalia of Punjab" 9071: 9069: 8643:"The Lion Hearted Jassa Singh Ahluwalia of Punjab" 8513: 8511: 7203:History Of Sikh Gurus Retold 1606–1708 C.e. Vol# 2 7125: 6922:. India: Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13. 5935: 5359:, pulled out two guns and started shooting at the 5248: 3971: 3563:, the Mughal Emperor of Delhi was staying away in 3299: 3191:fashion as he grew up in Delhi. Ahluwalia learned 2949:at the historical places and withdrew. While near 2387:system in time he was active and gave the farmers 2287:. In 1709 Banda Singh captured the Mughal city of 1170:She is known as the first disciple of Guru Nanak. 1053: 11429:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 157. 10867: 10865: 10546: 10544: 10417:Rise of the Sikh Power and Maharaja Ranjeet Singh 10181: 10179: 10024: 10022: 10020: 9661: 9659: 8978: 8976: 8974: 8837: 8835: 8485: 8483: 7228:Rise of the Sikh Power and Maharaja Ranjeet Singh 5074: 4413:Akali warriors moving towards the capital, Lahore 3175:in the morning and it was appreciated by all the 2812: 2215: 1342:. He popularized and expanded the institution of 14854: 12204:. New Delhi, India: Uncommon Books. p. 382. 11917:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 78. 11174: 11172: 9593: 9136: 8779: 8777: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8621: 8619: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8225:. Sikh History Research Department. p. 229. 7205:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 1012. 6812: 6770:. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 23–29. 5728:(Golden Temple), was repaired by the Sikhs after 5604: 4769: 3819:hill areas to his estate. He had his capital in 3658:. He suffered about two dozen wounds during the 3117:. The sons of Sardar Ala Singh, the founder and 1211:Guru Nanak spent the final years of his life in 10513: 9674: 9119:An accompaniment to Mitchell's map of the world 9066: 9010:Evolution of Faith and Religion: An Exploration 8828:. New Academic Publishing Company. p. 107. 8508: 7499: 7497: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6910: 6908: 5139:). The movement was founded in an era when the 4032:was crowned on 12 April 1801 (to coincide with 3643: 3096: 10862: 10673:. India: Oxford University Press. p. 60. 10541: 10176: 10017: 9656: 8971: 8946: 8832: 8480: 4734: 3282: 3071: 2846:Preparing Jassa Singh Ahluwalia for leadership 2794:should be deposited in the Common Khalsa Fund. 2333:Khan, an official of the nearby village, took 2139:An inscription naming the five members of the 1325:Guru Angad introduced a new alphabet known as 1276:and Afghan military who had come with Emperor 1264:(a Hindu goddess). He used to lead a group of 14429: 13281: 12417: 12274:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 303. 12231: 12190:Commission on Human Rights resolution 1996/23 11526:Parkash Singh Badal: Chief Minister of Punjab 11448: 11446: 11169: 11003:""Ranjit Singh, Maharaja", Sikh Cyber Museum" 10749:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 257. 10659: 10449:. New Delhi: Sanbun Publishers. p. 207. 10238:"Droits, santé et participation démocratique" 9923:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 256. 9688:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 675. 8774: 8669: 8616: 8561: 8060: 8058: 8041:. New Delhi: Popular Prakashan. p. 157. 7902: 7900: 7558:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 158. 6386:. BBC Religion & Ethics. 29 August 2003. 5527:. Sikhs obtained the Sikh majority state of 5317:, alongside many other Punjabi's founded the 5057:Sikh Soldiers during the battle of Gallipoli. 4517:and the irregular Gharcharas and Nihangs the 4018: 3438:The Khalsa minted their coins in the name of 2084:script but contains many languages including 1723:youngest son, as the next Guru of the Sikhs. 793: 64:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 11771: 11155:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 22. 11122:"Destruction of schools as Leitner saw them" 10694: 9828: 9534: 9302:. New Delhi: Sanbun Publishers. p. 58. 9217: 9149:(1–6, 613–618). Translated by Bimal Kaur: 40 9047: 8755: 7991:. New Delhi: Sanbun Publishers. p. 82. 7533:. New Delhi: Sanbun Publishers. p. 81. 7494: 7055:. Hyimalayan Iystitute Press. pp. 7–8. 7019: 6937: 6905: 6821: 6693:Select documents on Partition of Punjab-1947 5253: 4800: 3839:and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia developed and the 3700:Jassa Singh honored as Jassa Singh Ramgarhia 3373: 2804:Every Sikh should respect the orders of his 2352:(fortress of steel) where he issued his own 2344:Fateh Burj, dedicated to Banda Singh Bahadur 2328:in 1710 and killed the Governor of Sirhind, 1154:. His father, Mehta Kalu, was a Patwari, an 11654: 11054: 10525:Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms 9738:. Khalsa College London Press. p. 181. 9122:. Harvard University: R.L. Barnes. p. 8156:A Comprehensive History of India: 1712–1772 8106:Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms 8016:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 200. 7934:A Comprehensive History of India: 1712–1772 7714:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 595. 7165:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 94. 7103:History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E 6967: 5572: 4389:Akali Phula Singh and Maharaja Ranjit Singh 4270:. There were craft schools specialising in 3136:The Khalsa strengthen military developments 2513: 2183:Guru Gobind Singh ji on march to Aurangabad 14461:List of religions and spiritual traditions 14436: 14422: 13288: 13274: 12424: 12410: 11777: 11572: 11443: 11300: 10954:International Bibliography of Sikh Studies 10924:Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture 9627: 8240:. Institute of Sikh Studies. p. 415. 8055: 7897: 7754:. Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd. p. 17. 7320:. Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd. p. 38. 6509:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 6352:Mandair, Arvind-Pal S. (22 October 2009). 5601:and got many titles and gallantry awards. 5423:The Sikhs played a pioneering role in the 4921: 3830: 3748:of the fort, became popular as Ramgarhia. 3032: 2985: 2854:was given an additional responsibility by 2838:. Collectively they called themselves the 2749:and meet their relatives in the villages. 2678:Extensive looting of the Mughal government 1568:misdeeds, sins, and pains shall go away." 1499:(fifth Guru) made all the Shabads part of 1292:Sahib, a small town about 25 km from 800: 786: 13597:List of battles involving the Sikh Empire 12252: 10575: 10308: 10253: 10210: 9371:. Canada Centre Publications. p. 24. 8826:Panjab Under the Later Mughals, 1707–1759 7044: 6992: 6978:. Himalayan Institute Press. p. 15. 6822:Kudaisya, Gyanesh; Yong, Tan Tai (2004). 6784: 6647: 6603:. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 653–691. 5755:movement led by the Sikh political party 5705:Learn how and when to remove this message 5185:controversially converted to Christianity 4513:, the regular army including cavalry the 4465: 3906:revenues, longtime friends and neighbors 2167:The creation of the Khalsa; initiated by 1920:Learn how and when to remove this message 1408:that he immediately decided to go to see 1104:Learn how and when to remove this message 14443: 12388:second ed., Munshiram Manoharlal (2000) 12306: 11389:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 112. 11150: 11093: 11005:. Sikhcybermuseum.org.uk. Archived from 10848:. Commonwealth Publishers. p. 105. 10444: 10273:. Oxford University Press. p. 112. 9988:. Peoples Publishing House. p. 186. 9803: 9406: 9325:Advanced History of the Punjab, Volume 1 9297: 9115: 9007: 8811:Advanced History of the Punjab, Volume 1 8705: 8356: 8193: 8068:Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty 8011: 7986: 7556:Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty 7528: 7418:Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty 7163:Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty 6824:The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia 6467:"The Sikh Gurus and the Bhakti Movement" 5840: 5716: 5331: 5293: 5206: 4592: 4500: 4349:Ghorchara (Horse-mounted) Bodyguards of 4221: 3943: 3795: 3703: 3594: 3535: 3410: 3342: 3151: 2989: 2790:All money obtained from anywhere by any 2762: 2740:after it was sanctified by the touch of 2623: 2517: 2436: 2416:He gave up his plan to subdue rebels in 2339: 2230: 2063: 2034: 1998:Stay at Paotana Sahib and Anandpur Sahib 1979: 1936: 1799: 1752: 1710: 1664: 1584: 1543: 1363: 1233: 1126: 12261: 12225: 12064: 12062: 12038:Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi 11910: 11850: 11735: 11685: 11414:. National Institute of Panjab Studies. 11359: 11270: 11228: 11203: 11178: 11113: 11087: 10951: 10823:. Oxford University Press. p. 85. 10600: 10162:. Oxford University Press. p. 69. 10157: 10003:. Oxford University Press. p. 91. 9868: 9858:. Oxford University Press. p. 134. 9708: 9559: 9431: 9322: 9167: 8909:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 8808: 8733:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 8640: 8492:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 8439:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 8414:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 8334:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 8238:Sri Gur Panth Prakash: Episodes 1 to 81 8039:Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5 8036: 7964:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 7881:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 7817:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 7581:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 7343:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 7243:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 7025: 6953:. United Kingdom: Routledge. xiii–xiv. 6351: 5609: 5490: 5485:strongly opposed the partition of India 5283: 5093:Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee 5085:Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee 4249:Punjab flourishes in education and arts 3933: 3219:Chhota Ghalughara (The Lesser Massacre) 3013:invaded and looted the treasury of the 2420:and marched towards Punjab. The entire 1844:, and Bhai Sati Das were executed at a 1463:Guru Ji strengthened the tradition of ' 1028:strongly opposed the partition of India 14: 14855: 12307:Alikuzai, Hamid Wahed (October 2013). 12181:from the original on 27 September 2011 12025: 11752: 11523: 11424: 11334: 11307:. Duke University Press. p. 229. 11276: 11119: 11058:Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign 10899:Punjab District Gazetteers: Supplement 10818: 10772:Punjab District Gazetteers: Supplement 10650: 10578:A History of Modern India: 1480 - 1950 10522: 10414: 10390:. Cambridge University Press. p. 10383: 10268: 10235: 10213:A History of Modern India: 1480 - 1950 10142: 10092: 9998: 9943: 9806:A History of Modern India: 1480 - 1950 9733: 9602: 9574: 9339:The Panjab Past and Present, Volume 11 9100: 9075: 8866: 8823: 8597: 8542: 8517: 8381: 8306: 8267:. Cambridge University Press. p. 8260: 8153: 8103: 7931: 7839: 7749: 7709: 7684: 7653: 7603: 7476:. Cambridge University Press. p. 7469: 7315: 7225: 7200: 7100: 7030:. United States: Xlibris. p. 16. 6973: 6765: 6759: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6690: 6654:Singh, Prof. Kartar (1 January 2003). 6598: 6548: 6506: 5880:described the actions as being a Sikh 5552: 5231:discrimination, and allowing non-Sikh 3504: 3269: 2400:The rule of the Sikhs over the entire 2220: 1932: 1856:, under the express orders of Emperor 14822:History of theology (Greco-Abrahamic) 14417: 13269: 12405: 12267: 12199: 12098: 12031: 11998: 11972: 11820: 11629: 11604: 11578: 11498: 11473: 11409: 11384: 11208:. V&A Publications. p. 144. 10976: 10920: 10871: 10843: 10793: 10744: 10719: 10665: 10653:Struggle of the Sikhs for sovereignty 10625: 10550: 10494: 10469: 10363:. New Age International. p. 10. 10333: 10293: 10185: 10117: 10053: 10028: 9983: 9968: 9918: 9893: 9853: 9778: 9763: 9748: 9683: 9665: 9506: 9491: 9466: 9381: 9272: 9257: 9242: 9192: 9103:Struggle of the Sikhs for sovereignty 9032: 8982: 8931: 8906: 8891: 8841: 8783: 8730: 8680: 8625: 8572: 8489: 8461: 8436: 8411: 8396: 8331: 8291: 8235: 8218: 8168: 8128: 8064: 7961: 7906: 7878: 7814: 7799: 7774: 7734: 7628: 7578: 7553: 7503: 7430: 7415: 7390: 7340: 7290: 7265: 7240: 7175: 7160: 7075: 7001:"The Sikhism Homepage: Guru Amar Das" 6914: 6863:from the original on 30 December 2022 6790: 6720: 6653: 6628: 6574:Pashaura Singh; Louis Fenech (2014). 6473:from the original on 30 December 2022 6447:from the original on 30 December 2022 6408: 6380:"BBC History of Sikhism – The Khalsa" 5641:Operation Blue Star and Sikh Genocide 5456: 5069:Sikhs in France fighting the Germans. 4930:and the world and during shell fire. 4904:United Kingdom, Scandinavia and Oman 4789:The Sikhs again were honoured in the 4747:(taxman), had an ample supply of the 4626:Punjab under the British Raj in India 4036:). Sahib Singh Bedi, a descendant of 3674: 3450:Wadda Ghalughara (The Great Massacre) 1346:that had been started by Guru Nanak. 1338:(stanzas), which are included in the 12170: 12142: 12068: 12059: 11710: 11560:from the original on 15 January 2016 10671:The Illustrated History of the Sikhs 10527:. Abhinav Publications. p. 46. 10429: 10097:. Eastern Book Linkers. p. 64. 9768:. Chanakya Publications. p. 75. 9366: 9351: 9262:. Asia Publishing House. p. 56. 9037:. Manohar Publications. p. 127. 8949:"Sikhs in the 18th Century: 1748–68" 8108:. Abhinav Publications. p. 41. 7946: 7365: 7270:. Infobase Publishing. p. 109. 7050: 6998: 6920:The Illustrated History of the Sikhs 5687:adding citations to reliable sources 5658: 5463:Opposition to the partition of India 3952:After continuous raids, Sikhs under 3590: 3044:. While smoking and drinking in the 2797:The Khalsa should have their common 2613: 2283:from there he took over Sonipat and 1902:adding citations to reliable sources 1873: 1863: 1789: 1086:adding citations to reliable sources 1057: 28: 14812:Evolutionary psychology of religion 11973:Mitra, Chandan (23 December 2011). 11821:Lukas, J. Anthony (20 March 1966), 11478:. Publications Bureau. p. 28. 10358: 9354:The Golden Temple: Past and Present 7395:. Punjabi University. p. 273. 6709: 6576:The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies 5499:in 1947, saw heavy conflict in the 5099:Singh Sabha Movement (1880-1919 CE) 4824:Community, Religious Order or Sect 4766:Metcalfe later Max Singh Macaulfe. 4227:Maharaja Ranjit Singh listening to 2873: 2127:, Punjab, the birthplace of Khalsa. 1821:further militarised his followers. 1742: 1034:in 1947, saw heavy conflict in the 24: 12366:from the original on 22 March 2023 12327:from the original on 22 March 2023 12288:from the original on 22 March 2023 12153:from the original on 5 August 2019 12081:from the original on 11 March 2020 11634:. Allied Publishers. p. 229. 11609:. Punjabi University. p. 53. 11339:. Allied Publishers. p. 185. 10927:. Vikas Publishing House. p. 9448:from the original on 22 March 2023 9411:. Sanbun Publishers. p. 209. 9172:. India: Lotus Press. p. 10. 8710:. Sanbun Publishers. p. 221. 8657:from the original on 22 March 2023 8085:from the original on 22 March 2023 7633:. Punjabi University. p. 27. 7370:. National Book Shop. p. 37. 7119: 6893:from the original on 27 April 2021 6766:Lafont, Jean-Marie (16 May 2002). 