Robert Menzies - Knowledge

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with Australia's traditional allies such as Britain and the United States while also reorienting Australia's foreign policy focus towards the Asia Pacific. With his first Minister for External Affairs, Percy Spender, the Menzies government signed the ANZUS treaty in San Francisco on 1 September 1951. Menzies later told parliament that this security pact between Australia, New Zealand and the United States was 'based on the utmost good will, the utmost good faith and unqualified friendship' saying 'each of us will stand by it'. At the same time as strengthening the alliance with the United States, Menzies and Spender were committed to Australia being on 'good neighbour terms' with the countries of South and South East Asia. To help forge closer ties in the region, the Menzies government initiated the Colombo Plan that would see almost 40 000 students from the region come to study in Australia over the four subsequent decades. Recognising the economic potential of a burgeoning postwar Japan, Menzies, together with Trade Minister Jack McEwan and his new minister for External Affairs, Richard Casey, negotiated the Commerce Agreement with Japan in 1957. This trade agreement was followed by bilateral agreements with Malaya in 1958 and Indonesia in 1959.

2589:; two other passengers and four crew. This event weakened Menzies's government. On the night of 11 November 1940, aircraft from the carriers of the Royal Navy's Mediterranean fleet disabled a number of Italian capital ships at anchor at the Italian base at Taranto. In December 1940, Menzies sent Churchill a letter expressing concern that the Imperial Japanese Navy might likewise use air power to cripple the Singapore base. In the same letter, Menzies asked Churchill to activate the Singapore strategy by stationing at least three or four capital ships at Singapore. In response, Churchill wrote back to Menzies that to say he would not have capital ships "sitting idle" at Singapore and that to transfer capital ships to Singapore would mean "ruining the Mediterranean situation. This I am sure you would not want to do unless or until the Japanese danger became far more menacing than at present". In March 1941 and again in August 1941, Menzies appealed to Churchill in letters to activate the Singapore strategy as he wrote that he was highly concerned about Japanese ambitions in the Asia-Pacific region. 2490:

Throughout the summer of 1939, Menzies stressed in his speeches that war was "not inevitable" as he urged Australians to enjoy their summer vacations. In the cabinet, Menzies was opposed to expanding the tiny Australian Army beyond its current size of 1, 571 soldiers on economic grounds. The news of the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact of 22 August 1939 was greeted with both relief and concern in Menzies's cabinet. It was understood that the German-Soviet nonaggression pact ended the prospect of a "peace front" of Britain, France and the Soviet Union to deter Germany from invading Poland, and that war was more likely than not in Europe. Conversely, the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact had (temporarily as it proved) alienated Japan from Germany, and within the Australian cabinet, it was felt that Japan would be less likely to enter a war against the British empire because of the German-Soviet agreement, which had come as a most unwanted surprise in Tokyo. In Tokyo, the failure to achieve an alliance with Germany alongside the shock of the German-Soviet non-aggression pact caused the Japanese Prime Minister Baron

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government in 1948 to extend commonwealth wartime powers to control rents and prices. In the election campaign of 1949, Menzies and his party were resolved to stamp out the communist movement and to fight in the interests of free enterprise against what they termed as Labor's 'socialistic measures'. If Menzies won office, he pledged to counter inflation, extend child endowment and end petrol rationing. With the lower house enlarged from 74 to 121 seats, the Menzies Liberal/Country Coalition won the 1949 election with 74 House seats and 51.0 percent of the two-party vote but remained in minority in the Senate. Whatever else Menzies's victory represented, his anti-communism and advocacy for free enterprise had captured a new and formidable support base in postwar Australian society.

2177:(a part-time militia unit) from 1915 to 1919. This unit was not efficient and Menzies noted in his diary that training in even basic skills such as rifle shooting was sub-standard. He was commissioned a second lieutenant on 6 January 1915. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he did not volunteer for overseas service, something that would later be used against him by political opponents; in 1939 he described it as "a stream of mud through which I have waded at every campaign in which I have participated". Menzies never publicly addressed the reasons for his decision not to enlist, stating only that they were "compelling" and related to his "intimate personal and family affairs". His two older brothers did serve overseas. In a 1972 interview, his brother 2240:. He stood for constitutional democracy, the rule of law, the sanctity of contracts and the jealous preservation of existing institutions. Suspicious of the Labor Party, Menzies stressed the superiority of free enterprise except for certain public utilities such as the railways. His candidacy was nearly defeated when a group of ex-servicemen attacked him in the press for not having enlisted, but he survived this crisis. Within weeks of his entry to parliament, he was made a minister without portfolio in a new minority Nationalist State government led by Premier William McPherson. The new government had formed when the previous Labor government lost the support of the cross-bench Country Progressives. The following year he shifted to the 3543:

had a particularly logical mind, so that even in his conversation, let alone his set speeches and arguments, his remarks were always in sequence. Whether he was drawing on his memory, or making up his mind as he went along, each point he made reinforced the others and added to a logical and rounded whole. He spoke like this because it was the way he thought. He would have succeeded in anything that demands a logical intellect—science, generalship, high finance, the control of great organisations ... He had a beautiful speaking voice, clear, resonant and flexible. His appearance was impressive. Finally he had most of the virtues his countrymen and women liked and respected. He was not greedy. "I have never believed in making every bob (

3319: 4074: 2473:, Menzies also supported having the Polish Corridor returned to Germany. Despite his support for the Germans' claims to Danzig, Menzies was opposed to the prospect of German domination of Europe. Menzies in a speech on 28 March 1939 declared: "I do not accept this doctrine of an unimpeded march by Germany to a territorial conquest of middle and southeastern Europe". Ultimately, the fear of Japan proved decisive for Menzies, who believed that for Australia to not support Britain in the Danzig crisis would lead to Britain eventually abandoning Australia to face Japan alone. The prospect of war in Europe threatened to undermine the 3023: 1141: 3044:

Japanese war brides to be admitted to Australia. In 1950, External Affairs Minister Percy Spender instigated the Colombo Plan, under which students from Asian countries were admitted to study at Australian universities, then in 1957, non-Europeans with 15 years' residence in Australia were allowed to become citizens. In a watershed legal reform, a 1958 revision of the Migration Act introduced a simpler system for entry and abolished the "dictation test" which had permitted the exclusion of migrants on the basis of their ability to take down a dictation offered in any European language. Immigration Minister

2330:. He was strongly committed to democracy for the British peoples, but he initially thought that the Germans should take care of their own affairs. He strongly supported the appeasement policies of the Chamberlain government in London, and sincerely believed that war could and should be avoided at all costs. after the visit to Germany in 1938, Menzies wrote that the "abandonment by the Germans of individual liberty ... has something rather magnificent about it". Menzies also praised the "really spiritual quality in the willingness of Germans to devote themselves to the service and well-being of the state". 4041: 3941: 4141: 4063: 4026: 2504:

day, which began "Fellow Australians. It is my melancholy duty to inform you officially that in consequence of a persistence by Germany in her invasion of Poland, Great Britain has declared war upon her and that, as a result, Australia is also at war." A couple of days after the declaration, Menzies recalled parliament and asked for general support as the government faced the enormous responsibility of leading the nation in war time. Page and Curtin, as party leaders, pledged their support for all that needed to be done for the defence of the country.

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established to inquire into the financial plight of Australia's universities, and Menzies's pumped funds into the sector under conditions which preserved the autonomy of universities. In its support for higher education, the Menzies government tripled Federal government funding and provided emergency grants, significant increases in academic salaries, extra funding for buildings, and the establishment of a permanent committee, from 1961, to oversee and make recommendations concerning higher education.

3951: 1490: 2566: 2165:. Menzies was also president of the Students' Christian Union, a founding member of the Historical Society, and a prominent member of the Law Students' Society. He had "a reputation as an "unusually bright and articulate member of the undergraduate community", and was known as a skilful debater. However, he had also begun to develop the traits of pomposity and arrogance that would cause difficulties later in his career. His fellow law student and future parliamentary colleague 2084: 4052: 83: 3649: 2660:

Matters came to a head in August, when the cabinet voted to have Menzies return to London to speak for Australia's interests in the War Cabinet. However, since Labor and the Coalition were level (both sides had 36 MPs), Menzies needed the support of the Labor Party in order to travel to Britain. Amid rumours that Menzies's real intention was to launch a political career in Britain, Labor insisted that the crisis was too dire for Menzies to leave the country.

1723: 8880: 2434: 2221: 4109: 3989: 4015: 2911: 1735: 2948: 4093: 4125: 2400: 4007: 3466:, in office for a combined total of 18 years, five months and 12 days. His second period of 16 years, one month and seven days is by far the longest unbroken tenure in that office. During his second period he dominated Australian politics as no one else has ever done. He managed to live down the failures of his first period in office and to rebuild the conservative side of politics from the nadir it hit at the 2931: 2743:

future as a democracy. The addresses frequently emphasised the values which Menzies regarded as critical to shaping Australia's wartime and postwar policies. These were essentially the principles of liberalism: individual freedom, personal and community responsibility, the rule of law, parliamentary government, economic prosperity and progress based on private enterprise and reward for effort.

3187:. He later published two volumes of memoirs. In March 1967 he was elected Chancellor of Melbourne University, serving a five-year term. In 1971, Menzies suffered a severe stroke and was permanently paralysed on one side of his body for the remainder of his life. He suffered a second stroke in 1972. His official biographer, Lady McNicoll wrote after his death in 2346:. Your own comments on this dreadful history will need no reinforcement by me. All I need say is, that whatever the inflamed ambitions of the German Führer may be, he will undoubtedly learn, as other great enemies of freedom have learned before, that no empire, no dominion, can be soundly established upon a basis of broken promises or dishonoured agreements. 3155:

and growth of university life in Australia was widely acknowledged by the award of honorary degrees in the Universities of Queensland, Adelaide, Tasmania, New South Wales, and the Australian National University and by thirteen universities in Canada, the United States and Britain, including Oxford and Cambridge. Many learned institutions, including the

3063:(Menzies) "I don't want to see reproduced in Australia the kind of problem they have in South Africa or in America or increasingly in Great Britain. I think it's been a very good policy and it's been of great value to us and most of the criticism of it that I've ever heard doesn't come from these oriental countries it comes from wandering Australians. 3103: 2773:. The organisational structure and constitutional framework of the new party was formulated at the Albury Conference. Officially launched at the Sydney Town Hall on 31 August 1945, the Menzies-led Liberal Party of Australia inherited the UAP's role as senior partner in the Coalition. Curtin died in office in 1945 and was succeeded by 2342:. Has, without flickering an eyelid, made a pact with Russia, a country the denouncing and reviling of which has been his chief stock-in-trade ever since he became chancellor. And has now, under circumstances which I will describe to you, invaded with armed force and in defiance of civilised opinion, the independent nation of 3450:

in the Bible, Menzies nonetheless preached religious freedom and non-sectarianism as the norm for Australia. Indeed, his cooperation with Australian Catholics on the contentious state aid issue was recognised when he was invited as guest of honour to the annual Cardinal's Dinner in Sydney in 1964, presided over by Cardinal

2810: 3578:. Bramston had access to previously unavailable Menzies family papers, conducted new interviews with Menzies' contemporaries and it was endorsed by Menzies' daughter, Heather Henderson. It was described as having "the most attractive combination of research and readability" of all the Menzies biographies. The 4264:). The motto is an altered version from the Clan Menzies motto ("Vil God I Zal" or "With God I Will") that replaces "Will" with "Have" to represent Menzies' achievements. The basis for the escutcheon is from the Menzies family coat of arms. The two gold boar heads in the escutcheon are taken from the arms of 2995:

free medicines service, the Aged Persons' Homes Assistance scheme, free provision of life-saving drugs; the provision of supplementary pensions to dependent pensioners paying rent; increased rates of pension, unemployment and sickness benefits, and rehabilitation allowances; and a substantial system of

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in Canberra holds a significant collection of memorabilia relating to Robert Menzies, including a range of medals and civil awards received by Sir Robert such as his Jubilee and Coronation medals, Order of Australia, Order of the Companions of Honour and US Legion of Merit. There are also a number of

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On his retirement he became the thirteenth chancellor of the University of Melbourne and remained the head of the university from March 1967 until March 1972. Much earlier, in 1942, he had received the first honorary degree of Doctor of Laws of Melbourne University. His responsibility for the revival

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Meanwhile, on the domestic front, animosity developed between Sir Earle Page and Menzies which was aggravated when Page became Acting Prime Minister during Lyons's illness after October 1938. Menzies and Page attacked each other publicly. He later became deputy leader of the UAP. His supporters began

