508:. The terminology for this series of plays associates the word "buck" with the intent of the fullback to plunge into the line. In addition, the short toss, or lateral of the ball, can be made to the quarterback or wingback who may take the ball and do other maneuvers including passing the ball. Consequently, when the fullback takes the ball, he appears to be headed to buck the line. Typically, fullbacks were bigger players who ran plays intended to smash the defensive front. The fullback's initial move pulls the defensive players toward the expected point of attack. Next, the fullback tosses the ball to another back causing the defense to change pursuit angles, thus losing a step in their catching the ball carrier. The strong side of the formation, where the extra lineman and wingback lined up, put pressure on the defensive end. Defenses might move extra players to that side or shift the whole defense to compensate. The cut-back play could succeed regardless of how the defense reacted. The cut-back play started like a strong side sweep with offensive guards and quarterback running interference for the tailback. The fullback would fake a smash over the guard hole to occupy the defensive tackles. The play was designed to make the defensive end overreact and try to stay outside to contain the runner. If the defensive end gave ground to the sideline, the tailback would cut-back inside to let his interference push the defensive end out of the play. If the defensive end came too far inside, then the ball carrier would run around him to the outside. After the cut-back play was used in a game, then the offense might run the wingback reverse since both plays started out the same way. At the outset, the defense tries to pursue the sweeping tailback. However, the tailback delivers the ball to the wingback running the opposite way to the weak side. Both the cut-back and the reverse would be set up with quick fullback bucks up the middle, which would cause the defensive line to over-protect their gaps, as opposed to pursuing quickly to the sideline.
655:(158β26β1 overall). His Bulldog teams ran the single-wing formation with mostly buck-lateral and fullback spinner plays. He did not use a multitude of plays, rather he won because his players were so well-schooled and disciplined they were all but unstoppable. When Coach Dimperio started at Westinghouse the student body was mostly the children of Italian immigrants, but by the late 1950s it was almost 100% African American. It didn't matter to Coach Dimperio; he and his single wing won nonetheless. Being from a relatively poor inner city school, Westinghouse usually had no assistant coaches and rarely suited up more than 40 players. Yet, in exhibition games against some of the biggest suburban schools, Westinghouse usually won. Once in an exhibition game against South Hills Catholic which suited up 90 players and had five coaches, Coach Dimperio's deceptive single wing made mincemeat of the heavier and slow opponent to the point where one of the South Hills Catholic coaches remarked, "they (the Westinghouse backs) ran down the field so many times it looked like track practice." Coach Dimperio was inducted into the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame in 1964.
540:
kick. Many current offenses, such as the spread option, use single-wing tendencies for running plays, while using wide receivers instead of wingbacks. Once a strong running formation, the single wing has been replaced by formations that facilitate passing, while minimizing the running aspect of the game. Today the single-wing has evolved into what coaches call the spread offense or shotgun, with the emphasis on passing. The most noticeable feature that remains of the powerful
Carlisle formation is the long toss from center to the main ball-handler. The main talent and field general has become the quarterback instead of the tailback. The other single-wing backs have moved close to the line of scrimmage and are split farther from the main line. Wide receivers are called split-ends, flex ends, slots, and flankers. Also, linemen spacing has increased in distance. Moving offensive players farther apart serves the purpose of also spreading the defense. The goal is to make defenses cover the whole field on every play.
637:
2005 the vaulted Cobra single-wing offense set a new state record for points in a season with 696, 537 of which coming in the nine regular season games, and in 2007 the Cobras set a new state rushing record racking up 718 yards in a single game. Howard left
Sigourney-Keota after the 2006 season to become the new head coach at Webster City High School and was charged with rebuilding a once-proud program that hadn't won over six games or made the Class 3A playoffs since 1996. Installing his vaunted single-wing offense, in 2007 the Lynx led District 2 in rushing by gaining over 2,200 yards on the ground despite their overall record of 3β6. However, in 2008, the Lynx not only made the playoffs for the first time in 12 years, but also finished the season with a final record of 7β4. Tailback John Hill rushed for 1,420 yardsβthe sixth highest total in school history.
669:, and he went against trends by using that offense for three seasons at Denison in the early 1960s. After the Big Red went 0β8β1 in 1977, he returned to the single wing for good because tailback Clay Sampson offered a dual threat. He became the only player in Division III history to rush for 3,000 yards and pass for 3,000 in a career when he totaled 6,920 yards for Denison from 1977 to '80. In 1985 Piper's single wing offense featured a potent mix of speed, athleticism and experience that produced an average victory margin of 29.6 points. That year Denison set nine school season team recordsβincluding most total yards of offense (4,330), most rushing yards (3,510) and most points (377)βand set five single game school marks.
648:
Division title for a season of 10β0. They are the only high school football team in
Pennsylvania that can lay claim to that feat. The late Coach Pat Droskinis, listed in the PA Sports Hall of Fame, coached them and led by a strong 4β5β2 defense that featured All-State ends in 6-foot-3 Russ Frantz and 6-2 Harry Butsko, the Cass Twp Condors blanked Minersville, Nescopeck, West Mahanoy Township, Schuylkill Haven, Ashland, Blythe Township, Mahanoy Township, Lansford and Saint Clair, and then Shamokin in the playoff game (2β0).UNDEFEATED UNTIED UNSCORED UPON: The Perfect Season: The Story of Pennsylvania's 1957 Cass Football Team
489:
effectively if the back had to wait for the snap because quick defensive penetration would overrun the play. The center was taught to direct the ball to give the tailback or fullback receiver a running start in the direction that the play was designed to go. The single-wing formation was a deceptive formation with spectators, referees, and defensive players often losing sight of the ball. A backfield player, called a "spinner", might turn 360 degrees while faking the ball to the other backs, or even keeping the ball or passing it. Defensive players were often fooled as to which back was carrying the ball.