5896:Sikh Equality Movement (1984-1996) 5467:Sikh organizations, including the 5452:Indian Independence (1947–1978 CE) 4529: 3854: 3752:Fighting the tyrannical Government 3481:Harmandir Sahib desecrated in 1762 3339:Harmandir Sahib demolished in 1757 3052:girls. The Sikhs who had moved to 3040:, the Mughal official, had seized 2674:, of the village of Van, in 1726. 1804:Guru Tegh Bahadur, Pahari painting 1014:Sikh organizations, including the 911:while cherishing Sufi saints from 25: 14879: 12345: 12013:from the original on 17 June 2019 11911:Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (1996). 11833:from the original on 1 March 2019 11823:"Hindu vs. Sikh: Why the Killing" 11607:The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: A-D 11579:Hazra, Indrajit (13 April 2019). 11503:. Indus Publishing. p. 173. 11476:The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: S-Z 11120:Sheikh, Majid (31 October 2010). 11075:from the original on 17 June 2008 10188:Universality of the Sikh Religion 9856:A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1839 9564:. Oxford University. p. 172. 8896:. New York: S. Singh. p. 99. 8386:. Sanbun Publishers. p. 142. 8361:. Sanbun Publishers. p. 58. 8264:The Sikhs of the Punjab (Revised) 8198:. Sanbun Publishers. p. 89. 7631:The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: A-D 7393:The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: A-D 6390:from the original on 14 July 2019 5595:Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts 5373:who is later sentenced to death. 5244:Later Colonial Era (1919–1947 CE) 5001:Sikhs at Le Sart, France, c. 1915 4621:Early Colonial Era (1849–1919 CE) 4310:schools and colleges, as well as 4207:. As the Mughal power waned, the 2501:population. They were put in the 2195:One of the two Sikh Nishan Sahibs 1654: 1574: 1434:Guru Amar Das was impressed with 1150:, now called Nankana Sahib, near 963:under the reign of the Maharajah 14807:Evolutionary origin of religions 14400: 14399: 14391: 14202:Sikhs in the British Indian Army 12378: 12339: 12300: 12238:. Greenwood Press. p. 948. 12235:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges 12208: 12193: 12164: 12136: 12092: 11992: 11966: 11904: 11879: 11844: 11814: 11746: 11729: 11704: 11679: 11648: 11623: 11598: 11542: 11517: 11492: 11467: 11418: 11403: 11378: 11353: 11328: 11294: 11285: 11247: 11222: 11197: 11144: 11132:from the original on 25 May 2013 11048: 11021: 10995: 10970: 10945: 10914: 10890: 10837: 10812: 10787: 10763: 10738: 10713: 10688: 10644: 10619: 10594: 10569: 10488: 10463: 10438: 10423: 10408: 10377: 10352: 10327: 10302: 10287: 10262: 10229: 10204: 10151: 10145:History of the Pathans, Volume 1 10136: 10111: 10086: 10062: 10047: 9992: 9977: 9962: 9937: 9912: 9887: 9873:. Sahitya Akademi. p. 153. 9862: 9847: 9822: 9797: 9772: 9757: 9742: 9727: 9702: 9621: 9568: 9553: 9500: 9485: 9460: 9425: 9400: 9375: 9360: 9345: 9331: 9316: 9291: 9266: 9251: 9236: 9211: 9186: 9161: 9130: 9109: 9094: 9041: 9026: 9001: 8940: 8925: 8900: 8885: 8860: 8817: 8802: 8522:. Scarecrow Press. p. 107. 8154:Sastri, Kallidaikurichi (1978). 8071:. Deep & Deep Publications. 7932:Sastri, Kallidaikurichi (1978). 7712:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges 6750: 6277: 6015:Second Battle of Chamkaur (1704) 6005:Second Battle of Anandpur (1704) 5663: 5115:in the 1870s in reaction to the 5062: 5050: 5022: 5006: 4990: 4978: 4962: 4946: 4722: 4710: 4691: 4679: 4674:Sikh Gurudwara in China, Beijing 4667: 4648: 4632: 4581:, and top Generals of the army. 4524: 4486:and extended the Sikh Raj up to 4418: 4406: 4394: 4382: 4370: 4358: 4342: 4132: 4113: 4093: 4073: 4050: 3092:Age of Revolution (1748–1799 CE) 2941:, where the two younger sons of 2922:tract. When Kapur Singh reached 2722:Government sides with the Khalsa 2200: 2188: 2176: 2160: 2132: 2113: 1878: 1353: 1062: 1054:Early Modern (1469 CE –1708 CE) 767: 104: 48:to read and navigate comfortably 33: 14868:History of religion by religion 14392: 13295: 13243:Contemporary Sant Mat movements 11055:K.S. Duggal (1 February 2009). 9753:. Arsee Publishers. p. 68. 8749: 8724: 8699: 8634: 8591: 8536: 8455: 8430: 8405: 8390: 8375: 8350: 8325: 8300: 8285: 8254: 8229: 8212: 8187: 8162: 8147: 8122: 8097: 8030: 8005: 7980: 7955: 7940: 7925: 7872: 7848: 7833: 7808: 7793: 7768: 7743: 7728: 7703: 7678: 7647: 7622: 7597: 7572: 7547: 7522: 7463: 7449: 7424: 7409: 7384: 7359: 7334: 7309: 7284: 7259: 7234: 7219: 7194: 7169: 7154: 7094: 7069: 7007:from the original on 4 May 2006 6976:Philosophy and Faith of Sikhism 6875: 6849: 6592: 6000:First Battle of Anandpur (1704) 5995:First Battle of Chamkaur (1702) 5936:List of battles fought by Sikhs 5826:Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale 5746:Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale 5674:needs additional citations for 5364:October 1914, Bhai Mewa Singh, 5249:Sikh Struggles in British India 4849:Kenya, Uganda, Assam and Burma 4686:Samadhi of Maharaja Sher Singh. 4351:Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab 3972:The creation of the United Misl 3696:became the Governor of Lahore. 3446:-ul-Kaum (King of the Nation). 3300:Khalsa side with the Government 2850:Being the leader of the Khalsa 2300:). The Sikhs then captured the 1889:needs additional citations for 1828:along with his younger brother 1700: 1533: 1073:needs additional citations for 1003:peasants converted to Sikhism. 969: 902: 14296:Sikhism and sexual orientation 12069:Pace, Eric (1 November 1984), 11655:Strong-Boag, Veronica (1999). 11528:. APH Publishing. p. 62. 10699:. Hemkunt Press. p. 146. 10215:. Anthem Press. p. 1999. 9607:. Hemkunt Press. p. 111. 9539:. Hemkunt Press. p. 111. 9222:. Hemkunt Press. p. 137. 6695:. National Book. p. 234. 6459: 6433: 6402: 6372: 6345: 5804:Indira Gandhi was assassinated 5075:Early modern Sikh developments 5017:Sikhs at Le Sart, France 1915. 4613:, and the British province of 4329: 3179:and Ahluwalia kept busy doing 2886:in reaction decided the whole 2813:5 Sikh Misls of the Dal Khalsa 2706:The Khalsa seized a number of 2275:Banda Singh Bahadur camped in 2216:Late Modern Age (1708–1748 CE) 2147:, the birthplace of Khalsa on 1688:at Akal Bunga in front of the 919:. Of the ten Sikh gurus, two, 13: 1: 12041:. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 11999:Tatla, Darshan Singh (1993). 11281:. Cambridge University Press. 11206:The Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms 11034:. Routledge. pp. 28–29. 10655:. Gur Das Kapur. p. 316. 10580:. Anthem Press. p. 198. 10313:. Random House Digital, Inc. 10190:. Jaspal Mayell. p. 58. 10147:. Haroon Rashid. p. 166. 10122:. Random House Digital, Inc. 9948:. Hemkunt Press. p. 36. 9833:. Hemkunt Press. p. 10. 9808:. Anthem Press. p. 199. 9579:. Hemkunt Press. p. 39. 9080:. Hemkunt Press. p. 31. 9052:. Hemkunt Press. p. 15. 8871:. Hemkunt Press. p. 30. 8760:. Hemkunt Press. p. 39. 8602:. Hemkunt Press. p. 27. 8547:. Hemkunt Press. p. 35. 7911:. Random House Digital, Inc. 7856:General Knowledge Digest 2010 7608:. Hemkunt Press. p. 14. 7101:Gandhi, Surjit Singh (2007). 6974:Duggal, Kartar Singh (1988). 6660:. Hemkunt Press. p. 90. 6358:. Columbia University Press. 6338: 5605:Present day (1978–present CE) 5495:The months leading up to the 5410:Bhagat Puran Singh Pingalwara 5089:The Punjab Sikh Gurdwaras Act 4770:Sikhs in the British military 4442:units. Ranjit Singh employed 4203:death and the decline of the 2752: 1975: 1643:of the Sikhs. He is known as 1223: 1116: 851:, and gender discrimination. 12143:Pike, John (27 April 2005), 11715:. Anthem Press. p. 72. 11686:Dilagir, Harajindar (1997). 11364:. AuthorHouse. p. 196. 11233:. Lotus Press. p. 117. 10601:Dilagir, Harajindar (1997). 9986:The Revolution of Guru Nanak 9709:Dilagir, Harajindar (1997). 9494:Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia 9105:. Gur Das Kapur. p. 74. 9012:. AuthorHouse. p. 238. 7660:. Sarup & Sons. p. 7129:The encyclopaedia of Sikhism 6999:Brar, Sandeep Singh (1998). 6725:. Lotus Press. p. 158. 6633:. Lotus Press. p. 124. 6601:History of Sikh gurus retold 6150:Rescue of Hindu Girls (1769) 5908: 5425:Indian independence movement 5304:Indian independence movement 5290:Indian independence movement 4882:America, Canada and England 4573:and Dhian Singh, were Hindu 4151: 4040:, conducted the coronation. 3979:’s widowed daughter-in-law, 3723:(garrison commander) of the 3644:Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgarhia 3540:Gurudwara Dera Sahib, Lahore 3509:In 1764 the Sikhs shot dead 3097:Mughals increase persecution 2491: 869:of the northern part of the 823:of the northern part of the 7: 12431: 11739:New Delhi, Volume 2, Part 2 10697:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism 10309:Dalrymple, William (2013). 9831:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism 9605:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism 9537:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism 9220:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism 9116:Mitchell, Augustus (1840). 9050:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism 8758:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism 7126:Harbans Singh (1992–1998). 6270: 6136:Skirmish of Amritsar (1762) 6112:Battle of Gujranwala (1761) 5986:Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702) 5183:, the last Sikh ruler, was 5087:(SPGC) is founded. In 1925 4735:Impact on Punjabi education 4160:. The Empire extended from 3283:Reorganisation of the Misls 3072:Sikhs loot Abdus Samad Khan 3048:, he watched the dances of 2907:were called ‘almonds’; the 2862:sent Kapur Singh the young 2656:(Budda Dal and Tarna Dal). 2210:where the Khalsa was formed 2031:and Death of the Sahibzadas 1491:verses (stanzas) including 737:Sikhism and other religions 416: 407: 398: 56:content into sub-articles, 10: 14884: 13656:British East India Company 12171:Amor, Abdelfattah (1997), 11456:Jallianwala Bagh revisited 11179:Leitner, Gottlieb (2002). 10576:Markovitz, Claude (2002). 10211:Markovitz, Claude (2002). 10093:Sobati, Haracaran (1990). 9869:Tasneem, Niranjan (2006). 8824:Nijjar, Bakhshish (1972). 8012:Pletcher, Kenneth (2010). 6826:. Routledge. p. 100. 6721:Singh, Prithi Pal (2006). 6070:Battle of Jalalabad (1710) 5919:Commission on Human Rights 5828:led to desecration of the 5795:Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale 5738:Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale 5644: 5613: 5460: 5404:Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre 5402:to avenge justice for the 5394:, an Indian revolutionary 5287: 5257: 5123:, Hindu reform movements ( 4890:Various Castes and Tribes 4780:Indian Rebellion of 1857-8 4662:in Amritsar British India. 4365:Sikh Khalsa Akali Nihangs. 4333: 4314:literature, Oriental law, 4022: 4019:Sikh Empire (1799–1849 CE) 3937: 3811:rivers. He also added the 3647: 3453: 3222: 3155: 2915:was ‘riding an elephant’. 2756: 2617: 2525:Singh and Nihang Singhani. 2453:Banda Singh Bahadur wrote 2304:areas of Punjab including 2224: 1867: 1793: 1746: 1704: 1692:. One flag is towards the 1658: 1639:for the first time as the 1578: 1537: 1357: 1314:His devotion and service ( 1245:In 1538, Guru Nanak chose 1227: 1120: 14794: 14725: 14697: 14679: 14672: 14633: 14605: 14572: 14544: 14516: 14478: 14469: 14451: 14389: 14351: 14122: 14082: 14068:Treaty of Amritsar (1846) 14048:Treaty of Amritsar (1809) 14040: 14014: 13997:Johann Martin Honigberger 13954: 13856:Chattar Singh Attariwalla 13748: 13741: 13705: 13633: 13607: 13575: 13542: 13509: 13466: 13358: 13349: 13303: 13258: 13135: 12879: 12757: 12689: 12571: 12521: 12452: 12439: 12146:Military: Sikhs in Punjab 11757:. Heinemann. p. 43. 11301:Ballantyne, Tony (2006). 10956:. Springer. p. 218. 10952:Chilana, Rajwant (2005). 9854:Singh, Khushwant (1963). 9804:Markovit, Claude (2002). 9260:The Heritage of the Sikhs 9137:Bhai Vir Singhji (2005). 7076:Singh, Harjinder (2011). 7026:Mahmood, Cynthia (2002). 6723:The history of Sikh Gurus 6691:Siṅgha, Kirapāla (2006). 6631:The history of Sikh gurus 6521:10.1080/00856408708723379 6199:Battle of Peshawar (1834) 6174:Battle of Amritsar (1798) 6164:Battle of Amritsar (1797) 6117:Sikh Occupation of Lahore 6099:Battle of Amritsar (1757) 5990:Second Battle of Anandpur 5952:Battle of Amritsar (1634) 5824:'s 1984 action to remove 5793:of innocent Sikhs led by 5787:Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar 5616:1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash 5260:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 5254:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 5037:in France in March 1944. 4801:Settlement outside Punjab 3998:When the Afghan invader, 3760:1753. Mannu's death left 3374:The Khalsa gain territory 1684:Guru Hargobind fixed two 1635:In 1604 he installed the 1177:, and they had two sons, 14058:Treaty of Chushul (1842) 14053:Tripartite Treaty (1838) 11753:Brewer, Michael (2005). 11736:Patrika, Ananda (1979). 11632:Partners of British Rule 11630:Pannu, Mohinder (2006). 11410:Singh, Mohinder (2007). 11385:Sidhu, Dawinder (2009). 10977:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 10872:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 10819:Dhavan, Purnima (2011). 10794:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 10720:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 10626:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 10551:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 10495:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 10470:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 10445:Jawandha, Nahar (2010). 10296:The Heritage of Amritsar 10294:Johar, Surinder (1978). 10269:Dhavan, Purnima (2011). 10029:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 9999:Dhavan, Purnima (2011). 9969:Johar, Surinder (2002). 9894:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 9779:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 9749:Johar, Surinder (2002). 9734:Kapoor, Sukhbir (1988). 9666:Kohli, Surinder (1993). 9507:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 9432:Dhamija, Sumant (2004). 9407:Jawandha, Nahar (2010). 9382:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 9367:Gill, Tarlochan (1996). 9298:Jawandha, Nahar (2010). 9273:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 9243:Kohli, Surinder (1993). 9035:The Heritage of the Sikh 8983:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 8842:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 8784:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 8706:Jawandha, Nahar (2010). 8681:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 8641:Dhamija, Sumant (2004). 8626:Johar, Surinder (2002). 8573:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 8462:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 8357:Jawandha, Nahar (2010). 8292:Kohli, Surinder (1993). 8194:Jawandha, Nahar (2010). 8169:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 8129:Johar, Surinder (1987). 7987:Jawandha, Nahar (2010). 7840:Kapoor, Sukhbir (1988). 7800:Johar, Surinder (2002). 7775:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 7529:Jawandha, Nahar (2010). 7504:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 7431:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 7291:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 7176:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 6657:Life Story Of Guru Nanak 6549:Irvine, William (2012). 