Henry Vane the Younger

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John Brown, -but Vane dwells an arrow's flight above them all, and his touch consecrated the continent to measureless toleration of opinion and entire equality of rights. We are told we can find in Plato “all the intellectual life of Europe for two thousand years;” so you can find in Vane the pure gold of two hundred and fifty years of American civilization, with no particle of its dross. Plato would have welcomed him to the Academy, and Fenelon kneeled with him at the altar. He made Somers and John Marshall possible; like Carnot, he organized victory; and Milton pales before him in the stainlessness of his record. He stands among English statesmen preeminently the representative, in practice and in theory, of serene faith in the safety of trusting truth wholly to her own defence. For other men we walk backward, and throw over their memories the mantle of charity and excuse, saying reverently, “Remember the temptation and the age.” But Vane's ermine has no stain; no act of his needs explanation or apology; and in thought he stands abreast of our age,--like pure intellect, belongs to all time."

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Parliament; he administered the navy with which Blake won his astonishing victories; he dared even withstand Cromwell at the height of his power, when his measures savored too much of violence...Yet before the beginning of his brilliant career in England, this young man had written his name indelibly upon one of the earliest pages in the history of the American people. It is pleasant to remember that this admirable man was once the chief magistrate of an American commonwealth. Thorough republican and enthusiastic lover of liberty, he was spiritually akin to Jefferson and to Samuel Adams...In his mind were the rudiments of the idea of a written constitution, upon which a new government for England might be built, with powers neatly defined and limited. One fancies that in some respects he would have felt himself more at home if he could have been suddenly translated from the Rump Parliament of 1653 to the Federal Convention of 1787, in which immortal assembly there sat perhaps no man of loftier spirit than his."

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might not be heard. Then he prayed, and so fitted himself, and received the blow; but the scaffold was so crowded that we could not see it done....He had a blister, or issue, upon his neck, which he desired them not hurt: he changed not his colour or speech to the last, but died justifying himself and the cause he had stood for; and spoke very confidently of his being presently at the right hand of Christ; and in all things appeared the most resolved man that ever died in that manner, and showed more of heat than cowardize, but yet with all humility and gravity. One asked him why he did not pray for the King. He answered, "Nay," says he, "you shall see I can pray for the King: I pray God bless him!"

1059: 700: 1643:", which had small numbers of voters and were controlled by wealthy patrons. The proposal also called for some of the current members, whose republican credentials were deemed suitable, to retain their seats, so that the fledgling commonwealth might, as Harry Marten put it, be shepherded by "the mother that brought it forth". This latter clause was proposed specifically at the urging of the army by Vane, who realised that those who were charged with its implementation would be able to retain power. However, Cromwell, seeking a general election, was opposed to this scheme, and the two sides were unable to reconcile. 1891:, written by Vane in this time, power originated with God, but resided primarily with the people: "The power which is directive, and states and ascertains the morality of the rule of obedience, is in the hand of God; but the original, from whence all just power arises, which is magistratical and co-ercitive, is from the will or free gift of the people, who may either keep the power in themselves or give up their subjection and will in the hand of another." King and people were bound by "the fundamental constitution or compact", which if the king violated, the people might return to their original right and freedom. 5840: 1164:. Many historians have claimed Vane had a role in drafting some of its language; this matter is disputed, but either way Vane did not participate in the debate. Narrowly passed by the Commons in November 1641, the document catalogued many grievances against the king and church, and served to further polarize political affairs. The king refused to enact any of the requested reforms. Upon his return from Scotland, the king also deprived both Vanes, father and son, of their administrative posts, in revenge for their roles in the execution of Strafford. 2204:... his heroic life and death, his services to Anglo-Saxon freedom, which make him a significant figure even to the present moment, may well be regarded as the most illustrious character who touches early New England history. While his personal contact with America was only for a brief space, his life became a strenuous upholding of American ideas: if government of, by, and for the people is the principle which English-speaking men feel especially bound to maintain, the life and death of Vane contributed powerfully to cause this idea to prevail. 523: 1386: 1768:, who met secretly in violation of laws enacted to limit military participation in political matters. The Cromwellian factions in the parliament overreached in their attempts to control republican sentiment in the military, and Cromwell was forced to dissolve the parliament in April 1659. Cromwell, with little support in the military, abdicated several days later. Following a purge of pro-Cromwell supporters from the military and a widespread pamphleteering campaign, Cromwell's council recalled the Rump Parliament in May. 1616: 947: 1788:'s army from Scotland led to the melting away of Lambert's military support, General Charles Fleetwood was forced to turn over the keys to Parliament House to the Speaker which led to the restoration of the full Long Parliament. For taking part in the committee of safety, Vane was expelled (over vocal objections from allies like Heselrige) from the Commons, and ordered into house arrest at Raby Castle. He went to Raby in February 1660, but stayed there only briefly and eventually returned to his house at Hampstead. 1647:

interrupted the proceedings that would otherwise have passed the bill. Bringing troops into the chamber, he put an end to the debate, saying "You are no Parliament. I say you are no Parliament. I will put an end to your sitting." Vane protested, "This is not honest; yea, it is against morality and common honesty", to which Cromwell shouted in response, "O Sir Henry Vane, Sir Henry Vane; the Lord deliver me from Sir Henry Vane!" This ended the commonwealth, and Cromwell began to rule as

1678: 1409:, was slightly stronger than the Independents. They proceeded to introduce legislation hostile to the views on religious tolerance held by Vane and Independents in the army. Vane apparently came to realise that the Presbyterian actions posed a threat equal to that of the Episcopalians, and that military action, having sidelined the latter, might also work against the former. The Independents attempted to negotiate terms favourable to them with Charles, but these were unsuccessful. 1532:

political force was opposed by others, including Nathaniel Fiennes, who claimed that the concessions the king had made to date were sufficient that an agreement might be reached. Others suggested that rather than dividing the house by opposition to the king, it be divided by separating those who had gained in the war from those who had not, and that financial contributions be made from one group to the other. After an impassioned conciliatory speech by

1251:, and he introduced slippery language into the agreement concerning "the example of the best Reformed churches". This language permitted the Scots to believe that their ideas would be adopted, while the English could interpret it to mean that English (i.e. Independent) practices could be adopted. The league and covenant were eventually approved by authorities in Scotland, England, and Ireland, and paved the way for Scottish entry into the war. 5445: 842: 923:, but Narragansett leaders claimed that those responsible had fled to the protection of the Pequots. The Pequots were aggressively expansionist in their dealings with the surrounding native tribes (including the Narragansett), but had until then generally kept the peace with the nearby colonists. Massachusetts authorities were already angry that the Pequots had failed to turn over men implicated in the killing of another trader on the 1558:, and its first main order of business was the trial and execution of King Charles. During this process Vane refused to attend Parliament, although he was present as a spectator when the trial began on 20 January 1649. He later claimed to oppose putting the king on trial because of "tenderness of blood", and continued to fulfil the duties of his government posts, signing admiralty papers on the day Charles was executed. 1992: 536: 1784:. He agreed to serve in part because he feared the republican cause was destined to fail without army support. This committee served only until December, but Vane played a vital role in trying to stop Vice Admiral Lawson from blockading London with some twenty-two ships. He negotiated with Lawson and when he couldn't stop the planned blockade, he informed the Committee of Safety. When the advance of General 7209: 1780:, a royalist uprising in August 1659. Lambert's support of non-mainstream religious views like Quakerism, however, ensured his political downfall. After he and other officers were stripped of their command by Parliament in October, they rallied their troops and marched on Parliament, forcibly dissolving it. A committee of safety was formed, composed of the army grandees, and including Vane and Sir 1520: 2134:. Biographer David Parnham writes "He presented himself as a 'witness' of light, as a spiritualist, as one dispensing advanced wisdoms in the epistemological setting of an imminent and apocalyptic age of the Spirit". Nevertheless, his religious beliefs weren't why he fought in Parliament nor why the King had him executed. He fought as an Independent in Parliament not aligned to any religious sect. 1754: 47: 1132:. Vane discovered some confidential notes his father had made of a council meeting, and passed them to John Pym. The wording in those notes could be interpreted to mean that Strafford had proposed that Charles use the Irish Army to subjugate England. The evidence against Strafford was weak, and the impeachment failed. Pym consequently orchestrated the passage of a 742:, two other men who would figure prominently in English politics. Vane's friend and biographer, George Sikes, wrote that Vane was " of God" and of a temperament that made him "acceptable to those they call good fellows", but that he had a religious awakening at 14 or 15, after which he "and his former jolly company came to a parting blow." Vane then enrolled at 1631:. These committees, on which Vane had also sat in the 1640s, were responsible for the distribution of assets seized from royalists and other government opponents, and for negotiating with those who had failed to pay taxes and other government charges. Some of the enemies he made while engaged in this work would one day sit in judgment against him. 1413:

Presbyterians to enter into negotiations with the army. Cromwell was eventually able to appease the army, but a Parliamentary purge of Independent officers followed, and the army was ordered to disband. Some Parliamentary leaders also began negotiating with the Scots for the return of their army, this time to oppose the English army.

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was he compelled to fly to the wilderness to enjoy his opinions; but he did die for them, when and where the greatest good would accrue to the world. If Roger Williams deserves all the praise and admiration from posterity which he now has, and which are sure to increase in all future time, Sir Henry Vane certainly deserves no less.

1315:, on the realisation that the Parliamentary Independents, despite previous claims of support by Vane, were not on the side of the Scots, wrote "Sir Henry Vane and The Solicitor ... without any regard for us, who have saved their nation and brought their two persons to the height of power now they enjoy and use to our prejudice". 998:, and his support of Roger Williams in the acquisition of Aquidneck Island from the local Indians that resulted in the formal beginnings of Rhode Island. The surviving accounts do not say that Vane provide the funds for the acquisition; Williams credits Vane as being "an instrument in the hand of God for procuring this island". 970:, reducing the power of Vane's Boston support. In the aftermath of the election Anne Hutchinson was put on trial, and eventually banished from the colony. Many of her followers seriously considered leaving after the election. At the urging of Roger Williams, some of these people, including Hutchinson, founded the settlement of 1301:. He sought in its debate to identify loopholes for religious tolerance on behalf of the Independents. This exposed Vane's opposition to Presbyterianism, and created a rift between the pro-war Independents, led by Vane and Cromwell, and the pro-peace Scots and other supporters of Presbyterianism. The latter included the 986:). Vane decided to return to England. "Had he remained in New England, his enlightened mind and humane spirit would have held the Puritans back from the executions of witches and persecutions of other heretics which have added a dark chapter the early history of the States." Before his departure, he published 1813:

During the tumultuous year of the late 1650s proposals for how the government should be structured and how powers should be balanced were widely debated, in private, in public debates in Parliament, and through the publication of pamphlets. Vane used all of these methods to promote his ideas. In 1660

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Violence flared throughout the country as the various factions armed and organised. A mutiny in the Royal Navy in May thrust Vane into attempts to prevent it from spreading, and to regain the support of the mutineers, who had declared for Charles. By mid-July, the army had regained control of most of

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13:11", "pretending to visible Saintship". This conviction drove his political activities in England, where he sought to minimise the power and influence of all types of clergy. Biographer Violet Rowe writes that "Vane's guiding principles in religious policy seem to have been two: a rooted distrust

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A statue to honour Vane by Frederick William MacMonnies was erected in the Boston Public Library. The plaque underneath states, "This statue was placed here at the request of James Freeman Clarke, D.D. an honoured citizen of Boston who nobly labored for the abolition of slavery in America. Vane was

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Vane was widely recognized by contemporary chroniclers as a gifted administrator and a forceful orator. Even the royalist Clarendon had good words for him, and wrote of him as follows: "He had an unusual aspect, which ... made men think there was something in him of the extraordinary; and his whole

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He made a long speech, many times interrupted by the Sheriff and others there; and they would have taken his paper out of his hand, but he would not let it go. But they caused all the books of those that writ after him to be given the Sheriff; and the trumpets were brought under the scaffold that he

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The process by which the Parliament carried out the duties of the executive was cumbersome, and this became an issue with Cromwell and the army, who sought the ability to act more decisively. This attitude drove a wedge between Cromwell and Vane. Under pressure from Cromwell for new elections, the

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to negotiate peace. Vane and the Independents were seen by some as a principal reason for the failure of these talks, because the Scots and Charles were prepared to agree on issues of church polity and doctrine and the Independents were not. The talks, which lasted from late January through most of