633:
the playoffs every year since 1996 and have made it to at least the semi-finals of the state playoffs all but 4 times within that span. The Akron Rams are renowned for their "exceptional prowess executing the single-wing offense." One coach characterized Akron's single-wing attack as, "A Chinese fire-drill in the backfield every single play. You have to play mistake-free defense or Akron's single-wing attack will burn you." Christensen took over the Akron program in 1996, his overall record at Akron is: 163β31 (.841 winning percentage).
141:
493:
516:
27:
122:'s offensive style. Traditionally, the single-wing was an offensive formation that featured a core of four backs including a tailback, a fullback, a quarterback (blocking back), and a wingback. Linemen were set "unbalanced", with two on one side of the center and four on the other. This was done by moving the off-side guard or tackle to the strong side. The single-wing was one of the first formations attempting to trick the defense instead of over-powering it.
446:
2355:
605:
that dates back to the late 1800s. Running the single-wing since 2006, they have been at the top of league in rushing. In 2007, they were in the top three rushing and scoring schools in New York. They again won a championship in the New York
Catholic High School Football League in 2012 this one coming in the AA division. They averaged 34 points a game scoring 35 or more points 9 times, rushed for 46 touchdowns and 3,700 yards with a 9β2 record.
251:
168:
a wingback on the weak side. Besides adding different blocking angles for the quarterback, the double-wing formation facilitated the passing game. Stanford had a variation on the double-wing in which the quarterback stayed right behind the strong side guard, while the tailback became the wingback to the weak side. The fullback, being the only deep back left, took all the snaps and directed the plays.
481:
point of attack. As with his modern-day counterpart, a single-wing quarterback might also act as a field general by calling plays. The fullback was chosen for his larger size so that he could "buck" the line. This meant that the fullback would block or carry the ball between the defensive tackles. The wingback could double-team block with an offensive lineman at scrimmage or even run a pass route.
104:
133:'s raw athletic ability. The second was the use of an extensive passing game that relied on the spiraled ball. Finally, faking backs who started one way, but abruptly headed the opposite way, kept defenses guessing. Because Jim Thorpe had so much raw talent, Coach Warner more than likely designed much of his single-wing offense around this gifted athlete. Thorpe, the proverbial
527:. Due to the shape of the ball, single-wing backs handled the ball more like a basketball, with short tosses and underhand lobs. Gradually, balls were allowed to be elongated enough to produce streamlined passes with a spiral. The spiraled ball could be thrown farther with more accuracy, thus increasing the potential for offenses to use the forward pass more frequently.
560:, actually won their division. Giles High School returned to the state championship game in 2006, and also won state championships using the single wing in both 1980 and 2013. In 1998 and 1999, Park View High School in Sterling, Virginia advanced to consecutive state championships using the single wing offense. When Park View coach Mickey Thompson moved to nearby
531:
allowed to call plays from the sideline. This responsibility may have gone to the team captain. The quarterback was expected to be an excellent blocker at the point of attack. Some playbooks referred to this player as the blocking back. The quarterback also had to handle the ball by faking, handing off, or optioning to other backs.
485:
crucial blocking position. Third, the fullback and especially the quarterback could lead the ball carrier producing interference. Finally, linemen, usually guards, would pull at the snap and block at the specified hole. Line splits were always close except for ends who might move out from the tackle.
647:
The 1957 Cass
Township, exclusively used single-wing offense. The Cass (Schuylkill County) PA Condors rolled through a season unbeaten, untied, and unscored upon over 50 years ago, going 9β0 in the regular season before defeating Shamokin, 2β0, in a special playoff for the Eastern Conference Southern
620:
In
Nebraska Dave Cisar's Screaming Eagle youth football teams have been running the Single Wing offense for 8 seasons. During that time period those teams have gone 78-5 and averaged over 35 points per contest and won two State Titles. He did this with 6 totally different teams in 4 different leagues
604:
and Jimmy
Kowalski, while both also scored 17 TDs. In the championship game trailing by two scores with less than 8 minutes to play, Xavier scored 31 unanswered points to win their first championship in over 10 years. The following week they beat Fordham Prep 20β14 in the annual "Turkey Bowl", a game
564:
in 2000, he took the single wing with him. As a result, the
Bulldogs have won 12 District titles, 9 Region titles and won the 2007, 2020, and 2021 AAA Division 5 State title games. On February 1, 2010, Stone Bridge Offensive Coordinator Matt "Hate-Dog" Griffis was named Head Coach of nearby Broad Run
484:
The single-wing formation was designed to place double-team blocks at the point of attack. Gaining this extra blocker was achieved in several ways. First, the unbalanced line placed an extra guard or tackle on one side of the center. Second, a wingback stationed outside end could quickly move to a
167:
offense employed a balanced line, which had 3 linemen on each side of the center. Another Rockne innovation was a shifting backfield that attempted to confuse the defense by moving backs to alternate positions right before the snap. Another variation of the single-wing saw the quarterback move out as
1105:
They ran an offense called the
Sutherland Scythe after Coach Jock Sutherland, a titan of his time. It was a precision double-wing attack that ravaged opponents. But more distinctive than its offensive power game was the players' decision at the end of the season to turn down an invitation to play in
632:
In
Colorado, Brian Christensen's Akron Rams (Class 1A) high school football team has made running the Single Wing offense a local tradition. Akron won back-to-back undefeated state championships in 2001 and 2002. They also took home State titles in 2006, 2007, and 2008. Christensen's teams have made
616:
In Kansas, Ed Buller created a football dynasty centered around the Single Wing offense. In his 40 years of coaching, which ended in 1984, Buller's only losing season was his first. Buller compiled a record of 335β78β7 and coached the Clyde Bluejays to 10 undefeated seasons along with 39 consecutive
595:
Since 1985, Santa Rosa High School has used the single-wing formation under Coach Frank Ortiz. The Lions have made the playoffs every year except three, won their district title 17 times, won the New Mexico AA State Championships in 1993, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2010, 2011, and 2012 and made a total of 13
530:
The single-wing quarterback played a different role than modern-day quarterbacks. While the quarterback may have called the snap count due to his position close to the center of the formation, he may not have called the actual play in the huddle. For much of the history of football, coaches were not
612:
In Kansas, Mark Bliss installed the Single Wing offense at Conway Springs High School in 1997, coaching the team to Kansas Class 3A state championships in 1998, 2001, 2002, and 2003. During his seven seasons at Conway Springs, his teams compiled a record of 81β4, including a 62-game winning streak.