6146:Battle of Sirhind (1764) 6141:Battle of Sialkot (1763) 6107:Battle of Sialkot (1761) 5982:First Battle of Anandpur 5573:Sikhs in The Indian Army 5264:In 1919 the massacre of 4969:Indian Sikh soldiers in 4641:Khalsa College, Amritsar 3523:Gurdwara Fatehgarh Sahib 3315:, sent a message to the 3311:(garrison commander) of 2759:Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire) 2687:execute these projects. 2514:Sikhs retreat to jungles 1848:(police-station) in the 1840:history. Bhai Mati Das, 1438:' thorough knowledge of 14063:Treaty of Lahore (1846) 13941:Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana 12866:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh 12174:UNHR Documents on India 11891:punjabiuniversity.ac.in 11688:The Sikh Reference Book 11605:Singh, Harbans (1995). 11554:thesikhencyclopedia.com 11474:Singh, Harbans (1998). 11335:Sharma, Gautam (1990). 11279:The Sikhs of the Punjab 11229:Chhabra, G. S. (2005). 11204:Stronge, Susan (1999). 11106:Encyclopædia Britannica 10745:Mehta, Jaswant (2005). 10651:Surjit, Gandhi (1980). 10603:The Sikh Reference Book 10523:Duggal, Kartar (2001). 10430:Umar, Muhammad (1998). 10387:The Sikhs of the Punjab 10384:Grewal, Jaspal (1998). 10143:Rashid, Haroon (2002). 10118:Singh, Patwant (2007). 10054:A. H., Bingley (1970). 9971:The Sikh Sword to Power 9919:Mehta, Jaswant (2005). 9751:The Sikh Sword to Power 9711:The Sikh Reference Book 9684:Mehta, Jaswant (2005). 9560:Griffin, Lepel (1865). 9352:Kaur, Madanjit (1983). 9323:Chhabra, G. S. (1968). 9258:Singh, Harbans (1964). 9168:Chhabra, G. S. (2005). 9101:Surjit, Gandhi (1980). 9033:Singh, Harbans (1983). 9008:Randhawa, Ajit (2009). 8947:Sumant Dhamija (2005). 8932:Sethi, Amarjit (1972). 8809:Chhabra, G. S. (1968). 8628:The Sikh Sword to Power 8382:Dhanoa, Surain (2005). 8307:Gandhi, Surjit (1999). 8261:Grewal, Jaspal (1998). 8236:Singh, Kulwant (2006). 8104:Duggal, Kartar (2001). 8065:Sagoo, Harbans (2001). 7907:Singh, Patwant (2007). 7802:The Sikh Sword to Power 7629:Singh, Harbans (1995). 7554:Sagoo, Harbans (2001). 7473:The Sikhs of the Punjab 7416:Sagoo, Harbans (2001). 7391:Singh, Harbans (1995). 7201:Gandhi, Surjit (2007). 7161:Sagoo, Harbans (2001). 6599:Gandhi, Surjit (2007). 6409:Singh, Patwant (2000). 6169:Battle of Gujrat (1797) 6103:Battle of Lahore (1759) 6079:Battle of Gurdas Nangal 6065:Battle of Kapuri (1709) 6040:Battle of Chappar Chiri 5298:Born in a Sikh family, 5272:during the festival of 5111:movement that began in 4922:Sikhs in the World Wars 4237:Golden Temple, Amritsar 4231:being recited near the 4217:Maharaja Ranjit Singh's 4184:of the Sikh Empire was 4104:and his council in the 3831:Conflicts between Misls 3501:and moved to Amritsar. 3347:Baba Deep Singh Shaheed 3323:Kaura Mal had to go to 3144:to stop the advance of 3033:Sikhs kill Massa Rangar 2986:Sikhs attack Nader Shah 2670:after the execution of 2606:(hit and run) tactics. 2564:Under the authority of 2449:in 1716 by the Mughals. 1600:, he prepared the Sikh 1200:principle he began his 974:) was characterised by 220:Selected revered saints 13896:Ajit Singh Sandhawalia 13881:Mangal Singh Ramgarhia 13871:Ranjodh Singh Majithia 13851:Sher Singh Attariwalla 13846:Sham Singh Attariwalla 13742:Officials and warriors 13651:Emirate of Afghanistan 13557:Battle of Chillianwala 12782:Darbar Sahib Kartarpur 12531:Beliefs and principles 12232:Jacques, Tony (2007). 12200:Singh, Sangat (2001). 12117:: 2003. Archived from 11425:Hannum, Hurst (2011). 11277:Grewal, J. S. (1998). 11151:Allender, Tim (2006). 11061:. Exoticindiaart.com. 10415:Seetal, Sohan (1971). 10186:Mayel, Jaspal (2006). 10158:Bigelow, Anna (2010). 9603:Singha, H. S. (2000). 8892:Singh, Sangat (1995). 8518:McLeod, W. H. (2009). 8397:Singh, Bhagat (1978). 8037:Hoiberg, Dale (2000). 7750:Ralhan, O. P. (1997). 7657:Early Aryans to Swaraj 7654:Bakshi, S. R. (2005). 7470:Grewal, J. S. (1998). 7316:Ralhan, O. P. (1997). 7226:Seetal, Sohan (1971). 6791:Singh, Pritam (2008). 6629:Singh, Prithi (2006). 6239:Battle of Chillianwala 6159:Battle of Delhi (1783) 6089:Battle of Sarai Nurdin 6050:Battle of Rahon (1710) 5972:Battle of Guler (1696) 5862: 5857: 5766: 5733: 5344: 5307: 5212: 4609:in 1849 into separate 4602: 4506: 4466:Conquests and Generals 4245: 3949: 3709: 3671:hymns and took Amrit. 3610: 3588: 3541: 3477:(The Great Massacre). 3416: 3348: 3249:destroying the Sikhs. 3199:from expert teachers. 2999: 2826:(sacred pools) around 2779: 2629: 2526: 2450: 2345: 2244: 2171:, the tenth Sikh Guru. 2069: 2040: 1986: 1942: 1805: 1783: 1761: 1719: 1673: 1612:, Bhagats, Bhatts and 1593: 1552: 1461: 1396:Amro, the daughter of 1372: 1242: 1135: 714:Jathedar of Akal Takht 14802:Evolution of morality 14234:Fariduddin Ganjshakar 13977:François Henri Mouton 13967:Jean-Baptiste Ventura 13806:Khushal Singh Jamadar 13593:Panchayati Revolution 13589:Hill States–Sikh Wars 13544:Second Anglo-Sikh War 12856:Qila Mubarak, Patiala 12352:. Sanbun Publishers. 12346:Sethi, Jasbir Singh. 12268:Mehta, J. L. (2005). 12111:The Ecumenical Review 12100:Rambachan, Anantanand 12007:University of Warwick 11661:. UBC Press. p. 11499:Kohli, M. S. (2003). 11360:Spencer, Bob (2012). 10921:Dogra, R. C. (1995). 10844:Singh, R. N. (2003). 10695:H. S. Singha (2000). 10236:Nevile, Pran (2004). 9984:Singh, Diwan (1993). 9944:Singha, H.S. (2005). 9829:H. S. Singha (2000). 9575:Singha, H.S. (2005). 9535:H. S. Singha (2000). 9492:Singh, Ganda (1990). 9438:Indian Defence Review 9218:H. S. Singha (2000). 9076:Singha, H.S. (2005). 9048:H. S. Singha (2000). 8867:Singha, H.S. (2005). 8756:H. S. Singha (2000). 8647:Indian Defence Review 8598:Singha, H.S. (2005). 8543:Singha, H.S. (2005). 8520:The A to Z of Sikhism 8219:Singh, Ganda (1935). 7947:Gill, Pritam (1978). 7710:Jaques, Tony (2007). 7685:Sharma, S.R. (1999). 7604:Singha, H.S. (2005). 7051:Rama, Swuami (1986). 6753:"Life of Banda Singh" 6318:Sikh period in Lahore 6298:List of Sikh Martyred 6131:Battle of Harnaulgarh 5844: 5839: 5762: 5720: 5593:. They fought in all 5461:Further information: 5335: 5323:Babbar Akali Movement 5297: 5210: 5181:Maharajah Dalip Singh 5169:Second Anglo-Sikh War 5029:Sikh soldiers of the 4909:Traditional Warriors 4827:Places of settlement 4739:Every village in the 4705:renovated in Amritsar 4607:Second Anglo-Sikh War 4596: 4536:Maharaja Ranjit Singh 4504: 4480:Jean-Baptiste Ventura 4401:Akalis at a holy Tank 4225: 4158:Maharaja Ranjit Singh 3962:Jassa Singh Ramgarhia 3954:Jassa Singh Ahluwalia 3947: 3801:Jassa Singh Ramgarhia 3796:Ramgarhia Misl Estate 3766:Jassa Singh Ramgarhia 3730:Jassa Singh Ramgarhia 3708:Jassa Singh Ramgharia 3707: 3650:Jassa Singh Ramgarhia 3598: 3572: 3539: 3490:Jassa Singh Ahluwalia 3414: 3346: 3158:Jassa Singh Ahluwalia 3152:Jassa Singh Ahluwalia 2993: 2955:Jassa Singh Ahluwalia 2896:Zakariya Khan Bahadur 2864:Jassa Singh Ahluwalia 2766: 2627: 2521: 2440: 2343: 2324:. The Sikhs captured 2234: 2067: 2058:Sahibzada Fateh Singh 2038: 1983: 1940: 1803: 1771: 1756: 1714: 1668: 1588: 1547: 1456: 1367: 1307:to have an audience ( 1237: 1130: 14456:Timeline of religion 14445:History of religions 14015:Influential families 13972:Claude Auguste Court 13962:Jean-François Allard 13876:Surat Singh Majithia 13866:Lehna Singh Majithia 13671:Hill States Alliance 13524:Battle of Ferozeshah 13511:First Anglo-Sikh War 13231:Akhand Kirtani Jatha 13209:Piara Singh Bhaniara 13088:United Arab Emirates 12826:Hazuri Bagh Baradari 12556:Cannabis and Sikhism 12202:The Sikhs in History 11711:Gaur, I. D. (2008). 11556:. 19 December 2000. 11524:Bakshi, Ram (1998). 11100:"Ranjit Singh" 10361:History Modern India 10334:Singh, Parm (1999). 9946:Sikh Studies, Book 7 9668:The Sikh and Sikhism 9632:History of the Sikhs 9577:Sikh Studies, Book 6 9467:Singh, Parm (1999). 9369:History of the Sikhs 9245:The Sikh and Sikhism 9193:Singh, Parm (1999). 9078:Sikh Studies, Book 6 8907:Singh, Teja (1999). 8894:The Sikhs in History 8869:Sikh Studies, Book 6 8731:Singh, Teja (1999). 8600:Sikh Studies, Book 6 8545:Sikh Studies, Book 7 8490:Singh, Teja (1999). 8437:Singh, Teja (1999). 8412:Singh, Teja (1999). 8332:Singh, Teja (1999). 8294:The Sikh and Sikhism 8014:The History of India 7962:Singh, Teja (1999). 7879:Singh, Teja (1999). 7815:Singh, Teja (1999). 7735:Gupta, Hari (1978). 7606:Sikh Studies, Book 6 7579:Singh, Teja (1999). 7366:Dātā, Piārā (2006). 7341:Singh, Teja (1999). 7266:Kalsi, Sewa (2009). 7241:Singh, Teja (1999). 6443:. 13 February 2020. 6323:Sikh art and culture 6219:Battle of Ferozeshah 6084:Battle of Wan (1726) 5846:1984 anti-Sikh riots 5808:1984 anti-Sikh riots 5683:improve this article 5655:1984 anti-Sikh riots 5620:On 13 April 1978, a 5610:Sikh-Nirankari Clash 5531:on 1 November 1966. 5491:Post Partition Years 5361:Khalsa Diwan Society 5315:Kartar Singh Sarabha 5284:Sikh revolutionaries 5105:Singh Sabha Movement 4939:British Armed Forces 4915:Hyderabad and Egypt 4599:First Anglo-Sikh War 4556:Sir James Hope Grant 4548:Battle of Ferozeshah 4544:First Anglo-Sikh War 4013:Jodh Singh Ramgarhia 3948:Sikh Misl Cavalryman 3934:Sikhs captured Delhi 3885:Jodh Singh Ramgarhia 2998:statue of Nader Shah 2445:of the execution of 2360:and Sikhs took over 1898:improve this article 1645:Shaheedan-De-Sartaaj 1495:, and then later on 1383:and the practice of 1146:, in the village of 1082:improve this article 959:under the misls and 917:persecution of Sikhs 849:economic materialism 744:Sikhism and Hinduism 14660:Kardecist spiritism 14306:Idolatry in Sikhism 14224:Nanakshahi calendar 14219:Sikh Light Infantry 13861:Amar Singh Majithia 13796:Mahan Singh Mirpuri 13587:, Katoch–Sikh War, 12124:on 26 February 2008 11454:The Queen's Visit. 10979:The Khalsa Generals 10874:The Khalsa Generals 10796:The Khalsa Generals 10722:The Khalsa Generals 10628:The Khalsa Generals 10553:The Khalsa Generals 10497:The Khalsa Generals 10472:The Khalsa Generals 10447:Glimpses of Sikhism 10359:Sen, S. N. (2006). 10031:The Khalsa Generals 9896:The Khalsa Generals 9781:The Khalsa Generals 9764:Kumar, Ram (1991). 9628:Ajit Singh (2003). 9509:The Khalsa Generals 9409:Glimpses of Sikhism 9384:The Khalsa Generals 9300:Glimpses of Sikhism 9275:The Khalsa Generals 8985:The Khalsa Generals 8959:(7–12, 619–624): 52 8844:The Khalsa Generals 8786:The Khalsa Generals 8708:Glimpses of Sikhism 8683:The Khalsa Generals 8575:The Khalsa Generals 8464:The Khalsa Generals 8359:Glimpses of Sikhism 8196:Glimpses of Sikhism 8171:The Khalsa Generals 7989:Glimpses of Sikhism 7777:The Khalsa Generals 7531:Glimpses of Sikhism 7506:The Khalsa Generals 7433:The Khalsa Generals 7368:Banda Singh Bahadur 7293:The Khalsa Generals 7178:The Khalsa Generals 6469:. 5 November 2018. 6260:Battle of Saragarhi 6154:Sikh raids on Delhi 5947:Battle of Kartarpur 5834:Operation Blue Star 5783:Operation Blue Star 5730:Operation Blue Star 5651:Operation Blue Star 5583:Sikh Light Infantry 5554:Punjabi Suba Morcha 5525:Indian Independence 5473:Shiromani Akali Dal 5039:Subhas Chandra Bose 4898:Artisans and Poets 4817: 4791:Battle of Saragarhi 4561:Robert Needham Cust 4425:Akali Prahlad Singh 4121:Nihang Abchal Nagar 3835:A conflict between 3632:before joining the 3505:Sikhs retake Lahore 3270:Reclaiming Amritsar 3015:Indian subcontinent 2498:Banda Singh Bahadur 2496:On 7 December 1715 2447:Banda Singh Bahadur 2237:Banda Singh Bahadur 2227:Banda Singh Bahadur 2221:Banda Singh Bahadur 2047:of Sirhind and the 1933:Birth and Childhood 1020:Shiromani Akali Dal 976:religious tolerance 871:Indian subcontinent 857:, tenth of the ten 825:Indian subcontinent 774:Religion portal 754:Sikhism and Jainism 704:Nanakshahi calendar 14863:History of Sikhism 14817:History of atheism 14207:11th Sikh Regiment 14022:Sandhawalia family 13936:Sultan Mahmud Khan 13921:Jarnail Ghaus Khan 13906:Sangat Singh Saini 13801:Dewan Mokham Chand 13676:Kingdom of Mankera 13552:Battle of Ramnagar 13496:Battle of Peshawar 13491:Battle of Nowshera 13368:Battle of Bhangani 12846:Nanak Shahi bricks 12749:Tav-Prasad Savaiye 12541:Sikh Rehat Maryada 12536:Guru Maneyo Granth 12075:The New York Times 12035:(7 January 2002). 11827:The New York Times 11792:10.1007/BF00704966 11585:The Economic Times 11550:"Saka Panja Sahib" 11412:The Akali Movement 10242:India Perspectives 10074:. 1985. p. 50 9644:(1–6, 589–594): 40 6889:. 27 August 2015. 6887:The Times of India 6415:. Knopf. pp. 6384:Sikh world history 6244:Battle of Ramnagar 6224:Battle of Baddowal 6094:Siege of Ram Rauni 6075:Siege of Gurdaspur 6045:Battle of Sadhaura 5962:Battle of Bhangani 5915:Special Rapporteur 5890:Khalistan movement 5858: 5734: 5647:Khalistan movement 5624:convention led by 5545:is inaugurated at 5543:Punjabi University 5536:Sikh Rehat Maryada 5497:partition of India 5469:Chief Khalsa Dewan 5457:Partition of India 5345: 5311:Sohan Singh Bhakna 5308: 5213: 5167:in 1849 after the 5161:East India Company 4816: 4776:East India Company 4603: 4540:East India Company 4507: 4455:Timur Shah Durrani 4272:miniature painting 4246: 4172:in the south, and 4000:Zaman Shah Durrani 3950: 3922:, Jathedar of the 3837:Jai Singh Kanhaiya 3784:was blown up, and 3710: 3675:Award of an Estate 3611: 3542: 3511:Zain Khan Sirhindi 3417: 3349: 3255:Gurdaspur district 3244:(landlord) of the 3225:Chhota Ghallughara 3000: 2801:for both the Dals. 2780: 2630: 2581:Tarra Singh of Wan 2551:Bandhi Chorh Diwas 2527: 2461:and defeated Raja 2451: 2346: 2296:and Sadhora (near 2245: 2070: 2041: 1987: 1943: 1806: 1762: 1720: 1674: 1594: 1553: 1373: 1243: 1136: 1032:partition of India 1016:Chief Khalsa Dewan 458:Sikh Rehat Maryada 425:Guru Maneyo Granth 14850: 14849: 14790: 14789: 14668: 14667: 14411: 14410: 14092:Bandi Chhor Divas 14076: 14075: 14010: 14009: 13982:Alexander Gardner 13901:Kahan Singh Nakai 13886:Akali Phula Singh 13766:Diwan Bhawani Das 13603: 13602: 13534:Battle of Sobraon 13486:Battle of Shopian 12971:Jammu and Kashmir 12871:Well of Dina Nath 12699:Guru Granth Sahib 12512:Guru Granth Sahib 12507:Guru Gobind Singh 12502:Guru Tegh Bahadur 12349:Views and Reviews 12281:978-1-932705-54-6 12245:978-0-313-33536-5 11924:978-0-8122-1592-2 11041:978-1-136-63979-1 11009:on 15 August 2007 8934:Universal Sikhism 8384:Raj Karega Khalsa 8131:Guru Gobind Singh 6833:978-1-134-44048-1 6702:978-81-7116-445-5 6667:978-81-7010-162-8 6640:978-81-8382-075-2 6610:978-81-269-0858-5 6585:978-0-19-969930-8 6553:. Harvard Press. 6365:978-0-231-51980-9 6328:Sikh architecture 6234:Battle of Sobraon 6194:Battle of Shopian 6055:Battle of Lohgarh 6025:Battle of Sonepat 6020:Battle of Muktsar 5942:Battle of Rohilla 5812:Punjab insurgency 5810:. The subsequent 5789:and thirty other 5715: 5714: 5707: 5517:Master Tara Singh 5481:Lahore Resolution 5477:Master Tara Singh 5357:William Hopkinson 5349:Baba Gurdit Singh 4919: 4918: 4821:Position and job 4519:Fauj i be Quawaid 4290:. There wasn't a 4229:Guru Granth Sahib 4168:in the north, to 4062:The Golden Temple 3977:Jai Singh Kanheya 3958:Baba Baghel Singh 3778:Ahmed Shah Abdali 3614:Ahmad Shah Abdali 3591:Peace in Amritsar 3546:Ahmed Shah Abdali 3527:Guru Gobind Singh 3486:Ahmad Shah Abdali 3466:Ahmad Shah Abdali 3420:Ahmed Shah Abdali 3360:Ahmad Shah Abdali 3351:In May 1757, the 3279:gathering there. 