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In his final days Vane had made his peace with God, and had also carefully prepared the speech he intended to make at the execution. In order to preserve the speech, he gave copies to close friends who visited him in those days, which were later printed. Many viewed him as a martyr for continuing

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prosecuting. As was typical of those accused of treason, Vane was denied legal representation. He defended himself against charges of making war against the king during the civil war by asserting the sovereign power of parliament. Accused of imagining the death of the king in 1659, he argued that

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succeeded him as Lord Protector. The younger Cromwell lacked the political and military skills of his father, and the political factionalism of the earlier Commonwealth began to resurface. When elections were called for a new parliament in December 1658, Cromwell attempted to prevent the election

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and Quakers were due to Vane's involvement, prompting Cromwell's council to issue an order on 29 July 1656, summoning Vane to appear. Vane was ordered to post a bond of £5,000 "to do nothing to the prejudice of the present government and the peace of the Commonwealth", but refused. He was arrested

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Beginning in the summer of 1645, Raby Castle was ravaged by Scots royalists. In September 1645, the Vanes succeeded in getting Parliamentary approval to fortify Raby. During the war, Vane's father reported that Raby Castle had been "visited four times", suffering damages of £16,000. Vane withheld

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petition debate in the Commons, from December 1640 and into 1641, Vane supported, as did Nathaniel Fiennes, the call for radical reforms in the Church of England, a position that put Vane in opposition to his father. Amid a sea of complaints about church governance, he and Fiennes in February 1641

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Those who have been accustomed to view Roger Williams in his true character, – a great and wonderful man, a pioneer in establishing religious and consequently political liberty, – must accord the same virtues to Sir Henry Vane. It is true, the latter did not lay down his life here in our land, nor

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Wendell Phillips, a prominent American abolitionist, friend of Frederick Douglas, and advocate for Native Americans, said, "Sir Harry Vane, in my judgment the noblest human being who ever walked the streets of yonder city,--I do not forget Franklin or Sam Adams, Washington or Fayette, Garrison or

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In 1647 Vane and Oliver Cromwell, the leader of the army's Independents, came to work closely together. The Presbyterian majority sought to disband the army to reduce the threat of those Independents, but issues over pay (which was in arrears), widows' pensions, and other grievances, prompted the

1290:. While there he also proposed to the generals the establishment of a government which would depose Charles I and crown the Prince to make him King. This idea was roundly rejected by the old guard generals who believed Charles could still be accommodated, but found support with the rising star of 1018:

Vane's stance can be seen in the way the first Rhode Island patent was drafted in 1643, when he sat on the Parliamentary committee charged with colonial affairs. Unique among all of the early English colonial charters, it contains provisions guaranteeing freedom of religion. (Vane assisted Roger

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The negotiations between the army and Parliament were acrimonious. Mobs in Presbyterian-dominated London threatened Vane and other Independents. More than 50 Independent MPs, Vane among them, fled the city on 2 August for the protection of the army. The army then marched on London, with Vane and

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In the first six months of 1642, relations between the king and Parliament broke down completely, and factions supporting both sides took up arms. Parliament returned Vane to his post as Treasurer of the Navy, where he used connections to bring significant naval support to the Parliamentary side

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Vane was recognised by his political peers as a competent administrator and a wily and persuasive negotiator and politician. His politics was driven by a desire for religious tolerance in an era when governments were used to establish official churches and suppress dissenting views. Although his

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The king's proposal split the Independents between those, such as Vane and Cromwell, who were willing to negotiate with the king, and those who were not. Reverend Hugh Peter spoke out in favour of the "non-addresses" (i.e. no longer negotiating with the king). In November 1647, while the debate

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In January 1646, amid ongoing peace negotiations, Charles attempted to separate the Independents from other factions by proposing in letters to Vane an alliance with his faction against the Presbyterians. Vane was not amused by this, and responded by pointing out that he preferred the rights of

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in May 1641. The debate on the bill was acrimonious, and resulted in a clear indication of parliamentary support for church reform. In its wake mobs invaded churches, removing "scandalous images" and other signs of "popery". Vane made an impassioned speech that brought him to the front of his

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Vane attempted to appeal his conviction, and tried to get the magistrates to sign a Bill of Exclusion in which Vane catalogued all the problems he saw with his trial. However, the magistrates refused. Informed of Vane's conduct before and during the trial, Charles II now felt that Vane was too

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In the reconstituted Rump Parliament, Vane was appointed to the new council of state. He also served as commissioner for the appointment of army officers, managed foreign affairs, and examined the state of the government's finances, which were found to be in dismal condition. Through his work

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In the debates of late 1648 concerning the king's fate, Vane argued that the Parliament should constitute a government without the king "to make themselves the happiest nation and people in the world." His forceful speech on 2 December suggesting that the king would need to be eliminated as a

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had warned him that the Narragansetts were more likely responsible for Oldham's slaying, Governor Vane in August 1636 placed John Endecott at the head of a 90-man force to extract justice from the Pequots. Endecott's heavy-handed expedition did little more than destroy Pequot settlements, and

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militia's flag. Vane's popularity declined further when he learnt in December 1636 that there were issues in England requiring his presence, and he attempted to resign. Although the court of assistants accepted his resignation, he withdrew it upon the request of the congregation of the Boston

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In April 1889, "WITH the single exception of Cromwell, the greatest statesman of the heroic age of Puritanism was unquestionably the younger Henry Vane. He did as much as any one to compass the downfall of Strafford; he brought the military strength of Scotland to the aid of the hard-pressed

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Although Parliamentary leaders, Vane among them, had promised Cromwell on 19 April 1653 to delay action on the election bill, Vane was likely one of the ringleaders who sought to have the bill enacted the next day before Cromwell could react. Cromwell was however alerted by a supporter, and

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to which Vane was appointed. He refused to be seated until he could do so without taking any oath, in particular the first one, which required an expression of approval for the regicide. Vane served on many of the council's committees. On 1 August 1650 he was named president of the first

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was known as a passionate fanatic who advocated for expanded civil rights, including the destruction of the aristocracy, and Parliament, thus he was a critic of the Commonwealth. Parliament began discussing a reorganisation of its military as early as November 1644, in part to remove some

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views were in a small minority, he was able to successfully build coalitions to advance his agenda. His actions contributed to both the rise and downfall of the English Commonwealth. His books and pamphlets written on political and religious subjects are still analysed today. His writing

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in 1653. He returned to power during the short-lived Commonwealth period in 1659–1660. His fight for government reform, a constitution, and civil and religious liberties made him a man "too dangerous to let live" in King Charles II's view. Therefore, he was arrested under orders from

1870:. Although Vane did not support the regicide and would not take an oath of support for it afterwards, he was also, after long debate, named as an exception. The act was not passed until August 1660, and Vane was arrested on 1 July 1660 on the orders of the king and imprisoned in the 993:

Despite their political differences, Vane and Winthrop developed an epistolary relationship in the following years. Vane's legacy from his time in the New World includes the colonial legislation appropriating £400 for the establishment of an institute of higher learning now known as

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possession, Vane pointed out that this rendered invalid the charges that he conspired to keep Charles II from exercising his power. The judges stepped in to point out this was irrelevant. The jury, which was packed with royalists, convicted him after thirty minutes of debate.

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life made good that imagination." Also, Clarendon credited Vane with having possessed "extraordinary parts, a pleasant wit, a great understanding, a temper not to be moved", and in debate "a quick conception and a very sharp and weighty expression". The 1662 biography

1547:, and systematically arrested arriving MPs who had been supportive of negotiation with the king. Vane did not appear that day; either he was aware of what was going to happen, or he may have stayed away because his side had lost the vote. This action, known as " 1886:

in October 1661 in order to limit access to him by potential conspirators who might be scheming to free him. He continued to write, principally on religious themes, seeking to come to terms with the political state of affairs and his condition. According to

1470:. In the tumult, Vane appeared at times to be in opposition to some of the Independent factions, even having a falling out (quickly healed) with Cromwell, and many factions came to distrust him. Despite this he was one of the Parliamentary representatives for 1898:

passed a resolution in November 1661 demanding his return to the Tower for trial. Charles temporized, and in January 1662 the Parliament renewed the demand. Vane was moved back to the Tower in April 1662, and on 2 June 1662 he was arraigned on charges of

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argument in support of his idea. Vane supporter Henry Stubbe stated openly in October 1659 that permanent Senators would be required. These proposals caused a terminal split in Vane's alliance with Heselrige, whose followers mostly deserted Vane.

1451:. Offered proposals by the Scots and the Independents, he chose alliance with the Scots. Sectional violence between royalists, Presbyterians, and Independents, spread throughout the country, although the army maintained a tenuous peace in London. 829:

in the colony. He began playing a role in its judicial administration, deciding whether legal disputes had sufficient merit to be heard by a full court. Vane was instrumental in brokering the resolution to a dispute between the elder Winthrop and

1696:, Cromwell's Secretary of State, as a thinly-veiled attack on Cromwell, and its publication prompted a number of opposition political groups to step up their activities. Rumours circulated that protests raised by fringe religious groups like the 1575:

established by an Act of Parliament. The commission's instructions were to consider, both domestic and foreign trade, the trading companies, manufactures, free ports, customs, excise, statistics, coinage and exchange, and fisheries, but also the

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and her right to teach religious topics in her home which put him in direct conflict with the Puritan leaders in the Massachusetts Colony. He returned to England after losing re-election and eventually, Hutchinson was banned from the colony.

1373:"tender consciences" to be granted by Parliament rather than by the duplicitous king (papers exposing the king's negotiating positions as facades had been captured at Naseby, and had largely silenced the Royalist elements in Parliament). 1925:

after his conviction.) Although Vane had been sentenced to the commoner's death of being hanged and then drawn and quartered, Charles was persuaded to grant him the gentleman's death of beheading. On 14 June 1662 Vane was taken to

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and formally codifying naval law. Vane's reforms were instrumental in the navy's successes later in the war. He was also involved in foreign diplomacy, going on a mission to France (whose purpose is unknown) in 1652 to meet with

856:. She had come with her husband and children to the colony in 1634. During Vane's time as governor, she began holding Bible sessions at home, gaining a wide audience and sharing her opinions that the colonial leaders labelled as 1156:(the governing structure of the Church of England) was a corrupt doctrine "hastening us back again to Rome." The bill died without a vote in August, when more critical matters arose to occupy Parliament. When Charles went to 2232:

Cussans (1898) states: "In blazoning a Hand, besides stating what position it occupies, and whether it be the dexter or sinister, and erased or couped, it must be mentioned whether it be clenched or appaumé". (Cussans, John,

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to England. Vane was opposed to both Presbyterianism and Episcopalianism, but found a way to finesse an agreement. He proposed that the agreement, which covered a combination of religious and political topics, be called the

1420:. This forced the Presbyterian leadership to meet the army's demands for pay. They also established a commission to treat with the army, on which they placed Vane, presumably because of his influence with the military. 1881:

Despite the clemency, Vane remained in the Tower, and the income from his estates was seized. He suffered the privations of the prison, and was unable to discharge debts that ran to £10,000. He was transferred to the

1658:, published in 1655, this work, a jargon-laden religious treatise in which Vane wanders between literal and symbolic interpretation of Biblical scriptures, was treated by contemporaries and later analysts, including 1430:

for fixing the term and powers of Parliament and church governance. Key among its terms of interest to Vane was one that effectively stripped the church, either Episcopal or Presbyterian, of any coercive powers. The

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government, which included limitations on property ownership and a legislature with an elected upper chamber. Harrington's thesis was that power arose from property ownership, and concentrated land ownership led to

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in 1662. In a court proceeding in which he was denied counsel and the opportunity to properly prepare a defence, he was convicted by a Royalist jury. Charles withdrew his earlier clemency, and Vane was beheaded on

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According to historian Michael Winship, Vane's experiences in Massachusetts significantly radicalized his religious views, in which he came to believe that clergy of all types, including Puritan ministers, "were

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During Vane's retirement he established a religious teaching group, which resulted in a group of admirers known as "Vanists". He also cultivated pamphleteers and other surrogates to promote his political views.

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against Strafford, who was then executed in May 1641. The illicit means by which Pym acquired the notes caused a rift between the Vanes that healed only when the elder Vane eventually came to oppose the king.