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It is difficult to exaggerate the pre-eminence enjoyed by Menzies for over a quarter of a century in the federal Parliament. He had many natural gifts, of which the greatest lay in the quality of his mind. His capacity to absorb and retain information, facts, opinion, prejudices was most unusual. He

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The Menzies era saw Australia become an increasingly affluent society, with average weekly earnings in 1965 50% higher in real terms than in 1945. The increased prosperity enjoyed by most Australians during this period was accompanied by a general increase in leisure time, with the five-day workweek

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Menzies was the son of a Presbyterian-turned-Methodist lay preacher and imbibed his father's Protestant faith and values. During his studies at the University of Melbourne, Menzies was president of the Students' Christian Union. Proud of his Scottish Presbyterian heritage with a living faith steeped

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In 1960, the Menzies government introduced a new pharmaceutical benefits scheme, which expanded the range of prescribed medicines subsidised by the government. Other social welfare measures of the government included the extension of the Commonwealth Child Endowment scheme, the pensioner medical and

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scare was claimed by some to enable the Menzies government to win the election. The Menzies government won 64 of 121 seats and 49.3 percent of the two-party vote. Evatt accused Menzies of arranging Petrov's defection. The aftermath of the 1954 election caused a split in the Labor Party, with several

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newspaper in an editorial on 11 June 1941 attacked Menzies for having "too readily acquiesced in the ill-starred Greek campaign, of which the Cretan misadventure was the inevitable sequel ... As a military adventure, it was madness. As a political gesture, it was stupid because it was doomed to

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Menzies went on to say that if Hitler's expansionist "policy were allowed to go unchecked there could be no security in Europe and there could be no just peace for the world". However, in a letter written by Menzies on 11 September 1939, he privately urged for peace negotiations and the continuation

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that "I hope that I may be associated with the protest of the meeting tonight against the barbaric and medieval persecution to which their fellow Jews in Europe are apparently being subjected". In July 1939, Menzies, by then prime minister, declared in a speech that "history will label Hitler as one

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recalled that a "family conference" had determined that Robert should not enlist. They believed that having two of the family's three adult sons serving overseas was a sufficiently patriotic contribution to the war effort, and that the family's interests would be served best by Robert continuing his

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The Menzies government developed the city of Canberra as the national capital. In 1957, the Menzies government established the National Capital Development Commission as independent statutory authority charged with overseeing the planning and development of Canberra. During Menzies' time in office,

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Throughout his second period in office, Menzies practised classical liberal economics with an emphasis on private enterprise and self-sufficiency in contrast to Labor's 'socialist objective'. Accordingly, the economic policy emphasis of the Menzies government moved towards tax incentives to release

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on the question of changing the Constitution to permit the parliament to make laws in respect of Communists and Communism where he said this was necessary for the security of the Commonwealth. If passed, this would have given a government the power to introduce a bill proposing to ban the Communist

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the Royal Navy needed to strengthen its Far Eastern forces. On 11 August 1940, Churchill sent a long letter to Menzies promising that if Japan entered the war, Britain would activate the Singapore strategy by sending a strong Royal Navy force to Singapore. Menzies continued to be worried about the

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On 3 September 1939 Britain and France declared war on Germany due to its invasion of Poland on 1 September, leading to the start of World War II. Menzies responded immediately by also declaring Australia to be at war in support of Britain, and delivered a radio broadcast to the nation on that same

2105:. The following year, aged 13, he ranked first in the state-wide scholarship examinations. This feat financed the entirety of his secondary education, which had to be undertaken at private schools, as Victoria did not yet have a system of public secondary schools. In 1908 and 1909, Menzies attended 3043:

The Menzies government maintained and indeed expanded the Chifley Labor government's postwar immigration scheme established by Immigration Minister Arthur Calwell in 1947. Beginning in 1949, Immigration Minister Harold Holt decided to allow 800 non-European war refugees to remain in Australia, and

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encompassed a wide range of topics including Roosevelt's Four Freedoms, the control of the war, the role of women in war and peace, the future of capitalism, the nature of democracy and especially the role of the middle class, 'the forgotten people' of the title and their importance to Australia's

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Menzies came home to a hero's welcome. However, his support in Parliament was less certain. Not only did some Coalition MPs doubt his popularity in the electorate, but they also believed that a national unity government was the only long-term solution. Menzies's reputation was badly damaged by the

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Thus, Menzies at the age of 44 found himself a wartime leader of a small nation of 7 million people. He was especially worried about the military threat from Japan. Australia had very small forces, and depended on Britain for defence against the looming threat of the Japanese Empire, with its

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Dexter, a Kangaroo proper, supporting on its sinister shoulder a banner-stave Gules, therefrom displaying a Banner of the foresaid Arms; sinister, a Lion guardant per fess indented Gules and Argent, about its head a chaplet of Menzies heath and issuant therefrom a panache of five Plumes gules and

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fan. He shared the tastes of the people he led. At the same time none was more able than he to touch chords of loyalty and pride in the traditions and history of the British people, especially that section of them who had settled in Australia. He made us proud of ourselves. We associated him with

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The Menzies era saw immense regional changes, with post-war reconstruction and the withdrawal of European Powers and the British Empire from the Far East (including independence for India and Indonesia). In response to these geopolitical developments, the Menzies government maintained strong ties

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Soon after his return, Menzies concluded that the UAP was at the end of its useful life. Menzies called a conference of anti-Labor parties with meetings in Canberra on 13 October 1944 and again in Albury (NSW) in December 1944. At the Canberra conference, the fourteen parties, with the UAP as the

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I do not believe that the real life of this nation is to be found either in great luxury hotels and the petty gossip of so-called fashionable suburbs, or in the officialdom of the organised masses. It is to be found in the homes of people who are nameless and unadvertised, and who, whatever their

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100 million people, a very powerful Army and Navy and an aggressive foreign policy. He hoped that a policy of appeasement would head off a war with Japan, and repeatedly pressured London. Menzies did his best to rally the country, but the bitter memories of the disillusionment which followed

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Menzies supported British foreign policy, including appeasement, and was initially reticent about the prospect of going to war with Germany. However, by September 1939 the unfolding crisis in Europe changed his public stance that the diplomatic efforts by Chamberlain and other leaders to broker a

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After graduating from the University of Melbourne in 1916 with first-class honours in Law, Menzies was admitted to the Victorian Bar and to the High Court of Australia in 1918. Establishing his own practice in Melbourne, Menzies specialised chiefly in constitutional law which he had read with the

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Several times, Menzies declared that there were "two sides" both equally worthy of consideration to the Danzig dispute. He dismissed the "jitters", as he called it, on the stock market in the summer of 1939 while he spoke of "an outpouring of the sentiments of peace in the minds of the people".

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A crisis arose almost immediately, however, when Page refused to serve under him. In an extraordinary personal attack in the House, Page accused Menzies of cowardice for not having enlisted in the War, and of treachery to Lyons. Menzies then formed a minority government. When Page was deposed as

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The Menzies government extended Federal involvement in higher education and introduced the Commonwealth scholarship scheme in 1951, to cover fees and pay a generous means-tested allowance for promising students from lower socioeconomic groups. In 1956, a committee headed by Sir Keith Murray was

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During his time in the political wilderness Menzies built up a large popular base of support by his frequent appeals, often by radio, to ordinary non-elite working citizens whom he called 'the Forgotten People'—especially those who were not suburban and rich or members of organised labour. From

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for the Greek expedition as he maintained that he had only given permission to send the Australians to Greece after Blamey did not oppose it. Menzies maintained that if Blamey had given his disapproval in his opinion as a professional soldier, he would never have sent the Australians to Greece.

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that called for the main British battle fleet to be sent out to Singapore (the major British naval base in Asia) in the event of a threat from Japan. A war with Germany would require the majority of the Royal Navy's ships to stay within European waters, and an inability to execute the Singapore

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in July 1962 to close its schools in protest at the lack of government assistance, the Menzies government announced a new package of state aid for independent and Catholic schools. Menzies promised five million pounds annually for the provision of buildings and equipment facilities for science

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announced that he intended to nationalise Australia's private banks, arousing intense middle-class opposition which Menzies successfully exploited. In addition to campaigning against Chifley's bank nationalization proposal, Menzies successfully led the 'No' case for a referendum by the Chifley

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made his task difficult; this was compounded by his lack of a service record. Furthermore, as attorney-general and deputy prime minister, he had made an official visit to Germany in 1938, when the official policy of the Australian government, supported by the Opposition, was strong support for

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Menzies's farewell press conference was the first political press conference telecast live in Australia. He resigned from Parliament on 17 February, ending 32 years in Parliament (most of them spent as either a cabinet minister or opposition frontbencher), a combined 25 years as leader of the

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The spectre of communism and the threat it was deemed to pose to national security became the dominant preoccupation of the new government in its first phase. Menzies introduced legislation in 1950 to ban the Communist Party, hoping that the Senate would reject it and give him a trigger for a

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as Coalition leader—and hence Prime Minister—even though the Country Party was the junior partner in the Coalition. Menzies was bitter about this treatment from his colleagues, and nearly left politics, but was persuaded to become Minister for Defence Co-ordination in Fadden's cabinet. The

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In 1965, the Menzies government took the decision to end open discrimination against married women in the public service, by allowing them to become permanent public servants, and allowing female officers who were already permanent public servants to retain that status after marriage.

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in 1906. Each of the three represented rural constituencies, and were defeated after a few terms. Menzies's maternal grandfather John Sampson was active in the trade union movement. He was the inaugural president of the Creswick Miners' Association, which he co-founded with future

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individual religious conviction or dogma, see in their children their greatest contribution to the immortality of their race. The home is the foundation of sanity and sobriety; it is the indispensable condition of continuity; its health determines the health of society as a whole.

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teaching in secondary schools. Also promised were 10 000 scholarships to help students stay at school for the last two years with a further 2 500 scholarships for technical schools. Despite the historically firm Catholic support base of the Labor Party, the Opposition under

2486:" while at the same time Germany should and would be deterred from going to war against Poland. Though Menzies felt that Poland was in the wrong in opposing the return of the Free City to Germany, he did not want to see the crisis end with Poland being subjected to Germany. 3583:

special presentation items including a walking stick, cigar boxes, silver gravy boats from the Kooyong electorate and a silver inkstand presented by Queen Elizabeth II. Robert Menzies's personal library of almost 4,000 books is held at the University of Melbourne Library.

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to commission Curtin as prime minister. The Cabinet instead urged Menzies to make another overture to Labor for a national unity government, but Labor turned the offer down. With his position now untenable, Menzies resigned the prime ministership on 27 August 1941.

3252:, which would become their family home for 25 years. They had three surviving children: Kenneth (1922–1993), Robert Jr (known by his middle name, Ian; 1923–1974) and a daughter, Margery (known by her middle name, Heather; born 1928). Another child died at birth. 3107: 2604:-which came about because of Churchill's plans to send an Allied fleet up the Dardanelles-and he was highly suspicious of another of Churchill's plans for victory in the Mediterranean. On 25 February 1941, Menzies reluctantly gave his approval to send the 1840:. On his return to Australia in August 1941, Menzies found that he had lost the support of his party and consequently resigned as prime minister. He subsequently helped to create the new Liberal Party, and was elected its inaugural leader in August 1945. 3797:(KT), the order being chosen in recognition of his Scottish heritage. He is the only Australian ever appointed to this order. He was the second of only two Australian prime ministers to be knighted during their term of office (the first prime minister, 2562:

fact that the Singapore base-despite being billed as the "Gibraltar of the East" was a base, not the fortress that it was presented as; about the shoddy state of the fortifications at Singapore; and about the lack of details in Churchill's promises.

3104: 3656:. In part, the inscription reads: "The spire symbolises the rise to world recognition of a boy who was born in Jeparit and who rose by his own efforts to become Australia's Prime Minister and a statesman recognised and honoured throughout the world." 2182:

academic career. Another reason for keeping one of the elder sons home was the health of their father, James, who was physically unwell and emotionally unstable at the time. It has been noted that, as a student, Menzies supported the introduction of

2842:. At that election, the Coalition suffered a five-seat swing, winning 69 of 121 seats and 50.7 percent of the two-party vote. However, it won six seats in the Senate, giving it control of both chambers. Later in 1951 Menzies decided to hold a 3143:

non-Labor Coalition, and 38 years as an elected official. To date, Menzies is the last Australian prime minister to leave office on his or her own terms. He was succeeded as Liberal Party leader and prime minister by his former treasurer,

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Menzies turned 71 in December 1965 and began telling others of his intention to retire in the new year. He informed cabinet of his decision on 19 January 1966 and resigned as leader of the Liberal Party the following day; Harold Holt was

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After losing the UAP leadership, Menzies moved to the backbench. Besides his overall sense of duty, the war would have made it nearly impossible for him to return to his legal practice in any event. Labor won a crushing victory at the

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to submit his resignation to the Emperor, which was accepted. The possibility that at least for the moment that Japan would stay neutral if the Danzig crisis led to war in Europe encouraged the cabinet in Canberra to stand by Britain.