555:
The single-wing has had a successful revival in youth leagues, middle schools, high schools, and some colleges. Here are some examples of single-wing high school teams that have had success all across the country. In 2005, Virginia saw three teams ride the single-wing to the state playoffs. Two of
480:
The direct snap or toss from the center usually went to the tailback or fullback; however, the quarterback could also take the ball. The tailback was very important to the success of the offense because he had to run, pass, block, and even punt. Unlike today, the quarterback usually blocked at the
636:
In Iowa, Bob Howard, the coach of the Sigourney-Keota Savage Cobras (2A), has led the Cobras to three state championships (1995, 2001, 2005), using the single-wing offense. He used the offense when he first started coaching at Sigourney in the 1970s, before Sigourney and Keota conjoined teams. In
159:
College football playbooks before the 1950s were dominated with permutations of the traditional single-wing envisioned by Warner. Two-time All-American Jack Crain's handwritten playbook clearly denotes how the University of Texas ran their version of the single-wing circa 1939β1940. University of
569:
in Wilmington, Delaware perfected this formation which led to numerous state championships. Warren County High School in Front Royal, Va. also used the single-wing to moderate success. In Louisa County, Va., the local high school has had similar success by running the single-wing formation since
539:
Although the single-wing has lost much of its popularity since the 1950s, its characteristic features are still prevalent in all levels of modern football. They include pulling guards, double teams, play action passes, laterals, wedge blocking, trap blocking, the sweep, the reverse and the quick
511:
Single-wing teams used both a standard punting formation and a quick punt, often kicking on second or third downs. The quick punt, or quick kick, saw the tailback-punter quickly backing up 5 yards as the ball was in the air from the center to distance him from rushers. The strategy was to keep
654:
In Pittsburgh, Coach Pete Dimperio ran the single wing at Westinghouse High School from 1946 to this retirement in 1966. Westinghouse played in the City League championship game every one of those 21 years and they won 17 times. Coach Dimperio's league play record was a phenomenal 118β5β1 and
488:
The single-wing formation depended on a center who was skilled both at blocking and at tossing the ball from between his legs to the receiving back. The center had to direct the ball to any of several moving backs, with extreme accuracy, as the play started. Single-wing plays would not work
156:. Consequently, offensive players often turned around to play a corresponding location on defense. The offensive backs played defensive backs, just as the offensive linemen played defensive linemen. Unlike teams of today, single-wing teams had few specialists who only played on certain downs.
129:. The term single-wing came into widespread use after spectators noticed that the formation gave the appearance of a wing-shape. In 1907, Warner coached at Carlisle, a school for Native Americans, where his legacy consisted of at least three significant events. The first was the discovery of
591:
In 1980 Coach Ted Hern brought the single-wing to Moriarty High School, the "Fighting" Pintos made three state championship appearances winning 2 state titles, one undefeated season and suffering only 3 losses in four seasons. Coach Frank Ortiz was an assistant coach in the later seasons.
362:. This allows a more flexible running attack to the weak-side. Both the tailback and halfback are triple threats in this offense. The weakness of this formation is less power than the traditional single-wing and it requires very talented backs to play tailback and halfback effectively.
580:
In 1971 the Corning High School Cardinals of Corning, California had a 9β0 undefeated season utilizing a balanced single-wing offense under coach Tag McFadden. They were the number one rated school Division 4 in the state and McFadden was garnered coach of year by Cal-Hi Sports.
576:
In 1998 The Menominee Maroons won the Michigan high school class BB football championship, and in 2006 and 2007 won the Michigan High School Class B football championship, winning 28 consecutive games over the last 2 years, and reaching the state playoffs for the last 11 years.