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for an alliance; King Charles' unwillingness to act in the matter meant the effort was in vain. He was introduced to the king after returning to England, and encouraged by his father to seek a position in the

1581: 1666:. In this more carefully structured political work, he proposed a new form of government based on a constitution decided by men attending a constitutional convention. He was encouraged to publish it by 1599:(1652–1654). Milton addressed an admiring sonnet to him in summer 1652. After the navy's disastrous performance against the Dutch in 1652, Vane headed the committee that reformed the navy, drafting new 1339:

poorly-performing commanders, and to eliminate the regional character of the existing forces. In debate that principally divided the Commons from the Lords, Vane and Cromwell supported passage of the

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faction. Not long after its first meeting in July, Vane was sent at the head of a Parliamentary commission seeking military assistance from the Scots. The Scots, who had been opposed to Charles in the

990:, a response to Winthrop's defence of the Act of Exclusion; this act was passed after the election to restrict the immigration of people with views not conforming to the colony's religious orthodoxy. 1416:

The Parliament army mutinied, and under Cromwell's orders (possibly prompted by a warning from Vane) a detachment of troops seized Charles, who had been placed under a comfortable house arrest at

1228:, a body of lay politicians, lords, and clergy whose purpose was to reform church governance. Vane sat on this body, which met periodically until 1648, as one of the lay representatives of the 7323: 1369:

and others, this populist force was in favour of greater press freedoms, and was opposed to at least some of the privileges of the aristocracy, including the existence of the House of Lords.

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of the younger John Winthrop. In April 1637, Vane called a session of the general court that authorised the colonial militia to assist the other New England colonies in continuing the war.

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On 13 September 1644 Vane acted with St John and Cromwell in the Commons to set up a "Grand Committee for the Accommodation", designed to find a compromise on religious issues dividing the

919:. Further examination by the discoverers (after the Indians fled in canoes) uncovered Oldham's body on board. The attackers were at the time believed to be from tribes affiliated with the 1705:. While there he addressed a letter to Cromwell in which he repudiated the extra-parliamentary authority Cromwell had assumed. Vane was released, still unrepentant, on 31 December 1656. 2122:

He was an advocate of free thought in religion. Although his personal religious beliefs as noted in a few of his writings from prison were sometimes baffling, by readers as varied as

1662:, as "absolutely unintelligible" and "cloudily formed". The same year, after Cromwell called for a fast day to consider methods by which his government might be improved, Vane wrote 1254:

Following Vane's success in negotiating the Scottish agreement, the death of John Pym at the end of 1643 propelled Vane into the leadership of Parliament, along with Oliver St John,

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dangerous a man to be left alive, and retracted his clemency. (Unlike Vane, John Lambert at his trial had thrown himself to the mercy of the court, and was consequently exiled to

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Although he was formally granted clemency by Charles II, he was indicted on high treason by a Middlesex grand jury after charges were presented by the king's attorney general Sir

1055:, where Vane would make his home. According to his biographers, the relationship with Frances was anchored by shared spiritual goals and intimacy, and was happy and fulfilling. 1043:(a tax to support the Navy imposed by Charles I without Parliamentary approval). In June 1640 he was awarded a knighthood by King Charles. He married Frances Wray, daughter of 726:, who came from the landed gentry, and Frances Darcy, who came from minor nobility. The elder Vane used the family's money to purchase positions at court, rising by 1629 to be 1566:

After the execution of Charles, the House of Commons voted to abolish both the crown and the House of Lords. To replace the executive functions of the crown, it established a

1093:. In the Short Parliament he was noted to be "capable of managing great affairs", with a "penetrating judgment" and an "easy and graceful manner of speaking." With others like 5457: 1948:

to espouse his cause, and some thought the king had lost more than he gained by having him executed. His body was returned to his family, who interred him in the church at

1580:

and the best means of promoting their welfare and rendering them useful to England. This act's statesmanlike and comprehensive instructions, along with an October act

7328: 5481:

The literature on the English Civil War, Commonwealth and Protectorate is immense, and Vane has been a regular subject for biographers in the 19th and 20th centuries.

765:

as an assistant to Robert Anstruther, the English ambassador. This was apparently a quite privileged role, for Vane's writings of the time include messages written in

180: 860:, the view that existing laws and practices were not necessary for salvation. Most of the older colonial leadership, including Dudley and Winthrop, espoused a more 2243: 436: 372: 1147:

were added to a committee that had been established the previous November to draft a report on the state of the kingdom. Their efforts led Vane to introduce the

7338: 7248: 3459: 1019:

Williams again in 1652, when the latter sought a confirmation of the Rhode Island charter and the revocation of a conflicting charter that had been issued to

2240:"The handbook of heraldry : With instructions for tracing pedigrees and deciphering ancient MSS., also, rules for the appointment of liveries, etc. Etc" 838:. The situation he faced was complex, with issues on religious, political and military fronts and as a young man of twenty-three years, he was ill-prepared. 5705: 2141:

wrote of Vane that he had acquired "a more dazzling reputation than has been granted to the lofty public spirit and statesmanlike foresight of Winthrop."

746:, where he studied in spite of his refusal to take the necessary matriculation oaths. He then travelled to Europe, where he was reported to be studying at 140: 962:

Vane lost his position to the elder John Winthrop in the 1637 election. The contentious election was marked by a sharp disagreement over the treatment of

4266: 1627:

Vane was also active in domestic affairs. He sat on a committee that disposed of Charles I's art collection, and made many enemies in his role on the

1213: 1738:

of both royalists and republicans. Vane, as a leader of the republican faction, was specifically targeted, but managed to win election representing

983: 594: 7313: 7298: 1605: 5090: 1082: 420: 195: 168: 128: 6521: 1635:

Parliament began to consider proposals for electoral reform. In January 1653 a committee headed by Vane made one such proposal. It called for

1595:. As a leading member of the committee overseeing the navy (where he was joined by schoolmate Thomas Scot), he directed affairs in the naval 1097:, he represented a younger generation of Puritans in the leadership of the Long Parliament that effectively managed affairs: as identified by 1912:

it was not possible to commit treason against a king not in possession of the crown. When the prosecution argued that the king was always in

7258: 1478:

in September 1648. He was widely blamed for the failure of those negotiations over his insistence on "an unbounded liberty of conscience".

6972: 6782: 6579: 1271: 1114: 1032: 5466: 1236:(1639–40) over religious issues, were willing to assist the English Parliament if the latter were willing to allow the extension of the 7333: 7303: 7243: 6887: 6662: 6569: 1837:

and monarchic forms of government. Vane disagreed with this, arguing instead that power came from godliness, and presented a somewhat

1628: 1262:, established in February 1644 as a point were English and Scottish authorities could coordinate war activities. Vane was then sent to 17: 1862:

on 29 May 1660. In order to minimise acts of reprisal and vengeance for acts taken during the Interregnum, the parliament passed the

7308: 6247: 4519: 2190:"An Ardent Defender of Civil Liberty and Free Thought in Religion. He maintained that God and Parliament were superior to the King." 674:

advocated for a constitutional convention pre-dating the American Constitutional Convention by over a century. Vane is remembered in

1435:

was also sent to Charles, who indicated agreement to some of its terms and opposition to others, and proposed further negotiations.

7253: 6702: 6297: 6257: 6241: 5698: 2090:, assigns to Vane credit for one speech in support of the Self-Denying Ordinance; later historians find this attribution spurious. 587: 65: 522: 7213: 7072: 5959: 1746:, the republicans questioned Cromwell's claim to power, argued in favour of limiting it, and spoke against the veto power of the 1739: 1125: 1067: 356: 7343: 6942: 1903:

against Charles II. The trial began on 6 June before the Court of King's Bench, with four judges headed by Lord Chief Justice

1275: 6922: 6822: 5587: 5425: 5395: 5347: 5320: 5257: 5227: 5162: 5135: 5049: 4949: 4917: 4881: 4831: 4783: 4756: 4729: 4683: 4656: 4629: 4600: 4573: 4546: 4496: 4469: 1750:, which was packed with supporters of the protector. The republicans were unsuccessful in enacting any substantive changes. 3481: 1323:

Overtures for peace talks were begun in November 1644 between king and Parliament. Vane was one of many negotiators sent to

7273: 6867: 6762: 6692: 5904: 1305:, whose failures in the west of England reduced popular support for his cause, even as the military success of Cromwell at 1110: 303: 1377:

the return of treasury fees beginning in 1645 for two and half years until the same £16,000 suffered at Raby accumulated.

7318: 7268: 6772: 6180: 6158: 6098: 6008: 5929: 5917: 5691: 1961: 2239: 1999:

A number of Vane's speeches to Parliament and other bodies were printed during his lifetime or shortly after, including

1980: 7293: 7288: 7087: 6957: 6737: 6717: 6667: 6514: 5642:

Life of Sir Henry Vane, Fourth Governor of Massachusetts in The Library of American Biography conducted by Jared Sparks

1302: 1098: 916: 825:

described Vane as "a young gentleman of excellent parts", and by the following month he had already been admitted as a

7142: 5539: 5000: 4527: 1577: 873: 1047:, on 1 July 1640, after which his father settled upon him most of the family's holdings. These included Fairlawn in 6862: 6026: 4387: 3456: 2410: 2378: 1908: 658: 2137:

Vane's reputation was at its height in the nineteenth century, especially in the United States. English historian

1358:

was effectively over, but it dragged on for another year, before Charles surrendered to Scottish army commanders.

7263: 7167: 7002: 6982: 6547: 6287: 2404: 2372: 2159: 1592: 1424:

others at its head, and the Independents were again seated in Parliament. The Parliament then debated the army's

1398: 1225: 1218: 864:

view. Vane was a supporter of Hutchinson and attended her Bible studies, as was at first the influential pastor

1867: 1039:

in 1639. In this position he had the personally distasteful yet highly profitable task of collecting the hated

761:

views, fearing this would hamper his opportunities for advancement at court. In 1631 he sent the young Vane to

4270: 1651:. Vane, "daily missed and courted for his assistance", was invited to sit on Cromwell's council, but refused. 7022: 6842: 6557: 6507: 5880: 1743: 1094: 786: 7152: 6932: 6563: 6552: 6031: 6020: 1851: 1085:. Vane had already formed or renewed associations with prominent opponents of Charles' policies, including 727: 708: 637:, but split with Cromwell over issues of governance and removed himself from power when Cromwell dissolved 1639:

to be allowed on the basis of property ownership, and it sought specifically to eliminate some so-called "

1058: 6927: 4593:

Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict, and London's Overseas Traders, 1550–1653

1207: 1106: 951: 931: 777: 591: 330: 834:

concerning matters of judicial conduct. In May 1636 Vane was elected governor of the colony, succeeding

699: 6732: 1863: 1824: 1567: 1279: 1259: 1247: 654:, and was thus denied amnesty granted to most people for their roles in the Civil War and Interregnum. 651: 630: 5219:

The English Civil War: Papists, Gentlewomen, Soldiers, and Witchfinders in the Birth of Modern Britain

1608:, and travelling again to Scotland to organise the government there after Cromwell's victories in the 7177: 6742: 6587: 6109: 5910: 5898: 5714: 5295:

A History of the English Church During the Civil Wars and Under the Commonwealth, 1640–1660, Volume 1

4414: 2179: 1819: 1747: 1332:

February 1645, were overshadowed by the execution after impeachment by attainder of Archbishop Laud.

814: 794: 1160:

to rally Scottish forces to the royalist cause, the Commons began drafting what became known as the

966:, another Hutchinson supporter. Winthrop won in part because the location of the vote was moved to 7172: 7122: 6967: 6852: 6607: 5722: 1467: 1460: 971: 967: 806: 311: 268: 249: 5074: 4856: 7127: 6877: 6657: 6164: 5848: 5366: 5104: 1765: 1609: 1355: 1255: 1199: 1184: 5671: 4903:. London, England: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, 8: Longmans, Pateiinosteii-Row; and John Taylor. 7027: 6977: 6947: 6787: 6292: 6277: 6136: 5749: 5507: 1969: 1773: 1758: 1674:", a coinage that became a rallying cry in the next few years for Vane's group of republicans. 1591:

In his role on committees overseeing the military he directed the provisioning of supplies for

1475: 1340: 1306: 1229: 1003: 908: 835: 88: 5184: 4802: 1588:

of the following year, formed the first definitive expression of England's commercial policy.