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peace agreement had failed, and that war was now an inevitability. In his Declaration of War broadcast on 3 September 1939, Menzies explained the dramatic turn of events over the past twelve months necessitating this change of course:

2203:. The case became a landmark authority for the positive reinterpretation of Commonwealth powers over those of the States. The High Court's verdict raised Menzies's profile as a skilled advocate, and eventually he was appointed a 2121:. Menzies was "not very interested in and certainly incompetent at sport", but excelled academically. In his third and final year at Wesley he won a £40 exhibition for university study, one of 25 awarded by the state government. 2870:, had defected, and that there was evidence of a Soviet spy ring in Australia, including members of Evatt's staff. Evatt felt compelled to state on the floor of Parliament that he'd personally written to Soviet Foreign Minister 2101:. When he was about eleven, he and his sister were sent to Ballarat to live with his paternal grandmother; his two older brothers were already living there. In 1906, Menzies began attending the Humffray Street State School in 3106: 2719:

November 1941, he began a series of weekly radio broadcasts reaching audiences across New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland. A selection of these talks was edited into a book bearing the title of his most famous address,

5707: 2050:. Seeking a new start, he moved the family to Jeparit to take over the general store, which "survived rather than prospered". During Menzies's childhood, three of his close relatives were elected to parliament. His uncle 2169:

noted Menzies as a student "did not suffer fools gladly the trouble was that his opponents frequently were not fools and that he tended to say things that were not only cutting and unkind but that were unjustified".

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as his successor on the second ballot, defeating three other candidates. The UAP also voted to end the joint opposition arrangement with the Country Party, allowing Menzies to replace Fadden as opposition leader.

2600:. On 20 February 1941, Churchill asked Menzies to give his approval to send the Australian forces in North Africa to Greece. Like many other Australians of his generation, Menzies was haunted by the memory of the 2045:

township, in the year before Robert's birth. At the 1891 census, the settlement had a population of just 55 people. His elder siblings had been born in Ballarat, where his father was a locomotive painter at the

2784:. It won 26 of 74 seats on 45.9 percent of the two-party vote and remained in minority in the Senate. Despite winning a seven-seat swing, the Coalition failed to make a serious dent in Labor's large majority. 1105: 2668:

With Labor unwilling to support him travelling to London and his position within his own party room weakening, Menzies called an emergency cabinet meeting. He announced his intention to resign and advise the

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to victory and returned as prime minister. His appeal to the home and family, promoted via reassuring radio talks, matched the national zeitgeist as the economy grew and middle-class values prevailed; the

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In 1951, the top marginal tax rate for incomes above £10,000 (equivalent to $ 487,272.73 in 2022 ) was 75 per cent under Menzies; from 1955 until the mid-1980s, the top marginal tax rate was 67 per cent.

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Country Party leader a few months later, Menzies took the Country Party back into his government in a full-fledged Coalition, with Page's successor, Archie Cameron, as number-two-man in the government.

3147:. He left office at the age of 71 years, 1 month and 6 days, making him the oldest person ever to be prime minister. Although the coalition remained in power for almost another seven years (until the 10830: 5516: 3003:

introduced a uniform divorce law across Australia, provided funding for marriage counselling services and made allowances for a specified period of separation as sufficient grounds for a divorce.

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to handle the Danzig crisis. Menzies believed that the crisis should and would be resolved by a Munich-type deal under which the Free City of Danzig would be peacefully allowed to "go home to the

2545:, refused Menzies's offer to form a war coalition, and opposed using the Australian army for a European war, preferring to keep it at home to defend Australia. Labor agreed to participate in the 4194:

On a Wreath Argent and Gules, a demi-Lion Gules, its dexter paw upon a Baton Sable, about its head a chaplet of Menzies heath proper, issuant therefrom a panache of five Plumes Gules and Argent.

10825: 8883: 2311:, a Czech Jewish communist. The initial prohibition on Kisch's entry to Australia, however, had not been imposed by Menzies but by the Country Party minister for the interior, Thomas Paterson. 10835: 2097:

Growing up, Menzies and his siblings "had the normal enjoyments and camaraderies of a small country town". He began his formal education in 1899 at the Jeparit State School, a single-teacher

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Per chevron Argent and Azure, in base the constellation of the Southern Cross of the first, on a Chief indented Gules a seven-point Star between two Boars' heads couped Or, armed the first.

3345:: "I was distressed to hear of the death of Sir Robert Menzies. He was a distinguished Australian whose contribution to his country and the Commonwealth will long be remembered", and from 10930: 7996: 5961: 2690:

lasted only 40 days before being defeated on a confidence motion. On 9 October 1941, Menzies resigned as leader of the UAP after failing to convince his colleagues that he should become

2248:. In 1929, he founded the Young Nationalists as his party's youth wing and was its first president. Holding the portfolios of Attorney-General and Minister for the Railways, Menzies was 1104: 9858: 8476: 8198: 7908: 4386: 3048:

announced that "distinguished and highly qualified Asians" might immigrate. Restrictions continued to be relaxed through the 1960s in the lead-up to the Holt government's watershed

3105: 9810: 3267:, on 12 October 1923 and 3 August 1928, respectively. Ian was afflicted with an undisclosed illness for most of his life. He never married, nor had children, and died in 1974 in 2478:

strategy as planned was widely feared in Canberra to be a strong encouragement for Japan to strike south against Australia. However, Menzies had a strong faith in the ability of

10016: 2612:, an Australian historian, has posited that Menzies might have replaced Churchill as British prime minister, and that he had some support in the UK for this. Support came from 4381: 2338:

In those past 12 months, what has happened? in cold-blooded breach of the solemn obligations implied in both the statements I have quoted, Hitler has annexed the whole of the

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as well as a Senate majority. The Coalition, which had sunk into near-paralysis in opposition, was knocked down to only 19 seats. Hughes resigned as UAP leader, and Menzies

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The service was and is to this day one of the largest state funerals ever held in Australia, with over 100,000 people lining the streets of Melbourne from Scots' Church to

11000: 3547:) a prisoner," he once remarked to me. So he was generous. He was a good family man, a regular churchgoer. Yet he enjoyed a party, good food and drink, loved to watch the 2200: 1106: 10995: 10850: 10820: 6985: 9815: 2874:, who assured him there were no Soviet spy rings in Australia, bringing the House into silence momentarily before both sides of Parliament laughed at Evatt's naivety. 1881: 2624:, who were trenchant critics of Churchill's purportedly autocratic style, and favoured replacing him with Menzies, who had some public support for staying on in the 2592:

From 24 January 1941, Menzies spent four months in Britain discussing war strategy with Churchill and other Empire leaders, while his position at home deteriorated.

2186:, which if implemented would have made him one of the first to be conscripted. Promoted to lieutenant, he resigned his commission with effect from 16 February 1921. 1238: 6014: 6554: 5175: 10333: 9851: 7880: 5719: 8662: 5741: 11015: 10940: 10935: 10890: 6365: 6141: 4347: 3259:

on 14 January 1922. He married Marjorie Cook on 16 September 1949, and had six children: Alec, Lindsay, Robert III, Diana, Donald, and Geoffrey. He died in

8914: 8632: 3167:, for which he supported its establishment in 1954, made him a fellow (FAAS) in 1958. On 7 October 1965, Menzies was installed as the ceremonial office of 1889: 6082: 5513: 10950: 10009: 9825: 9795: 9775: 9755: 9740: 9725: 9720: 3202: 3128: 3007: 1877: 6494: 5962:

https://www.theaustralian.com.au/commentary/opinion/hit-the-very-wealthy-with-more-tax-as-robert-menzies-did/news-story/8953321ef14d6074db39803d3a722776

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was a "real German patriot" or a "mad swash-buckler". He condemned Nazi antisemitism, in 1933 writing to the organisers of an anti-Nazi protest at the

1761: 60: 7023: 10910: 10815: 10085: 9820: 9514: 1833: 10311: 6732: 5600: 2987:. In 1961 a Parliamentary Committee was established to investigate and report to the Parliament on Aboriginal voting rights, and in 1962, Menzies's 2644:

support Day, as does Menzies's daughter, Heather Henderson, who claimed Lady Astor "even offered all her sapphires if he would stay on in England".

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With Lyons's sudden death on 7 April 1939, Page became caretaker prime minister until the UAP could elect a new leader. On 18 April 1939, Menzies

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To the people of Britain at war from the Prime Minister of Australia. Speeches delivered in Great Britain in 1941. (Longmans Green and Co, 1941)

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conferred the degree of Doctor of Laws (honoris causa) on Menzies. Similarly, he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws by the Universities of

2843: 1276: 3564:'s protection of her husband's reputation and her refusal to co-operate with the appointed biographer. In 1991, the Menzies family appointed 11035: 6654: 4360: 2367: 7916: 7010: 6969: 6858: 5903: 5885: 1291: 11045: 10990: 10805: 9484: 8368: 4292:. The escutcheon is repeated in the banner held by the Kangaroo supporter, which represents Menzies' Thistle Banner which was displayed in 2533:, with the Coalition two seats short of a majority. Menzies managed to form a minority government with the support of two independent MPs, 2303:. In late 1934 and early 1935 Menzies, then attorney-general, unsuccessfully prosecuted the government's highly controversial case for the 301: 10875: 10326: 9636: 9147: 3272: 3156: 1769: 1007: 68: 6690: 3538:, and who later served under Menzies as a Liberal Party member of parliament himself in Canberra in the 1950s, offered this assessment: 10900: 10840: 9575: 8655: 4489: 3419: 2674: 244: 6064: 3524:" – to which Menzies coolly replied, "If I were the Archangel Gabriel, I'm afraid you wouldn't be in my constituency." 11025: 10925: 9626: 6891: 6276: 5279: 3842:(AK). The category of Knight of the order had been created only on 24 May, and the Chancellor and Principal Knight of the Order, the 3502: 3292: 2831: 1921:, and a younger brother. Menzies was the first Australian prime minister to have two Australian-born parents: his father was born in 1690: 1271: 158: 7503:

Bell, Christopher (2014). "Winston Churchill, Pacific Security, and the Limits of British Power, 1921-1941". In Maurer, John (ed.).

5153: 2851:, campaigned against the referendum on civil liberties grounds, and it was narrowly defeated. Menzies sent Australian troops to the 10845: 9867: 8907: 8449: 7444: 3498: 3160: 2899: 2890:. The new party directed its preferences to the Liberals, with the Menzies government re-elected with an increased majority at the 2538: 2272:(UAP), which was the result of a merger during his tenure as a state parliamentarian of the Nationalists, Labor dissidents and the 1865: 675: 382: 153: 10920: 11040: 10975: 10960: 10800: 8422: 8083: 5252: 4077: 2887: 2867: 2183: 770: 6440: 2959:

productive capacity, boosting export markets, research and undertaking public works to provide power, water and communications.

10955: 10319: 9621: 6836: 1695: 10915: 6989: 6528: 10790: 10105: 10078: 8648: 8032: 7824: 7631: 7551: 6799:"Inkstand presented to Sir Robert Menzies in Commemoration of the Commonwealth Royal Tour 1954, National Museum of Australia" 6466: 6195: 5840: 5052: 4676: 4444: 3617:

Central Power in the Australian Commonwealth: An Examination of the Growth of Commonwealth Power in the Australian Federation

3151:), it did so under four different prime ministers, in part due to his successor's death, only 22 months after taking office. 2150: 1914: 1684: 1601: 5767: 10945: 10880: 10140: 9539: 8675: 8014: 5314: 3669:

for "exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services 1941–1944 and December 1949 – July 1950".

3397: 3116: 2691: 1945:, Scotland, and arrived in Melbourne in 1854. The following year he married Elizabeth Band, the daughter of a cobbler from 1790: 1580: 1447: 963: 7956: 2355:

promoting him as Lyons's natural successor; his critics accused Menzies of wanting to push Lyons out, a charge he denied.