30:
Typical Single Wing set. Note the unbalanced line. "C" will snap the ball, even though he is not strictly in the center. This diagram uses the modern terms. In the original single wing, the primary ball handler was called the "tailback" and "quarterback" was used as a blocking
608:
In 2005 St. Mary's of Lynn in Massachusetts won the D4A Eastern Mass Title following two consecutive division titles with Ed Melanson running the Single Wing. Prior to Coach Melanson installing the Single Wing there in 2002, St. Mary's had not had a winning season since 1977.
621:
in various age groups. His teams even used the famous "fullback full spinner series" along with the other traditional Single Wing plays. Coach Cisar published a book "Winning Youth Football a Step by Step Plan" in 2006 to help youth coaches install this "old school" offense.
512:
defensive halfbacks, expecting a possession play, from dropping back to return the ball. The standard punt formation was often used for either punting as well as running or passing the ball. Most teams had a litany of plays that they might run from a punt formation.
229:. In college football, by the early 1960s the only major teams still relying on the single wing were Tennessee, UCLA, University of Pennsylvania and Princeton; after 1964 only Princeton, which had been particularly known for the single wing under its longtime coach
599:
Xavier High School's (NYC) Head Coach Chris Stevens recently changed the team's offense to the single-wing. In 2007, they went 11β1, and averaged 39 points in the New York Catholic High School Football League A Division. They had two 1,000-yard rushers in
628:
runs the single wing with his North Haven High School Team that reached the 2015 Class L state Championship Game and were defeated by New Caanan, 42β35. Tailback Mike Montano was an All-State Selection as a RB with over 1800 Rushing yards and 30 TDs.
381:" by various selectors in nine different seasons, including five recognized by the university. Sutherland was the avowed master of the single-wing offense while at Pitt. Sutherland brought his coaching skills to the NFL in 1940 as the coach of the
385:. At Brooklyn, he took over a team that had never finished better than second and had had only one winning season since 1930. He implemented his offensive ideas and the Dodgers finished with a record of 8β3 and finished only a game behind the
409:, 21β0. Sutherland died suddenly in 1948, but the Steelers continued to use his single-wing until 1953, when they were the last NFL team to switch to the T. Runningback Austin Horton also rushed for 1,245 yards during the Sutherland season.
417:
The double-wing is an offensive formation which should not be confused with the Double Wing offense. The double-wing formation is used in many offenses from the youth level through college. The formation was first introduced by
644:) against the New England Patriots on six plays, which produced five touchdowns (four rushing and one passing) in a 38β13 upset victory, after its successful adoption on the college and high school level by several teams.
613:
Conway Springs continues to run the Single Wing offense and added state titles in 2004, 2008, and again in 2011 and are perennial playoffs contenders under Coach Matt Biehler.
439:
378:
397:
in 1946 and 1947. In 1947, Sutherland and his single-wing pushed the Steelers to their first playoff appearance, for the East Conference crown. They were soundly defeated by
519:
The single-wing melon-shaped ball measures from 28 to 22 in (710 to 560 mm) in circumference, while the modern ball measures approximately 21 in (530 mm)
351:
of the 1930s and 1940s. Note that coach Sutherland mastered many forms of the single-wing, but the formation described here is the one he invented and was named for him.
160:
Texas Coach Dana X. Bible ran a balanced line, which means that there were the same numbers of linemen on each side of the center. Also, the ends were slightly split.
1023:
198:
elevated a seldom distinguished UCLA football program to an elite level with his precision single-wing system, winning a National Championship at UCLA in 1954.
201:
The single-wing style of football is still practiced by a small group of teams across the country, almost exclusively at the high school and youth level. The
1665:
914:
932:
163:
Slightly splitting offensive ends, called flexing, was in widespread use by Notre Dame's Box variation of the single-wing. Knute Rockne's
726:
Powers, Francis J. (1969). Life Story of Glen S. (Pop) Warner, Gridiron's Greatest Strategist. Chicago, IL: The Athletic Institute. p. 54
565:
High School. Griffis announced he will be running the Single Wing as well as his hybrid Single Wing formation dubbed the "Griff-Bone".
125:
Pop Warner referred to his new offensive scheme as the Carlisle formation because he formulated most of the offense while coaching the
118:
Among coaches, single-wing football denotes a formation using a long snap from center as well as a deceptive scheme that evolved from
1416:
315:
1658:
1603:
287:
573:
Colton California has been a consistently successful single-wing team by reaching the state playoffs on six consecutive seasons.
393:, who played tailback and was NFL MVP. The Dodgers also finished second in 1941, with a 7β4 mark. Later, Sutherland coached the
1053:
268:
1199:
2385:
1584:
1183:
1141:
782:
601:
294:
1431:
354:
The Sutherland single-wing differs from the traditional single-wing in that the wingback is brought into the backfield as a
798:
756:
585:
1449:
191:. The single wing we used caused the defense to spread. It called for more intensive coaching on individual assignments."
2358:
1651:
1031:
1638:
839:
1362:
435:
301:
1311:
547:, which has been adopted by many college, NFL, and high school teams uses many elements of the single-wing formation.