3168:Guru Gobind Singh 3146:Ahmad Shah Abdali 2943:Guru Gobind Singh 2884:Nawab Kapur Singh 2860:Guru Gobind Singh 2852:Nawab Kapur Singh 2714:in the jungle of 2636:in what is today 2628:Nawab Kapur Singh 2620:Nawab Kapur Singh 2614:Nawab Kapur Singh 2604:guerrilla warfare 2249:Guru Gobind Singh 2169:Guru Gobind Singh 2074:Guru Granth Sahib 2049:Subedar of Lahore 2043:They allied with 1966:Guru Gobind Singh 1930: 1929: 1922: 1870:Guru Gobind Singh 1864:Guru Gobind Singh 1819:Guru Gobind Singh 1796:Guru Tegh Bahadur 1790:Guru Tegh Bahadur 1606:Gurū Granth Sāhib 1501:Guru Granth Sahib 1340:Guru Granth Sahib 1114: 1113: 1106: 1024:Master Tara Singh 929:Guru Gobind Singh 925:Guru Tegh Bahadur 894:history of Punjab 855:Guru Gobind Singh 810: 809: 749:Sikhism and Islam 679:Nirgun and Sargun 557:Guru Granth Sahib 206:Guru Granth Sahib 201:Guru Gobind Singh 196:Guru Tegh Bahadur 83: 82: 16:(Redirected from 14875: 14677: 14676: 14476: 14475: 14438: 14431: 14424: 14415: 14414: 14403: 14402: 14395: 14394: 14331:Punjabi language 14291:Women in Sikhism 13831:Balbhadra Kunwar 13791:Hari Singh Nalwa 13781:Misr Diwan Chand 13771:Diwan Buta Singh 13746: 13745: 13686:Barakzai dynasty 13661:Kingdom of Nepal 13615:Sikh Khalsa Army 13567:Battle of Gujrat 13529:Battle of Aliwal 13501:Battle of Jamrud 13481:Battle of Multan 13476:Battle of Attock 13468:Afghan–Sikh wars 13360:Mughal-Sikh Wars 13356: 13355: 13290: 13283: 13276: 13267: 13266: 13147:Sects of Sikhism 13113:Northern Ireland 12841:Moti Bagh Palace 12816:Bahadurgarh Fort 12514:(Sikh holy book) 12497:Guru Har Krishan 12426: 12419: 12412: 12403: 12402: 12396: 12384:Hari Ram Gupta, 12382: 12376: 12375: 12373: 12371: 12343: 12337: 12336: 12334: 12332: 12304: 12298: 12297: 12295: 12293: 12265: 12259: 12256: 12250: 12249: 12229: 12223: 12216:History of Islam 12212: 12206: 12205: 12197: 12191: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12168: 12162: 12161: 12160: 12158: 12140: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12129: 12123: 12108: 12096: 12090: 12089: 12088: 12086: 12066: 12057: 12056: 12033:Frank, Katherine 12029: 12023: 12022: 12020: 12018: 11996: 11990: 11989: 11987: 11985: 11970: 11964: 11963: 11957: 11953: 11951: 11943: 11941: 11939: 11908: 11902: 11901: 11899: 11897: 11883: 11877: 11876: 11848: 11842: 11841: 11840: 11838: 11818: 11812: 11811: 11775: 11769: 11768: 11750: 11744: 11743: 11733: 11727: 11726: 11708: 11702: 11701: 11683: 11677: 11676: 11652: 11646: 11645: 11627: 11621: 11620: 11602: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11591: 11576: 11570: 11569: 11567: 11565: 11546: 11540: 11539: 11521: 11515: 11514: 11496: 11490: 11489: 11471: 11465: 11450: 11441: 11440: 11422: 11416: 11415: 11407: 11401: 11400: 11382: 11376: 11375: 11357: 11351: 11350: 11332: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11321: 11298: 11292: 11289: 11283: 11282: 11274: 11268: 11265: 11254: 11251: 11245: 11244: 11226: 11220: 11219: 11201: 11195: 11194: 11176: 11167: 11166: 11148: 11142: 11141: 11139: 11137: 11117: 11111: 11110: 11102: 11091: 11085: 11084: 11082: 11080: 11052: 11046: 11045: 11025: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11014: 10999: 10993: 10992: 10974: 10968: 10967: 10949: 10943: 10942: 10918: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10907: 10894: 10888: 10887: 10869: 10860: 10859: 10841: 10835: 10834: 10816: 10810: 10809: 10791: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10767: 10761: 10760: 10742: 10736: 10735: 10717: 10711: 10710: 10692: 10686: 10684: 10667:Singh, Khushwant 10663: 10657: 10656: 10648: 10642: 10641: 10623: 10617: 10616: 10598: 10592: 10591: 10573: 10567: 10566: 10548: 10539: 10538: 10520: 10511: 10510: 10492: 10486: 10485: 10467: 10461: 10460: 10442: 10436: 10435: 10427: 10421: 10420: 10412: 10406: 10405: 10381: 10375: 10374: 10356: 10350: 10349: 10331: 10325: 10324: 10306: 10300: 10299: 10291: 10285: 10284: 10266: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10255:10.7202/010572ar 10233: 10227: 10226: 10208: 10202: 10201: 10183: 10174: 10173: 10155: 10149: 10148: 10140: 10134: 10133: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10090: 10084: 10083: 10081: 10079: 10066: 10060: 10059: 10051: 10045: 10044: 10026: 10015: 10014: 9996: 9990: 9989: 9981: 9975: 9974: 9966: 9960: 9959: 9941: 9935: 9934: 9916: 9910: 9909: 9891: 9885: 9884: 9871:The Lost Meaning 9866: 9860: 9859: 9851: 9845: 9844: 9826: 9820: 9819: 9801: 9795: 9794: 9776: 9770: 9769: 9761: 9755: 9754: 9746: 9740: 9739: 9731: 9725: 9724: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9681: 9672: 9671: 9663: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9625: 9619: 9618: 9600: 9591: 9590: 9572: 9566: 9565: 9557: 9551: 9550: 9532: 9523: 9522: 9504: 9498: 9497: 9489: 9483: 9482: 9464: 9458: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9379: 9373: 9372: 9364: 9358: 9357: 9349: 9343: 9342: 9335: 9329: 9328: 9320: 9314: 9313: 9295: 9289: 9288: 9270: 9264: 9263: 9255: 9249: 9248: 9240: 9234: 9233: 9215: 9209: 9208: 9190: 9184: 9183: 9165: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9154: 9134: 9128: 9127: 9113: 9107: 9106: 9098: 9092: 9091: 9073: 9064: 9063: 9045: 9039: 9038: 9030: 9024: 9023: 9005: 8999: 8998: 8980: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8944: 8938: 8937: 8929: 8923: 8922: 8904: 8898: 8897: 8889: 8883: 8882: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8839: 8830: 8829: 8821: 8815: 8814: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8781: 8772: 8771: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8728: 8722: 8721: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8678: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8623: 8614: 8613: 8595: 8589: 8588: 8570: 8559: 8558: 8540: 8534: 8533: 8515: 8506: 8505: 8487: 8478: 8477: 8459: 8453: 8452: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8394: 8388: 8387: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8354: 8348: 8347: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8304: 8298: 8297: 8289: 8283: 8282: 8258: 8252: 8251: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8166: 8160: 8159: 8151: 8145: 8144: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8101: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8062: 8053: 8052: 8034: 8028: 8027: 8009: 8003: 8002: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7904: 7895: 7894: 7876: 7870: 7869: 7852: 7846: 7845: 7837: 7831: 7830: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7601: 7595: 7594: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7551: 7545: 7544: 7526: 7520: 7519: 7501: 7492: 7491: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7223: 7217: 7216: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7158: 7152: 7151: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7023: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7012: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6946: 6935: 6933: 6916:Singh, Khushwant 6912: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6819: 6810: 6809: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6748: 6737: 6736: 6718: 6707: 6706: 6688: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6626: 6615: 6614: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6546: 6537: 6534: 6525: 6524: 6504: 6495: 6492: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6349: 6287: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6265:Battle of Babeli 6255:Battle of Gujrat 6229:Battle of Aliwal 6204:Battle of Jamrud 6189:Battle of Multan 6184:Battle of Attock 6122:Vadda Ghalughara 6035:Battle of Samana 6030:Battle of Ambala 5977:Battle of Basoli 5967:Battle of Nadaun 5957:Battle of Lahira 5930:Indian Emergency 5864:This led to the 5736:Sikh missionary 5710: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5690: 5667: 5659: 5479:, condemned the 5418:Green Revolution 5266:Jallianwala Bagh 5133:Aligarh movement 5066: 5054: 5026: 5010: 4994: 4982: 4971:Italian campaign 4966: 4950: 4868:Mazhabi, Bhangi 4818: 4815: 4726: 4714: 4695: 4683: 4671: 4652: 4636: 4554:British General 4476:Hari Singh Nalwa 4422: 4410: 4398: 4386: 4374: 4362: 4346: 4336:Sikh Khalsa Army 4180:. The religious 4164:in the west, to 4136: 4117: 4097: 4077: 4054: 3940:Capture of Delhi 3916:Sukerchakia Misl 3869:Sri Hargobindpur 3821:Sri Hargobindpur 3660:Wadda Ghalughara 3475:Wadda Ghalughara 3456:Vadda Ghalughara 3193:horseback riding 3011:Afsharid dynasty 2959:Tarn Taran Sahib 2874:State oppression 2638:Punjab, Pakistan 2259:. He fought the 2204: 2192: 2180: 2164: 2136: 2117: 2029:Mughal-Sikh Wars 1925: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1882: 1874: 1760:(1656 – 1664 CE) 1758:Guru Har Krishan 1749:Guru Har Krishan 1743:Guru Har Krishan 1718:(1630 – 1661 CE) 1672:(1595 – 1644 CE) 1649:Crown of Martyrs 1592:(1563 – 1606 CE) 1551:(1534 – 1581 CE) 1371:(1479 – 1574 CE) 1241:(1504 – 1552 CE) 1134:(1469 – 1539 CE) 1109: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1089: 1066: 1058: 1005:Hari Singh Nalwa 973: 972: 1792–1839 971: 957:Sikh Confederacy 906: 905: 1605–1627 904: 819:religion in the 802: 795: 788: 772: 771: 738: 653: 600: 594: 549: 451: 419: 410: 401: 383: 298:Bhagat Trilochan 268:Bhagat Parmanand 221: 191:Guru Har Krishan 149: 108: 85: 84: 78: 75: 69: 37: 36: 29: 21: 14883: 14882: 14878: 14877: 14876: 14874: 14873: 14872: 14853: 14852: 14851: 14846: 14786: 14767:Illyro-thracian 14721: 14693: 14664: 14629: 14601: 14568: 14540: 14512: 14465: 14447: 14442: 14412: 14407: 14385: 14347: 14118: 14078: 14077: 14072: 14036: 14027:Majithia family 14006: 13987:Paolo Avitabile 13950: 13931:Fakir Azizuddin 13841:Mehta Basti Ram 13761:Diwan Dina Nath 13737: 13701: 13681:Namgyal dynasty 13629: 13608:Military forces 13599: 13571: 13562:Siege of Multan 13538: 13519:Battle of Mudki 13505: 13462: 13351: 13345: 13321:Nau Nihal Singh 13299: 13294: 13254: 13139:and communities 13138: 13131: 12875: 12861:Ramgarhia Bunga 12772:Harmandir Sahib 12753: 12685: 12567: 12563:Diet in Sikhism 12517: 12448: 12435: 12430: 12400: 12399: 12383: 12379: 12369: 12367: 12360: 12344: 12340: 12330: 12328: 12321: 12305: 12301: 12291: 12289: 12282: 12266: 12262: 12258:Jacques, p. 948 12257: 12253: 12246: 12230: 12226: 12213: 12209: 12198: 12194: 12184: 12182: 12169: 12165: 12156: 12154: 12141: 12137: 12127: 12125: 12121: 12106: 12097: 12093: 12084: 12082: 12067: 12060: 12053: 12030: 12026: 12016: 12014: 12009:. p. 133. 11997: 11993: 11983: 11981: 11971: 11967: 11955: 11954: 11945: 11944: 11937: 11935: 11925: 11909: 11905: 11895: 11893: 11885: 11884: 11880: 11865:10.2307/2645265 11859:(11): 969–987. 11849: 11845: 11836: 11834: 11829:, p. 209, 11819: 11815: 11776: 11772: 11765: 11751: 11747: 11734: 11730: 11723: 11709: 11705: 11698: 11684: 11680: 11673: 11653: 11649: 11642: 11628: 11624: 11617: 11603: 11599: 11589: 11587: 11577: 11573: 11563: 11561: 11548: 11547: 11543: 11536: 11522: 11518: 11511: 11497: 11493: 11486: 11472: 11468: 11451: 11444: 11437: 11423: 11419: 11408: 11404: 11397: 11383: 11379: 11372: 11358: 11354: 11347: 11333: 11329: 11319: 11317: 11315: 11299: 11295: 11290: 11286: 11275: 11271: 11266: 11257: 11252: 11248: 11241: 11227: 11223: 11216: 11202: 11198: 11191: 11183:. Sang-e-Meel. 11177: 11170: 11163: 11149: 11145: 11135: 11133: 11118: 11114: 11092: 11088: 11078: 11076: 11069: 11053: 11049: 11042: 11026: 11022: 11012: 11010: 11001: 11000: 10996: 10989: 10975: 10971: 10964: 10950: 10946: 10939: 10919: 10915: 10905: 10903: 10896: 10895: 10891: 10884: 10870: 10863: 10856: 10842: 10838: 10831: 10817: 10813: 10806: 10792: 10788: 10778: 10776: 10769: 10768: 10764: 10757: 10743: 10739: 10732: 10718: 10714: 10707: 10693: 10689: 10681: 10664: 10660: 10649: 10645: 10638: 10624: 10620: 10613: 10599: 10595: 10588: 10574: 10570: 10563: 10549: 10542: 10535: 10521: 10514: 10507: 10493: 10489: 10482: 10468: 10464: 10457: 10443: 10439: 10428: 10424: 10413: 10409: 10402: 10382: 10378: 10371: 10357: 10353: 10346: 10332: 10328: 10321: 10307: 10303: 10292: 10288: 10281: 10267: 10263: 10234: 10230: 10223: 10209: 10205: 10198: 10184: 10177: 10170: 10156: 10152: 10141: 10137: 10130: 10116: 10112: 10105: 10091: 10087: 10077: 10075: 10068: 10067: 10063: 10052: 10048: 10041: 10027: 10018: 10011: 9997: 9993: 9982: 9978: 9967: 9963: 9956: 9942: 9938: 9931: 9917: 9913: 9906: 9892: 9888: 9881: 9867: 9863: 9852: 9848: 9841: 9827: 9823: 9816: 9802: 9798: 9791: 9777: 9773: 9762: 9758: 9747: 9743: 9732: 9728: 9721: 9707: 9703: 9696: 9682: 9675: 9664: 9657: 9647: 9645: 9638:The Sikh Review 9626: 9622: 9615: 9601: 9594: 9587: 9573: 9569: 9558: 9554: 9547: 9533: 9526: 9519: 9505: 9501: 9490: 9486: 9479: 9465: 9461: 9451: 9449: 9430: 9426: 9419: 9405: 9401: 9394: 9380: 9376: 9365: 9361: 9350: 9346: 9337: 9336: 9332: 9321: 9317: 9310: 9296: 9292: 9285: 9271: 9267: 9256: 9252: 9241: 9237: 9230: 9216: 9212: 9205: 9191: 9187: 9180: 9166: 9162: 9152: 9150: 9143:The Sikh Review 9135: 9131: 9114: 9110: 9099: 9095: 9088: 9074: 9067: 9060: 9046: 9042: 9031: 9027: 9020: 9006: 9002: 8995: 8981: 8972: 8962: 8960: 8953:The Sikh Review 8945: 8941: 8930: 8926: 8919: 8905: 8901: 8890: 8886: 8879: 8865: 8861: 8854: 8840: 8833: 8822: 8818: 8807: 8803: 8796: 8782: 8775: 8768: 8754: 8750: 8743: 8729: 8725: 8718: 8704: 8700: 8693: 8679: 8670: 8660: 8658: 8639: 8635: 8624: 8617: 8610: 8596: 8592: 8585: 8571: 8562: 8555: 8541: 8537: 8530: 8516: 8509: 8502: 8488: 8481: 8474: 8460: 8456: 8449: 8435: 8431: 8424: 8410: 8406: 8395: 8391: 8380: 8376: 8369: 8355: 8351: 8344: 8330: 8326: 8319: 8305: 8301: 8290: 8286: 8279: 8259: 8255: 8248: 8234: 8230: 8217: 8213: 8206: 8192: 8188: 8181: 8167: 8163: 8152: 8148: 8141: 8127: 8123: 8116: 8102: 8098: 8088: 8086: 8079: 8063: 8056: 8049: 8035: 8031: 8024: 8010: 8006: 7999: 7985: 7981: 7974: 7960: 7956: 7945: 7941: 7930: 7926: 7919: 7905: 7898: 7891: 7877: 7873: 7866: 7854: 7853: 7849: 7838: 7834: 7827: 7813: 7809: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7773: 7769: 7762: 7748: 7744: 7733: 7729: 7722: 7708: 7704: 7697: 7683: 7679: 7672: 7652: 7648: 7641: 7627: 7623: 7616: 7602: 7598: 7591: 7577: 7573: 7566: 7552: 7548: 7541: 7527: 7523: 7516: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7468: 7464: 7455: 7454: 7450: 7443: 7429: 7425: 7414: 7410: 7403: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7364: 7360: 7353: 7339: 7335: 7328: 7314: 7310: 7303: 7289: 7285: 7278: 7264: 7260: 7253: 7239: 7235: 7224: 7220: 7213: 7199: 7195: 7188: 7174: 7170: 7159: 7155: 7140: 7124: 7120: 7113: 7099: 7095: 7088: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7049: 7045: 7038: 7028:A Sea of Orange 7024: 7020: 7010: 7008: 6997: 6993: 6986: 6972: 6968: 6961: 6947: 6938: 6930: 6913: 6906: 6896: 6894: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6866: 6864: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6834: 6820: 6813: 6803: 6789: 6785: 6778: 6764: 6760: 6749: 6740: 6733: 6719: 6710: 6703: 6689: 6682: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6627: 6618: 6611: 6597: 6593: 6586: 6572: 6568: 6561: 6547: 6540: 6535: 6528: 6515:(s1): 155–165. 