10865: 9704: 9494: 9479: 8900: 8310: 7318: 6018: 4066: 3866: 3233: 3112: 2300: 2063: 1524: 574: 4840:"Before office - Robert Menzies (26 April 1939 – 29 August 1941; 19 December 1949 – 26 January 1966) and Pattie Menzies" 10860: 9257: 9191: 9097: 6561: 5998: 4663: 4566: 4044: 3982: 2413: 1753: 1259: 1231: 1084: 173: 52: 17: 7892: 10885: 10855: 10341: 9489: 9454: 7806: 7788: 7769: 7754: 7719: 7674: 7607: 7586: 7565: 7530: 7512: 7359: 6758: 6674: 6305: 5811: 5691: 5534: 4932: 4611: 3963: 3673: 3365: 3318: 2022: 1982: 1817: 6733:"In office – Robert Menzies (26 April 1939 – 29 August 1941; 19 December 1949 – 26 January 1966) and Pattie Menzies" 5745: 5109:

Christopher Waters, "Understanding and Misunderstanding Nazi Germany: Four Australian visitors to Germany in 1938,"

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Menzies had extended discussions with British experts on Germany in 1935, but could not make up his mind whether

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to write a biography, which appeared in two volumes, in 1993 and 1999. In 2019, Troy Bramston, a journalist for

3426:. Sir Robert and Dame Pattie Menzies's ashes are interred in the 'Prime Ministers Garden' within the grounds of 11005: 10970: 9544: 9499: 9474: 8317: 8057: 7888: 7696: 5630: 5087: 4668: 4570: 3788: 3696: 3245: 3241: 3179:

during his annual visits to Britain. At the end of 1966 Menzies took up a scholar-in-residence position at the

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on 15 May 1978. Tributes from across the world were sent to the Menzies family. Notably among those were from

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This was despite a discussion with radio 2UE's Stewart Lamb in 1955, in which Menzies was a defender of the

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and suffered an eight-seat swing, losing the slender majority he had inherited from Lyons. The result was a

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of political opponents. Shortly before the election, Menzies announced that a Soviet diplomat in Australia

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Planning for an official biography of Menzies began soon after his death, but it was long delayed by Dame

2133:. He won a variety of prizes, exhibitions, and scholarships during his time as a student, graduating as a 9231: 8671: 8395: 8236: 8010: 7011:

http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/permanent-place-for-menzies-in-nations-heart-20120323-1vpob.html

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collection as 'a summarised political philosophy'. Representing the blueprint of his liberal philosophy,

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Australian Broadcasting Corporation documentary "Menzies and Churchill at War" (2008) by Film Australia.

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provided that all Indigenous Australians should have the right to enrol and vote at federal elections.

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Australian Prime Minister, Robert Menzies, with his British counterpart, Winston Churchill, London 1941

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on 25 January, before returning to Canberra where Menzies formally concluded his term on 26 January.

2586: 2118: 1789:, which he was responsible for establishing and defining in policy and political outreach. He is the 1679: 1050: 4073: 10738: 10728: 10543: 9689: 9433: 9423: 9328: 6413: 6344:"Henderson, Margery Heather - Biographical entry - The Robert Menzies Collection: A Living Library" 4297: 4225: 3756: 3748: 3740: 3574:

and a political historian, wrote the first biography of Menzies since Martin's two volumes, titled

3471: 3470:. However, it can also be noted that while retaining government on each occasion, Menzies lost the 3206: 3022: 2752: 2605: 2379: 1873: 1334: 1140: 7987: 3193:

that Menzies was "splendid and sharp right up until the end" also that "each morning he underwent

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After his election victory, Menzies returned to the office of prime minister on 19 December 1949.

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Some of Menzies's detractors also commemorated his passing in 1978, with a screenprinted poster,

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Menzies sent the bulk of the army to help the British in the Middle East and Singapore, and told

2522: 2141:(LL.M.) in 1918. He did, however, fail Latin in his first year. One of his prize-winning essays, 1942: 1797: 1656: 1479: 1429: 1339: 1319: 1309: 1054: 7760:

Murfett, Malcolm (2010). "An Enduring Theme: "The Singapore Strategy"". In Brian Farrell (ed.).

6388:"Menzies, Kenneth Leckie - Biographical entry - The Robert Menzies Collection: A Living Library" 4944: 4882: 3804:

On 29 April 1964, Menzies was awarded the honorary degree of a Doctor of Letters (DLitt) by the

3075:(Menzies) "Well if I were not described as a racist I'd be the only public man who hasn't been." 2648:

failure of the Allied expedition to Greece, in which Australian troops played a prominent role.

1949:. Menzies was proud of his Scottish heritage, and preferred his surname to be pronounced in the 1777:(20 December 1894 – 15 May 1978) was an Australian politician and lawyer who served as the 12th 10703: 10693: 10663: 10648: 10623: 10613: 10603: 10593: 10583: 10558: 10553: 10538: 10533: 10518: 10508: 10493: 10483: 10428: 10418: 10398: 10383: 10094: 10026: 9699: 9408: 9398: 9388: 9378: 9363: 9343: 9338: 9323: 9318: 8537: 8510: 8290: 7505:

Churchill and the Strategic Dilemmas Before the World Wars Essays in Honor of Michael I. Handel

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from 1979 to 1984), on 1 May 1955. A daughter, Roberta, named after Menzies, was born in 1956.

3288: 3180: 3066:(Lamb) "For these years of course in the past Sir Robert you have been described as a racist." 3056: 2980: 2597: 2269: 2068: 1853: 1837: 1829: 1782: 1349: 1344: 1329: 1324: 1314: 1304: 1204: 907: 522: 445: 7783:. Australian Biographical Monographs. Vol. 3. Redland Bay, Qld: Connor Court Publishing. 6798: 5042: 4603: 2445:

party leader over three other candidates. He was sworn in as prime minister eight days later.

10688: 10658: 10643: 10633: 10618: 10608: 10578: 10503: 10473: 10463: 10443: 10433: 10423: 10413: 10408: 10393: 10388: 10368: 9580: 9534: 9403: 9393: 9383: 9373: 9358: 4967: 3819:, Grand Cordon, First Class (other Australian prime ministers to be awarded this honour were 3688: 3684: 3329:

Menzies died from a heart attack while reading in his study at his Haverbrack Avenue home in

2650: 2609: 2199:. In 1920, Menzies was an advocate for the Amalgamated Society of Engineers which eventually 2157:. He wrote both prose and poetry for the magazine, and also contributed a song about "little 2102: 2035: 1848: 1707: 1570: 9836: 6921: 6322:"Menzies, Robert Ian - Biographical entry - The Robert Menzies Collection: A Living Library" 5176:"If you oppose Reclaim Australia, remember fascism wasn't always a freakshow | Jeff Sparrow" 3940: 2725:, delivered on 22 May 1942. In this landmark address, Menzies appealed to his support base: 2326:

In August 1938, while Attorney-General, Menzies spent several weeks on an official visit to

10785: 10780: 10713: 10638: 10628: 10568: 10468: 10458: 10448: 10438: 9679: 9353: 6862: 6284: 6068: 4239: 3794: 3680: 3596: 3451: 3302:, Menzies as prime minister engaged in an affair with Betty Fairfax, the first wife of Sir 2883: 2858:

Economic conditions deteriorated in the early 1950s and Labor was confident of winning the

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was created as an independent public policy think tank associated with the Liberal Party.

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and being helped to face the day." In March 1977, Menzies accepted his knighthood of the

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to the UK he took the opportunity to stop over to visit Australian troops serving in the

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Swastika over the Acropolis: Re-interpreting the Nazi Invasion of Greece in World War II

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the great bulk of the federal public service moved from the state capitals to Canberra.

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The Forgotten Menzies: The world picture of Australia's longest-serving prime minister

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Several books have been filled with anecdotes about Menzies. While he was speaking in

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In 2012, a life-sized bronze statue of Menzies was erected on the R.G. Menzies Walk.

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becoming the norm by the mid-1960s, together with three weeks of paid annual leave.

10588: 10453: 9970: 9957: 9940: 9669: 9590: 9368: 9033: 9020: 9003: 8867: 8857: 8459: 8066: 7742: 7013:| Permanent Place for Menzies in nations heart, Canberra Times – Retrieved 20160308 6819: 6660: 5132: 4316: 4289: 3752: 3509:). Only two other prime ministers have ever chosen more than one governor-general. 3438: 3307: 3248:

in 1913. Soon after their marriage, the Menzies bought the house in Howard Street,

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http://menziesvirtualmuseum.org.au/the-1970s/menzies-reflects-australia-matures%7C

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detailing Menzies's feat of topping the state school examinations at the age of 13

1836:

in September 1939, and spent four months in England to participate in meetings of

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on 21 January. Menzies and Holt were pallbearers at Paltridge's state funeral in

3132: 2582: 2530: 2375: 2098: 2089: 2047: 1001: 6942:"Speech by Sir Robert Menzies in Winthrop Hall, University of Western Australia" 6619:

The poster is part of the Di Holloway collection at the Sydney Powerhouse Museum

6595:| NAA – Former Prime Ministers, Menzies after office – Retrieved 6 February 2016 5227: 3996: 2847:

Party. Chifley died a few months after the 1951 election. The new Labor leader,

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was too harsh towards Germany, supported having the Free City of Danzig (modern

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He was the only Australian prime minister to recommend the appointment of four

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represented the Queen. Other dignitaries to attend included current and former

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Neck Decoration for the Order of the Companion of Honour to Sir Robert Menzies

5806:. Melbourne: The Liberal Party of Australia (Victorian Division). p. 12. 3869:

in honour of the former prime minister. The division neighbours Menzies's old

2632:, former WWI Colonel and member of both the WWI and WWII War Cabinets. Writer 2260:

In August 1934, Menzies resigned from state parliament to contest the federal

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Over the next few years, however, the anti-communist atmosphere of the early

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from 1939 to 1941 and from 1949 to 1966. He held office as the leader of the

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to represent Menzies' middle name, while the gold seven-pointed star is the

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Breast badge for the Knight of the Order of Australia to Sir Robert Menzies

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Robert Gordon Menzies was born on 20 December 1894 at his parents' home in

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https://www.menziesrc.org/sir-robert-menzies/history-of-sir-robert-menzies

2809: 2034:" after the comic strip character. His middle name was given in honour of 10280: 10245: 10235: 10225: 10200: 10195: 10145: 9963: 9946: 9935: 9925: 9895: 9888: 9647: 9216: 9211: 9196: 9186: 9112: 9107: 9092: 9077: 9067: 9026: 9009: 8998: 8988: 8958: 8951: 8852: 8832: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8727: 8702: 8568: 8488: 8405: 8388: 8378: 8273: 7617: 6586:

http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/menzies/after-office.aspx

5509: 5091:. Vol. 17, no. 891. Western Australia. 15 July 1939. p. 17 4821: 4392: 4373: 4265: 3824: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3144: 2952: 2935: 2863: 2848: 2797: 2774: 2625: 2542: 2518: 2509: 2173:

During World War I, Menzies served his compulsory militia service in the

2166: 2083: 1785:(UAP) in his first term, and subsequently as the inaugural leader of the 438: 411: 374: 337: 332: 327: 213: 201: 186: 82: 6316: 6314: 3648: 3015:

opposed state aid before eventually supporting it with the ascension of

10285: 10275: 10255: 10230: 10155: 9241: 9137: 8847: 8837: 8757: 8415: 8229: 7931: 6691:"House of Representatives – Two party preferred results 1949 – present" 4434: 4409: 4014: 3527: 3520:, in 1954, a heckler shouted, "I wouldn't vote for you if you were the 2852: 2433: 2308: 2220: 2196: 2030:). This gave rise to his nickname "Ming", which was later expanded to " 1529: 1045: 282: 257: 7869: 7414:. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 17 December 1965. p. 3 2382:. In 1939, he resigned from the Cabinet in protest at postponement of 9600: 8822: 6311: 4355: 4149: 4140: 4117: 4025: 3808:. Menzies was also awarded with an Honorary Doctor of Science by the 3770: 3724: 3334: 3183:. He presented a series of lectures, published the following year as 3027: 2407:

It has been suggested that detail about general government policy be

2149:, the law school dean. In 1916, Menzies was elected president of the 2114: 1801: 1722: 1504: 234: 122: 7074:

Japanese Order of the Rising Sun, First Class, to Sir Robert Menzies

5123:

Andrews, E. M. (1967). "The Australian Government and Appeasement".