1015:, and a belief that the State should abstain from interference in church matters altogether." 7132: 6832: 6539: 6312: 5096:

The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. II, No. II, Life of Sir Henry Vane

2403: 2371: 1985: 1904: 1855: 1854:, which sat in May. This body, dominated by royalists and Presbyterians, formally proclaimed 1620: 1596: 1195: 1044: 1036: 865: 743: 643: 638: 634: 544: 5128:

Sir Henry Vane, Theologian: A Study in Seventeenth-century Religious and Political Discourse

2055:, 1689 (written 1660–1662; the title may have been intended to be "Case" instead of "Cause") 1850:

In March 1660 the Long Parliament finally dissolved itself, and elections were held for the

7238: 7233: 7228: 7157: 7112: 7097: 6997: 6847: 6722: 6531: 6377: 6367: 4967: 4935: 2193: 2047:

Two Treatises: "Epistle General to the Mystical Body of Christ" and "The Face of the Times"

1781: 1777: 1544: 1406: 1298: 1203: 1191: 1148: 920: 889: 877: 723: 704: 626: 575: 46: 2071:

The last work contains, in addition to his last speech and details relating to the trial,

8: 7283: 7278: 7162: 6802: 6757: 6282: 6235: 2168: 1895: 1859: 1237: 1157: 955: 861: 647: 602: 552: 5559: 5529: 5108: 5068: 5019: 4990: 4971: 4939: 4850: 4702: 1343:, forbidding military officers from serving in Parliament, and the establishment of the 868:. Vane, however, immediately alienated some of the colonists by insisting on flying the 6897: 6882: 6642: 6617: 6387: 6322: 6272: 6220: 6215: 6195: 5819: 5809: 5769: 5245: 4328: 3474: 3457:

August 1650: An Act for the Advancing and Regulating of the Trade of this Commonwealth.

2142: 1927: 1702: 1670:, who had shown it to Cromwell. In a postscript to the work Vane wrote the words "the 1426: 1328: 1161: 1020: 1007: 995: 936: 826: 731: 715: 663: 511: 490: 414: 350: 189: 5488: 5155:

Politicians and Pamphleteers: Propaganda During the English Civil Wars and Interregnum

1536:, Parliament finally voted on 5 December that the king's concessions were sufficient. 1361:

During this time, a new political faction began to rise within the military. Known as

1224:

After the failure of the Root and Branch Bill, Parliament in 1643 called together the

1198:, the last substantive set of demands made by Parliament prior to the outbreak of the 7195: 7190: 7147: 7057: 7017: 6817: 6777: 6372: 6302: 6252: 6225: 5627: 5610: 5593: 5583: 5565: 5545: 5535: 5515: 5494: 5431: 5421: 5401: 5391: 5385: 5372: 5353: 5343: 5326: 5316: 5299: 5280: 5263: 5253: 5233: 5223: 5217: 5190: 5168: 5158: 5141: 5131: 5114: 5078: 5055: 5045: 5025: 5006: 4996: 4977: 4955: 4945: 4923: 4913: 4887: 4877: 4860: 4837: 4827: 4821: 4808: 4789: 4779: 4762: 4752: 4735: 4725: 4708: 4689: 4679: 4662: 4652: 4635: 4625: 4619: 4606: 4596: 4579: 4569: 4552: 4542: 4523: 4502: 4492: 4475: 4465: 4459: 2138: 1878:

to Vane and others, asking that his life might be spared. This petition was granted.

1682: 1667: 1523:

Colonel Pride refusing admission to the Presbyterian members of the Long Parliament (

1471: 1448: 1173: 1133: 924: 789:

views, without success. In order to worship as he chose, Vane then decided to go the

618: 2119:'s "Sonnet 17", written in 1652 in praise of Vane, and presented to Vane that year. 876:. The flag had recently been the subject of controversy, since its depiction of the 7137: 7037: 7012: 6952: 6797: 6747: 6697: 6647: 6637: 6412: 6397: 6382: 6337: 6317: 6200: 6190: 6153: 6121: 6115: 5978: 5870: 5829: 5202: 5037: 1734: 1615: 1548: 1524: 1385: 1351: 1233: 1074: 1063: 979: 975: 963: 946: 735: 629:, and refused to take oaths that expressed approval of the act. Vane served on the 5387:

Making Heretics: Militant Protestantism and Free Grace in Massachusetts, 1636–1641

3488:, Chapter II, Control of Trade and Plantations During the Interregnum, p.24 (1908) 1866:, under whose terms most actions were forgiven. Specific exceptions were made for 1764:

Vane formed an alliance with a group of republican military officers known as the

7102: 7062: 7052: 6992: 6857: 6652: 6627: 6437: 6427: 6422: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6267: 6262: 6230: 6085: 5995: 5983: 5413: 5313:

Stoicism, Politics, and Literature in the Age of Milton: War and Peace Reconciled

5293: 5206: 5094: 3991: 3485: 3478: 3463: 2154: 2150: 1883: 1871: 1640: 1600: 1555: 1539:

On 6 December, the military stepped in to take control of matters. Troops led by

1390: 1291: 1142: 1078: 940: 869: 853: 846: 766: 622: 606: 598: 4992:

The Life of Sir Henry Vane the Younger: With a History of the Events of his Time

1874:. The parliament, after passing the Indemnity Act, petitioned Charles to grant 1194:

on charges of high treason in December 1641. In June 1642, Charles rejected the

7107: 7082: 7077: 7032: 6917: 6907: 6807: 6792: 6767: 6707: 6632: 6622: 6597: 6432: 6402: 6357: 6332: 6205: 6170: 6141: 6126: 6064: 6014: 5972: 5965: 5953: 5941: 5089: 3479:

British Committees, Commissions and Councils of Trade and Plantations 1622-1675

2127: 2123: 1960:

Vane and his wife Frances had ten children. Of their five sons, only the last,

1671: 1648: 1585: 1572: 1533: 1402: 1344: 1312: 1118: 1102: 388:

Not represented in the Barebones' nor First and Second Protectorates Parliament

5656: 2086:

Some contemporary works were incorrectly attributed to him. Clarendon, in his

7222: 6872: 6837: 6812: 6727: 6687: 6672: 6612: 6602: 6469: 6464: 6447: 6417: 6407: 6392: 6362: 6307: 6210: 6185: 6175: 6147: 6070: 6046: 6001: 5989: 5935: 5923: 5892: 5865: 5860: 5824: 5814: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5764: 5759: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5683: 5631: 5614: 5569: 5519: 5470:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 892–894. 5461: 5451: 5435: 5405: 5357: 5330: 5284: 5267: 5237: 5172: 5145: 5059: 4927: 4891: 4812: 4793: 4766: 4666: 4639: 4610: 4583: 4506: 4479: 2182:

marked Vane's demolished Hampstead house on Rosslyn Hill, Vane House, with a

1965: 1714: 1444: 1440: 1366: 1335: 1267: 1241: 1129: 885: 857: 831: 822: 782: 675: 583: 566:(baptised 26 March 1613 – 14 June 1662), often referred to as 100: 5670: 5663: 5597: 5498: 5082: 4959: 4874:

John Lambert, Parliamentary Soldier and Cromwellian Major-General, 1619–1684

4841: 4739: 4693: 4556: 3915: 1677: 210:

Serving with Sir John Lister (died 1640) followed by Peregine Pelham

7067: 7047: 7007: 6912: 6892: 6677: 6499: 6474: 6131: 6104: 6080: 6075: 6058: 5947: 5679:(Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. pp. 137–138. 5549: 5303: 5194: 5180: 5118: 5029: 4981: 4864: 4712: 4649:

Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia

4392: 3995: 2099: 1931: 1900: 1785: 1710: 1693: 1540: 1090: 912: 841: 679: 5376: 5021:

Sir Henry Vane, Jr: Governor of Massachusetts and Friend of Roger Williams

5010: 4539:

Dictionary of Literary and Dramatic Censorship in Tudor and Stuart England

4333: 685:

The New England Historical and Genealogical Society wrote of him in 1848:

7042: 6937: 6827: 6712: 6682: 6592: 6459: 6327: 6036: 3372:

John Milton. (1608–1674). Complete Poems. The Harvard Classics. 1909–14

2183: 2116: 1697: 1052: 901: 739: 291: 5636:

Biography and other materials published in the wake of Vane's execution.

4823:

Puritans, Pilgrims, and Merchants: Founders of the Northeastern Colonies

4722:

Puritans in Conflict: The Puritan Gentry During and After the Civil Wars

776:

During this trip the elder Vane was sent to negotiate with Swedish king

582:

politician, statesman, and colonial governor. He was briefly present in

7092: 6962: 6453: 6091: 4341: 2131: 1949: 1838: 1659: 1503: What severs each, thou hast learned, which few have done. 1287: 1258:, and Arthur Heselrige. He promoted, and became a chief member of, the 1153: 1040: 904: 818: 52: 1964:, had children, and succeeded to his father's estates. He was created 6752: 6442: 5524:

Ten volume history covering 17th century England up to the Civil War.

4365: 1834: 1362: 1283: 1012: 939:

on the Connecticut River by colonists from Massachusetts, and at the

790: 785:. His father engaged in numerous attempts to get him to give up his 614: 5503:

Contemporary history of the Civil War and Interregnum by a royalist.

5368:

Life of Sir Henry Vane the Younger: Statesman and Mystic (1613–1662)

1397:

By the end of the war the Presbyterian group in the Commons, led by

6987: 6902: 1922: 1875: 1636: 1324: 1124:

Vane was instrumental in the 1641 impeachment and execution of the

1086: 5450:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

5340:

A History of the Modern British Isles, 1603–1707: The Double Crown

2153:

included the exchange between Vane and Cromwell at the end of the

1466:

England, and Cromwell defeated the Scottish army in August at the

1073:

The connection with the admiralty secured for him election to the

1031:

On his return to England, he procured, with the assistance of the

1991: 1829: 758: 579: 2035:

The Proceeds of the Protector ... Against Sir Henry Vane, Knight

7208: 3224: 3222: 1417: 982:(later named Rhode Island and joined to Providence to form the 897: 881: 810: 770: 762: 751: 747: 535: 4907: 1753: 1519: 1487: The helm of Rome, when gowns, not arms, repelled 7324:

People executed under the Stuarts for treason against England

4747:

Cooper, Michael; Hunter, Michael Cyril William, eds. (2006).

1733:

Following Oliver Cromwell's death in September 1658, his son

719: 494: 5580:

The Antinomian Controversy, 1636–1638: a Documentary History

5070:

Lives of the Governors of New Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay

4901:

Eminent British Statesmen, Vol 4, Sir Henry Vane the Younger

3330: 3219: 2351:

New England Historical and Genealogical Society, pp. 121–122

1493: The drift of hollow states hard to be spelled; 1286:

and was pillaging properties of Parliamentary supporters in

1497: Move by her two main nerves, iron and gold, 1263: 1048: 5574:

Three volume history of the Commonwealth and Protectorate.

1505: The bounds of either sword to thee we owe: 4516:

The Great Migration, Immigrants to New England 1634–1635

3994:, "Last Quests for a Settlement: 1657–1660", p. 197, in 1509: In peace, and reckons thee her eldest son. 935:

sparked a military backlash. The Pequots struck back at

2228:, useful in differentiating from Fane arms; concerning 2001:

The Speech Intended to Have been Spoken on the Scaffold

1561: 1495: Then to advise how war may best, upheld, 633:

that functioned as the government executive during the

4973:

Winthrop's Journal, "History of New England" 1630–1649

4704:

The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England

4332: 5130:. Madison, WI: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 4385: 2094:

is probably the composition of a later writer, while

2041:

A Needful Corrective or Balance in Popular Government

1816:

A Needful Corrective or Balance in Popular Government

1803: For the Rump turned him o'er the ladder. 852:

The colony was split over the actions and beliefs of

757:

Vane's father had been upset by his open adoption of

4457: 2171:

placed Vane on a list of historical English greats.