2234:
2131:
2091:
2060:
2002:
1082:
453:
The formation is not necessarily the same in all offenses and is often a broad term to describe any offense with two
334:
1547:
283:
210:
1992:
272:
225:
on six plays, which produced four touchdowns in a 38β13 upset victory, and again two weeks later defeating the
1243:
1004:
1261:
1157:
986:
678:
1566:
1514:
683:
465:
454:
374:
355:
60:
2370:
UNDEFEATED UNTIED UNSCORED UPON: The Perfect Season: The Story of Pennsylvania's 1957 Cass Football Team
2304:
1932:
1497:"Class L football: Cognetta, New Canaan ground out victory over North Haven for championship three-peat"
1977:
1674:
1468:
1336:
736:
666:
175:
in the 1940s led to a decline in the use of single-wing formations. For example, the single-wing coach
885:
640:
On September 21, 2008, the Miami Dolphins used a version of the single-wing offense (specifically the
233:, still used the formation, finally giving it up in 1969 after the retirement of Caldwell's successor
2112:
1801:
126:
2324:
561:
457:. In the wing T, the double-wing formation is used to refer to Red, Blue and Loose Red formations.
370:
308:
206:
2257:
2117:
1709:
261:
209:
team to use the single-wing as their standard formation, finally switching to the T formation in
365:
Sutherland created this formation from the original single-wing he learned from legendary coach
1982:
1401:
1118:
382:
347:
The Sutherland single-wing was a variation of the single-wing used with great success by Coach
111:
2299:
2269:
2252:
2199:
2081:
1776:
2340:
2164:
2007:
1987:
222:
1229:
8:
1739:
1698:
1496:
557:
505:
402:
394:
386:
202:
187:
said he was "not convinced that the single wing is not a more potent formation than the
2189:
2184:
2055:
1791:
1781:
1693:
1688:
1087:
1009:
662:
226:
153:
515:
2242:
2209:
2169:
1972:
1884:
1771:
1389:
1179:
1137:
778:
702:
566:
218:
134:
79:
52:
40:
36:
974:
140:
2107:
2023:
1912:
1749:
1744:
1734:
1207:
1092:
625:
524:
377:
coach in 1924, where he remained through 1938. Sutherland's Pitt teams were named "
230:
1376:
2319:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2274:
2264:
2247:
2219:
2204:
2179:
2086:
1942:
1759:
1482:
843:
641:
544:
348:
56:
2314:
2224:
2194:
2028:
1957:
1819:
1786:
1754:
658:
431:
214:
164:
152:
For much of the history of the single-wing formation, players were expected to
48:
1377:"Menominee Maroons Historical Michigan High School Football Scores Since 1950"
183:, quickly install the T formation like many other college coaches of the day.
91:
There is no way to improve on football beyond the unbalanced line single-wing.
2379:
1764:
1643:
836:
492:
461:
422:
around 1912. Just a few offenses that use the formation are the double wing,
176:
1628:
523:
Prior to 1930 the shape of the football was a prominent oval shape called a
2309:
1997:
1967:
1962:
1937:
1879:
1814:
1724:
860:
398:
359:
184:
180:
96:
2154:
2149:
2139:
1922:
1894:
1889:
1874:
1864:
1809:
1729:
406:
234:
195:
188:
172:
75:
20:
1532:
445:
26:
2279:
2214:
1952:
1927:
1904:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1119:"Football Historian - Football History, facts, stats, players, history"
497:
419:
390:
366:
275: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
145:
130:
119:
107:
71:
1947:
1917:
1854:
1844:
1839:
991:
823:
469:
950:
460:
The double-wing formation in American football usually includes one
250:
423:
103:
1623:
665:(Ohio) had played center in the single wing in high school and at
504:
The one play that was unique to the single-wing formation was the
2174:
2144:
2065:
1286:
1548:"The Single-Wing Sentinel: Rams roll to third consecutive title"
933:"Passing Skills Key in Improving Game of Football--Wallace Wade"
19:"Single wing" redirects here. For the aeronautical concept, see
427:
217:
utilized a version of the single-wing offense (calling it the "
64:
1633:
588:
compiled a 13β1 record running the Princeton Single Wing.
2371:
1567:"The Single-Wing Sentinel: Glory not Akron coach's story"
1515:"2015 CHSCA All-State Football Team: FIRST TEAM (Top 20)"
915:"Wallace Wade Calls Well-Executed Pass the Best New Idea"
649:
1083:"COLLEGE FOOTBALL; This Pitt Backfield Is Still a Dream"
951:"Single-Wing Offense for Youth Football by John T. Reed"
975:
Official site of the Pittsburgh Steelers β Team History
1074:
55:. The term usually connotes formations in which the
179:, upon his retirement in 1946, saw his replacement,
358:, flanking the fullback on the other side from the
1390:http://www.nmact.org/file/Football_Past_Champs.pdf
1030:. College Football Data Warehouse. Archived from
59:is tossed rather than handedβformations with one
2377:
1178:. Carlisle, PA: Tuxedo Press. pp. 172β185.
1136:. Carlisle, PA: Tuxedo Press. pp. 194β199.
855:
853:
851:
777:. Carlisle, PA: Tuxedo Press. pp. 136β170.
987:"Dolphins help the single wing make a comeback"
799:"Carlisle Indians Made It A Whole New Ballgame"
757:"The Power and the Glory: Single-Wing Football"
430:offenses. It was the primary formation used by
1673:
1564:
1545:
1200:"College Football Encyclopedia - Introduction"
1659:
1634:Documentation of the birth of the single-wing
1244:"NBA: LeBron James needs more help from Cavs"
848:
1585:"Defenses will need new manual to stop Fins"
1483:"Winning Youth Football Author - Dave Cisar"
475:
1629:Coach Wyatt's brief look at the single wing
1666:
1652:
1432:"Football 2014: Conway Springs Cardinals"
1024:"Pittsburgh Total National Championships"
335:Learn how and when to remove this message
240:
137:, was a good runner, passer, and punter.