2918: 2466: 1929:. His grandparents on both sides had been drawn to Australia by the 10210: 6190:. Allen & Unwin / National Archives of Australia. p. 137. 4971:. No. 25, 739. Victoria, Australia. 8 February 1929. p. 7 4247: 4108: 3988: 3900: 3544: 3276: 3175:

as appointed by the Queen, which included an official residence at

2984: 2947: 2930: 2878: 2793: 2371: 1941:. His paternal grandfather, also named Robert Menzies, was born in 1938: 1934: 1922: 1869: 1857: 6622: 5923:

Liberalism and the Australian Federation Edited by John Nethercote

5547: 5545: 5543: 5514:

Air Disaster Canberra: the plane crash that destroyed a government

5280:"The 1938 Dalfram Pig-iron Dispute and Wharfies Leader, Ted Roach" 5154:"Nazism in Australia has a long history. Here's the short version" 3131:. Holt's swearing-in was delayed by the death of Defence Minister 2075:, and was later prominent in the Amalgamated Miners' Association. 1178: 10831:

Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia

8933: 7250:. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 2 June 1953. p. 5 7146: 6418: 4983: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4792: 4790: 4395:

has caricatured Menzies on stage and in the comedy satire series

4124: 4101: 3521: 2042: 1030: 849: 5936:

contact=Media Office, Information Department (30 October 2015).

3414:, where a private service was held for the Menzies family and a 2971: 2780:

The reconfigured Coalition faced its first national test in the

2681:

A joint UAP-Country Party conference chose Country Party leader

7600:

Diggers and Greeks The Australian Campaigns in Greece and Crete

5768:"The Forgotten People – Speech by Robert Menzies (22 May 1942)" 5540: 5415: 4893: 4625: 4623: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4465:

Sir Robert Menzies Building (Monash University, Clayton Campus)

4133: 3388:

and Gough Whitlam, did not attend the funeral), as well as the

3205:) from Queen Elizabeth in a wheelchair in the Long Room of the 2525:

created a couple of months earlier, led the Coalition into the

2343: 2283:, had given up the seat in order to prepare for appointment as 1067: 10826:

Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Kooyong

7271:

Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal 1953 to Sir Robert Menzies

5831:. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: 5202:

Robert Menzies, Declaration of War, broadcast 3 September 1939

4905: 4858: 4802: 4787: 4770:"The Robert Menzies Collection at the University of Melbourne" 4767: 4749: 4737: 4725: 4713: 4445:

R. G. Menzies Building, Australian National University Library

2898:, again with the help of preferences from what had become the 2058:

in 1902, followed by his father in 1911, while another uncle,

10836:

United Australia Party members of the Parliament of Australia

9866: 7623:

The Menzies era : the years that shaped modern Australia

6223: 5496: 4701: 4439: 4261: 4092: 4006: 3136: 2228:

In 1928, Menzies entered state parliament as a member of the

2162: 1266: 4620: 4546: 4534: 4515: 4503: 4459: 2573:

Just before the September 1940 election, on 13 August 1940,

10931:

Australian Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour

7729:— (May 1996). "Mr Menzies's anticommunism". History. 6892:"University Secretary's Department – Former Office-Bearers" 6441:"Menzies, Fairfax and that affair: Mungo MacCallum replies" 5044:

Nazi Dreamtime: Australian Enthusiasts for Hitler's Germany

3876:

In 1994, the year of the centenary of Menzies's birth, the

3163:(Hon. FRACP), elected him to Honorary Fellowships, and the 2830:

election, but Labor let the bill pass. It was subsequently

2011: 2002: 1968: 1946: 2195:

leading Victorian jurist and future High Court judge, Sir

10024: 6033: 5921:

Starr, Graeme (2001). "Menzies and Post-War Prosperity".

5405: 5403: 5401: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5069:"Let's stop this distortion of Australian Jewish history" 3861:

proclaimed at a redistribution on 14 September 1984, the

2769:

nucleus, decided to merge as one new non-Labor party—the

1971: 1965: 6169: 6167: 6083:"Fact Sheet – Abolition of the "White Australia" Policy" 6065:"Fact Sheet – Abolition of the "White Australia" Policy" 5742:"After office – William Morris Hughes – Australia's PMs" 4667:. Vol. 15. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 2521:. Menzies, then also holding the responsibility for the 8670: 7669:, (Melbourne: Oxford University Press) Chs. 13 and 18. 7667:

Mr Prime Minister. Australian Prime Ministers 1901–1972

6606: 6467:"Rumours of Menzies's philandering greatly exaggerated" 6142:"The way we were: quiet, maybe, but certainly not dull" 6015:"Australia's Prime Ministers, Robert Menzies, Timeline" 4002:

Grand Cordon First Class of the Order of the Rising Sun

3530:, who first knew him as a family friend of his father, 3263:

on 8 September 1993. Ian and Heather were both born in

3232:

in Melbourne. Pattie Leckie was the eldest daughter of

2975:

Menzies in 1963, towards the end of his reign in office

2291:, and Menzies won easily. He was immediately appointed 7741:

Martin, Allan (2000), "Sir Robert Gordon Menzies", in

7097:

Knight of the Order of Australia to Sir Robert Menzies

6753:, Brisbane, University of Queensland Press, pp.226-7. 6634: 5398: 5377: 5353: 5332: 5228:"AM Archive – Letter revealed Menzies' view of Hitler" 4567:"Tosspot to Bodgie: Seven Prime Ministerial nicknames" 3854:. Menzies's was the first appointment made after this. 3418:

was fired at the end of the ceremony. In July 1978, a

2145:, was published as a brochure with an introduction by 7876:, approximately 82.30 m. (588 boxes) + 99 fol. boxes. 7799:

The Liberal Party of Australia. A Documentary History

7539:, Macmillan, (a sharply critical psychological study) 7474:

Origins of Current Divisions Name – Current Divisions

7220:

George VI Coronation Medal 1937 to Sir Robert Menzies

6529:"Prince here tomorrow – Rush trip to Menzies funeral" 6501:| Menzies Research Centre – Retrieved 6 February 2016 6281:

University Secretary's Department University Calendar

6164: 6152: 6045: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5370: 5368: 4826:

Sir Robert Menzies, 1894–1978: A New, Informal Memoir

4414:

In 2016, Menzies was portrayed by Alan Dearth in the

2023: 2014: 2008: 2005: 1983: 1974: 5935: 5537:, Retrieved 17 April 2013 via boffinsbookshop.com.au 3891:

was officially opened by the then Governor-General,

2838:. But when the Senate rejected his banking bill, he 1832:(UAP) and sworn in as prime minister. He authorised 11001:

Fellows of the Australian Academy of the Humanities

7581:, George Allen and Unwin, Sydney, New South Wales. 7299:. No. P7. Australia. 1 August 1977. p. 11 6511:Bowers, Peter (16 May 1978). "Menzies dies at 83". 6308:

Menzies Research Center – Retrieved 7 February 2016

5829:

The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History

5803:

The Forgotten People and Other Studies in Democracy

5313:Donaldson, Mike; Southall, Nick (31 October 2022). 2922:

Menzies hosting a royal visit of Queen Elizabeth II

2628:for the duration, which was strongly backed by Sir 1999: 1996: 1962: 1959: 1909:. He was the fourth of five children born to Kate ( 10996:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom 10821:Members of the Australian House of Representatives 7707: 7684: 6555:"Guide to archives of Australia's prime ministers" 5886:"Josh Frydenberg, 2014 Sir Robert Menzies Lecture" 5880: 5878: 5569: 5476: 5453: 5365: 4595: 3287:at the time of their marriage, and serving as the 2979:In 1949, Parliament legislated to ensure that all 2287:. Kooyong was a safely conservative seat based on 1824:. In April 1939, following Lyons's death, Menzies 27:Prime Minister of Australia (1939–1941; 1949–1966) 8477:Minister in charge of the Commonwealth Scientific 7942:The Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, London 7498:. Canberra: Australian National University Press. 7171:George V Jubilee Medal 1935 to Sir Robert Menzies 6253:. Australian Government Solicitor. Archived from 6101:"What Menzies really thought of the Commonwealth" 5904:"Josh Frydenberg 2014 Sir Robert Menzies Lecture" 5562: 5560: 5374:Murfett, Malacom "An Enduring Theme" (2010) p. 18 5312: 4308: 3838:On 7 June 1976, he was appointed a Knight of the 3605:Speech is of Time: Selected Speeches and Writings 2894:. Menzies was re-elected almost as easily at the 2820: 2763: 2636:has rejected this theory, but history professors 2041:The Menzies family had moved to Jeparit, a small 10767: 7811: 7762:A Great Betrayal?The Fall of Singapore Revisited 7705: 7679: 7507:. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 51–87. 6628: 6366:"Argus (Melbourne, VIC) - Australian Newspapers" 5551: 5503: 5421: 5003:"Australia's PMs, Robert Menzies, Before Office" 4989: 4911: 4899: 4869: 4808: 4796: 4755: 4743: 4731: 4719: 4707: 4629: 4552: 4540: 4528: 4509: 3895:. The walk runs alongside the northern shore of 3611:Afternoon Light: Some Memories of Men and Events 2751:, taking 49 of 74 seats and 58.2 percent of the 2366:, the result of an industrial conflict with the 7983:The Robert Menzies Collection: A Living Library 7602:. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. 7542:Chavura, Stephen A. and Melleuish, Greg (2021) 6820:The Robert Menzies Collection: A Living Library 6408: 5875: 3964:Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour 3793:In 1963, Menzies was appointed a Knight of the 3631:(Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1993) 10851:People of the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 8922: 7199:. Victoria, Australia. 12 May 1937. p. 13 6769: 6521: 5601:"In office – Robert Menzies – Australia's PMs" 5557: 4659:"Menzies, Sir Robert Gordon (Bob) (1894–1978)" 4300:further represents Menzies' Scottish heritage. 3422:was held for Menzies in the United Kingdom at 2655:failure." Menzies sought to blame General Sir 2201:took its appeal to the High Court of Australia 1900: 10327: 10079: 10010: 9852: 8908: 8656: 7764:. London: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 1–19. 7354:. Adelaide: Rigby Limited. pp. 133–134. 7150:. Victoria, Australia. 6 May 1935. p. 10 6604: 6283:. The University of Melbourne. Archived from 5027:Peter Monteath, "The Kisch visit revisited." 4460:Robert Menzies College (Macquarie University) 4276:. The blue pile at the bottom with the white 4256:The red and white colours are taken from the 3322:Grave of Sir Robert and Dame Pattie Menzies, 3079: 2710: 2370:whose members had refused to load Australian 1917:; he had two elder brothers, an elder sister 1448: 593:15 September 1934 – 17 February 1966 458:22 September 1943 – 21 February 1945 314:23 September 1943 – 19 December 1949 11016:Australian military personnel of World War I 10941:People educated at Wesley College (Victoria) 10936:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun 10891:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science 7447:The Dalfram Dispute 1938 : Pig Iron Bob 6859:"The Right Honourable Robert Gordon Menzies" 5681: 5125:Australian Journal of Politics & History 4260:Full Dress Tartan, as is the Menzies heath ( 3629:Dark and Hurrying Days: Menzies's 1941 Diary 3185:Central Power in the Australian Commonwealth 2804: 2437:Declaration of War Broadcast, September 1939 10350:Ministries of the Commonwealth of Australia 10093: 7714:. Vol. 2. Melbourne University Press. 7691:. Vol. 1. Melbourne University Press. 7297:Commonwealth Of Australia Gazette. Periodic 6751:Good company; Horseman, soldier, politician 5799: 5744:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from 5659:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from 5603:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from 5595: 5593: 5591: 4820: 4440:Menzies School of Health Research Australia 3672:On 1 January 1951, he was appointed to the 2411:out and merged into the article titled 2389: 2210: 1808:from 1932 to 1934, and then transferred to 523:Deputy Leader of the United Australia Party 395:21 February 1945 – 20 January 1966 111:19 December 1949 – 26 January 1966 10951:Chancellors of the University of Melbourne 10334: 10320: 10086: 10072: 10017: 10003: 9859: 9845: 9535:Northern Territory (Country Liberal Party) 8915: 8901: 8663: 8649: 7954:The Liberal Party's Robert Menzies website 7801:, Drummond/Heinemann, Richmond, Victoria. 7654:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7422:– via National Library of Australia. 7307:– via National Library of Australia. 7258:– via National Library of Australia. 7207:– via National Library of Australia. 7158:– via National Library of Australia. 7024:"Ku-Ring Gai Council - Retrieved 20161214" 6652: 6185: 5986: 5253:"Menzies Elected Deputy Leader of the UAP" 5099:– via National Library of Australia. 5040: 4979:– via National Library of Australia. 4951:. No. 27. 24 March 1921. p. 470. 4889:. No. 32. 24 April 1915. p. 739. 4593: 4166: 4161:Coat of arms of Sir Robert Gordon Menzies 3779:On 4 April 1960, a portrait of Menzies by 3384:(the two surviving Labor Prime Ministers, 3306:. That claim was subsequently disputed by 3088: 2452: 2374:being sold to an arms manufacturer in the 2368:Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia 1455: 1441: 81: 10981:Leaders of the Liberal Party of Australia 9869:Leaders of the Liberal Party of Australia 8623:Chancellor of the University of Melbourne 7496:Isolationism and Appeasement in Australia 6664: 6653:Simms, Marian; Wanna, John, eds. (2012). 6210:Alan Ramsey, "Your humble servant, Sir", 6139: 5993:. Sydney: Federation Press. p. 191. 3933: 2796:began to erode Labor's support. In 1947, 2787: 2386:and insufficient expenditure on defence. 1933:. His maternal grandparents were born in 30:For other people with the same name, see 10911:Australian recipients of British honours 10816:Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs 8559:Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia 8007:Newspaper clippings about Robert Menzies 6920: 5990:Liberalism and the Australian Federation 5588: 5495:. 15 August 1940. p. 2 – via 5448:The Government and the People: 1939–1941 5034: 4828:. Angus & Robertson. pp. 19–20. 3801:, was knighted during his term in 1902). 3647: 3457: 3317: 3161:Royal Australasian College of Physicians 3101: 3026:Parliament House Portrait of Menzies by 3021: 2970: 2946: 2929: 2917: 2909: 2808: 2564: 2432: 2219: 2082: 748:30 November 1929 – 31 July 1934 535:4 December 1935 – 20 March 1939 10966:Chief Commanders of the Legion of Merit 10896:Australian fellows of the Royal Society 9576:Australian Liberal Students' Federation 8423:Vice-President of the Executive Council 7778: 7759: 7493: 6986:"R. G. Menzies Walk 'National Capital'" 6390:. Menziescollection.esrc.unimelb.edu.au 6346:. Menziescollection.esrc.unimelb.edu.au 6324:. Menziescollection.esrc.unimelb.edu.au 6113: 5484:"Nation Mourns Victims of Air Disaster" 5409: 5392: 5359: 5347: 5277: 5211: 5173: 5122: 4768:Caitlin Stone and Jim Berryman (2013). 4589: 4587: 4496: 4490:St John's College, University of Sydney 4238:Collar and circlet of a Knight of the 4078:Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal 3462:Menzies was by far the longest serving 3441:from the Earthworks Poster Collective. 2888:Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist) 2698:as UAP leader by former prime minister 795:2 June 1928 – 11 November 1929 493:18 April 1939 – 9 October 1941 226:26 April 1939 – 29 August 1941 14: 10768: 7728: 7616: 6886: 6884: 6640: 6510: 6224:Australian Academy of Science (2018). 6173: 6158: 6051: 6039: 5857:"Royal Commission – The Petrov Affair" 4656: 4564: 4435:Sir Robert Menzies Memorial Foundation 4296:in Edinburgh until his death. The red 4084: 3946:Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit 3921:The high-rise Menzies building on the 3767:Rt. Hon. R. G. Menzies, PC, CH, KC, MP 3283:(working at the Australian Embassy in 3221:On 27 September 1920, Menzies married 2461:, Menzies, who had long felt that the 11031:Australian people of Scottish descent 11021:Burials at Melbourne General Cemetery 10986:Leaders of the United Australia Party 10811:Leaders of the Opposition (Australia) 10315: 10067: 9998: 9840: 8896: 8644: 8369:Leader of the Opposition of Australia 6839:from the original on 22 February 2019 6772:"Robert Menzies: The art of politics" 6607:"Poster, 'Pig Iron Bob dead at last'" 5920: 5826: 5820: 5800:Menzies, Robert; Kemp, David (2011). 5795: 5793: 5198: 5196: 5169: 5167: 5148: 5146: 4883:"Military Forces of the Commonwealth" 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4455:Menzies College (La Trobe University) 4428: 4359:, he was portrayed by Egyptian actor 3815:In 1973, Menzies was awarded Japan's 3641: 3637:(Miller's Point: Murdoch Books, 2011) 3398:Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom 3038: 2224:Menzies as Deputy Premier of Victoria 1260:Second term of government (1949–1966) 11036:Australian people of Cornish descent 8538:Leader of the United Australia Party 8511:Leader of the United Australia Party 8479:and Industrial Research Organisation 7597: 7502: 5582: 5470: 4584: 3873:in metropolitan Melbourne, Victoria. 3625:(Melbourne: Cassell Australia, 1970) 3613:(Melbourne: Cassell Australia, 1967) 3313: 2840:called a double dissolution election 2702:, who was 79 years old at the time. 2577:had been killed in an air crash—the 2552: 2393: 1232:First term of government (1939–1941) 446:Leader of the United Australia Party 11046:Australian political party founders 10991:20th-century Australian politicians 10806:Members of the Cabinet of Australia 9540:Queensland (Liberal National Party) 7870:Papers of Robert Menzies, 1905–1978 7523:Robert Menzies: The Art of Politics 7451:. Why Documentaries. Archived from 7384:"Clan Menzies > Menzies Tartans" 7349: 6881: 6535:. Melbourne. 17 May 1978. p. 1 6140:Henderson, Gerard (26 April 2011). 5700: 4925:Robert Menzies: the art of politics 4379:In the 2008 television documentary 4067:Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal 3867:Australian House of Representatives 3601:(Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1942) 3576:Robert Menzies: The Art of Politics 3240:who was elected the member for the 3006:In response to the decision by the 2934:Menzies with Minister for the Navy 2255: 2064:Australian House of Representatives 1856:'s support had also been eroded by 1834:Australia's entry into World War II 1277:1951 Communist Party ban referendum 688:19 May 1932 – 24 July 1934 636:19 May 1932 – 31 July 1934 24: 10876:Victoria (state) state politicians 7988:Robert Menzies Notebook Collection 7710:Robert Menzies: A Life - 1944–1978 7687:Robert Menzies: A Life – 1894–1943 7487: 6656:Julia 2010: The caretaker election 5790: 5193: 5164: 5143: 5137:10.1111/j.1467-8497.1967.tb00310.x 4664:Australian Dictionary of Biography 4635: 4045:King George V Silver Jubilee Medal 3983:Knight of the Order of the Thistle 3665:(Chief Commander) by US President 3586: 3444: 3271:at the age of 50. Heather married 3129:elected unopposed as his successor 2942: 2575:three members of Menzies's cabinet 2323:of the great men of the century". 25: 11057: 10901:Knights of the Order of Australia 10841:Australian people of World War II 8264:Minister for Defence Coordination 7834: 7537:Robert Menzies's Forgotten People 6188:The Life and Death of Harold Holt 6114:Quiggin, John (3 February 2019). 5319:The Commons Social Change Library 5083:"Mr. Menzies' "Departed Friends"" 4949:Commonwealth of Australia Gazette 4887:Commonwealth of Australia Gazette 4565:Rhodes, Campbell (19 June 2017). 