1907:

presiding, and with the king's attorney general Sir

1828:, a 1656 treatise describing Harrington's view of a 1499: In all her equipage; besides, to know; 1489: The fierce Epirot and the African bold, 5607:

The Political Thought of Sir Henry Vane the Younger

4908:Freeman, Thomas S; Mayer, Thomas Frederick (2007). 1551:", resulted in the exclusion of more than 140 MPs. 1501:Both spiritual power and civil, what each means, 1210:, which oversaw Parliamentary military activities. 907:. In 1636 the boat of a Massachusetts trader named 5609:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 4678:. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. 4646: 1393:during the Civil War, but fell out with him later. 7329:People executed by Stuart England by decapitation 4751:. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate Publishing. 1818:. This open letter was essentially a response to 1101:in his history, these included Hampden, Pym, and 984:Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 927:; the slaying of Oldham led to calls for action. 7220: 2113:The Life and Death of Sir Henry Vane the Younger 1350:Following the decisive Parliamentary victory at 650:. After long debate, Vane was exempted from the 5644:. Harper & Brothers, 82 Cliff St, New York. 5091:New England Historical and Genealogical Society 4778:. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. 4327: 2266: 2264: 2262: 421:Kingston upon Hull (UK Parliament constituency) 404:Not represented in the restored Rump Parliament 196:Kingston upon Hull (UK Parliament constituency) 5713: 5554:Three volume history of the English Civil War. 4910:Martyrs and Martyrdom in England, c. 1400–1700 4461:Sir Harry Vane: His Life and Times (1613–1662) 4252: 4250: 4248: 4067: 4065: 2861: 2859: 1952:, near the family estate of Fairlawn in Kent. 1797: His case than most men's is sadder 1717:, became a supporter, and defended him in his 1483:VANE, young in years, but in sage counsel old, 1439:continued, Charles escaped his confinement at 557:three dexter clenched gauntlets back affrontée 7339:English emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony 7249:People educated at Westminster School, London 6515: 5699: 5390:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 5110:The Life and Times of the Rev. Richard Baxter 1728: 1202:. After hostilities began that June with the 6529: 5561:History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate 4746: 4541:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. 2259: 2224:Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p.115, which omits 1629:committees for Compounding and Sequestration 1582:prohibiting trade with pro-royalist colonies 1554:The Parliament that sat became known as the 1447:. There he was recaptured and imprisoned in 240:Not represented in the Barebones' Parliament 4245: 4062: 2856: 1507:Therefore on thy firm hand Religion leans 6522: 6508: 5706: 5692: 5668: 4621:John Winthrop: America's Forgotten Founder 2401: 2369: 1654:Effectively in retirement, Vane wrote the 880:was seen by many colonists as a symbol of 714:Henry Vane was baptised on 26 May 1613 at 5486: 5315:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5311:Shifflett, Andrew Eric Shifflett (1998). 5310: 5244: 4700: 4520:New England Historic Genealogical Society 4229: 4227: 4145: 4143: 4046: 4044: 3610: 3608: 3562: 3560: 3505: 3503: 3416: 3414: 2696: 2694: 2395: 2163:, part-published in the early 1850s. In 2115:by Vane's chaplain George Sikes included 2053:The Cause of the People of England Stated 1713:, introduced to Vane by Westminster head 1011:of clerical power, whether of bishops or 888:had notoriously cut the cross out of the 5624:The Life and Death of Sir Henry Vane, Kt 5557: 5527: 5506: 5412: 5364: 5201: 5036: 4513: 4115: 4113: 3622: 3620: 1990: 1979: 1752: 1676: 1614: 1518: 1384: 1318: 1270:by three Parliament armies, to urge Sir 1212: 1057: 945: 896:During Vane's tenure a dispute with the 840: 813:in October 1635 on a ship also carrying 698: 625:. He played no part in the execution of 588:governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony 534: 66:Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony 7314:English politicians convicted of crimes 7299:Lay members of the Westminster Assembly 5383: 5215: 5125: 4988: 4898: 4819: 4800: 4590: 4536: 4486: 4407: 2011:A Brief Answer to a Certain Declaration 1868:those directly involved in the regicide 1278:to divert some of those forces to face 1190:after Charles attempted to arrest five 988:A Brief Answer to a Certain Declaration 357:Whitchurch (UK Parliament constituency) 14: 7221: 6570:Form of Presbyterial Church Government 5604: 5279:. London: University of London Press. 5157:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing. 5152: 5024:. Providence, RI: Preston and Rounds. 4966: 4934: 4804:A Child's History of England, Volume 2 4773: 4719: 4647:Bremer, Francis; Webster, Tom (2006). 4617: 4563: 4236: 4224: 4140: 4074: 4041: 3701: 3605: 3557: 3500: 3411: 3384: 2691: 2621: 2619: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 1719:Essay in Defence of the Good Old Cause 1485:Than whom a better senator ne’er held 6503: 5687: 5664:"Dec 1659 British Civil War Timeline" 5639: 5621: 5455: 5337: 5179: 5066: 4848: 4826:. Minneapolis, MN: The Oliver Press. 4624:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4458:Adamson, J. H; Folland, H. F (1973). 4110: 3617: 2059:A Pilgrimage into the Land of Promise 1894:Following Vane's move to Scilly, the 1491:Whether to settle peace, or to unfold 5577: 5531:History of the Great Great Civil War 5291: 5274: 5103: 5044:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. 5017: 4871: 4673: 4386:The Atlantic Magazine (April 1889). 2589: 2562: 2402:Firth, Charles Harding (1885–1900). 2370:Firth, Charles Harding (1885–1900). 2006:Vane's other printed works include: 1701:shortly afterward and imprisoned in 1562:The Commonwealth and Oliver Cromwell 1380: 1026: 574:to distinguish him from his father, 7259:Colonial governors of Massachusetts 5420:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4749:Robert Hooke: Tercentennial Studies 4491:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 4363: 4269:. Dartmouth College. Archived from 2616: 2354: 2237:, 2nd Edition, London, 1868, p. 47 2092:The Speech against Richard Cromwell 2065:The Trial of Sir Henry Vane, Knight 1685:, where Vane was imprisoned in 1656 281:17 May 1652 – 14 June 1652 208:April 1640 – November 1650 24: 5476: 2246:from the original on 10 April 2016 1934:was there and recorded the event: 1845: 900:tribe of present-day southeastern 343:26 Oct 1659 – 25 Dec 1659 324:19 May 1659 – 25 Oct 1659 262:17 Feb 1649 – 20 Apr 1653 78:25 May 1636 – 17 May 1637 25: 7355: 7334:Executions at the Tower of London 7304:17th-century Royal Navy personnel 7244:People from Uttlesford (district) 5650: 5640:Upham, Charles Wentworth (1842). 5371:. London: Saint Catherine Press. 4912:. Woodbridge, NJ: Boydell Press. 4876:. Woodbridge, NJ: Boydell Press. 2946:Adamson and Folland, pp. 173, 177 2096:The Light Shining out of Darkness 2081:Meditations concerning Man's Life 2029:Of Love of God and Union with God 845:Engraving depicting the trial of 722:. He was the eldest child of Sir 682:as an early champion of freedom. 541:Azure, three gauntlets (appaumée) 224:No Parliaments convened 1629-1640 7309:Prisoners in the Tower of London 7207: 5838: 5443: 5418:Britain in Revolution: 1625–1660 5113:. Boston: Crocker and Brewster. 5073:. Boston: C. D. Strong. p. 4941:The Life of Young Sir Henry Vane 4438: 4429: 4379: 4357: 4348: 4321: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4285: 4259: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4194:Adamson and Folland, pp. 467–469 4188: 4179: 4176:Adamson and Folland, pp. 465,467 4170: 4161: 4152: 4131: 4128:Adamson and Folland, pp. 456–461 4122: 4101: 4092: 4083: 4053: 4032: 4023: 4020:Adamson and Folland, pp. 422–425 4014: 4005: 3985: 3976: 3967: 3958: 3949: 3946:Adamson and Folland, pp. 415,423 3940: 3931: 3922: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3725:Adamson and Folland, pp. 344–345 3719: 3710: 3692: 3683: 3674: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3644:Adamson and Folland, pp. 325–326 3638: 3629: 3596: 3587: 3578: 3569: 3554:Adamson and Folland, pp. 240–242 3548: 3539: 3530: 3521: 3512: 3491: 3468: 3450: 3447:Adamson and Folland, pp. 292–293 3441: 3432: 3423: 3408:Adamson and Folland, pp. 282–283 3402: 3393: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3321: 3312: 3309:Adamson and Folland, pp. 253–254 3303: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3240: 3231: 3210: 3201: 3192: 3189:Adamson and Folland, pp. 232–233 3090:Adamson and Folland, pp. 222–223 3027:Adamson and Folland, pp. 202–209 3018:Adamson and Folland, pp. 197–199 2991:Adamson and Folland, pp. 134–140 2928:Adamson and Folland, pp. 169–176 2781:Adamson and Folland, pp. 140–141 2754:Adamson and Folland, pp. 130–131 2414:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 2411:Dictionary of National Biography 2382:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 2379:Dictionary of National Biography 1356:the first phase of the civil war 937:settlements recently established 734:, where his classmates included 590:, and supported the creation of 521: 433:May 1659 – January 1660 369:January 1659 – May 1659 45: 7254:Alumni of Magdalen Hall, Oxford 6548:Westminster Confession of Faith 5487:Clarendon, Edward Hyde (1843). 5456:Yorke, Philip Chesney (1911). " 4701:Clarendon, Edward Hyde (1807). 3183: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3138: 3129: 3120: 3111: 3102: 3093: 3084: 3075: 3066: 3057: 3048: 3039: 3030: 3021: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2712: 2703: 2682: 2673: 2664: 2655: 2646: 2637: 2628: 2607: 2598: 2580: 2571: 2553: 2544: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2499: 2490: 2481: 2472: 2463: 2454: 2445: 2436: 2427: 2418: 2405:"Vane, Henry (1589-1655)" 2386: 2373:"Vane, Henry (1613-1662)" 2345: 2336: 1226:Westminster Assembly of Divines 1219:Westminster Assembly of Divines 1206:, Vane was given a seat on the 5338:Smith, David Lawrence (1998). 5099:. Boston, MA: Samuel G. Drake. 2327: 2318: 2309: 2300: 2291: 2282: 2273: 2218: 2145:referenced Vane in his sonnet 1593:Cromwell's conquest of Ireland 1454: 1217:19th century depiction of the 1178: 1035:and his father, a position as 800: 750:and possibly in France and at 27:English politician (1613–1662) 13: 1: 7344:Military personnel from Essex 6558:Westminster Shorter Catechism 6490:indicate acting officeholders 5292:Shaw, William Arthur (1900). 5211:. New York: Lee and Shepherd. 5018:King, Henry Melville (1909). 4518:. Vol. III G-H. Boston: 4450: 4415:"VANE, SIR HARRY (1612-1662)" 2487:Adamson and Folland, pp.65–66 2105: 2023:A Healing Question Propounded 2017:The Retired Man's Meditations 694: 648:his restoration to the throne 6564:Directory for Public Worship 6553:Westminster Larger Catechism 5493:. Oxford: University Press. 5067:Moore, Jacob Bailey (1851). 4855:. London: Longmans. p. 4776:The Cromwellian Protectorate 4720:Cliffe, John Trevor (1988). 4514:Anderson, Robert C. (2003). 4335:Great Men Have Been Among Us 3429:Adamson and Folland, pg. 291 3420:Adamson and Folland, pg. 284 3399:Adamson and Folland, pg. 281 3390:Adamson and Folland, pg. 277 3363:Adamson and Folland, pg. 274 3354:Adamson and Folland, pg. 265 3336:Adamson and Folland, pg. 263 3327:Adamson and Folland, pg. 261 3291:Adamson and Folland, pg. 252 3282:Adamson and Folland, pg. 243 3264:Adamson and Folland, pg. 233 3246:Adamson and Folland, pg. 238 3228:Adamson and Folland, pg. 240 3216:Adamson and Folland, pg. 237 3198:Adamson and Folland, pg. 235 3171:Adamson and Folland, pg. 229 3135:Adamson and Folland, pg. 230 3117:Adamson and Folland, pg. 223 3108:Adamson and Folland, pg. 220 3072:Adamson and Folland, pg. 217 3054:Adamson and Folland, pg. 216 3036:Adamson and Folland, pg. 214 3009:Adamson and Folland, pg. 196 2982:Adamson and Folland, pg. 193 2901:Adamson and Folland, pg. 164 2883:Adamson and Folland, pg. 157 2874:Adamson and Folland, pg. 159 2835:Adamson and Folland, pg. 148 2745:Adamson and Folland, pg. 130 2661:Adamson and Folland, pg. 104 2160:A Child's History of England 2147:Great Men Have Been Among Us 1930:and beheaded. Noted diarist 1167: 728:Comptroller of the Household 709:Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt 7: 7274:People from colonial Boston 5605:Judson, Margaret A (1969). 