1402:"XAVIER HIGH SCHOOL 30 West 16th Street"
1081:Wallace, William N. (October 15, 1994).
514:
491:
444:
139:
102:
25:
1080:
1063:. University of Pittsburgh. p. 176
824:"Chicago Bears NFL Football Front Page"
751:
749:
556:the three teams, Giles High School and
63:and a handed snap are commonly called "
2378:
1601:
1417:"SINGLE-WING STILL THE RAGE AT CONWAY"
1173:
1131:
1051:
772:
496:Single-wing punt formation similar to
74:, the single wing was superior to the
1647:
1054:"Panther History: Pitt Football 2006"
939:. Associated Press. November 4, 1964.
1565:Neil H. Devlin (December 18, 2008).
1546:Neil H. Devlin (November 23, 2008).
1466:
861:"History of Pro Football in Buffalo"
746:
373:in the 1910s. Sutherland became the
273:adding citations to reliable sources
244:
1604:"Piper gave single wing a new life"
550:
13:
1312:"Why Run the Single Wing Offense?"
14:
2397:
1617:
1429:
144:Single-wing formation similar to
2354:
2353:
1414:
1176:Football For Coaches And Players
1134:Football For Coaches And Players
775:Football For Coaches And Players
249:
1595:
1577:
1558:
1539:
1533:"Colorado High School Football"
1525:
1507:
1489:
1475:
1460:
1442:
1423:
1408:
1394:
1383:
1369:
1355:
1329:
1304:
1287:"Teams Running The Single Wing"
1279:
1254:
1236:
1222:
1192:
1167:
1150:
1125:
1111:
1045:
1016:
998:
979:
968:
943:
925:
907:
878:
543:The current incarnation of the
260:needs additional citations for
78:in its ability to get an extra
1363:"News : Press Enterprise"
1262:"Cold Hard Football Facts.com"
1061:2007 Pitt Football Media Guide
830:
816:
791:
766:
729:
720:
695:
412:
154:play on both sides of the ball
47:was a precursor to the modern
1:
1174:Warner, Glenn (May 1, 2007).
1132:Warner, Glenn (May 1, 2007).
773:Warner, Glenn (May 1, 2007).
689:
679:Glossary of American football
534:
2386:American football formations
1469:"Perfecting the Single Wing"
7:
1005:"Dick Colman, Former Coach"
672:
194:However, from 1949 to 1957
10:
2402:
1675:American football strategy
1454:Kansas Sports Hall of Fame
667:Baldwin-Wallace University
596:State Finals appearances.
434:when he ran the wing T at
85:
18:
2349:
2333:
2233:
2130:
2100:
2074:
2048:
2041:
2016:
1903:
1800:
1717:
1707:
1681:
890:: Tom Landry - 1924-2000"
476:Single-wing style of play
1230:"Pete Elliott Interview"
1204:footballencyclopedia.com
763:, Vol. 14, No. 4 (1992).
562:Stone Bridge High School
389:. Sutherland's star was
371:University of Pittsburgh
112:University of Pittsburgh
1095:. p. 30, section 1
888:The Dallas Morning News
284:"Single-wing formation"
2372:https://a.co/d/ao0L0gD
1052:Hursen, Steve (2007).
650:https://a.co/d/ao0L0gD
586:St. Mark's School (MA)
520:
501:
450:
440:National Championships
241:Sutherland single wing
149:
115:
101:
32:
1639:Jack Crain's Playbook
1608:The Columbus Dispatch
518:
495:
464:, two wingbacks, one
449:Double Wing Formation
448:
143:
106:
89:
45:single-wing formation
29:
2341:Resting the starters
2235:Defensive formations
2132:Offensive formations
1624:Single-Wing Sentinel
1028:CFBDataWarehouse.com
865:www.billsbackers.com
269:improve this article
223:New England Patriots
1343:. November 18, 2004
1341:The Washington Post
1210:on 10 December 2008
995:, October 10, 2008.
921:. November 4, 1964.
803:The Washington Post
558:Osbourn High School
506:buck-lateral series
442:in 1966 and 1973.
403:Philadelphia Eagles
395:Pittsburgh Steelers
387:Washington Redskins
203:Pittsburgh Steelers
196:Henry "Red" Sanders
2042:Defensive strategy
1088:The New York Times
1010:The New York Times
842:2007-09-15 at the
703:"PackerReport.com"
663:Denison University
584:In 1974 and 1975,
521:
502:
451:
379:National Champions
227:San Diego Chargers
171:The advent of the
150:
120:Glenn "Pop" Warner
116:
72:Glenn "Pop" Warner
33:
16:Football formation
2367:
2366:
2126:
2125:
2037:
2036:
1983:Statue of Liberty
1185:978-0-9774486-4-7
1143:978-0-9774486-4-7
919:Ocala Star-Banner
784:978-0-9774486-4-7
761:The Coffin Corner
617:winning seasons.
567:Tower Hill School
345:
344:
337:
319:
80:eligible receiver
67:" or "winged T".
53:shotgun formation
41:Canadian football
2393:
2357:
2356:
2108:Icing the kicker
2046:
2045:
2024:Clock management
1978:Hook and lateral
1913:Play-action pass
1715:
1714:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1612:
1611:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1206:. Archived from
1196:
1190:
1189:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1093:Associated Press
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1020:
1014:
1013:, April 7, 1982.