6505: 6498: 6493: 6486: 6476: 6474: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6450: 6448: 6439: 6438: 6434: 6427: 6407: 6403: 6393: 6391: 6378: 6377: 6373: 6366: 6350: 6346: 6341: 6333:Sikh scriptures 6283: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6249:Siege of Multan 6214:Battle of Mudki 6179:Gurkha-Sikh War 6060:Battle of Jammu 6010:Battle of Sarsa 5938: 5911: 5898: 5878:Khushwant Singh 5874:Anti Sikh Riots 5726:Harmandir Sahib 5711: 5700: 5694: 5691: 5680: 5668: 5657: 5645:Main articles: 5643: 5626:Gurbachan Singh 5618: 5612: 5607: 5599:Sino-Indian War 5591:Rajput Regiment 5575: 5557: 5493: 5465: 5459: 5454: 5400:Michael O'Dwyer 5398:, assassinated 5292: 5286: 5262: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5187:. In parallel, 5131:) and Muslims ( 5101: 5077: 5070: 5067: 5058: 5055: 5046: 5027: 5018: 5011: 5002: 4995: 4986: 4983: 4974: 4967: 4958: 4951: 4924: 4803: 4772: 4737: 4730: 4727: 4718: 4715: 4706: 4699:Gobindgarh Fort 4696: 4687: 4684: 4675: 4672: 4663: 4653: 4644: 4637: 4628: 4623: 4611:princely states 4532: 4530:Anglo-Sikh Wars 4527: 4468: 4426: 4423: 4414: 4411: 4402: 4399: 4390: 4387: 4378: 4375: 4366: 4363: 4354: 4347: 4338: 4332: 4251: 4244: 4154: 4147: 4137: 4128: 4118: 4109: 4098: 4089: 4078: 4069: 4058:Harmandir Sahib 4055: 4027: 4021: 3974: 3942: 3936: 3879:, the ruler of 3863:. In 1776, the 3857: 3855:Intra-Misl wars 3833: 3798: 3782:Harmandir Sahib 3754: 3702: 3677: 3652: 3646: 3609: 3593: 3519:Harmandir Sahib 3507: 3494:Harmandir Sahib 3483: 3458: 3452: 3397:rivers, called 3376: 3368:Baba Deep Singh 3364:Harmandir Sahib 3341: 3302: 3285: 3272: 3227: 3221: 3160: 3154: 3138: 3103:Bhai Mani Singh 3099: 3094: 3074: 3066:Harmandir Sahib 3046:Harmandir Sahib 3035: 2988: 2980:Bhai Mani Singh 2967:Harmandir Sahib 2876: 2848: 2815: 2772:Sikh scriptures 2761: 2755: 2724: 2680: 2672:Bhai Tara Singh 2622: 2616: 2569:Bhai Mani Singh 2559:Harmandir Sahib 2516: 2494: 2294:Saraswati Nagar 2235:Statue of Baba 2229: 2223: 2218: 2211: 2205: 2196: 2193: 2184: 2181: 2172: 2165: 2156: 2137: 2128: 2118: 2033: 2000: 1978: 1935: 1926: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1895: 1883: 1872: 1866: 1798: 1792: 1751: 1745: 1709: 1703: 1694:Harmandir Sahib 1670:Guru Har Gobind 1663: 1661:Guru Har Gobind 1657: 1616:verses such as 1583: 1577: 1542: 1536: 1362: 1356: 1232: 1226: 1125: 1119: 1110: 1099: 1093: 1090: 1079: 1067: 1056: 968: 901: 879:Bhakti movement 806: 766: 759: 758: 739: 736: 729: 728: 654: 649: 642: 641: 612:Harmandir Sahib 602: 598: 592: 584: 583: 551: 547: 539: 538: 453: 449: 441: 440: 385: 381: 373: 372: 243:Bhagat Ramanand 223: 219: 211: 210: 151: 147: 79: 73: 70: 51: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14881: 14871: 14870: 14865: 14848: 14847: 14845: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14798: 14796: 14795:Related topics 14792: 14791: 14788: 14787: 14785: 14784: 14782:Vedic Hinduism 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14763: 14762: 14757: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14731: 14729: 14723: 14722: 14720: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14703: 14701: 14695: 14694: 14692: 14691: 14685: 14683: 14674: 14670: 14669: 14666: 14665: 14663: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14651: 14650: 14639: 14637: 14631: 14630: 14628: 14627: 14622: 14620:Zoroastrianism 14617: 14611: 14609: 14603: 14602: 14600: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14578: 14576: 14570: 14569: 14567: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14550: 14548: 14542: 14541: 14539: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14522: 14520: 14514: 14513: 14511: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14484: 14482: 14473: 14467: 14466: 14464: 14463: 14458: 14452: 14449: 14448: 14441: 14440: 14433: 14426: 14418: 14409: 14408: 14390: 14387: 14386: 14384: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14357: 14355: 14349: 14348: 14346: 14345: 14340: 14339: 14338: 14328: 14323: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14277: 14276: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14210: 14209: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14128: 14126: 14120: 14119: 14117: 14116: 14111: 14110: 14109: 14099: 14094: 14088: 14086: 14080: 14079: 14074: 14073: 14071: 14070: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14044: 14042: 14038: 14037: 14035: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14018: 14016: 14012: 14011: 14008: 14007: 14005: 14004: 14002:Henry Lawrence 13999: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13958: 13956: 13952: 13951: 13949: 13948: 13946:Sohan Lal Suri 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13752: 13750: 13743: 13739: 13738: 13736: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13709: 13707: 13703: 13702: 13700: 13699: 13697:Maqpon Dynasty 13694: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13646:Durrani Empire 13643: 13637: 13635: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13611: 13609: 13605: 13604: 13601: 13600: 13581:Nepal–Sikh War 13579: 13577: 13573: 13572: 13570: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13548: 13546: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13515: 13513: 13507: 13506: 13504: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13472: 13470: 13464: 13463: 13461: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13364: 13362: 13353: 13347: 13346: 13344: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13307: 13305: 13301: 13300: 13293: 13292: 13285: 13278: 13270: 13264: 13262: 13256: 13255: 13253: 13252: 13251: 13250: 13240: 13235: 13234: 13233: 13228: 13226:Damdami Taksal 13218: 13213: 13212: 13211: 13201: 13200: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13143: 13141: 13133: 13132: 13130: 13129: 13128: 13127: 13117: 13116: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13093:United Kingdom 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12984: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12927: 12926: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12885: 12883: 12877: 12876: 12874: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12812: 12811: 12810: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12763: 12761: 12755: 12754: 12752: 12751: 12746: 12744:Sukhmani Sahib 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12709:Sarbloh Granth 12706: 12701: 12695: 12693: 12687: 12686: 12684: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12586:Sikh practices 12583: 12577: 12575: 12569: 12568: 12566: 12565: 12560: 12559: 12558: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12527: 12525: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12515: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12487:Guru Hargobind 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12458: 12456: 12450: 12449: 12440: 12437: 12436: 12429: 12428: 12421: 12414: 12406: 12398: 12397: 12394:978-8121502139 12377: 12358: 12338: 12319: 12299: 12280: 12260: 12251: 12244: 12224: 12207: 12192: 12163: 12135: 12091: 12077:, p. 24, 12058: 12051: 12024: 11991: 11965: 11956:|website= 11923: 11903: 11878: 11843: 11813: 11770: 11763: 11745: 11728: 11721: 11703: 11696: 11678: 11671: 11647: 11640: 11622: 11615: 11597: 11571: 11541: 11534: 11516: 11509: 11491: 11484: 11466: 11442: 11435: 11417: 11402: 11395: 11377: 11370: 11352: 11345: 11327: 11313: 11293: 11284: 11269: 11255: 11246: 11239: 11221: 11214: 11196: 11189: 11168: 11161: 11143: 11112: 11097:, ed. (1911). 11095:Chisholm, Hugh 11086: 11068:978-8170172444 11067: 11047: 11040: 11020: 10994: 10987: 10969: 10962: 10944: 10937: 10913: 10889: 10882: 10861: 10854: 10836: 10829: 10811: 10804: 10786: 10762: 10755: 10737: 10730: 10712: 10705: 10687: 10679: 10658: 10643: 10636: 10618: 10611: 10593: 10586: 10568: 10561: 10540: 10533: 10512: 10505: 10487: 10480: 10462: 10455: 10437: 10434:. p. 533. 10422: 10407: 10400: 10376: 10369: 10351: 10344: 10326: 10319: 10301: 10286: 10279: 10261: 10228: 10221: 10203: 10196: 10175: 10168: 10150: 10135: 10128: 10110: 10103: 10085: 10061: 10046: 10039: 10016: 10009: 9991: 9976: 9961: 9954: 9936: 9929: 9911: 9904: 9886: 9879: 9861: 9846: 9839: 9821: 9814: 9796: 9789: 9771: 9756: 9741: 9726: 9719: 9701: 9694: 9673: 9655: 9620: 9613: 9592: 9585: 9567: 9552: 9545: 9524: 9517: 9499: 9484: 9477: 9459: 9424: 9417: 9399: 9392: 9374: 9359: 9344: 9330: 9315: 9308: 9290: 9283: 9265: 9250: 9235: 9228: 9210: 9203: 9185: 9178: 9160: 9129: 9108: 9093: 9086: 9065: 9058: 9040: 9025: 9018: 9000: 8993: 8970: 8939: 8924: 8917: 8899: 8884: 8877: 8859: 8852: 8831: 8816: 8801: 8794: 8773: 8766: 8748: 8741: 8723: 8716: 8698: 8691: 8668: 8633: 8615: 8608: 8590: 8583: 8560: 8553: 8535: 8528: 8507: 8500: 8479: 8472: 8454: 8447: 8429: 8422: 8404: 8389: 8374: 8367: 8349: 8342: 8324: 8317: 8299: 8284: 8277: 8253: 8246: 8228: 8211: 8204: 8186: 8179: 8161: 8146: 8139: 8121: 8114: 8096: 8077: 8054: 8047: 8029: 8022: 8004: 7997: 7979: 7972: 7954: 7939: 7924: 7917: 7896: 7889: 7871: 7864: 7847: 7832: 7825: 7807: 7792: 7785: 7767: 7760: 7742: 7727: 7720: 7702: 7695: 7677: 7670: 7646: 7639: 7621: 7614: 7596: 7589: 7571: 7564: 7546: 7539: 7521: 7514: 7493: 7486: 7462: 7448: 7441: 7423: 7408: 7401: 7383: 7376: 7358: 7351: 7333: 7326: 7308: 7301: 7283: 7276: 7258: 7251: 7233: 7218: 7211: 7193: 7186: 7168: 7153: 7138: 7118: 7111: 7093: 7086: 7068: 7061: 7043: 7036: 7018: 6991: 6984: 6966: 6959: 6936: 6928: 6904: 6874: 6848: 6832: 6811: 6801: 6783: 6776: 6758: 6751:Abel, Ernest. 6738: 6731: 6708: 6701: 6680: 6666: 6646: 6639: 6616: 6609: 6591: 6584: 6566: 6559: 6538: 6526: 6496: 6484: 6458: 6432: 6425: 6401: 6371: 6364: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6308:Mehdiana Sahib 6305: 6303:Sikh Ajaibghar 6300: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6285:History portal 6272: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5937: 5934: 5932:of 1975/1977. 5910: 5907: 5897: 5894: 5713: 5712: 5671: 5669: 5662: 5642: 5639: 5622:Sant Nirankari 5614:Main article: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5574: 5571: 5556: 5551: 5538:is published. 5492: 5489: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5327:Akali movement 5288:Main article: 5285: 5282: 5258:Main article: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5171:. Thereafter, 5125:Brahmo Samajis 5119:activities of 5100: 5097: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5049: 5047: 5028: 5021: 5019: 5012: 5005: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4977: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4879:Arora, Khatri 4877: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4802: 4799: 4771: 4768: 4743:, through the 4736: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4709: 4707: 4697: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4666: 4664: 4654: 4647: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4542:to launch the 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4467: 4464: 4457:. The city of 4428: 4427: 4424: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4357: 4355: 4348: 4341: 4334:Main article: 4331: 4328: 4250: 4247: 4226: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4138: 4131: 4129: 4119: 4112: 4110: 4099: 4092: 4090: 4079: 4072: 4070: 4056: 4049: 4038:Guru Nanak Dev 4023:Main article: 4020: 4017: 3973: 3970: 3938:Main article: 3935: 3932: 3856: 3853: 3832: 3829: 3797: 3794: 3753: 3750: 3701: 3698: 3676: 3673: 3648:Main article: 3645: 3642: 3599: 3592: 3589: 3506: 3503: 3482: 3479: 3454:Main article: 3451: 3448: 3440:Guru Nanak Dev 3427:to the Sikhs. 3415:Adina Beg Khan 3375: 3372: 3340: 3337: 3301: 3298: 3284: 3281: 3271: 3268: 3240:Jaspat Rai, a 3223:Main article: 3220: 3217: 3166:, the wife of 3156:Main article: 3153: 3150: 3137: 3134: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3073: 3070: 3034: 3031: 2987: 2984: 2982:was executed. 2933:who then took 2931:Baba Ala Singh 2875: 2872: 2858:, the wife of 2847: 2844: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2802: 2795: 2757:Main article: 2754: 2751: 2723: 2720: 2679: 2676: 2618:Main article: 2615: 2612: 2515: 2512: 2493: 2490: 2459:Kiratpur Sahib 2443:Mehdiana Sahib 2389:proprietorship 2225:Main article: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2208:Anandpur Sahib 2206: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2175: 2173: 2166: 2159: 2157: 2145:Keshgarh Sahib 2138: 2131: 2129: 2125:Anandpur Sahib 2121:Keshgarh Sahib 2119: 2112: 2053:Anandpur Sahib 2032: 2026: 2009:Sarbloh Granth 1999: 1996: 1977: 1974: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1886: 1884: 1877: 1868:Main article: 1865: 1862: 1794:Main article: 1791: 1788: 1747:Main article: 1744: 1741: 1705:Main article: 1702: 1699: 1659:Main article: 1656: 1655:Guru Hargobind 1653: 1579:Main article: 1576: 1575:Guru Arjan Dev 1573: 1538:Main article: 1535: 1532: 1465:Guru ka Langar 1358:Main article: 1355: 1352: 1344:Guru ka Langar 1228:Main article: 1225: 1222: 1121:Main article: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1070: 1068: 1061: 1055: 1052: 995:. A number of 861:, founded the 808: 807: 805: 804: 797: 790: 782: 779: 778: 777: 776: 761: 760: 757: 756: 751: 746: 740: 735: 734: 731: 730: 727: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 655: 651:General topics 648: 647: 644: 643: 640: 639: 634: 629: 624: 622:Keshgarh Sahib 619: 614: 609: 603: 590: 589: 586: 585: 582: 581: 574: 571:Sarbloh Granth 567: 560: 552: 545: 544: 541: 540: 537: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 454: 447: 446: 443: 442: 439: 438: 433: 428: 421: 412: 403: 394: 386: 379: 378: 375: 374: 371: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 263:Bhagat Bhikhan 260: 258:Bhagat Sadhana 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 233:Bhagat Ravidas 230: 224: 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 181:Guru Hargobind 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 152: 145: 144: 141: 140: 139: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 110: 109: 101: 100: 94: 93: 81: 80: 60:it, or adding 41: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14880: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14860: 14858: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14799: 14797: 14793: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14752: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14732: 14730: 14728: 14727:Indo-European 14724: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14704: 14702: 14700: 14696: 14690: 14687: 14686: 14684: 14682: 14678: 14675: 14671: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14649: 14646: 14645: 14644: 14641: 14640: 14638: 14636: 14632: 14626: 14625:Manichaeanism 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14612: 14610: 14608: 14604: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14579: 14577: 14575: 14571: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14551: 14549: 14547: 14543: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14523: 14521: 14519: 14515: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14485: 14483: 14481: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14468: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14453: 14450: 14446: 14439: 14434: 14432: 14427: 14425: 14420: 14419: 14416: 14406: 14398: 14388: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14371:Kesgarh Sahib 14369: 14367: 14366:Damdama Sahib 14364: 14362: 14359: 14358: 14356: 14354: 14350: 14344: 14341: 14336: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14318: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14275: 14272: 14271: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14214:Sikh Regiment 14212: 14208: 14205: 14204: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14129: 14127: 14125: 14121: 14115: 14112: 14108: 14105: 14104: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14089: 14087: 14085: 14081: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14045: 14043: 14039: 14033: 14032:Tiwana family 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14019: 14017: 14013: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13992:Josiah Harlan 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13959: 13957: 13953: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13836:Jawahar Singh 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13811:Zorawar Singh 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13753: 13751: 13747: 13744: 13740: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13723:Harkishangarh 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13710: 13708: 13704: 13698: 13695: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13641:Mughal Empire 13639: 13638: 13636: 13632: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13612: 