4469:The Australian federal electoral 3674:Order of the Companions of Honour 3474:at three separate elections – in 2905: 2295:and Minister for Industry in the 2215: 11026:Ministers of Railways (Victoria) 10926:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports 10672: 10343: 9705:Citizens' Municipal Organisation 8879: 8878: 8601:Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother 7467: 7437: 7426: 7398: 7376: 7343: 7333:"Freedom of city for Sir Robert" 7325: 7311: 7285: 7262: 7234: 7211: 7185: 7162: 7134: 7111: 7088: 7065: 7042: 7016: 7004: 6978: 6959: 6934: 6914: 6851: 6825: 6813: 6791: 6763: 6743: 6725: 6712: 6701: 6683: 6646: 6598: 6579: 4139: 4123: 4107: 4091: 4072: 4061: 4050: 4039: 4024: 4020:Knight of the Order of Australia 4013: 4005: 3995: 3987: 3976: 3968: 3957: 3949: 3939: 3661:In 1950 Menzies was awarded the 3216: 3072:(Lamb) "I have read this, yes." 2966: 2398: 2246:Electoral district of Nunawading 2184:compulsory overseas conscription 2151:Student Representatives' Council 1992: 1990:) rather than as it is spelled ( 1955: 1886:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 1733: 1721: 1488: 1428: 1139: 1102: 1083: 10846:People of the Malayan Emergency 8591:Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 7978:National Film and Sound Archive 7478:Australian Electoral Commission 6946:University of Western Australia 6695:Australian Electoral Commission 6547: 6504: 6485: 6459: 6433: 6402: 6380: 6358: 6336: 6299: 6269: 6239: 6217: 6204: 6179: 6133: 6116:"The deplorable word (updated)" 6107: 6093: 6075: 6057: 6007: 5980: 5966: 5955: 5929: 5914: 5896: 5849: 5760: 5734: 5675: 5649: 5619: 5440: 5427: 5306: 5271: 5245: 5220: 5205: 5116: 5103: 5075: 5061: 5041:David Bird (15 February 2014). 5021: 4995: 4955: 4937: 4917: 4875: 4832: 4814: 4761: 4056:King George VI Coronation Medal 3915:Sir Robert Menzies Reserve, in 3859:Australian Electoral Commission 3806:University of Western Australia 3787:. This portrait is held by the 3169:Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 2252:from May 1932 until July 1934. 2189: 1864:also received support from the 1173: 938: 32:Robert Menzies (disambiguation) 11041:World War II political leaders 10976:Defence ministers of Australia 10961:Solicitors-general of Victoria 10801:Attorneys-general of Australia 8318:Minister for Trade and Customs 8058:Victorian Legislative Assembly 8040:Member for East Yarra Province 7889:National Archives of Australia 7546:, Melbourne University Press. 6967:National Archives of Australia 6720:A Concise History of Australia 6609:. Powerhouse Museum, Australia 5631:National Archives of Australia 5174:Sparrow, Jeff (22 July 2015). 4669:Australian National University 4571:Museum of Australian Democracy 4558: 4309:Actors who have played Menzies 3850:, became the first appointee, 3789:Art Gallery of New South Wales 3599:and Other Studies in Democracy 3246:Victorian Legislative Assembly 3242:Electoral district of Benambra 2821:Cold War and national security 2764:Formation of the Liberal Party 2705: 2620:and former WWI Prime Minister 2414:Menzies government (1939–1941) 2242:Victorian Legislative Assembly 2238:Nationalist Party of Australia 2143:The Rule of Law During the War 2117:in 1910, where he enrolled in 2056:Victorian Legislative Assembly 1791:longest-serving prime minister 1662:Centre for Independent Studies 730:Victorian Legislative Assembly 13: 1: 10956:Attorneys-general of Victoria 8218:Attorney-General of Australia 8172:Solicitor-General of Victoria 8024:Victorian Legislative Council 7990:, The University of Melbourne 7874:National Library of Australia 6930:. 9 April 1963. p. 3155. 6708:Governor-General of Australia 5774:. 22 May 1942. Archived from 5111:Australian Historical Studies 5029:Journal of Australian Studies 4602:. Allen & Unwin. p. 4232:(With the Help of God I Have) 3810:University of New South Wales 3536:Minister for External Affairs 3390:Governor General of Australia 3293:Department of Foreign Affairs 3165:Australian Academy of Science 3097: 2384:the national insurance scheme 2299:. In 1937 he was appointed a 2293:Attorney-General of Australia 2230:Victorian Legislative Council 2155:Melbourne University Magazine 2129:In 1913, Menzies entered the 2124: 2113:. He and his family moved to 2062:, was elected to the federal 1895: 1814:Attorney-General of Australia 1287:Royal Commission on Espionage 779:Victorian Legislative Council 10791:Prime ministers of Australia 9525:Australian Capital Territory 8672:Prime ministers of Australia 8450:Minister for Foreign Affairs 8167:Attorney-General of Victoria 7913:National Museum of Australia 7860:Resources in other libraries 7577:Hazlehurst, Cameron (1979), 7572:Menzies and Churchill at War 7293:"Government Gazette Notices" 6822:; retrieved 18 October 2013. 6770:Michael Sexton (June 2019). 5686:. NSW, Australia: PR Books. 5627:"John Curtin: before office" 5552:Stockings & Hancock 2013 5435:Menzies and Churchill at War 5047:. Anthem Press. p. 47. 4945:"Australian Military Forces" 4594:Hazlehurst, Cameron (1979). 4382:Menzies and Churchill at War 3909:Sir Robert Menzies Park, in 3580:National Museum of Australia 3370:Prime Ministers of Australia 3008:Catholic Diocese of Goulburn 2882:anti-Communist members from 2694:in preference to Fadden. He 2351:of appeasement with Hitler. 2109:, a small private school in 2078: 676:Attorney-General of Victoria 7: 10946:Deputy premiers of Victoria 10921:20th-century King's Counsel 10881:Melbourne Law School alumni 9569:Party-related organisations 8396:Prime Minister of Australia 8237:Prime Minister of Australia 8011:20th Century Press Archives 7885:Australia's Prime Ministers 7815:; Hancock, Eleanor (2013). 7781:Robert Menzies: Man or Myth 7406:"PM's card bears his crest" 6749:Henry "Jo" Gullett (1992), 6226:"Sir Robert Gordon Menzies" 5684:Australia's Prime Ministers 4927:, Melbourne, Scribe, p.35. 4408:, Menzies was portrayed by 4320:, Menzies was portrayed by 3464:Prime Minister of Australia 3435:Pig Iron Bob / Dead at last 3351:Prime Minister of Australia 3115:interview with Menzies and 2663: 2380:country's war against China 2175:Melbourne University Rifles 1951:traditional Scottish manner 1901:Birth and family background 1874:post-war immigration scheme 1804:'s leading lawyers. He was 1796:Menzies studied law at the 1779:prime minister of Australia 1225:Prime Minister of Australia 1036:Grenville College, Ballarat 383:Leader of the Liberal Party 99:Prime Minister of Australia 10: 11062: 10866:Australian anti-communists 8925:Liberal Party of Australia 8140:Deputy Premier of Victoria 7937:The Menzies Virtual Museum 7747:Australian Prime Ministers 7339:. 9 April 1966. p. 3. 4484:Menzies Research Institute 4353:In the 1996 Egyptian film 4288:of Menzies' home state of 3911:Wahroonga, New South Wales 3865:for representation in the 3428:Melbourne General Cemetery 3324:Melbourne General Cemetery 3310:and Menzies's own family. 3080:Higher education expansion 2999:and rewards. In 1961, the 2989:Commonwealth Electoral Act 2983:ex-servicemen should have 2771:Liberal Party of Australia 2734:Menzies himself described 2587:Chief of the General Staff 2285:Chief Justice of Australia 2250:Deputy Premier of Victoria 1806:Deputy Premier of Victoria 1787:Liberal Party of Australia 889:Melbourne General Cemetery 624:Deputy Premier of Victoria 29: 10916:Australian King's Counsel 10861:People of the Vietnam War 10752: 10681: 10670: 10356: 10101: 10033: 9876: 9713: 9657: 9614: 9568: 9513: 9442: 9306: 9250: 9146: 9055: 8932: 8876: 8683: 8629: 8620: 8612: 8607: 8597: 8588: 8580: 8575: 8565: 8556: 8551: 8535: 8527: 8517: 8508: 8500: 8495: 8485: 8474: 8466: 8456: 8447: 8439: 8429: 8420: 8412: 8402: 8393: 8385: 8375: 8366: 8358: 8348: 8339: 8334: 8324: 8315: 8307: 8297: 8288: 8280: 8270: 8261: 8253: 8243: 8234: 8226: 8215: 8205: 8196: 8188: 8178: 8164: 8156: 8146: 8137: 8129: 8124: 8114: 8105: 8097: 8090: 8080: 8071: 8063: 8056: 8046: 8037: 8029: 8022: 7855:Resources in your library 7574:, Oxford University Press 7352:A Roll of Australian Arms 6835:. Australian Government. 6514:The Sydney Morning Herald 6414:"Sex, power and politics" 6146:The Sydney Morning Herald 5987:Nethercote, John (2001). 5942:Reserve Bank of Australia 5708:"Ministries and Cabinets" 4775:. University of Melbourne 4478:Wesley College, Melbourne 4274:Coat of Arms of Australia 4219:Desert and stones proper. 4033: 4018:1976, he was appointed a 4000:1973, he was appointed a 3981:1963, he was appointed a 3962:1951, he was appointed a 3944:1950, he was appointed a 3553:Australian Rules football 3157:Royal College of Surgeons 2805:Second prime ministership 2498: 2417:, which already exists. ( 2266:upcoming general election 1849:Liberal–Country coalition 1750:Sir Robert Gordon Menzies 1680:Conservatism in Australia 1126: 1091: 1079: 1060: 1044: 1023: 976: 956: 948: 923: 894: 884: 863: 832: 827: 823: 811: 799: 788: 776: 764: 752: 741: 726: 714: 702: 692: 681: 674: 662: 650: 640: 629: 621: 609: 597: 586: 571: 559: 547: 539: 528: 521: 509: 497: 486: 474: 462: 451: 444: 432: 420: 399: 388: 380: 368: 356: 346: 318: 307: 300: 288: 276: 250: 240: 230: 219: 207: 195: 172: 136: 115: 104: 96: 92: 80: 41: 10886:Australian Presbyterians 10856:People of the Korean War 8496:Party political offices 7999:4 September 2015 at the 7972:17 February 2022 at the 7947:17 February 2022 at the 7591:Henderson, Anne. (2014) 5257:Robert Menzies Institute 5212:Menzies, Robert (1939). 4963:"Two New King's Counsel" 4406:The Dalfram Dispute 1938 4404:In the 2015 documentary 3899:in Australia's capital, 3623:The Measure of the Years 3472:two-party-preferred vote 3362:Scots' Church, Melbourne 3207:Melbourne Cricket Ground 2753:two-party-preferred vote 2692:Leader of the Opposition 2390:First prime ministership 2358:In 1938, as part of the 2211:Early career in politics 1812:, subsequently becoming 1470:This article is part of 1252:Liberal Party foundation 1148:This article is part of 1117:Recorded 25 October 1970 302:Leader of the Opposition 137:Governors‑General 11011:20th-century memoirists 10796:Treasurers of Australia 10095:Treasurers of Australia 9606:Menzies Research Centre 8150:Sir Wilfrid Kent Hughes 8092:Parliament of Australia 7959:9 November 2020 at the 7779:Prasser, Scott (2020). 7558:Liberalism in Australia 7242:"CORONATION MEDAL LIST" 6896:University of Melbourne 6497:6 February 2016 at the 6277:"Former Office-Bearers" 6247:"MENZIES Robert Gordon" 6214:, 2 October 1999, p. 47 5827:Crean, Jeffrey (2024). 5716:Parliament of Australia 5113:(2010) 41#3 pp: 369–384 5031:16#34 (1992) pp: 69–81. 4450:Menzies Research Centre 4340:In the 1988 miniseries 4327:In the 1987 miniseries 4314:In the 1984 miniseries 4280:is taken from both the 4155: 3878:Menzies Research Centre 3817:Order of the Rising Sun 3783:was the front cover of 3679:On 29 August 1952, the 3619:(London: Cassell, 1967) 3607:(London: Cassell, 1958) 3356:Menzies was accorded a 3089:Development of Canberra 2951:Menzies with Treasurer 2523:Department of Munitions 2453:Lead-up to World War II 1838:Churchill's war cabinet 1798:University of Melbourne 1793:in Australian history. 1657:Menzies Research Centre 1602:Women's National League 1481:Liberalism in Australia 1055:University of Melbourne 241:Governor‑General 10906:Knights of the Thistle 10871:Australian monarchists 10027:United Australia Party 9700:United Australia Party 8342:Minister for Munitions 8291:Treasurer of Australia 7932:The Menzies Foundation 7797:Starr, Graeme (1980), 7706:Martin, Allan (1999). 7521:Bramston, Troy (2019) 7494:Andrews, E.M. (1970). 6965:Honour awarded 1973 – 6777:Australian Book Review 6666:10.22459/J2010.02.2012 5938:"Inflation Calculator" 5712:parliamentary Handbook 5278:Mallory, Greg (1999). 4923:Troy Bramston (2019), 4657:Martin, Allan (2000). 4385:, he was portrayed by 4372:, he was portrayed by 4346:, he was portrayed by 4333:, he was portrayed by 4229: 4180:Lord Lyon King of Arms 3934:Orders and Decorations 3657: 3635:Letters to My Daughter 3558: 3518:Williamstown, Victoria 3412:Springvale Crematorium 3326: 3304:Warwick Oswald Fairfax 3181:University of Virginia 3123: 3077: 3057:White Australia policy 3031: 3028:Ivor Henry Thomas Hele 3001:Matrimonial Causes Act 2976: 2955: 2939: 2923: 2915: 2900:Democratic Labor Party 2886:defecting to form the 2832:ruled unconstitutional 2814: 2788:1949 election campaign 2732: 2598:North African Campaign 2570: 2438: 2362:, he was ridiculed as 2348: 2270:United Australia Party 2244:as the member for the 2225: 2137:(LL.B.) in 1916 and a 2094: 2069:Australian Labor Party 1866:Democratic Labor Party 1854:Australian Labor Party 1830:United Australia Party 1783:United Australia Party 1685:Liberal Party factions 1292:Entry into Vietnam War 1205:United Australia Party 1098:Robert Menzies's voice 11006:Australian memoirists 10971:Australian Freemasons 8584:Sir Winston Churchill 8199:Minister for Industry 8074:Member for Nunawading 7535:Brett, Judith (1992) 7350:Low, Charles (1971). 6212:Sydney Morning Herald 5682:Scott Brodie (1984). 4968:The Argus (Melbourne) 4250:Azure doubled Argent. 3652:The Menzies Spire at 3651: 3540: 3458:Legacy and assessment 3339:HM Queen Elizabeth II 3321: 3149:1972 Federal election 3110: 3061: 3025: 2974: 2950: 2933: 2921: 2913: 2862:. Menzies engaged in 2812: 2727: 2651:The Australian Worker 2608:to Greece. Professor 2579:Canberra air disaster 2568: 2436: 2336: 2279:The previous member, 2223: 2086: 2036:Charles George Gordon 1845:1949 federal election 1820:in the government of 1818:Minister for Industry 1728:Liberalism portal 1708:Politics of Australia 969:Kate Sampson (mother) 837:Robert Gordon Menzies 575:Australian Parliament 9680:National Labor Party 9675:Fusion Liberal Party 8003:– Menzies Collection 7965:Listen to Menzies's 7598:Hill, Maria (2010). 6863:University of Sydney 6833:"It's an Honour: CH" 6739:on 13 November 2013. 6629:Martin, Allan (1993) 6591:3 March 2016 at the 6089:on 13 December 2017. 6071:on 1 September 2006. 