5534:. London: Longmans, Green. 5514:. London: Longmans, Green. 5458:Vane, Sir Henry (1613-1662) 5342:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 5298:. London: Longmans, Green. 4849:Doyle, John Andrew (1887). 4707:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4564:Aylmer, G. E., ed. (1972). 4366:"Essays and English Traits" 4242:Adamson and Folland, p. 482 4233:Adamson and Folland, p. 481 4212:Adamson and Folland, p. 477 4203:Adamson and Folland, p. 478 4149:Adamson and Folland, p. 466 4137:Adamson and Folland, p. 461 4107:Adamson and Folland, p. 456 4098:Adamson and Folland, p. 448 4080:Adamson and Folland, p. 438 4050:Adamson and Folland, p. 437 4029:Adamson and Folland, p. 426 4011:Adamson and Folland, p. 422 3955:Adamson and Folland, p. 419 3937:Adamson and Folland, p. 414 3734:Adamson and Folland, p. 347 3707:Adamson and Folland, p. 344 3698:Adamson and Folland, p. 341 3635:Adamson and Folland, p. 319 3614:Adamson and Folland, p. 315 3575:Adamson and Folland, p. 313 3566:Adamson and Folland, p. 314 3545:Adamson and Folland, p. 293 3527:Adamson and Folland, p. 310 3509:Adamson and Folland, p. 312 3497:Adamson and Folland, p. 296 3381:Adamson and Folland, p. 276 2772:Adamson and Folland, p. 140 2613:Adamson and Folland, pg. 98 2451:Adamson and Folland, pg. 35 1066:depicting the trial of the 1037:Treasurer of the Royal Navy 605:, as governor, he defended 331:English Committee of Safety 147:Joint Treasurer of the Navy 107:Joint Treasurer of the Navy 10: 7360: 7319:Executed people from Essex 7269:Early colonists in America 7078:Oliver St John (1598–1673) 7073:Oliver St John (1580–1646) 5715:Governors of Massachusetts 5677:Men of Kent and Kentishmen 5277:Sir Henry Vane the Younger 3743:Bremer and Webster, p. 257 3318:Hosmer (1888), pp. 269–270 2808:Hosmer (1888), pp. 126–127 1864:Indemnity and Oblivion Act 1825:The Commonwealth of Oceana 1748:Cromwellian House of Lords 1729:Richard Cromwell and after 1458: 1280:Prince Rupert of the Rhine 1260:Committee of Both Kingdoms 1248:Solemn League and Covenant 1182: 1171: 652:Indemnity and Oblivion Act 586:, serving one term as the 559:, with identical tinctures 18:Sir Henry Vane the Younger 7186: 6578: 6538: 6483: 6045: 5879: 5847: 5836: 5721: 5669:Hutchinson, John (1892). 5582:. Duke University Press. 5558:Gardiner, Samuel (1894). 5528:Gardiner, Samuel (1886). 5384:Winship, Michael (2002). 5252:. London: Vintage Books. 5222:. New York: Basic Books. 5208:A Scholar in the Republic 5186:The Diary of Samuel Pepys 4989:Ireland, William (1905). 4801:Dickens, Charles (1853). 4537:Auchter, Dorothy (2001). 4300:Freeman and Mayer, p. 223 3869:Ireland, pp. 407–408, 415 3761:Cooper and Hunter, p. 223 2180:Royal Society of the Arts 2098:may have been written by 2077:The Valley of Jehoshaphat 1955: 1656:Retired Man's Meditations 1472:negotiations with Charles 1282:, who had recently taken 1081:Parliaments representing 815:John Winthrop the Younger 529: 517: 501: 484: 479: 475: 459: 443: 426: 411: 395: 379: 362: 347: 336: 328: 317: 309: 297: 285: 274: 266: 255: 247: 231: 215: 201: 186: 174: 162: 151: 146: 134: 122: 111: 106: 94: 82: 71: 63: 59: 44: 34: 5490:History of the Rebellion 4976:. New York: Scribner's. 4820:Doherty, Kieran (1998). 4618:Bremer, Francis (2003). 4591:Brenner, Robert (2003). 2212: 2200:in 1908, wrote of Vane: 2088:History of the Rebellion 2073:The People's Case Stated 1975: 1889:The People's Case Stated 1744:the parliament's session 1461:Second English Civil War 1443:and made his way to the 807:Massachusetts Bay Colony 621:and worked closely with 312:English Council of State 269:English Council of State 250:English Council of State 5467:Encyclopædia Britannica 5365:Willcock, John (1913). 5275:Rowe, Violet A (1970). 5216:Purkiss, Diane (2006). 5126:Parnham, David (1997). 5042:The Life of John Milton 4807:. Leipzig: Tanchevitz. 3484:19 October 2016 at the 1995:Marker under the statue 1766:Wallingford House party 1610:Third English Civil War 1200:First English Civil War 1185:First English Civil War 730:. Vane was educated at 555:from 1624, which show: 7264:New England Puritanism 7214:Henry Vane the Younger 7118:Henry Vane the Younger 5672:"Sir Henry Vane" 5622:Sikes, George (1662). 5153:Peacey, Jason (2004). 4899:Forster, John (1838). 4852:The English in America 4774:Coward, Barry (2002). 4651:. New York: ABC-CLIO. 4487:Adamson, J. H (2007). 4388:"Young Sir Henry Vane" 4364:Emerson, Ralph Waldo. 4267:"Milton's "Sonnet 17"" 4089:Hosmer (1888), pp. 510 3000:Hosmer (1888), pg. 177 2973:Hosmer (1888), pg. 172 2790:Hosmer (1888), pg. 100 2586:Cave, pp. 100, 107–109 2532:Anderson, pp. 477, 482 2315:King, pp. 189–190 2206: 1996: 1988: 1943: 1860:restored to the throne 1805: 1761: 1686: 1624: 1528: 1511: 1394: 1341:Self-denying Ordinance 1221: 1115:Viscount Saye and Sele 1070: 1033:Earl of Northumberland 959: 930:Despite the fact that 849: 711: 692: 572:Henry Vane the Younger 560: 488:baptised 26 March 1613 437:Second seat was vacant 373:Second seat was vacant 267:Lord President of the 39:Henry Vane the Younger 7294:English MPs 1648–1653 7289:English MPs 1640–1648 7216:at Wikimedia Commons 5250:The Tyrannicide Brief 4968:Hosmer, James Kendall 4944:. Houghton, Mifflin. 4936:Hosmer, James Kendall 4724:. London: Routledge. 4674:Cave, Alfred (1996). 4568:. London: Macmillan. 4435:Hosmer (1908), p. 161 3462:8 August 2016 at the 2688:Hosmer (1888), pg. 67 2679:Hosmer (1888), pg. 52 2202: 2196:, editing Winthrop's 2003:, published in 1662. 1994: 1986:Boston Public Library 1983: 1938: 1852:Convention Parliament 1808:Anonymous pamphleteer 1801:He can scape the rope 1791: 1756: 1680: 1618: 1597:First Anglo-Dutch War 1522: 1481: 1388: 1319:Parliamentary victory 1216: 1196:Nineteen Propositions 1061: 949: 844: 744:Magdalen Hall, Oxford 702: 687: 538: 435:Serving with 371:Serving with 7158:Bulstrode Whitelocke 7113:Henry Vane the Elder 6532:Westminster Assembly 5578:Hall, David (1990). 5189:. Boston: Brainard. 4872:Farr, David (2003). 3806:Ireland, pp. 393–394 3779:Ireland, pp. 392–393 3770:Ireland, pp. 388,392 3662:Ireland, pp. 377-379 3653:Ireland, pp. 373–374 3536:Ireland, pp. 321–322 3300:Ireland, pp. 284–285 3255:Ireland, pp. 243–244 3180:Ireland, pp. 254–256 3144:Ireland, pp. 246–248 3126:Ireland, pp. 245–246 3099:Ireland, pp. 236–237 3045:Ireland, pp. 226–227 2892:Ireland, pp. 160,163 2799:Clarendon, pg. 1:362 2763:Adamson, pp. 138–139 2235:Handbook of Heraldry 2194:James Kendall Hosmer 1858:as king, and he was 1799:There is little hope 1782:Bulstrode Whitelocke 1619:Cromwell dissolving 1545:Houses of Parliament 1407:Sir Philip Stapleton 1309:raised his profile. 1299:Westminster Assembly 1149:Root and Branch Bill 1045:Sir Christopher Wray 950:Engraving depicting 905:boiled over into war 724:Henry Vane the Elder 705:Henry Vane the Elder 576:Henry Vane the Elder 553:Earls of Westmorland 304:The Earl of Pembroke 6863:Alexander Henderson 5564:. Longmans, Green. 5246:Robertson, Geoffrey 4995:. London: E. Nash. 4329:Wordsworth, William 3842:Coward, pp. 110–111 3153:Hosmer, pp. 257–258 3081:Cliffe, pp. 109–110 2643:Bremer, pp. 276–277 2342:Hosmer, pp. 442–443 2169:Ralph Waldo Emerson 1896:Cavalier Parliament 1793:That knave in grain 1573:Commission of Trade 1266:in June 1644, then 1208:Committee of Safety 603:religious tolerance 595:Rhode Island Colony 547:of the arms of the 169:Sir William Russell 129:Sir William Russell 6983:William Pierrepont 6898:Archibald Johnston 6883:Richard Holdsworth 6663:Archibald Campbell 6643:Jeremiah Burroughs 6099:Governor's Council 6009:Governor's Council 5930:Governor's Council 5918:Governor's Council 5658:A Healing Question 5512:History of England 4464:. Boston: Gambit. 4417:. English Heritage 3982:Parnham, pp. 43–46 3475:Charles M. Andrews 2853:Shaw, pp. 18–26,42 2550:Ireland, pp. 81–82 2514:Ireland, pp. 69–70 2460:Ireland, pp. 45–46 2392:Ireland, pp. 33–35 2297:Moore, pp. 319–320 2288:Moore, pp. 287-288 2279:Ireland, pp. 79–80 2143:William Wordsworth 1997: 1989: 1776:was sent to quell 1762: 1703:Carisbrooke Castle 1690:A Healing Question 1687: 1664:A Healing Question 1625: 1529: 1433:Heads of Proposals 1427:Heads of Proposals 1395: 1276:Earl of Manchester 1222: 1162:Grand Remonstrance 1152:faction, claiming 1128:, a member of the 1071: 1021:William Coddington 996:Harvard University 960: 878:Cross of St George 850: 805:Vane left for the 732:Westminster School 712: 672:A Healing Question 561: 512:Tower Hill, London 415:English Parliament 351:English Parliament 190:English Parliament 181:Richard Hutchinson 141:Sir John Penington 7212:Media related to 7204: 7203: 7196:Jerusalem Chamber 7191:Westminster Abbey 7148:Jeremiah Whitaker 7058:William Spurstowe 7018:Samuel Rutherford 6958:William Nicholson 6818:William Greenhill 6778:Nathaniel Fiennes 6497: 6496: 5589:978-0-8223-1083-9 5427:978-0-19-927268-6 5397:978-0-691-08943-0 5349:978-0-631-19401-9 5322:978-0-521-59203-1 5259:978-0-09-949942-8 5229:978-0-465-06756-5 5203:Phillips, Wendell 5164:978-0-7546-0684-0 5137:978-0-8386-3681-7 5051:978-0-631-17665-7 5038:Lewalski, Barbara 4951:978-0-524-07689-7 4919:978-1-84383-290-4 4883:978-1-84383-004-7 4833:978-1-881508-50-2 4785:978-0-7190-4316-1 4758:978-0-7546-5365-3 4731:978-0-415-00879-2 4685:978-1-55849-029-1 4658:978-1-57607-678-1 4631:978-0-19-514913-5 4602:978-1-85984-333-8 4595:. London: Verso. 4575:978-0-333-00309-1 4548:978-0-313-31114-7 4498:978-0-297-84262-0 4471:978-0-87645-064-2 4167:Robertson, p. 348 3162:Willcock, pg. 168 2964:Shaw, pp. 145–365 2736:King, pp. 117–124 2718:King, pp. 110–113 2604:Cave, pp. 135–136 2577:Cave, pp. 105–107 2139:John Andrew Doyle 1778:Booth's Rebellion 1683:Carisbrook Castle 1668:Charles Fleetwood 1468:Battle of Preston 1449:Carisbrook Castle 1381:Interwar politics 1174:English Civil War 1134:bill of attainder 1126:Earl of Strafford 1095:Nathaniel Fiennes 1068:Earl of Strafford 1027:Return to England 925:Connecticut River 795:Puritan migration 666:on 14 June 1662. 619:English Civil War 613:He was a leading 601:. A proponent of 533: 532: 16:(Redirected from 7351: 7211: 7138:Thomas Westfield 7038:Obadiah Sedgwick 7023:Robert Sanderson 7013:Benjamin Rudyerd 6953:Matthew Newcomen 6928:Stephen Marshall 6798:George Gillespie 6763:John Elphinstone 6748:Calybute Downing 6698:Francis Cheynell 6648:Adoniram Byfield 6638:Cornelius Burges 6524: 6517: 6510: 6501: 6500: 6051: 5885: 5853: 5842: 5841: 5727: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5645: 5635: 5618: 5601: 5573: 5553: 5523: 5508:Gardiner, Samuel 5502: 5471: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5439: 5414:Woolrych, Austin 5409: 5380: 5361: 5334: 5307: 5288: 5271: 5241: 5212: 5198: 5176: 5149: 5122: 5100: 5086: 5063: 5033: 5014: 4985: 4963: 4931: 4904: 4895: 4868: 4845: 4816: 4797: 4770: 4743: 4716: 4697: 4670: 4643: 4614: 4587: 4560: 4533: 4510: 4489:The Noble Revolt 4483: 4445: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4339: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4310: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4292: 4291:Lewalski, p. 287 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4243: 4240: 4234: 4231: 4222: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4159: 4158:Shifflett, p. 98 4156: 4150: 4147: 4138: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4060: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4039: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4021: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4003: 3992:Woolrych, Austin 3989: 3983: 3980: 3974: 3971: 3965: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3771: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3690: 3689:Woolrych, p. 715 3687: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3663: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3615: 3612: 3603: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3555: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3498: 3495: 3489: 3472: 3466: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3345:Ireland, pg. 287 3343: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3238: 3237:Ireland, pg. 266 3235: 3229: 3226: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3207:Ireland, pg. 271 3205: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3063:Ireland, pg. 226 3061: 3055: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2919:Ireland, pg. 166 2917: 2911: 2910:Ireland, pg. 165 2908: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2844:Ireland, pg. 159 2842: 2836: 2833: 2827: 2826:Purkiss, pg. 116 2824: 