13610: 13606: 13598: 13594: 13590: 13586: 13585:Sino-Sikh war 13582: 13578: 13574: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13545: 13541: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13516: 13514: 13512: 13508: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13473: 13471: 13469: 13465: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13453:Gurdas Nangal 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13428:Chappar Chiri 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13365: 13363: 13361: 13357: 13354: 13348: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13308: 13306: 13302: 13298: 13291: 13286: 13284: 13279: 13277: 13272: 13271: 13268: 13263: 13261: 13257: 13249: 13246: 13245: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13223: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13216:Agrahari Sikh 13214: 13210: 13207: 13206: 13205: 13202: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13149: 13148: 13145: 13144: 13142: 13140: 13137:Groups, sects 13134: 13126: 13125:U.S. Military 13123: 13122: 13121: 13120:United States 13118: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13095: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12968: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12925: 12922: 12921: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12886: 12884: 12882: 12878: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12836:Khanda museum 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12808: 12807:North America 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12789: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12769: 12768: 12765: 12764: 12762: 12760: 12756: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12696: 12694: 12692: 12688: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12636:Three Pillars 12634: 12632: 12631:Antam Sanskar 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12621:Amrit Sanchar 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12570: 12564: 12561: 12557: 12554: 12553: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12546:The 52 Hukams 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12528: 12526: 12524: 12520: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12472:Guru Amar Das 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12443: 12438: 12434: 12427: 12422: 12420: 12415: 12413: 12408: 12407: 12404: 12395: 12391: 12387: 12381: 12365: 12361: 12359:9788190825986 12355: 12351: 12350: 12342: 12326: 12322: 12320:9781490714417 12316: 12312: 12311: 12303: 12287: 12283: 12277: 12273: 12272: 12264: 12255: 12247: 12241: 12237: 12236: 12228: 12222: 12219:, p. 506, at 12218: 12217: 12211: 12203: 12196: 12180: 12176: 12175: 12167: 12152: 12148: 12147: 12139: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12105: 12101: 12095: 12080: 12076: 12072: 12065: 12063: 12054: 12052:0-395-73097-X 12048: 12044: 12040: 12039: 12034: 12028: 12012: 12008: 12004: 12003: 11995: 11980: 11976: 11969: 11961: 11949: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11920: 11916: 11915: 11907: 11892: 11888: 11882: 11874: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11847: 11832: 11828: 11824: 11817: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11785: 11781: 11774: 11766: 11764:9780435307264 11760: 11756: 11749: 11742:. p. 70. 11741: 11740: 11732: 11724: 11722:9781843313489 11718: 11714: 11707: 11699: 11697:9780969596424 11693: 11689: 11682: 11674: 11672:9780774806930 11668: 11664: 11660: 11659: 11651: 11643: 11641:9788177648683 11637: 11633: 11626: 11618: 11616:9788173801006 11612: 11608: 11601: 11586: 11582: 11575: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11545: 11537: 11535:9788170249870 11531: 11527: 11520: 11512: 11510:9788173871528 11506: 11502: 11495: 11487: 11485:9788173805301 11481: 11477: 11470: 11463: 11459: 11457: 11449: 11447: 11438: 11436:9780812202182 11432: 11428: 11421: 11413: 11406: 11398: 11396:9781409496915 11392: 11388: 11381: 11373: 11371:9781477234679 11367: 11363: 11356: 11348: 11346:9788170231400 11342: 11338: 11331: 11316: 11314:9780822388111 11310: 11306: 11305: 11297: 11288: 11280: 11273: 11264: 11262: 11260: 11250: 11242: 11240:9788189093075 11236: 11232: 11225: 11217: 11211: 11207: 11200: 11192: 11190:9789693513127 11186: 11182: 11175: 11173: 11164: 11162:9781932705706 11158: 11154: 11147: 11131: 11127: 11123: 11116: 11108: 11107: 11101: 11096: 11090: 11074: 11070: 11064: 11060: 11059: 11051: 11043: 11037: 11033: 11032: 11024: 11008: 11004: 10998: 10990: 10984: 10980: 10973: 10965: 10963:9781402030437 10959: 10955: 10948: 10940: 10938:9780706983685 10934: 10930: 10926: 10925: 10917: 10901: 10900: 10893: 10885: 10879: 10875: 10868: 10866: 10857: 10855:9788171697038 10851: 10847: 10840: 10832: 10830:9780199756551 10826: 10822: 10815: 10807: 10801: 10797: 10790: 10774: 10773: 10766: 10758: 10756:9781932705546 10752: 10748: 10741: 10733: 10727: 10723: 10716: 10708: 10706:9788170103011 10702: 10698: 10691: 10682: 10680:0-19-567747-1 10676: 10672: 10668: 10662: 10654: 10647: 10639: 10633: 10629: 10622: 10614: 10612:9780969596424 10608: 10604: 10597: 10589: 10587:9781843310044 10583: 10579: 10572: 10564: 10558: 10554: 10547: 10545: 10536: 10534:9788170174103 10530: 10526: 10519: 10517: 10508: 10502: 10498: 10491: 10483: 10477: 10473: 10466: 10458: 10456:9789380213255 10452: 10448: 10441: 10433: 10426: 10418: 10411: 10403: 10401:9780521637640 10397: 10393: 10389: 10388: 10380: 10372: 10370:9788122417746 10366: 10362: 10355: 10347: 10345:9788173805691 10341: 10337: 10336:Golden Temple 10330: 10322: 10320:9780307958297 10316: 10312: 10305: 10297: 10290: 10282: 10280:9780199756551 10276: 10272: 10265: 10256: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10232: 10224: 10222:9781843310044 10218: 10214: 10207: 10199: 10197:9780977790708 10193: 10189: 10182: 10180: 10171: 10169:9780195368239 10165: 10161: 10154: 10146: 10139: 10131: 10129:9780307429339 10125: 10121: 10114: 10106: 10104:9788185133423 10100: 10096: 10089: 10073: 10072: 10065: 10057: 10050: 10042: 10036: 10032: 10025: 10023: 10021: 10012: 10010:9780199756551 10006: 10002: 9995: 9987: 9980: 9972: 9965: 9957: 9955:9788170102458 9951: 9947: 9940: 9932: 9930:9781932705546 9926: 9922: 9915: 9907: 9901: 9897: 9890: 9882: 9880:9788126017966 9876: 9872: 9865: 9857: 9850: 9842: 9840:9788170103011 9836: 9832: 9825: 9817: 9815:9781843310044 9811: 9807: 9800: 9792: 9786: 9782: 9775: 9767: 9760: 9752: 9745: 9737: 9730: 9722: 9720:9780969596424 9716: 9712: 9705: 9697: 9695:9781932705546 9691: 9687: 9680: 9678: 9669: 9662: 9660: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9633: 9624: 9616: 9614:9788170103011 9610: 9606: 9599: 9597: 9588: 9586:9788170102588 9582: 9578: 9571: 9563: 9556: 9548: 9546:9788170103011 9542: 9538: 9531: 9529: 9520: 9514: 9510: 9503: 9495: 9488: 9480: 9478:9788173805691 9474: 9470: 9469:Golden Temple 9463: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9428: 9420: 9418:9789380213255 9414: 9410: 9403: 9395: 9389: 9385: 9378: 9370: 9363: 9355: 9348: 9340: 9334: 9326: 9319: 9311: 9309:9789380213255 9305: 9301: 9294: 9286: 9280: 9276: 9269: 9261: 9254: 9246: 9239: 9231: 9229:9788170103011 9225: 9221: 9214: 9206: 9204:9788173805691 9200: 9196: 9195:Golden Temple 9189: 9181: 9179:9788189093068 9175: 9171: 9164: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9133: 9125: 9121: 9120: 9112: 9104: 9097: 9089: 9087:9788170102588 9083: 9079: 9072: 9070: 9061: 9059:9788170103011 9055: 9051: 9044: 9036: 9029: 9021: 9019:9781449000806 9015: 9011: 9004: 8996: 8990: 8986: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8943: 8935: 8928: 8920: 8918:9788173800078 8914: 8910: 8903: 8895: 8888: 8880: 8878:9788170102588 8874: 8870: 8863: 8855: 8849: 8845: 8838: 8836: 8827: 8820: 8812: 8805: 8797: 8791: 8787: 8780: 8778: 8769: 8767:9788170103011 8763: 8759: 8752: 8744: 8742:9788173800078 8738: 8734: 8727: 8719: 8717:9789380213255 8713: 8709: 8702: 8694: 8688: 8684: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8637: 8629: 8622: 8620: 8611: 8609:9788170102588 8605: 8601: 8594: 8586: 8580: 8576: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8556: 8554:9788170102458 8550: 8546: 8539: 8531: 8529:9780810863446 8525: 8521: 8514: 8512: 8503: 8501:9788173800078 8497: 8493: 8486: 8484: 8475: 8469: 8465: 8458: 8450: 8448:9788173800078 8444: 8440: 8433: 8425: 8423:9788173800078 8419: 8415: 8408: 8400: 8393: 8385: 8378: 8370: 8368:9789380213255 8364: 8360: 8353: 8345: 8343:9788173800078 8339: 8335: 8328: 8320: 8318:9788172052171 8314: 8310: 8303: 8295: 8288: 8280: 8278:9780521637640 8274: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8257: 8249: 8247:9788185815282 8243: 8239: 8232: 8224: 8223: 8215: 8207: 8205:9789380213255 8201: 8197: 8190: 8182: 8176: 8172: 8165: 8157: 8150: 8142: 8140:9788185148045 8136: 8132: 8125: 8117: 8115:9788170174103 8111: 8107: 8100: 8084: 8080: 8078:9788176293006 8074: 8070: 8069: 8061: 8059: 8050: 8048:9780852297605 8044: 8040: 8033: 8025: 8023:9781615302017 8019: 8015: 8008: 8000: 7998:9789380213255 7994: 7990: 7983: 7975: 7973:9788173800078 7969: 7965: 7958: 7950: 7943: 7935: 7928: 7920: 7918:9780307429339 7914: 7910: 7903: 7901: 7892: 7890:9788173800078 7886: 7882: 7875: 7867: 7865:9780070699397 7861: 7857: 7851: 7843: 7836: 7828: 7826:9788173800078 7822: 7818: 7811: 7803: 7796: 7788: 7782: 7778: 7771: 7763: 7761:9788174884794 7757: 7753: 7746: 7738: 7731: 7723: 7721:9780313335389 7717: 7713: 7706: 7698: 7696:9788171568185 7692: 7688: 7681: 7673: 7671:9788176255370 7667: 7663: 7659: 7658: 7650: 7642: 7640:9788173801006 7636: 7632: 7625: 7617: 7615:9788170102588 7611: 7607: 7600: 7592: 7590:9788173800078 7586: 7582: 7575: 7567: 7565:9788176293006 7561: 7557: 7550: 7542: 7540:9789380213255 7536: 7532: 7525: 7517: 7511: 7507: 7500: 7498: 7489: 7487:9780521637640 7483: 7479: 7475: 7474: 7466: 7458: 7452: 7444: 7438: 7434: 7427: 7419: 7412: 7404: 7402:9788173801006 7398: 7394: 7387: 7379: 7377:9788171160495 7373: 7369: 7362: 7354: 7352:9788173800078 7348: 7344: 7337: 7329: 7327:9788174884794 7323: 7319: 7312: 7304: 7298: 7294: 7287: 7279: 7277:9781438106472 7273: 7269: 7262: 7254: 7252:9788173800078 7248: 7244: 7237: 7229: 7222: 7214: 7212:9788126908585 7208: 7204: 7197: 7189: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7164: 7157: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7139:0-8364-2883-8 7135: 7131: 7130: 7122: 7114: 7112:9788126908585 7108: 7104: 7097: 7089: 7087:9780955458712 7083: 7079: 7072: 7064: 7062:0-89389-103-7 7058: 7054: 7047: 7039: 7037:1-4010-2856-X 7033: 7029: 7022: 7006: 7002: 6995: 6987: 6985:0-89389-109-6 6981: 6977: 6970: 6962: 6960:0-415-26604-1 6956: 6952: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6931: 6929:0-19-567747-1 6925: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6909: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6878: 6862: 6858: 6852: 6845: 6842: 6835: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6816: 6808: 6804: 6802:9781134049455 6798: 6795:. Routledge. 6794: 6787: 6779: 6777:0-19-566111-7 6773: 6769: 6762: 6754: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6734: 6732:81-8382-075-1 6728: 6724: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6704: 6698: 6694: 6687: 6685: 6669: 6663: 6659: 6658: 6650: 6642: 6636: 6632: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6612: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6587: 6581: 6577: 6570: 6562: 6560:9781290917766 6556: 6552: 6551:Later Mughals 6545: 6543: 6533: 6531: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6503: 6501: 6491: 6489: 6472: 6468: 6462: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6428: 6426:0-375-40728-6 6422: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6405: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6367: 6361: 6357: 6356: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6293:Babbar Khalsa 6291: 6290: 6286: 6275: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6209:Sino-Sikh War 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6126:Battle of Kup 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5920: 5916: 5906: 5902: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5866:Sarbat Khalsa 5861: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5830:Golden Temple 5827: 5823: 5819: 5817: 5816:Sikh diaspora 5813: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5776: 5775:Hind Samachar 5770: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5709: 5706: 5698: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5672:This section 5670: 5666: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5579:Sikh Regiment 5570: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5541:In 1962, the 5539: 5537: 5534:In 1945, the 5532: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5374: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5353:Komagata Maru 5350: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5281: 5279: 5278:Reginald Dyer 5275: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5189:Brahmo Samaji 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5117:proselytising 5114: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5065: 5060: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5035:Atlantic Wall 5033:guarding the 5032: 5031:Indian Legion 5025: 5020: 5016: 5013:A company of 5009: 5004: 5000: 4997:A company of 4993: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4933:At offset of 4931: 4929: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4795:Sikh Regiment 4792: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4767: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4725: 4720: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4689: 4682: 4677: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4658: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4630: 4629: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4564: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4525:End of empire 4522: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4421: 4416: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4392: 4385: 4380: 4373: 4368: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4242: 4241:Punjab, India 4238: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4205:Mughal Empire 4202: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4146:, c. 1845 CE. 4145: 4141: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4084:ruler of the 4083: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3946: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3896:Uttar Pradesh 3893: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3749: 3747: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3672: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3641: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3604:captured the 3603: 3600:In 1783, the 3597: 3587: 3585: 3582:they surpass 3581: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3544:In 1767 when 3538: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3334: 3333:Nankana Sahib 3330: 3326: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3297: 3295: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3231:Mughal Empire 3226: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3198: 3197:swordsmanship 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3123:Patiala state 3120: 3116: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3038:Massa Ranghar 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2992: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2840:Sarbat Khalsa 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2626: 2621: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2531:Farrukh Siyar 2524: 2520: 2511: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2467:Farrukh Siyar 2464: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2441:Sculpture at 2439: 2435: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2358:Uttar Pradesh 2355: 2351: 2342: 2338: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253:Uttar Pradesh 2250: 2242: 2241:Chappar Chiri 2238: 2233: 2228: 2209: 2203: 2198: 2191: 2186: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2153:Vikram Samvat 2150: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2123:Gurudwara at 2122: 2116: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2037: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1995: 1992: 1982: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1939: 1924: 1921: 1913: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1887:This section 1885: 1881: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1850:Chandni Chowk 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1830:Bhai Sati Das 1827: 1826:Bhai Mati Das 1822: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1802: 1797: 1787: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1770: 1768: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1686:Nishan Sahibs 1682: 1680: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1626:Bhagat Namdev 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1598:Golden Temple 1591: 1587: 1582: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1557: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1427:established. 