1002:
996:
983:
977:
972:
966:
965:
963:
961:
947:
941:
940:
929:
923:
922:
911:
905:
904:
902:
900:
882:
876:
875:
873:
871:
857:
846:
834:
828:
827:
820:
814:
813:
811:
809:
795:
789:
788:
770:
764:
753:
744:
743:
741:
733:
727:
724:
718:
717:
715:
713:
699:
661:, head coach at
626:Anthony Sagnella
551:Successful teams
525:prolate spheroid
383:Brooklyn Dodgers
340:
333:
329:
326:
320:
318:
277:
253:
245:
231:Charlie Caldwell
127:Carlisle Indians
99:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2345:
2329:
2258:Seattle Cover 3
2229:
2220:Minnesota shift
2180:Single set back
2122:
2096:
2070:
2033:
2012:
2008:Tackle-eligible
1988:Halfback option
1943:Fake field goal
1899:
1796:
1760:Run-pass option
1703:
1677:
1672:
1620:
1615:
1600:
1596:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1571:The Denver Post
1563:
1559:
1552:The Denver Post
1544:
1540:
1535:. CHSAANow.com.
1531:
1530:
1526:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1467:Anderson, Ric.
1465:
1461:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1428:
1424:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1130:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1098:
1096:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1003:
999:
984:
980:
973:
969:
959:
957:
949:
948:
944:
931:
930:
926:
913:
912:
908:
898:
896:
884:
883:
879:
869:
867:
859:
858:
849:
844:Wayback Machine
835:
831:
822:
821:
817:
807:
805:
797:
796:
792:
785:
771:
767:
754:
747:
739:
735:
734:
730:
725:
721:
711:
709:
701:
700:
696:
692:
675:
642:Wildcat offense
624:In Connecticut
553:
545:Wildcat offense
537:
478:
415:
349:Jock Sutherland
341:
330:
324:
321:
278:
276:
266:
254:
243:
221:") against the
213:. In 2008, the
100:
95:
88:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2399:
2389:
2388:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2225:Notre Dame Box
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2029:Hail Mary pass
2026:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1958:Fake procedure
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1619:
1618:External links
1616:
1614:
1613:
1594:
1576:
1557:
1538:
1524:
1506:
1488:
1474:
1459:
1441:
1436:Varsity Kansas
1430:Paske, Scott.
1422:
1407:
1393:
1382:
1368:
1354:
1337:"Head To Head"
1328:
1303:
1278:
1253:
1235:
1221:
1191:
1184:
1166:
1149:
1142:
1124:
1110:
1106:the Rose Bowl.
1073:
1044:
1015:
997:
985:Stephen Wine,
978:
967:
942:
924:
906:
894:dallasnews.com
877:
847:
829:
815:
790:
783:
765:
755:Jim Campbell,
745:
728:
719:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
681:
674:
671:
659:Keith W. Piper
552:
549:
536:
533:
477:
474:
432:Ara Parseghian
414:
411:
405:, running the
343:
342:
257:
255:
248:
242:
239:
215:Miami Dolphins
205:were the last
165:Notre Dame Box
93:
87:
84:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2398:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2374:
2373:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Swinging gate
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:Run and shoot
1775:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1765:Triple option
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1591:. 2008-09-23.
1590:
1586:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1528:
1521:. 2015-12-15.
1520:
1516:
1510:
1503:. 2015-12-13.
1502:
1498:
1492:
1484:
1478:
1470:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1378:
1372:
1364:
1358:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1317:
1316:getacoder.com
1313:
1307:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1250:. 2018-11-04.
1249:
1245:
1239:
1231:
1225:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1159:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1114:
1107:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1034:on 2008-07-04
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
994:
993:
988:
982:
976:
971:
956:
955:johntreed.com
952:
946:
938:
937:The Telegraph
934:
928:
920:
916:
910:
895:
891:
889:
881:
866:
862:
856:
854:
852:
845:
841:
838:
833:
825:
819:
804:
800:
794:
786:
780:
776:
769:
762:
758:
752:
750:
738:
732:
723:
708:
707:gnb.scout.com
704:
698:
694:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:
645:
643:
638:
634:
630:
627:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
603:
597:
593:
589:
587:
582:
578:
574:
571:
568:
563:
559:
548:
546:
541:
532:
528:
526:
517:
513:
509:
507:
499:
494:
490:
486:
482:
473:
471:
467:
463:
462:wide receiver
458:
456:
447:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
352:
350:
339:
336:
328:
325:November 2006
317:
314:
310:
307:
303:
300:
296:
293:
289:
286: β
285:
281:
280:Find sources:
274:
270:
264:
263:
258:This section
256:
252:
247:
246:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:Dana X. Bible
174:
169:
166:
161:
157:
155:
147:
142:
138:
136:
135:triple threat
132:
128:
123:
121:
113:
109:
105:
98:
92:
83:
81:
77:
73:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
28:
22:
2369:
2325:8-in-the-box
2159:
2082:Bump and run
1968:Fumblerooski
1963:Flea flicker
1740:Buck-lateral
1699:Play calling
1607:
1602:Todd Jones.