2818: 2817:Purkiss, pg. 115 2815: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2755: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2701: 2700:Winship, pg. 245 2698: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2407: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2375: 2367: 2352: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2334: 2333:Willcock, p. 324 2331: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2307: 2306:Willcock, p. 347 2304: 2298: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2222: 1820:James Harrington 1809: 1623:on 20 April 1653 1606:Cardinal de Retz 1568:Council of State 1515: 1064:Wenceslas Hollar 1004:the second beast 980:Narragansett Bay 976:Aquidneck Island 964:John Wheelwright 736:Arthur Heselrige 631:Council of State 525: 508: 480:Personal details 462: 446: 431: 417: 398: 382: 367: 353: 341: 322: 300: 288: 279: 260: 234: 218: 206: 192: 177: 165: 156: 137: 125: 116: 97: 85: 76: 51:Portrait by Sir 49: 32: 31: 21: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7219: 7218: 7205: 7200: 7182: 7168:Henry Wilkinson 7103:Anthony Tuckney 7063:Edmund Staunton 7053:Sidrach Simpson 6998:Robert Reynolds 6993:Edward Reynolds 6858:Arthur Haselrig 6783:William Fiennes 6738:Robert Devereux 6703:John Clotworthy 6653:Richard Byfield 6628:Ralph Brownrigg 6588:John Arrowsmith 6574: 6534: 6528: 6498: 6493: 6479: 6049: 6048: 6041: 5883: 5882: 5875: 5851: 5850: 5843: 5839: 5834: 5725: 5724: 5717: 5712: 5653: 5648: 5590: 5542: 5479: 5477:Further reading 5474: 5444: 5442: 5428: 5398: 5350: 5323: 5260: 5230: 5165: 5138: 5052: 5003: 4952: 4920: 4884: 4834: 4786: 4759: 4732: 4686: 4659: 4632: 4603: 4576: 4566:The Interregnum 4549: 4530: 4499: 4472: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4384: 4380: 4370: 4368: 4362: 4358: 4354:Dickens, p. 267 4353: 4349: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4273:on 20 June 2010 4265: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4225: 4221:Ireland, p. 497 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4185:Pepys, p. 4:241 4184: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4119:Ireland, p. 465 4118: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4059:Ireland, p. 454 4058: 4054: 4049: 4042: 4038:Ireland, p. 453 4037: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4000:The Interregnum 3990: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3973:Ireland, p. 411 3972: 3968: 3964:Ireland, p. 412 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3928:Ireland, p. 422 3927: 3923: 3916:"Timeline 1659" 3914: 3913: 3909: 3905:Ireland, p. 418 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878:Ireland, p. 415 3877: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3851:Ireland, p. 403 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3833:Ireland, p. 402 3832: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3815:Ireland, p. 395 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3788:Ireland, p. 393 3787: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3716:Auchter, p. 138 3715: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3680:Ireland, p. 374 3679: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3626:Ireland, p. 350 3625: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3602:Ireland, p. 340 3601: 3597: 3593:Ireland, p. 341 3592: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3518:Brenner, p. 582 3517: 3513: 3508: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3486:Wayback Machine 3473: 3469: 3464:Wayback Machine 3455: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3438:Ireland, p. 298 3437: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2937:Ireland, p. 173 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670:Ireland, pg. 96 2669: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2652:Ireland, pg. 91 2651: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2634:Doherty, pg. 93 2633: 2629: 2625:Ireland, pg. 82 2624: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496:Ireland, pg. 69 2495: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2478:Ireland, pg. 57 2477: 2473: 2469:Ireland, pg. 54 2468: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2433:Ireland, pg. 37 2432: 2428: 2424:Ireland, pg. 36 2423: 2419: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2368: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2324:Forster, p. 202 2323: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2260: 2249: 2247: 2238: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2155:Rump Parliament 2151:Charles Dickens 2108: 1978: 1958: 1909:Geoffrey Palmer 1884:Isles of Scilly 1872:Tower of London 1848: 1846:The Restoration 1811: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1731: 1641:rotten boroughs 1601:Articles of War 1564: 1556:Rump Parliament 1543:surrounded the 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1463: 1457: 1391:Oliver Cromwell 1389:Vane supported 1383: 1321: 1292:Oliver Cromwell 1187: 1181: 1176: 1170: 1143:Root and Branch 1111:Earl of Bedford 1029: 941:Saybrook Colony 911:was found near 854:Anne Hutchinson 847:Anne Hutchinson 803: 697: 659:Geoffrey Palmer 644:King Charles II 623:Oliver Cromwell 615:Parliamentarian 607:Anne Hutchinson 599:Harvard College 592:Roger Williams' 510: 506: 489: 471: 460: 455: 444: 439: 432: 427: 418: 413: 407: 396: 391: 380: 375: 368: 363: 354: 349: 342: 337: 323: 318: 298: 286: 280: 275: 261: 256: 243: 232: 227: 216: 211: 207: 202: 193: 188: 175: 163: 157: 152: 135: 123: 117: 112: 95: 83: 77: 72: 55: 40: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7357: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7143:Philip Wharton 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7108:William Twisse 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7088:William Strong 7085: 7083:William Strode 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7033:Lazarus Seaman 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6973:Algernon Percy 6970: 6968:Herbert Palmer 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6943:Edward Montagu 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6918:William Lyford 6915: 6910: 6908:John Lightfoot 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6868:Philip Herbert 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6808:Thomas Goodwin 6805: 6800: 6795: 6793:Thomas Gataker 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6773:Basil Feilding 6770: 6768:Daniel Featley 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6743:Robert Douglas 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6708:Thomas Coleman 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6633:Anthony Burges 6630: 6625: 6623:William Bridge 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6598:Robert Baillie 6595: 6590: 6584: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6544: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6527: 6526: 6519: 6512: 6504: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6061: 6055: 6053: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6017: 6012: 6005: 5998: 5993: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5957: 5950: 5945: 5938: 5933: 5926: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5887: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5857: 5855: 5845: 5844: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5731: 5729: 5719: 5718: 5711: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5666: 5661: 5652: 5651:External links 5649: 5647: 5646: 5637: 5619: 5602: 5588: 5575: 5555: 5540: 5525: 5504: 5483: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5462:Chisholm, Hugh 5440: 5426: 5410: 5396: 5381: 5362: 5348: 5335: 5321: 5308: 5289: 5272: 5258: 5242: 5228: 5213: 5199: 5177: 5163: 5150: 5136: 5123: 5101: 5087: 5064: 5050: 5034: 5015: 5001: 4986: 4964: 4950: 4932: 4918: 4905: 4896: 4882: 4869: 4846: 4832: 4817: 4798: 4784: 4771: 4757: 4744: 4730: 4717: 4698: 4684: 4676:The Pequot War 4671: 4657: 4644: 4630: 4615: 4601: 4588: 4574: 4561: 4547: 4534: 4528: 4511: 4497: 4484: 4470: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4444:Phillips, p. 1 4437: 4428: 4406: 4378: 4356: 4347: 4320: 4311: 4309:Parnham, p. 12 4302: 4293: 4284: 4258: 4244: 4235: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4160: 4151: 4139: 4130: 4121: 4109: 4100: 4091: 4082: 4073: 4061: 4052: 4040: 4031: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3984: 3975: 3966: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3880: 3871: 3862: 3860:Coward, p. 112 3853: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3824:Coward, p. 108 3817: 3808: 3799: 3797:Coward, p. 107 3790: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3671:Worden, p. 312 3664: 3655: 3646: 3637: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3556: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3520: 3511: 3499: 3490: 3467: 3449: 3440: 3431: 3422: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3383: 3374: 3365: 3356: 3347: 3338: 3329: 3320: 3311: 3302: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3273:Smith, pg. 153 3266: 3257: 3248: 3239: 3230: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3092: 3083: 3074: 3065: 3056: 3047: 3038: 3029: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2957: 2955:Moore, pg. 323 2948: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2903: 2894: 2885: 2876: 2867: 2855: 2846: 2837: 2828: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2747: 2738: 2729: 2720: 2711: 2702: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2627: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2588: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2543: 2541:Moore, pg. 317 2534: 2525: 2523:Moore, pg. 318 2516: 2507: 2505:Moore, pg. 316 2498: 2489: 2480: 2471: 2462: 2453: 2444: 2442:Ireland, p. 40 2435: 2426: 2417: 2394: 2385: 2353: 2344: 2335: 2326: 2317: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2281: 2272: 2258: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2165:English Traits 2128:Gilbert Burnet 2124:Richard Baxter 2107: 2104: 2069: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 1977: 1974: 1957: 1954: 1945: 1944: 1847: 1844: 1795:Sir Harry Vane 1790: 1730: 1727: 1723:Malice Rebuked 1672:good old cause 1649:Lord Protector 1586:Navigation Act 1584:and the first 1563: 1560: 1534:William Prynne 1480: 1459:Main article: 1456: 1453: 1403:William Strode 1382: 1379: 1354:in June 1645, 1345:New Model Army 1329:failed attempt 1320: 1317: 1313:Robert Baillie 1272:Thomas Fairfax 1183:Main article: 1180: 1177: 1172:Main article: 1169: 1166: 1103:Oliver St John 1028: 1025: 952:Roger Williams 932:Roger Williams 809:, arriving in 802: 799: 793:, joining the 707:, portrait by 696: 693: 627:King Charles I 564:Sir Henry Vane 539:Arms of Vane: 531: 530: 527: 526: 519: 515: 514: 509:(aged 49) 503: 499: 498: 486: 482: 481: 477: 476: 473: 472: 470: 469: 465: 463: 457: 456: 454: 453: 449: 447: 441: 440: 434: 424: 423: 412:Member of the 409: 408: 406: 405: 401: 399: 393: 392: 390: 389: 385: 383: 377: 376: 370: 360: 359: 348:Member of the 345: 344: 334: 333: 329:Member of the 326: 325: 315: 314: 310:Member of the 307: 306: 301: 295: 294: 289: 283: 282: 272: 271: 264: 263: 253: 252: 248:Member of the 245: 244: 242: 241: 237: 235: 229: 228: 226: 225: 221: 219: 213: 212: 209: 199: 198: 187:Member of the 184: 183: 178: 172: 171: 166: 160: 159: 149: 148: 144: 143: 138: 132: 131: 126: 120: 119: 109: 108: 104: 103: 98: 92: 91: 86: 80: 79: 69: 68: 61: 60: 57: 56: 50: 42: 41: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7356: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7217: 7215: 7210: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7185: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7128:George Walker 7126: 7124: 7123:Richard Vines 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7028:Henry Scudder 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6948:George Morley 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6923:John Maitland 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6888:Edward Howard 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6873:Charles Herle 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6853:Robert Harris 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6843:Robert Harley 6841: 6839: 6838:Henry Hammond 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6813:William Gouge 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6733:Robert Crosse 6731: 6729: 6728:Edward