1424: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1400:, the second 1399: 1393: 1390: 1389:Emperor Akbar 1386: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1369:Guru Amar Das 1366: 1361: 1360:Guru Amar Das 1354:Guru Amar Das 1351: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1108: 1105: 1097: 1087: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1071:This section 1069: 1065: 1060: 1059: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 981: 977: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 941:Bhai Sati Das 938: 937:Bhai Mati Das 934: 933:Banda Bahadur 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 867:Punjab region 865:panth in the 864: 860: 856: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 821:Punjab region 818: 814: 803: 798: 796: 791: 789: 784: 783: 781: 780: 775: 770: 765: 764: 763: 762: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 741: 733: 732: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 656: 652: 646: 645: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 627:Damdama Sahib 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 604: 601: 595: 588: 587: 580: 579: 575: 573: 572: 568: 566: 565: 561: 559: 558: 554: 553: 550: 543: 542: 535: 534:Antam Sanskar 532: 530: 527: 525: 524:Amrit Sanskar 522: 520: 517: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 455: 452: 445: 444: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 426: 422: 420: 418: 413: 411: 409: 404: 402: 400: 395: 393: 392: 388: 387: 384: 377: 376: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 343:Bhatt Mathura 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 328:Bhatt Harbans 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 303:Bhatt Kalshar 301: 299: 296: 294: 293:Bhagat Jaidev 291: 289: 288:Bhagat Surdas 286: 284: 281: 279: 278:Bhagat Dhanna 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 253:Bhagat Namdev 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 225: 222: 215: 214: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 166:Guru Amar Das 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 153: 150: 143: 142: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 113: 112: 111: 107: 103: 102: 99: 96: 95: 91: 87: 86: 77: 67: 63: 59: 55: 49: 47: 42:This article 40: 31: 30: 27: 19: 14837:Roman School 14760:Neoplatonism 14717:Mesopotamian 14596: 14554:Confucianism 14493:Christianity 14471:Major groups 14343:Sacred trees 14131: 14124:Other topics 14097:Hola Mohalla 13926:Ilahi Bakhsh 13786:Diwan Mulraj 13776:Pratap Singh 13733:Zorawar Fort 13388:2nd Anandpur 13383:1st Anandpur 13341:Duleep Singh 13316:Kharak Singh 13311:Ranjit Singh 13204:Mazhabi Sikh 13063:South Africa 12831:Kesgarh Qila 12777:Janam Asthan 12759:Architecture 12704:Dasam Granth 12671:Charhdi Kala 12551:Prohibitions 12492:Guru Har Rai 12477:Guru Ram Das 12445: 12385: 12380: 12368:. Retrieved 12348: 12341: 12329:. Retrieved 12313:. Trafford. 12309: 12302: 12292:23 September 12290:. Retrieved 12270: 12263: 12254: 12234: 12227: 12221:Google Books 12214: 12210: 12201: 12195: 12183:, retrieved 12173: 12166: 12155:, retrieved 12145: 12138: 12126:. Retrieved 12119:the original 12114: 12110: 12094: 12083:, retrieved 12074: 12037: 12027: 12015:. Retrieved 12001: 11994: 11982:. Retrieved 11978: 11968: 11936:. Retrieved 11913: 11906: 11894:. Retrieved 11890: 11881: 11856: 11853:Asian Survey 11852: 11846: 11835:, retrieved 11826: 11816: 11786:(5): 81–89. 11783: 11779: 11773: 11755:Think RE!: 2 11754: 11748: 11738: 11731: 11712: 11706: 11687: 11681: 11657: 11650: 11631: 11625: 11606: 11600: 11588:. Retrieved 11584: 11574: 11562:. Retrieved 11553: 11544: 11525: 11519: 11500: 11494: 11475: 11469: 11461: 11455: 11453: 11426: 11420: 11411: 11405: 11386: 11380: 11361: 11355: 11336: 11330: 11320:18 September 11318:. Retrieved 11303: 11296: 11287: 11278: 11272: 11249: 11230: 11224: 11205: 11199: 11180: 11152: 11146: 11134:. Retrieved 11125: 11115: 11104: 11089: 11077:. Retrieved 11057: 11050: 11030: 11023: 11011:. Retrieved 11007:the original 10997: 10978: 10972: 10953: 10947: 10923: 10916: 10906:18 September 10904:. Retrieved 10898: 10892: 10873: 10845: 10839: 10820: 10814: 10795: 10789: 10779:18 September 10777:. Retrieved 10771: 10765: 10746: 10740: 10721: 10715: 10696: 10690: 10670: 10661: 10652: 10646: 10627: 10621: 10602: 10596: 10577: 10571: 10552: 10524: 10496: 10490: 10471: 10465: 10446: 10440: 10431: 10425: 10416: 10410: 10386: 10379: 10360: 10354: 10335: 10329: 10310: 10304: 10295: 10289: 10270: 10264: 10245: 10241: 10231: 10212: 10206: 10187: 10159: 10153: 10144: 10138: 10119: 10113: 10094: 10088: 10078:18 September 10076:. Retrieved 10070: 10064: 10055: 10049: 10030: 10000: 9994: 9985: 9979: 9970: 9964: 9945: 9939: 9920: 9914: 9895: 9889: 9870: 9864: 9855: 9849: 9830: 9824: 9805: 9799: 9780: 9774: 9765: 9759: 9750: 9744: 9735: 9729: 9710: 9704: 9685: 9667: 9648:18 September 9646:. Retrieved 9641: 9637: 9631: 9623: 9604: 9576: 9570: 9561: 9555: 9536: 9508: 9502: 9493: 9487: 9468: 9462: 9450:. Retrieved 9441: 9437: 9427: 9408: 9402: 9383: 9377: 9368: 9362: 9353: 9347: 9338: 9333: 9324: 9318: 9299: 9293: 9274: 9268: 9259: 9253: 9244: 9238: 9219: 9213: 9194: 9188: 9169: 9163: 9153:18 September 9151:. Retrieved 9146: 9142: 9132: 9118: 9111: 9102: 9096: 9077: 9049: 9043: 9034: 9028: 9009: 9003: 8984: 8963:18 September 8961:. Retrieved 8956: 8952: 8942: 8933: 8927: 8908: 8902: 8893: 8887: 8868: 8862: 8843: 8825: 8819: 8810: 8804: 8785: 8757: 8751: 8732: 8726: 8707: 8701: 8682: 8659:. Retrieved 8650: 8646: 8636: 8627: 8599: 8593: 8574: 8544: 8538: 8519: 8491: 8463: 8457: 8438: 8432: 8413: 8407: 8398: 8392: 8383: 8377: 8358: 8352: 8333: 8327: 8308: 8302: 8293: 8287: 8263: 8256: 8237: 8231: 8221: 8214: 8195: 8189: 8170: 8164: 8155: 8149: 8130: 8124: 8105: 8099: 8087:. Retrieved 8067: 8038: 8032: 8013: 8007: 7988: 7982: 7963: 7957: 7948: 7942: 7933: 7927: 7908: 7880: 7874: 7855: 7850: 7841: 7835: 7816: 7810: 7801: 7795: 7776: 7770: 7751: 7745: 7736: 7730: 7711: 7705: 7686: 7680: 7656: 7649: 7630: 7624: 7605: 7599: 7580: 7574: 7555: 7549: 7530: 7524: 7505: 7472: 7465: 7457:Later Mughal 7456: 7451: 7432: 7426: 7417: 7411: 7392: 7386: 7367: 7361: 7342: 7336: 7317: 7311: 7292: 7286: 7267: 7261: 7242: 7236: 7227: 7221: 7202: 7196: 7177: 7171: 7162: 7156: 7128: 7121: 7102: 7096: 7078:Game of Love 7077: 7071: 7052: 7046: 7027: 7021: 7009:. Retrieved 6994: 6975: 6969: 6950: 6919: 6895:. Retrieved 6886: 6877: 6865:. Retrieved 6851: 6840: 6837: 6823: 6806: 6792: 6786: 6767: 6761: 6722: 6692: 6671:. Retrieved 6656: 6649: 6630: 6600: 6594: 6575: 6569: 6550: 6512: 6508: 6475:. Retrieved 6461: 6449:. Retrieved 6435: 6411: 6404: 6392:. Retrieved 6383: 6374: 6354: 6347: 5923: 5913:In 1996 the 5912: 5903: 5899: 5863: 5859: 5820: 5780: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5753:Punjabi Suba 5750: 5735: 5701: 5692: 5681:Please help 5676:verification 5673: 5631:Bhindranwale 5619: 5587:Jat Regiment 5576: 5567: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5540: 5533: 5494: 5466: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5422: 5408: 5389: 5385:Bhagat Singh 5382: 5376:In 1926 Six 5375: 5346: 5337:Ghadar Party 5319:Ghadar party 5309: 5300:Bhagat Singh 5268:massacre in 5263: 5225:idol worship 5221: 5217: 5214: 5196: 5163:annexed the 5158: 5104: 5102: 5079:In 1920 The 5078: 4955:World War II 4932: 4925: 4876:Businessman 4804: 4788: 4784:martial race 4773: 4764: 4755: 4751: 4738: 4604: 4565: 4553: 4533: 4508: 4496: 4470:In 1834 the 4469: 4448: 4429: 4284:architecture 4252: 4198: 4155: 4120: 4082:Ranjit Singh 4061: 4030:Ranjit Singh 4028: 4008:Bhangi Misls 3997: 3989:Ranjit Singh 3975: 3966:Nishan Sahib 3951: 3924:Kanheya Misl 3900:Shah Alam II 3894:and Western 3889: 3858: 3849: 3845:Charat Singh 3834: 3799: 3755: 3742: 3711: 3678: 3656:Khalsa Panth 3653: 3638: 3612: 3573: 3569: 3561:Shah Alam II 3559: 3543: 3508: 3484: 3459: 3437: 3429: 3418: 3403: 3377: 3350: 3329:Darbar Sahib 3322: 3303: 3286: 3273: 3264: 3251: 3239: 3228: 3201: 3164:Mata Sundari 3161: 3139: 3127: 3112: 3100: 3075: 3062:Mehtab Singh 3036: 3001: 2963: 2917: 2901: 2877: 2856:Mata Sundari 2849: 2823: 2816: 2785: 2781: 2742:Five Khalsas 2729:Khalsa Panth 2725: 2716:Kahna Kachha 2707: 2705: 2689: 2681: 2668:Khalsa Panth 2658: 2631: 2608: 2600: 2578: 2566:Mata Sundari 2563: 2540: 2528: 2495: 2483: 2452: 2427: 2414:Bahadur Shah 2399: 2382: 2347: 2274: 2246: 2141:Khalsa Panth 2078:Khalsa Panth 2071: 2042: 2005:Dasam Granth 2001: 1988: 1970:Child Gobind 1963: 1959: 1954: 1951:Bihar, India 1949:(Capital of 1944: 1916: 1910:January 2024 1907: 1896:Please help 1891:verification 1888: 1845: 1823: 1811: 1807: 1784: 1772: 1763: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716:Guru Har Rai 1707:Guru Har Rai 1701:Guru Har Rai 1683: 1675: 1648: 1644: 1634: 1630:Bhai Mardana 1595: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1554: 1549:Guru Ram Das 1540:Guru Ram Das 1534:Guru Ram Das 1528:Guru Ram Das 1520: 1505: 1489: 1482: 1478: 1462: 1457: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1418: 1414:Khadur Sahib 1394: 1374: 1348: 1343: 1324: 1320: 1313: 1298: 1282:Khadur Sahib 1259: 1253:district in 1244: 1210: 1187: 1183:Lakhmi Chand 1172: 1164: 1137: 1100: 1091: 1080:Please help 1075:verification 1072: 1013: 965:Ranjit Singh 891: 875:Beloved Ones 853: 837:caste system 835:, idolatry, 815:founded the 811: 576: 569: 564:Dasam Granth 562: 555: 463:Prohibitions 436:Five Virtues 431:Five Thieves 423: 417:Charhdi Kalā 389: 323:Bhatt Gayand 238:Bhagat Farid 228:Bhagat Kabir 186:Guru Har Rai 171:Guru Ram Das 130: 71: 43: 26: 18:Sikh history 14689:Paleolithic 14681:Prehistoric 14655:New Thought 14643:Neopaganism 14381:Patna Sahib 14376:Hazur Sahib 13911:Hukma Singh 13826:Gulab Singh 13756:Dhian Singh 13728:Lahore Fort 13718:Multan Fort 13713:Jamrud Fort 13666:Qing Empire 13634:Adversaries 13620:Fauj-i-Khas 13297:Sikh Empire 13260:Sikh Empire 13238:Singh Sabha 13167:Nanakpanthi 13078:Switzerland 13068:South Korea 13028:New Zealand 13023:Netherlands 12894:Afghanistan 12724:Japji Sahib 12656:The Five Ks 12651:Vand Chhako 12616:Anand Karaj 12331:29 December 12017:27 December 11979:India Today 11933:j.ctt3fhs4b 6897:30 December 6867:30 December 6673:26 November 6477:30 December 6451:30 December 5799:Indian army 5635:Fauja Singh 5509:East Punjab 5505:West Punjab 5392:Udham Singh 5237:astrologers 5193:Arya Samaji 5179:. In 1853, 5165:Sikh Empire 5141:Sikh Empire 5081:Akali Party 4935:World War I 4807:East Africa 4571:Gulab Singh 4511:Fauj-i-Khas 4492:Afghanistan 4330:Khalsa Army 4288:calligraphy 4201:Aurangzeb's 4162:Khyber Pass 4106:Lahore Fort 4086:Sikh Empire 4025:Sikh Empire 3904:Jammu state 3841:Bhangi Misl 3815:region and 3685:Kapur Singh 3358:general of 3105:, the head 3058:Sukha Singh 3023:Kapur Singh 2965:entries to 2738:Kapur Singh 2701:Afghanistan 2634:Sheikhupura 2571:become the 2143:, at Takht 1842:Bhai Dayala 1618:Sheik Farid 1610:Sufi Saints 1602:Sacred text 1493:Anand Sahib 1436:Bhai Gurdas 1387:. In 1567, 1144:Mata Tripta 1044:East Punjab 1040:West Punjab 1009:Khyber Pass 961:Sikh Empire 945:Bhai Dayala 887:North India 883:Mughal rule 637:Hazur Sahib 632:Patna Sahib 529:Anand Karaj 488:The Five Ks 408:Vand Chakkō 368:Balvand Rai 358:Baba Sundar 338:Bhatt Kirat 333:Bhatt Jalap 318:Bhatt Bhika 313:Bhatt Bhalh 283:Bhagat Pipa 273:Bhagat Sain 248:Bhagat Beni 74:August 2024 62:subheadings 14857:Categories 14842:Secularism 14832:Irreligion 14755:Gnosticism 14673:Historical 14546:East Asian 14518:Amerindian 14361:Akal Takht 14301:In Fiction 14286:Ravidassia 14254:Dharamyudh 14177:Literature 14167:Panj Pyare 14107:Mela Maghi 13955:Foreigners 13916:Veer Singh 13891:Chandu Lal 13625:Fauj-i-Ain 13331:Sher Singh 13326:Chand Kaur 13182:Sewapanthi 12909:Bangladesh 12881:By country 12851:Pul Kanjri 12821:Fateh Burj 12734:Jaap Sahib 12719:Mul Mantar 12641:Kirat Karo 12626:Amrit Velā 12611:Naam Karan 12591:Sikh rites 12523:Philosophy 12482:Guru Arjan 12467:Guru Angad 12462:Guru Nanak 12185:24 January 12085:8 February 12005:(Thesis). 11837:24 January 11780:GeoJournal 11590:11 October 11452:Swami P. 11215:1851772618 10988:0969409249 10883:0969409249 10805:0969409249 10731:0969409249 10637:0969409249 10562:0969409249 10506:0969409249 10481:0969409249 10040:0969409249 9905:0969409249 9790:0969409249 9518:0969409249 9393:0969409249 9284:0969409249 8994:0969409249 8853:0969409249 8795:0969409249 8692:0969409249 8584:0969409249 8473:0969409249 8180:0969409249 7786:0969409249 7515:0969409249 7442:0969409249 7302:0969409249 7187:0969409249 6339:References 6313:Bhat Vahis 5722:Akal Takht 5414:Pingalwara 5371:Mewa Singh 5129:Arya Samaj 5121:Christians 4953:A Sikh in 4846:Ramgharia 4832:Policeman 4774:Under the 4601:, 1845-46. 4515:Fauj-i-Ain 4482:conquered 4451:Shah Zaman 4320:Philosophy 4233:Akal Takht 4209:Dal Khalsa 4182:demography 4140:Sher Singh 4102:Sher Singh 4042:Gujranwala 3985:Maha Singh 3928:Ramgarhias 3908:Maha Singh 3877:Amar Singh 3875:and go to 3740:division. 3681:Nader Shah 3634:Dal Khalsa 3580:generosity 3317:Dal Khalsa 3177:Dal Khalsa 3173:Asa di Var 3004:Nader Shah 2996:equestrian 2909:Babul tree 2753:Dal Khalsa 2654:Dal Khalsa 2650:Sikh Misls 2506:eyes were 2503:Delhi fort 2463:Bhim Chand 2455:Hukamnamas 2370:Saharanpur 2362:Saharanpur 2330:Wazir Khan 2318:Malerkotla 2302:Cis-Sutlej 2277:Khar Khoda 2090:Hindustani 2045:Wazir Khan 1976:In Kashmir 1955:Bangladesh 1690:Akal Takht 1637:Ādi Granth 1622:Sant Kabir 1590:Guru Arjan 1581:Guru Arjan 1508:Bibi Bhani 1497:Guru Arjan 1410:Guru Angad 1398:Guru Angad 1301:Guru Nanak 1290:Tarn Taran 1286:River Beas 1270:Mata Khivi 1239:Guru Angad 1230:Guru Angad 1224:Guru Angad 1202:missionary 1160:Bibi Nanki 1156:accountant 1140:Mehta Kalu 1132:Guru Nanak 1123:Guru Nanak 1117:Guru Nanak 921:Guru Arjan 859:Sikh Gurus 813:Guru Nanak 689:Literature 674:Panj Pyare 617:Akal Takht 578:Five Banis 519:Naam Karan 478:Amrit Velā 399:Kirat Karō 382:Philosophy 363:Satta Doom 353:Bhatt Salh 348:Bhatt Nalh 308:Bhatt Balh 176:Guru Arjan 161:Guru Angad 156:Guru Nanak 148:Sikh gurus 58:condensing 14699:Near East 14615:Mithraism 14508:Rastafari 14480:Abrahamic 14311:Criticism 14229:Ramananda 14084:Festivals 13821:Lal Singh 13816:Tej Singh 13693:of Poonch 13443:Jalalabad 13352:conflicts 13336:Jind Kaur 13177:Nirankari 13058:Singapore 12988:Indonesia 12924:Vancouver 12899:Australia 12691:Scripture 12646:Naam Japo 12573:Practices 12370:5 October 11958:ignored ( 11948:cite book 11808:189881872 11800:1572-9893 11462:Frontline 10120:The Sikhs 9452:5 October 8661:5 October 7909:The Sikhs 6412:The Sikhs 6251:(several) 5909:Post-1996 5870:Khalistan 5791:Gurdwaras 5785:to clear 5757:Akali Dal 5695:June 2024 5549:, India. 