1597:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1560:
1551:
1541:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1477:
1462:
1453:
1450:"Buller, Ed"
1444:
1435:
1425:
1410:
1396:
1385:
1371:
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1340:
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1315:
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1290:
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1224:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:the original
1203:
1194:
1175:
1169:
1152:
1133:
1127:
1113:
1104:
1099:December 10,
1097:. Retrieved
1086:
1076:
1065:. Retrieved
1060:
1047:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:the original
1027:
1018:
1008:
1000:
990:
981:
970:
958:. Retrieved
954:
945:
936:
927:
918:
909:
897:. Retrieved
893:
887:
880:
868:. Retrieved
864:
832:
826:. scout.com.
818:
806:. Retrieved
802:
793:
774:
768:
760:
731:
722:
710:. Retrieved
706:
697:
657:
653:
646:
639:
635:
631:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:Seamus Kelly
598:
594:
590:
583:
579:
575:
572:
554:
542:
538:
529:
522:
510:
503:
487:
483:
479:
459:
452:
416:
399:Greasy Neale
364:
353:
346:
331:
322:
312:
305:
298:
291:
279:
267:Please help
262:verification
259:
200:
193:
185:Wallace Wade
181:Blair Cherry
170:
162:
158:
151:
124:
117:
97:Carl Snavely
90:
82:down field.
69:
44:
34:
2200:Pistol-Flex
2160:Single-wing
1973:Hidden ball
1923:Double pass
1905:Trick plays
1885:Stop-and-go
1730:Air Coryell
1694:Two-platoon
1689:One-platoon
1519:Gametime CT
1501:Gametime CT
1415:Lutz, Bob.
1158:"CONTENTdm"
737:"CONTENTdm"
500:'s playbook
413:Double wing
407:T-formation
235:Dick Colman
173:T formation
148:'s playbook
76:T formation
70:Created by
21:Flying wing
2215:Jump shift
2165:Short punt
2056:Man-to-man
1993:Hard count
1953:Fake spike
1928:End-around
1792:West Coast
1782:Smashmouth
1708:Offensive
1067:2011-11-04
1038:2011-11-04
837:Jack Crain
690:References
535:Modern use
498:Pop Warner
468:, and one
438:, winning
436:Notre Dame
420:Pop Warner
391:Ace Parker
367:Pop Warner
295:newspapers
146:Pop Warner
131:Jim Thorpe
108:Pop Warner
2253:Miami 4β3
2075:Coverages
1948:Fake punt
1772:Pro-style
1291:nswca.org
992:USA Today
470:tight end
455:wingbacks
2380:Category
2359:Category
2190:Flexbone
2185:Wishbone
1820:Crossing
1750:Multiple
1745:Hurry-up
1735:Air raid
1710:strategy
1266:chff.net
840:Archived
684:Wingback
673:See also
466:fullback
424:flexbone
360:tailback
356:halfback
94:β
61:wingback
37:American
2320:Prevent
2305:7β1β2β1
2243:2-level
2210:Wildcat
2175:Pro set
2170:Shotgun
2145:Split-T
2066:Tampa 2
1998:Pyramid
1938:Spinner
1933:Reverse
1682:Systems
1347:May 23,
1321:8 April
1296:8 April
1271:8 April
1214:8 April
960:8 April
899:8 April
870:8 April
808:May 23,
712:8 April
369:at the
309:scholar
219:wildcat
114:in 1917
110:at the
86:History
2315:Nickel
2195:Pistol
2087:Double
2049:Scheme
1880:Sluggo
1865:Screen
1815:Corner
1802:Routes
1787:Spread
1755:Option
1718:Scheme
1182:
1140:
781:
570:2003.
428:wing T
311:
304:
297:
290:
282:
65:wing T
49:spread
2334:Other
2300:7β2β2
2270:3β3β5
2205:Trips
2113:Stunt
2101:Other
2017:Other
1895:Wheel
1890:Swing
1875:Slant
1810:Chair
1161:(PDF)
1057:(PDF)
740:(PDF)
316:JSTOR
302:books
31:back.
2310:Dime
2092:Zone
2061:Zone
1918:Draw
1870:Seam
1860:Post
1850:Jerk
1835:Flat
1830:Drag
1825:Curl
1725:A-11
1589:ESPN
1349:2010
1323:2018
1298:2018
1273:2018
1248:ESPN
1216:2018
1180:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1101:2009
962:2018
901:2018
872:2018
810:2010
779:ISBN
714:2018
426:and
375:Pitt
288:news
211:1952
57:snap
43:, a
39:and
2295:6β2
2290:5β3
2285:5β2
2275:4β4
2265:3β4
2248:4β3
2118:Spy
1855:Out
1845:Hot
1840:Fly
401:'s
271:by
207:NFL
51:or
35:In
2382::
2280:46
1606:.
1587:.
1569:.
1550:.
1517:.
1499:.
1452:.
1434:.
1339:.
1314:.
1289:.
1264:.
1246:.
1202:.
1103:.
1091:.
1085:.
1059:.
1026:.
1007:,
989:,
953:.
935:.
917:.
892:.
863:.
850:^
801:.
759:,
748:^
705:.
472:.
237:.
2155:A
2150:I
2140:T
1667:e
1660:t
1653:v
1610:.
1573:.
1554:.
1485:.
1471:.
1456:.
1438:.
1419:.
1404:.
1379:.
1365:.
1351:.
1325:.
1300:.
1275:.
1232:.
1218:.
1188:.
1163:.
1146:.
1121:.
1070:.
1041:.
964:.
903:.
886:"
874:.
812:.
787:.
742:.
716:.
338:)
332:(
327:)
323:(
313:Β·
306:Β·
299:Β·
292:Β·
265:.
189:T
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.