Corbet 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6718:Edward Conway 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6693:William Cecil 6691: 6689: 6688:Daniel Cawdry 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6673:Richard Capel 6671: 6669: 6668:John Campbell 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6658:Edmund Calamy 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6613:Samuel Bolton 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6603:Thomas Baylie 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6525: 6520: 6518: 6513: 6511: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6482: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6047:Commonwealth 6044: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5846: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 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5111: 5106: 5105:Orme, William 5102: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5002:9780404035075 4998: 4994: 4993: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4853: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4529:0-88082-158-2 4525: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4441: 4432: 4416: 4410: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4382: 4367: 4360: 4351: 4343: 4338: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318:Doyle, p. 169 4315: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4256:Yorke, p. 894 4253: 4251: 4249: 4239: 4230: 4228: 4218: 4209: 4200: 4191: 4182: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4144: 4134: 4125: 4116: 4114: 4104: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4071:Yorke, p. 893 4068: 4066: 4056: 4047: 4045: 4035: 4026: 4017: 4008: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3979: 3970: 3961: 3952: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3917: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3848: 3839: 3830: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3785: 3776: 3767: 3758: 3752:Peacey, p. 82 3749: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3704: 3695: 3686: 3677: 3668: 3659: 3650: 3641: 3632: 3623: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3599: 3590: 3584:Aylmer, p. 15 3581: 3572: 3563: 3561: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3524: 3515: 3506: 3504: 3494: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3426: 3417: 3415: 3405: 3396: 3387: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3342: 3333: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3297: 3288: 3279: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3243: 3234: 3225: 3223: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3060: 3051: 3042: 3033: 3024: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2860: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2727:King, pg. 115 2724: 2715: 2709:Rowe, pg. 200 2706: 2697: 2695: 2685: 2676: 2667: 2658: 2649: 2640: 2631: 2622: 2620: 2610: 2601: 2595:Cave, pg. 109 2592: 2583: 2574: 2568:Moore, p. 267 2565: 2559:Cave, pg. 104 2556: 2547: 2538: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2502: 2493: 2484: 2475: 2466: 2457: 2448: 2439: 2430: 2421: 2413: 2412: 2406: 2398: 2389: 2381: 2380: 2374: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2348: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2312: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2270:Moore, p. 318 2267: 2265: 2263: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2126:, Clarendon, 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1993: 1987: 1982: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1966:Baron Barnard 1963: 1953: 1951: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1905:Robert Foster 1902: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1814:he published 1810: 1804: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1767: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715:Richard Busby 1712: 1706: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1632: 1630: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1559: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1549:Pride's Purge 1546: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1526: 1525:Pride's Purge 1521: 1516: 1510: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1462: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1445:Isle of Wight 1442: 1441:Hampton Court 1436: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1421: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399:Denzil Holles 1392: 1387: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1367:John Lilburne 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1336:John Lilburne 1333: 1330: 1326: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1303:Earl of Essex 1300: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1249: 1243: 1242:church polity 1239: 1235: 1234:Bishop's Wars 1231: 1227: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1204:siege of Hull 1201: 1197: 1193: 1186: 1175: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1130:Privy Council 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1069: 1065: 1062:Engraving by 1060: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1024: 1022: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1005: 999: 997: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 957: 953: 948: 944: 942: 938: 933: 928: 926: 922: 921:Narragansetts 918: 915:, overrun by 914: 910: 906: 903: 899: 894: 891: 887: 886:John Endecott 883: 879: 875: 874:Boston's fort 871: 867: 863: 859: 858:Antinomianism 855: 848: 843: 839: 837: 833: 832:Thomas Dudley 828: 824: 823:John Winthrop 821:. The elder 820: 816: 812: 808: 798: 796: 792: 788: 787:nonconformist 784: 783:privy chamber 779: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 710: 706: 701: 691: 686: 683: 681: 677: 676:Massachusetts 673: 667: 665: 660: 655: 653: 649: 645: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 608: 604: 600: 596: 593: 589: 585: 584:North America 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 537: 528: 524: 520: 516: 513: 504: 500: 496: 492: 487: 483: 478: 474: 467: 466: 464: 458: 451: 450: 448: 442: 438: 430: 425: 422: 416: 410: 403: 402: 400: 394: 387: 386: 384: 378: 374: 366: 361: 358: 352: 346: 340: 335: 332: 327: 321: 316: 313: 308: 305: 302: 296: 293: 290: 284: 278: 273: 270: 265: 259: 254: 251: 246: 239: 238: 236: 230: 223: 222: 220: 214: 205: 200: 197: 191: 185: 182: 179: 173: 170: 167: 161: 155: 150: 145: 142: 139: 133: 130: 127: 121: 115: 110: 105: 102: 101:John Winthrop 99: 93: 90: 87: 81: 75: 70: 67: 62: 58: 54: 48: 43: 33: 30: 19: 7206: 7178:Thomas Young 7173:Walter Yonge 7117: 7068:Peter Sterry 7048:Josias Shute 7008:Francis Rous 6978:Andrew Perne 6933:John Maynard 6913:Richard Love 6893:Joshua Hoyle 6833:Matthew Hale 6823:William Grey 6678:Joseph Caryl 6608:Robert Blair 6562: 6487: 6452: 6240: 6163: 6146: 6114: 6097: 6090: 6063: 6050:(since 1776) 6019: 6007: 6000: 5988: 5971: 5964: 5952: 5940: 5928: 5916: 5909: 5897: 5754: 5676: 5657: 5641: 5623: 5606: 5579: 5560: 5530: 5511: 5489: 5480: 5465: 5417: 5386: 5367: 5339: 5312: 5294: 5276: 5249: 5218: 5207: 5185: 5154: 5127: 5109: 5095: 5069: 5041: 5020: 4991: 4972: 4940: 4909: 4900: 4873: 4851: 4822: 4803: 4775: 4748: 4721: 4703: 4675: 4648: 4620: 4592: 4565: 4538: 4515: 4488: 4460: 4440: 4431: 4419:. Retrieved 4409: 4397:. Retrieved 4393:The Atlantic 4391: 4381: 4369:. Retrieved 4359: 4350: 4340:– via 4334: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4275:. Retrieved 4271:the original 4261: 4238: 4217: 4208: 4199: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4154: 4133: 4124: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4055: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4007: 3999: 3987: 3978: 3969: 3960: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3910: 3901: 3896:Farr, p. 197 3892: 3887:Farr, p. 184 3883: 3874: 3865: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3811: 3802: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3640: 3631: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3571: 3550: 3541: 3532: 3523: 3514: 3493: 3470: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3425: 3404: 3395: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3359: 3350: 3341: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3278: 3269: 3260: 3251: 3242: 3233: 3212: 3203: 3194: 3185: 3176: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3140: 3131: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3095: 3086: 3077: 3068: 3059: 3050: 3041: 3032: 3023: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2969: 2960: 2951: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2888: 2879: 2870: 2865:Shaw, pg. 99 2849: 2840: 2831: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2795: 2786: 2777: 2768: 2759: 2750: 2741: 2732: 2723: 2714: 2705: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2657: 2648: 2639: 2630: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2582: 2573: 2564: 2555: 2546: 2537: 2528: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2492: 2483: 2474: 2465: 2456: 2447: 2438: 2429: 2420: 2409: 2397: 2388: 2377: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2248:. Retrieved 2234: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2178:In 1897 the 2177: 2173: 2164: 2158: 2146: 2136: 2121: 2112: 2109: 2100:Henry Stubbe 2095: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1959: 1946: 1939: 1932:Samuel Pepys 1919: 1913: 1901:high treason 1893: 1888: 1880: 1849: 1823: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1792: 1786:George Monck 1774:John Lambert 1770: 1763: 1759:John Lambert 1732: 1722: 1718: 1711:Henry Stubbe 1707: 1694:John Thurloe 1692:was seen by 1689: 1688: 1681:The gate to 1663: 1655: 1653: 1645: 1633: 1626: 1590: 1565: 1553: 1541:Thomas Pride 1538: 1530: 1512: 1482: 1464: 1437: 1432: 1425: 1422: 1415: 1411: 1396: 1375: 1371: 1360: 1349: 1334: 1322: 1311: 1307:Marston Moor 1296: 1256:Henry Marten 1253: 1246: 1238:Presbyterian 1223: 1188: 1141: 1139: 1123: 1091:John Hampden 1072: 1030: 1017: 1000: 992: 987: 961: 956:Narragansett 929: 913:Block Island 895: 870:English flag 851: 804: 775: 756: 713: 688: 684: 680:Rhode Island 671: 668: 656: 612: 571: 567: 563: 562: 556: 548: 543:These are a 540: 507:(1662-06-14) 505:14 June 1662 468:John Ramsden 461:Succeeded by 452:John Ramsden 428: 397:Succeeded by 364: 338: 319: 299:Succeeded by 276: 257: 233:Succeeded by 203: 176:Succeeded by 153: 136:Succeeded by 113: 96:Succeeded by 73: 29: 7239:1662 deaths 7234:1613 births 7229:Vane family 7133:Samuel Ward 7098:Henry Tozer 7043:John Selden 6938:William Mew 6878:Thomas Hill 6848:John Harris 6828:John Hacket 6803:John Glynne 6788:Thomas Ford 6713:John Conant 6683:Thomas Case 6593:Simeon Ashe 6378:Saltonstall 6236:W. Washburn 6206:E. Washburn 6154:Lincoln Jr. 6116:Lincoln Sr. 5884:(1692–1776) 5852:(1686–1689) 5726:(1629–1686) 4371:20 February 2184:blue plaque 2117:John Milton 1970:William III 1962:Christopher 1839:apocalyptic 1698:Anabaptists 1578:plantations 1514:John Milton 1455:War renewed 1365:and led by 1230:Independent 1179:Early years 1053:Raby Castle 1008:Revelations 909:John Oldham 902:Connecticut 866:John Cotton 836:John Haynes 801:New England 740:Thomas Scot 635:Interregnum 617:during the 445:Preceded by 381:Preceded by 292:Henry Rolle 287:Preceded by 217:Preceded by 164:Preceded by 124:Preceded by 89:John Haynes 84:Preceded by 7284:Roundheads 7279:Pequot War 7223:Categories 7163:John Wilde 7153:John White 7093:Zouch Tate 7003:Henry Rich 6963:Philip Nye 6758:John Earle 6293:Greenhalge 6032:Hutchinson 6021:Hutchinson 5871:Bradstreet 5830:Bradstreet 5820:Bellingham 5810:Bellingham 5770:Bellingham 5626:. London. 4451:References 4342:Wikisource 2132:David Hume 2106:Reputation 1984:Statue in 1950:Shipbourne 1928:Tower Hill 1856:Charles II 1835:oligarchic 1740:Whitchurch 1660:David Hume 1621:Parliament 1288:Lancashire 1240:system of 1154:episcopacy 1041:ship money 1013:presbyters 972:Portsmouth 862:legalistic 819:Hugh Peter 695:Early life 664:Tower Hill 646:following 639:Parliament 568:Harry Vane 545:difference 53:Peter Lely 6753:John Dury 6723:John Cook 6618:John Bond 6540:Documents 6165:Armstrong 5936:J. Dudley 5924:J. Dudley 5911:Stoughton 5905:Bellomont 5899:Stoughton 5881:Province 5861:J. Dudley 5849:Dominion 5800:T. Dudley 5785:T. Dudley 5765:T. Dudley 5745:T. 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Henry Vane the Younger

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