5396:socialist 5201:Ahmadiyah 5173:Christian 5137:Ahmadiyah 4745:Tehsildar 4587:Lal Singh 4583:Tej Singh 4440:artillery 4300:dharmsala 4276:sketching 4152:Formation 4100:Maharaja 4080:Maharaja 4004:Ramgarhia 3981:Sada Kaur 3920:Jai Singh 3813:Jalandhar 3790:Adina Beg 3776:, son of 3757:Mir Mannu 3738:Jalandhar 3725:Jalandhar 3717:Adina Beg 3713:Mir Mannu 3694:Mir Mannu 3622:Jathedars 3565:Allahabad 3497:attacked 3464:emperor, 3406:Mahrattas 3387:Jalandhar 3379:Adina Beg 3313:Jalandhar 3305:Adina Beg 3119:Maharajah 2947:Gurdwaras 2905:chickpeas 2747:Gurdwaras 2733:Nawabship 2652:into the 2646:Nawabship 2601:dhai phut 2593:elephants 2589:zamburaks 2492:Execution 2486:Gurdaspur 2479:Gurdaspur 2418:Rajasthan 2385:Zamindari 2374:Jalandhar 2366:Jalalabad 2266:Hukamnama 1991:Aurangzeb 1858:Aurangzeb 1836:of early 1679:Akal Sena 1641:Holy Book 1402:Sikh Guru 1332:Bhai Bala 1305:Kartarpur 1251:Ferozepur 1213:Kartarpur 1190:Sultanpur 1179:Sri Chand 980:pluralism 833:Upanayana 709:Criticism 548:Scripture 450:Practices 391:Naam Japo 66:talk page 54:splitting 52:Consider 14827:Humanism 14745:Germanic 14707:Egyptian 14587:Hinduism 14582:Buddhism 14405:Category 14335:Gurmukhī 14326:Punjabis 14269:Hinduism 14197:Politics 14157:Waheguru 14152:Ik Onkar 14114:Vaisakhi 14041:Treaties 13423:Sadhaura 13393:Chamkaur 13350:Military 13192:Ramraiya 13162:Namdhari 13103:Scotland 13083:Thailand 13043:Pakistan 13013:Malaysia 12889:Diaspora 12767:Gurdwara 12442:Glossary 12364:Archived 12325:Archived 12286:Archived 12179:archived 12151:archived 12079:archived 12011:Archived 11896:30 April 11831:archived 11558:Archived 11130:Archived 11079:9 August 11073:Archived 11013:9 August 10669:(2006). 9446:Archived 8655:Archived 8083:Archived 7148:29703420 7005:Archived 6918:(2006). 6891:Archived 6861:Archived 6471:Archived 6445:Archived 6388:Archived 6271:See also 5917:for the 5597:and the 5390:In 1940 5383:In 1931 5351:led the 5347:In 1914 5341:Punjabis 5274:Vaisakhi 5270:Amritsar 5150:Gurmukhi 4912:Nihangs 4901:Khatris 4887:Farmers 4854:Armyman 4811:Far East 4760:Gurmukhi 4758:form of 4703:Amritsar 4568:Maharaja 4484:Peshawar 4459:Amritsar 4444:generals 4432:infantry 4324:Medicine 4312:Oriental 4308:Sanskrit 4280:drafting 4260:Hinduism 4125:chakrams 4108:in 1841. 4034:Baisakhi 3912:Jathedar 3807:and the 3770:Amritsar 3746:Jathedar 3690:Jathedar 3626:Amritsar 3608:, Delhi. 3606:Red Fort 3576:adultery 3515:Misldars 3470:Ludhiana 3294:Amritsar 3289:Jathedar 3259:Kahnuwan 3246:Eminabad 3242:jagirdar 3130:Amritsar 3042:Amritsar 3019:artisans 3002:In 1739 2951:Amritsar 2928:Maharaja 2828:Amritsar 2824:sarovars 2806:Jathedar 2708:vilayati 2573:Jathedar 2555:Vaisakhi 2529:In 1716 2422:Imperial 2378:Amritsar 2298:Jagadhri 2151:1, 1756 2098:Bhojpuri 2094:Sanskrit 2082:Gurmukhi 2017:Bilaspur 1852:area of 1815:Red Fort 1767:Smallpox 1614:Gursikhs 1562:Amritsar 1524:Amritsar 1516:Goindwal 1471:emperor 1444:Sanskrit 1377:Goindwal 1327:Gurmukhi 1294:Amritsar 1194:meditate 1148:Talwandi 1094:May 2024 993:Peshawar 935:(1716), 898:Jahangir 841:ascetism 669:Waheguru 659:Ik Onkar 607:Gurdwara 515:(Turban) 136:Glossary 90:a series 88:Part of 46:too long 14712:Semitic 14607:Iranian 14597:Sikhism 14592:Jainism 14503:Judaism 14397:Outline 14321:History 14264:Jainism 14137:Culture 14132:History 13749:Natives 13691:Sudhans 13438:Lohgarh 13418:Sirhind 13408:Sonepat 13403:Muktsar 13187:Nirmala 13098:England 12956:Germany 12946:Finland 12936:Denmark 12914:Belgium 12904:Austria 12729:Chaupai 12714:Gurbani 12676:Dasvand 12446:History 12433:Sikhism 12157:4 April 12128:4 April 12043:312–327 11984:28 July 11938:29 July 11873:2645265 7268:Sikhism 6394:4 April 5854:Haryana 5547:Patiala 5475:led by 5366:Granthi 5233:pandits 5153:Punjabi 5045:powers. 4928:Britain 4865:Labour 4843:Taylor 4749:Punjabi 4660:Nirmala 4436:cavalry 4268:Sikhism 4213:Afghans 4196:(10%). 4192:(10%), 4188:(80%), 4166:Kashmir 3892:Haryana 3881:Patiala 3865:Bhangis 3861:Sardars 3721:Faujdar 3533:again. 3499:Sirhind 3462:Durrani 3383:Faujdar 3356:Durrani 3309:Faujdar 3187:in the 3121:of the 3115:Patiala 3107:Granthi 3054:Bikaner 3021:. When 3006:of the 2939:Sirhind 2926:he met 2924:Patiala 2913:buffalo 2868:Gurbani 2776:Dilruba 2770:recite 2694:to the 2661:Gurbani 2597:cannons 2477:in the 2475:pathans 2471:Faujdar 2394:Sadaura 2350:Lohgarh 2326:Sirhind 2306:Ghurham 2285:Kaithal 2281:Sonipat 2279:, near 2149:Baisakh 2106:Persian 2086:Punjabi 2021:Garhwal 1846:kotwali 1834:martyrs 1824:While, 1775:Brahmin 1448:Masands 1406:Shabads 1309:darshan 1288:, near 1284:by the 1198:secular 1022:led by 985:Kashmir 909:Mughals 829:fasting 483:Dasvand 131:History 126:Outline 98:Sikhism 44:may be 14777:Slavic 14740:Celtic 14735:Baltic 14635:Modern 14574:Indian 14564:Shinto 14559:Taoism 14488:Baháʼí 14316:Punjab 14249:Dastar 14244:Sardar 14192:Places 14162:Khanda 13576:Others 13413:Samana 13378:Basoli 13373:Nadaun 13304:Rulers 13172:Nihang 13152:Khalsa 13073:Sweden 13053:Poland 13048:Panama 13038:Norway 12981:Punjab 12961:Greece 12951:France 12919:Canada 12802:Europe 12792:Africa 12739:Rehras 12681:Jhatka 12661:Simran 12606:Langar 12601:Kirtan 12581:Khalsa 12392: 12356: 12317: 12278: 12242: 12049: 11931: 11921: 11871: 11806: 11798: 11761: 11719: 11694: 11669: 11638: 11613: 11564:5 June 11532: 11507: 11482: 11433: 11393: 11368: 11343: 11311: 11237: 11212: 11187: 11159: 11136:4 June 11065: 11038: 10985: 10960: 10935: 10880: 10852: 10827: 10802: 10753: 10728: 10703: 10677: 10634: 10609: 10584: 10559: 10531: 10503: 10478: 10453: 10398: 10367: 10342: 10317: 10277: 10248:: 41. 10219: 10194: 10166: 10126: 10101: 10037: 10007: 9952: 9927: 9902: 9877: 9837: 9812: 9787: 9717: 9692: 9611: 9583: 9543: 9515: 9475: 9444:: 87. 9415: 9390: 9306: 9281: 9226: 9201: 9176: 9084: 9056: 9016: 8991: 8915: 8875: 8850: 8792: 8764: 8739: 8714: 8689: 8653:: 88. 8606: 8581: 8551: 8526: 8498: 8470: 8445: 8420: 8365: 8340: 8315: 8275: 8244: 8202: 8177: 8137: 8112: 8089:30 May 8075: 8045: 8020: 7995: 7970: 7915: 7887: 7862: 7823: 7783: 7758: 7718: 7693: 7668: 7637: 7612: 7587: 7562: 7537: 7512: 7484: 7439: 7399: 7374: 7349: 7324: 7299: 7274: 7249: 7209: 7184: 7146: 7136: 7109: 7084: 7059: 7034: 7011:26 May 6982: 6957: 6926: 6830: 6799: 6774: 6729: 6699: 6664: 6637: 6607: 6582: 6557: 6423: 6362: 5882:pogrom 5856:areas. 5822:Gandhi 5742:Gandhi 5653:, and 5529:Punjab 5513:Hindus 5501:Punjab 5197:suddhi 5177:Punjab 5145:Khalsa 5113:Punjab 5107:was a 4809:, the 4756:lundee 4741:Punjab 4615:Punjab 4575:Dogras 4546:. The 4534:After 4488:Jamrud 4474:under 4472:Khalsa 4438:, and 4322:, and 4304:Arabic 4296:temple 4292:mosque 4286:, and 4266:, and 4255:Lahore 4186:Muslim 4178:Punjab 4144:Lahore 3873:Sutlej 3817:Kangra 3774:Taimur 3762:Punjab 3719:, the 3669:Nitnem 3551:Sutlej 3531:Lahore 3444:Sultan 3425:rupees 3391:Sutlej 3353:Afghan 3325:Multan 3307:, the 3277:Diwali 3209:Lahore 3205:Punjab 3189:Mughal 3185:turban 3142:Lahore 3086:armory 3050:nautch 3027:Chenab 3008:Turkic 2892:Khalsa 2888:Punjab 2836:Punjab 2820:langar 2799:Langer 2696:Lahore 2692:Multan 2684:Khalsa 2664:Nitnem 2595:and 4 2585:horses 2547:Udasis 2543:Lahore 2535:Mughal 2533:, the 2523:Nihang 2508:gouged 2431:Chamba 2410:Lahore 2402:Punjab 2320:, and 2314:Banoor 2310:Kapori 2289:Samana 2270:Mughal 2261:Mughal 2257:Punjab 2102:Arabic 2013:Kahlur 1778:Pundit 1512:Lahore 1469:Mughal 1385:Langar 1336:Saloks 1296:city. 1274:Mughal 1255:Punjab 1217:Langar 1215:where 1206:Udasis 1175:Batala 1152:Lahore 1048:Punjab 1036:Punjab 1001:Muslim 991:, and 989:Ladakh 953:Hindus 863:Khalsa 684:Khanda 664:Khalsa 599:Takhts 593:Places 513:Dastar 508:Nitnem 503:Simran 493:Langar 473:Kirtan 121:Topics 116:People 14772:Roman 14750:Greek 14648:Wicca 14531:Mayan 14526:Aztec 14498:Islam 14353:Takht 14281:Sikhs 14259:Islam 14239:Kabir 14187:Names 14182:Music 14172:Films 14147:Music 14102:Maghi 13706:Forts 13458:Delhi 13448:Jammu 13433:Rahon 13398:Sarsa 13221:Jatha 13197:Udasi 13108:Wales 13018:Nepal 13008:Japan 13003:Italy 12976:Kochi 12966:India 12931:China 12596:Ardās 12454:Gurus 12122:(PDF) 12107:(PDF) 11929:JSTOR 11869:JSTOR 11804:S2CID 10056:Sikhs 9440:. 2. 8649:. 2. 6841:gurus 5850:Delhi 5837:1986. 5521:Nehru 5378:Babar 5229:caste 4752:qaida 4579:Jammu 4577:from 4478:and 4316:Logic 4264:Islam 4194:Hindu 4174:Tibet 4170:Sindh 4066:Sikhs 3825:Misls 3786:Amrit 3734:Divan 3664:Amrit 3630:Amrit 3602:Sikhs 3584:Hatim 3433:Kabul 3399:Doaba 3235:Divan 3213:rupee 3082:Jatha 3078:Delhi 2976:lions 2935:Amrit 2920:Malwa 2880:jagir 2832:Misls 2792:Jatha 2768:Ragis 2712:Delhi 2642:jagir 2587:, 40 2406:Delhi 2335:Amrit 2322:Nahan 1947:Patna 1854:Delhi 1832:were 1473:Akbar 1440:Hindi 1278:Babur 1266:Hindu 1262:Durga 1247:Lehna 1167:janeu 997:Hindu 949:Sikhs 913:Islam 724:Sects 699:Names 694:Music 468:Ardās 14536:Inca 14274:Rama 13157:Mina 13033:Niue 12998:Iraq 12993:Iran 12941:Fiji 12797:Asia 12787:List 12666:Sewa 12444:and 12390:ISBN 12372:2020 12354:ISBN 12333:2014 12315:ISBN 12294:2010 12276:ISBN 12240:ISBN 12187:2010 12159:2008 12130:2008 12087:2017 12047:ISBN 12019:2018 11986:2024 11960:help 11940:2024 11919:ISBN 11898:2024 11839:2010 11796:ISSN 11759:ISBN 11717:ISBN 11692:ISBN 11667:ISBN 11636:ISBN 11611:ISBN 11592:2019 11566:2013 11530:ISBN 11505:ISBN 11480:ISBN 11431:ISBN 11391:ISBN 11366:ISBN 11341:ISBN 11322:2013 11309:ISBN 11235:ISBN 11210:ISBN 11185:ISBN 11157:ISBN 11138:2013 11126:Dawn 11081:2009 11063:ISBN 11036:ISBN 11015:2009 10983:ISBN 10958:ISBN 10933:ISBN 10908:2013 10878:ISBN 10850:ISBN 10825:ISBN 10800:ISBN 10781:2013 10751:ISBN 10726:ISBN 10701:ISBN 10675:ISBN 10632:ISBN 10607:ISBN 10582:ISBN 10557:ISBN 10529:ISBN 10501:ISBN 10476:ISBN 10451:ISBN 10396:ISBN 10365:ISBN 10340:ISBN 10315:ISBN 10275:ISBN 10217:ISBN 10192:ISBN 10164:ISBN 10124:ISBN 10099:ISBN 10080:2013 10035:ISBN 10005:ISBN 9950:ISBN 9925:ISBN 9900:ISBN 9875:ISBN 9835:ISBN 9810:ISBN 9785:ISBN 9715:ISBN 9690:ISBN 9650:2013 9609:ISBN 9581:ISBN 9541:ISBN 9513:ISBN 9473:ISBN 9454:2020 9413:ISBN 9388:ISBN 9304:ISBN 9279:ISBN 9224:ISBN 9199:ISBN 9174:ISBN 9155:2013 9082:ISBN 9054:ISBN 9014:ISBN 8989:ISBN 8965:2013 8913:ISBN 8873:ISBN 8848:ISBN 8790:ISBN 8762:ISBN 8737:ISBN 8712:ISBN 8687:ISBN 8663:2020 8604:ISBN 8579:ISBN 8549:ISBN 8524:ISBN 8496:ISBN 8468:ISBN 8443:ISBN 8418:ISBN 8363:ISBN 8338:ISBN 8313:ISBN 8273:ISBN 8242:ISBN 8200:ISBN 8175:ISBN 8135:ISBN 8110:ISBN 8091:2020 8073:ISBN 8043:ISBN 8018:ISBN 7993:ISBN 7968:ISBN 7913:ISBN 7885:ISBN 7860:ISBN 7821:ISBN 7781:ISBN 7756:ISBN 7716:ISBN 7691:ISBN 7666:ISBN 7635:ISBN 7610:ISBN 7585:ISBN 7560:ISBN 7535:ISBN 7510:ISBN 7482:ISBN 7437:ISBN 7397:ISBN 7372:ISBN 7347:ISBN 7322:ISBN 7297:ISBN 7272:ISBN 7247:ISBN 7207:ISBN 7182:ISBN 7144:OCLC 7134:ISBN 7107:ISBN 7082:ISBN 7057:ISBN 7032:ISBN 7013:2006 6980:ISBN 6955:ISBN 6924:ISBN 6899:2022 6869:2022 6828:ISBN 6797:ISBN 6772:ISBN 6727:ISBN 6697:ISBN 6675:2010 6662:ISBN 6635:ISBN 6605:ISBN 6580:ISBN 6555:ISBN 6479:2022 6453:2022 6421:ISBN 6396:2008 6360:ISBN 5724:and 5589:and 5471:and 5235:and 5191:and 5159:The 5135:and 5109:Sikh 5103:The 5043:Axis 5015:15th 4999:15th 4857:Jat 4835:Jat 4657:Sikh 4639:The 4597:The 4585:and 4453:and 4306:and 4298:, a 4294:, a 4235:and 4190:Sikh 4006:and 3993:Misl 3918:and 3809:Beas 3805:Ravi 3618:Misl 3555:Ravi 3553:and 3395:Beas 3393:and 3195:and 3181:seva 3060:and 2972:Qadi 2682:The 2591:, 5 2553:and 2408:and 2376:and 2354:mint 2104:and 2007:and 1838:Sikh 1628:and 1485:Sati 1452:Agra 1442:and 1421:Sewa 1381:Sati 1316:Sewa 1181:and 1142:and 1018:and 999:and 978:and 951:and 943:and 923:and 845:azan 817:Sikh 596:and 498:Sewa 14142:Art 13248:3HO 11861:doi 11788:doi 10929:401 10392:246 10250:doi 9124:510 6517:doi 6124:or 6077:or 5925:sic 5886:RSS 5848:in 5832:in 5685:by 5519:by 4701:in 4490:, 4142:in 3914:of 2994:An 2557:at 2255:to 2239:at 1900:by 1647:or 1564:). 1412:at 1084:by 719:War 14859:: 13595:, 13591:, 13583:, 12362:. 12323:. 12284:. 12149:, 12115:55 12113:. 12109:. 12102:. 12073:, 12061:^ 12045:. 11977:. 11952:: 11950:}} 11946:{{ 11927:. 11889:. 11867:. 11857:32 11855:. 11825:, 11802:. 11794:. 11782:. 11665:. 11663:91 11583:. 11552:. 11460:. 11445:^ 11258:^ 11171:^ 11128:. 11124:. 11103:. 11071:. 10931:. 10864:^ 10543:^ 10515:^ 10394:. 10246:17 10244:. 10240:. 10178:^ 10019:^ 9676:^ 9658:^ 9642:51 9640:. 9636:. 9595:^ 9527:^ 9442:25 9436:. 9147:53 9145:. 9141:. 9068:^ 8973:^ 8957:53 8955:. 8951:. 8834:^ 8776:^ 8671:^ 8651:25 8645:. 8618:^ 8563:^ 8510:^ 8482:^ 8271:. 8269:83 8081:. 8057:^ 7899:^ 7664:. 7662:25 7496:^ 7480:. 7478:83 7142:. 7003:. 6939:^ 6907:^ 6885:. 6859:. 6836:. 6814:^ 6805:. 6741:^ 6711:^ 6683:^ 6619:^ 6541:^ 6529:^ 6513:22 6511:. 6499:^ 6487:^ 6419:. 6417:14 6382:. 5892:. 5649:, 5585:, 5581:, 5487:. 5313:, 5227:, 5127:, 5095:. 4762:. 4655:A 4521:. 4434:, 4318:, 4282:, 4278:, 4274:, 4262:, 4239:, 3960:, 3956:, 3930:. 3910:, 3887:. 3827:. 3636:. 3586:." 3521:. 3435:. 3296:. 2842:. 2368:, 2364:, 2316:, 2312:, 2308:, 2100:, 2096:, 2092:, 2088:, 2019:, 2015:, 1681:. 1632:. 1624:, 1620:, 1530:. 1503:. 1185:. 1162:. 1026:, 987:, 970:r. 939:, 903:r. 889:. 847:, 843:, 839:, 831:, 92:on 14437:e 14430:t 14423:v 14337:) 14333:( 13289:e 13282:t 13275:v 12425:e 12418:t 12411:v 12374:. 12335:. 12296:. 12248:. 12132:. 12055:. 12021:. 11988:. 11962:) 11942:. 11900:. 11875:. 11863:: 11810:. 11790:: 11784:1 11767:. 11725:. 11700:. 11675:. 11644:. 11619:. 11594:. 11568:. 11538:. 11513:. 11488:. 11439:. 11399:. 11374:. 11349:. 11324:. 11243:. 11218:. 11193:. 11165:. 11140:. 11083:. 11044:. 11017:. 10991:. 10966:. 10941:. 10910:. 10886:. 10858:. 10833:. 10808:. 10783:. 10759:. 10734:. 10709:. 10683:. 10640:. 10615:. 10590:. 10565:. 10537:. 10509:. 10484:. 10459:. 10404:. 10373:. 10348:. 10323:. 10283:. 10258:. 10252:: 10225:. 10200:. 10172:. 10132:. 10107:. 10082:. 10043:. 10013:. 9958:. 9933:. 9908:. 9883:. 9843:. 9818:. 9793:. 9723:. 9698:. 9652:. 9634:" 9617:. 9589:. 9549:. 9521:. 9481:. 9456:. 9421:. 9396:. 9312:. 9287:. 9232:. 9207:. 9182:. 9157:. 9126:. 9090:. 9062:. 9022:. 8997:. 8967:. 8921:. 8881:. 8856:. 8798:. 8770:. 8745:. 8720:. 8695:. 8665:. 8612:. 8587:. 8557:. 8532:. 8504:. 8476:. 8451:. 8426:. 8371:. 8346:. 8321:. 8281:. 8250:. 8208:. 8183:. 8143:. 8118:. 8093:. 8051:. 8026:. 8001:. 7976:. 7921:. 7893:. 7868:. 7829:. 7789:. 7764:. 7724:. 7699:. 7674:. 7643:. 7618:. 7593:. 7568:. 7543:. 7518:. 7490:. 7445:. 7405:. 7380:. 7355:. 7330:. 7305:. 7280:. 7255:. 7215:. 7190:. 7150:. 7115:. 7090:. 7065:. 7040:. 7015:. 6988:. 6963:. 6932:. 6901:. 6871:. 6780:. 6755:. 6735:. 6705:. 6677:. 6643:. 6613:. 6588:. 6563:. 6523:. 6519:: 6481:. 6455:. 6429:. 6398:. 6368:. 5852:- 5732:. 5708:) 5702:( 5697:) 5693:( 5679:. 5343:. 5329:. 5306:. 4973:. 4957:. 4643:. 4353:. 4243:. 4127:. 4088:. 4060:( 3257:( 2778:. 2243:. 2155:. 1923:) 1917:( 1912:) 1908:( 1894:. 1107:) 1101:( 1096:) 1092:( 1078:. 967:( 900:( 801:e 794:t 787:v 76:) 72:( 68:. 50:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index