5519:9 April 2013 at the 5422:Martin, Allan (1993) 5294:on 23 September 2016 5009:on 28 September 2013 4990:Martin, Allan (1993) 4912:Martin, Allan (1993) 4900:Martin, Allan (1993) 4870:Martin, Allan (1993) 4846:on 28 September 2013 4809:Martin, Allan (1993) 4797:Martin, Allan (1993) 4756:Martin, Allan (1993) 4744:Martin, Allan (1993) 4732:Martin, Allan (1993) 4720:Martin, Allan (1993) 4708:Martin, Allan (1993) 4630:Martin, Allan (1993) 4553:Martin, Allan (1993) 4541:Martin, Allan (1993) 4529:Martin, Allan (1993) 4510:Martin, Allan (1993) 4497:Notes and references 4417:A Place to Call Home 4240:Order of the Thistle 3883:In 2009, during the 3795:Order of the Thistle 3681:University of Sydney 3597:The Forgotten People 3364:on 19 May, at which 3255:Kenneth was born in 3238:Commonwealth Liberal 3159:(Hon. FRCS) and the 3069:(Menzies) "Have I?" 2740:The Forgotten People 2736:The Forgotten People 2722:The Forgotten People 2581:—along with General 2547:Advisory War Council 2463:Treaty of Versailles 2161:" to an end-of-year 2131:Melbourne Law School 1860:scares. After 1955, 1740:Australia portal 1620:New Liberal Movement 1422:The Forgotten People 1244:Advisory War Council 1200:1938 Dalfram dispute 1031:Jeparit State School 1014:Catherine Anne Money 657:Position established 427:Position established 87:Menzies in the 1950s 44:The Right Honourable 9714:Leadership contests 9665:Protectionist Party 9632:Independent Liberal 8553:New political party 7895:on 12 November 2022 7570:Day, David. (1993) 7321:. 20 February 2019. 7142:"COMMONWEALTH LIST" 7030:on 21 December 2016 6972:20 May 2009 at the 6605:Powerhouse Museum. 6186:Frame, Tom (2005). 6042:, pp. 320–321. 5833:Bloomsbury Academic 5607:on 13 November 2013 5290:(2). Archived from 5071:. 30 November 2017. 4471:division of Menzies 4294:St Giles' Cathedral 4162: 4085:Freedom of the City 3897:Lake Burley Griffin 3871:division of Kooyong 3863:Division of Menzies 3230:Presbyterian Church 3050:Migration Act, 1966 2602:Battle of Gallipoli 2515:Neville Chamberlain 2480:Neville Chamberlain 2320:Melbourne Town Hall 2305:attempted exclusion 2262:Division of Kooyong 2236:, representing the 2234:East Yarra Province 2054:was elected to the 1931:Victorian gold rush 1638:Protectionist Party 1272:Communist Party ban 783:East Yarra Province 9586:Cormack Foundation 9207:Ashley Goldsworthy 9118:Michael Wooldridge 8633:Leonard Weickhardt 8616:Sir William Upjohn 8133:Sir Albert Dunstan 8125:Political offices 8108:Member for Kooyong 7967:declaration of war 7919:on 28 October 2011 7556:Cook, Ian (1999), 7411:The Canberra Times 7247:The Canberra Times 7193:"THE FEDERAL LIST" 6927:The London Gazette 6718:Stuart Macintyre. 5863:on 17 October 2011 5492:The Canberra Times 5214:Declaration of War 5160:. 16 January 2019. 4429:Eponyms of Menzies 4398:The Gillies Report 4160: 3887:celebrations, the 3840:Order of Australia 3781:Sir William Dargie 3658: 3642:Titles and honours 3343:Queen of Australia 3327: 3285:Jakarta, Indonesia 3199:Order of Australia 3124: 3039:Immigration policy 3032: 2977: 2956: 2940: 2924: 2916: 2872:Vyacheslav Molotov 2828:double dissolution 2815: 2622:David Lloyd George 2571: 2475:Singapore strategy 2439: 2340:Czechoslovak state 2307:from Australia of 2226: 2153:and editor of the 2095: 2032:Ming the Merciless 1925:and his mother in 1847:, Menzies led the 1810:Federal Parliament 1800:and became one of 1626:Liberal Federation 1413:1964 (Half-Senate) 1383:1953 (Half-Senate) 854:Colony of Victoria 697:Sir Stanley Argyle 645:Sir Stanley Argyle 481:Position abolished 159:Viscount De L'Isle 154:Viscount Dunrossil 144:Sir William McKell 48:Sir Robert Menzies 18:Sir Robert Menzies 10763: 10762: 10309: 10308: 10061: 10060: 9992: 9991: 9834: 9833: 9685:Nationalist Party 9560:Western Australia 8890: 8889: 8639: 8638: 8630:Succeeded by 8608:Academic offices 8598:Succeeded by 8566:Succeeded by 8518:Succeeded by 8486:Succeeded by 8457:Succeeded by 8430:Succeeded by 8403:Succeeded by 8376:Succeeded by 8349:Succeeded by 8325:Succeeded by 8298:Succeeded by 8271:Succeeded by 8244:Succeeded by 8206:Succeeded by 8179:Succeeded by 8147:Succeeded by 8115:Succeeded by 8081:Succeeded by 8050:Sir Clifden Eager 8047:Succeeded by 7841:Library resources 7826:9-789-004-254-572 7819:. Leiden: Brill. 7743:Grattan, Michelle 7633:978-0-7322-9612-4 7552:978-0-522-87768-7 6869:on 18 August 2010 6631:, pp. 22–23. 6473:. 6 November 2006 6447:. 3 November 2006 6197:978-1-74114-672-1 5974:"Indigenous Vote" 5842:978-1-350-23394-2 5778:on 19 August 2019 5722:on 8 October 2012 5663:on 19 August 2012 5054:978-1-78308-124-0 4992:, pp. 66–67. 4678:978-0-522-84459-7 4366:In the 2007 film 4306: 4305: 4282:Flag of Australia 4270:Commonwealth Star 3927:Monash University 3917:Malvern, Victoria 3889:R.G. Menzies Walk 3764:portrait painting 3654:Jeparit, Victoria 3522:Archangel Gabriel 3491:governors-general 3424:Westminster Abbey 3401:Alec Douglas-Home 3314:Death and funeral 3171:and Constable of 3119:, discussing the 3108: 3019:as Labor leader. 2985:the right to vote 2688:Fadden government 2559:Winston Churchill 2553:Strategic debates 2492:Hiranuma Kiichirō 2431: 2430: 2426: 2107:Grenville College 1907:Jeparit, Victoria 1882:Malayan Emergency 1747: 1746: 1581:Liberal Democrats 1465: 1464: 1194: 1166: 1165: 1130: 1129: 1107: 818:Sir Clifden Eager 721:Sir Albert Bussau 407:Sir Eric Harrison 363:Sir Arthur Fadden 351:Sir Arthur Fadden 295:Sir Arthur Fadden 268:Sir Arthur Fadden 182:Sir Arthur Fadden 16:(Redirected from 11053: 10756:Current ministry 10676: 10348: 10347: 10346: 10336: 10329: 10322: 10313: 10312: 10088: 10081: 10074: 10065: 10064: 10019: 10012: 10005: 9996: 9995: 9870: 9861: 9854: 9847: 9838: 9837: 9695:Australian Party 9670:Free Trade Party 9591:Norfolk Liberals 9517: 9150: 9034:Malcolm Turnbull 9021:Malcolm Turnbull 9004:Alexander Downer 8936: 8926: 8917: 8910: 8903: 8894: 8893: 8882: 8881: 8665: 8658: 8651: 8642: 8641: 8613:Preceded by 8581:Preceded by 8576:Honorary titles 8546:Party disbanded 8528:Preceded by 8501:Preceded by 8467:Preceded by 8460:Garfield Barwick 8440:Preceded by 8413:Preceded by 8386:Preceded by 8359:Preceded by 8308:Preceded by 8281:Preceded by 8254:Preceded by 8227:Preceded by 8189:Preceded by 8157:Preceded by 8130:Preceded by 8098:Preceded by 8067:Edmund Greenwood 8064:Preceded by 8030:Preceded by 8020: 8019: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7915:. Archived from 7909:"Robert Menzies" 7904: 7902: 7900: 7891:. Archived from 7881:"Robert Menzies" 7830: 7813:Stockings, Craig 7794: 7775: 7738: 7725: 7713: 7702: 7690: 7659: 7653: 7645: 7613: 7579:Menzies Observed 7518: 7499: 7481: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7315: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7026:. Archived from 7020: 7014: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6992:on 13 March 2016 6988:. Archived from 6982: 6976: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6898:. 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Archived from 5623: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5597: 5586: 5580: 5567: 5564: 5555: 5549: 5538: 5529:. 1 April 2013, 5507: 5501: 5500: 5488: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5451: 5444: 5438: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5396: 5390: 5375: 5372: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5171: 5162: 5161: 5150: 5141: 5140: 5120: 5114: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5038: 5032: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5005:. Archived from 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4941: 4935: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4842:. Archived from 4836: 4830: 4829: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4774: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4654: 4633: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4601: 4598:Menzies Observed 4591: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4513: 4507: 4317:The Last Bastion 4286:the coat of arms 4200:A Knight's helm. 4188:3 September 1965 4170: 4163: 4159: 4144: 4143: 4128: 4127: 4114:18 November 1948 4112: 4111: 4096: 4095: 4076: 4065: 4054: 4043: 4029: 4028: 4017: 4010: 4009: 3999: 3992: 3991: 3980: 3973: 3972: 3961: 3954: 3953: 3943: 3844:Governor-General 3697:British Columbia 3676:as a Member (CH) 3439:Chips Mackinolty 3420:memorial service 3372:Malcolm Fraser, 3308:Gerard Henderson 3109: 2713:Forgotten People 2671:Governor-General 2634:Gerard Henderson 2618:Lord Beaverbrook 2541:. Labor, led by 2422: 2402: 2401: 2394: 2301:Privy Counsellor 2297:Lyons government 2274:Australian Party 2256:Federal politics 2135:Bachelor of Laws 2111:Ballarat Central 2026: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1776: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1726: 1725: 1632:Liberal Movement 1596: 1560: 1492: 1482: 1467: 1466: 1457: 1450: 1443: 1432: 1186: 1162: 1161: 1159: 1152: 1151: 1143: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1109: 1108: 1087: 942: 940: 908:United Australia 870: 847:20 December 1894 846: 844: 828:Personal details 814: 806:George Swinburne 802: 793: 767: 759:Edmund Greenwood 755: 746: 732: 717: 705: 686: 665: 653: 634: 612: 600: 591: 577: 562: 550: 533: 512: 500: 491: 477: 465: 456: 435: 423: 393: 371: 359: 321: 312: 291: 279: 224: 210: 198: 149:Sir William Slim 109: 85: 75: 39: 38: 21: 11061: 11060: 11056: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11051: 11050: 10766: 10765: 10764: 10759: 10748: 10677: 10668: 10352: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10310: 10305: 10097: 10092: 10062: 10057: 10029: 10025:Leaders of the 10023: 9993: 9988: 9872: 9868: 9865: 9835: 9830: 9709: 9653: 9610: 9564: 9545:South Australia 9530:New South Wales 9516:State divisions 9515: 9509: 9443:Shadow cabinets 9438: 9302: 9246: 9158:Malcolm Ritchie 9148: 9142: 9133:Josh Frydenberg 9073:William McMahon 9051: 8966:William McMahon 8934: 8928: 8924: 8921: 8891: 8886: 8872: 8679: 8669: 8635: 8626: 8618: 8603: 8594: 8586: 8571: 8562: 8541: 8533: 8523: 8514: 8506: 8491: 8482: 8478: 8472: 8462: 8453: 8445: 8435: 8426: 8418: 8408: 8399: 8391: 8381: 8372: 8364: 8354: 8345: 8330: 8321: 8313: 8303: 8294: 8286: 8276: 8267: 8259: 8257:Geoffrey Street 8249: 8240: 8232: 8221: 8211: 8202: 8194: 8184: 8175: 8170: 8162: 8152: 8143: 8135: 8120: 8111: 8103: 8086: 8084:William Boyland 8077: 8069: 8052: 8043: 8035: 8001:Wayback Machine 7994:Charcoal Sketch 7974:Wayback Machine 7961:Wayback Machine 7949:Wayback Machine 7922: 7920: 7907: 7898: 7896: 7879: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7849: 7848: 7844: 7837: 7827: 7791: 7772: 7722: 7699: 7663:Hughes, Colin A 7647: 7646: 7634: 7626:. Sydney, NSW. 7610: 7515: 7490: 7488:Further reading 7485: 7484: 7472: 7468: 7458: 7456: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7432: 7431: 7427: 7417: 7415: 7404: 7403: 7399: 7389: 7387: 7382: 7381: 7377: 7362: 7348: 7344: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7302: 7300: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7277: 7275: 7268: 7267: 7263: 7253: 7251: 7240: 7239: 7235: 7226: 7224: 7217: 7216: 7212: 7202: 7200: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7177: 7175: 7168: 7167: 7163: 7153: 7151: 7140: 7139: 7135: 7126: 7124: 7117: 7116: 7112: 7103: 7101: 7094: 7093: 7089: 7080: 7078: 7071: 7070: 7066: 7057: 7055: 7048: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7031: 7022: 7021: 7017: 7009: 7005: 6995: 6993: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6974:Wayback Machine 6964: 6960: 6950: 6948: 6940: 6939: 6935: 6919: 6915: 6905: 6903: 6902:on 3 March 2016 6890: 6889: 6882: 6872: 6870: 6857: 6856: 6852: 6842: 6840: 6831: 6830: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6804: 6802: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6782: 6780: 6768: 6764: 6748: 6744: 6731: 6730: 6726: 6717: 6713: 6706: 6702: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6651: 6647: 6639: 6635: 6627: 6623: 6612: 6610: 6603: 6599: 6593:Wayback Machine 6584: 6580: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6557: 6553: 6552: 6548: 6538: 6536: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6509: 6505: 6499:Wayback Machine 6490: 6486: 6476: 6474: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6450: 6448: 6439: 6438: 6434: 6424: 6422: 6412:(6 July 2002). 6410:Mungo MacCallum 6407: 6403: 6393: 6391: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6349: 6347: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6327: 6325: 6320: 6319: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6275: 6274: 6270: 6260: 6258: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6230: 6228: 6222: 6218: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6184: 6180: 6172: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6138: 6134: 6124: 6122: 6112: 6108: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6024: 6022: 6021:on 3 March 2016 6013: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5985: 5981: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5956: 5946: 5944: 5934: 5930: 5919: 5915: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5884: 5883: 5876: 5866: 5864: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5843: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5798: 5791: 5781: 5779: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5748:on 26 June 2012 5740: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5640: 5638: 5637:on 13 July 2017 5625: 5624: 5620: 5610: 5608: 5599: 5598: 5589: 5581: 5570: 5565: 5558: 5550: 5541: 5521:Wayback Machine 5508: 5504: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5454: 5445: 5441: 5432: 5428: 5420: 5416: 5408: 5399: 5391: 5378: 5373: 5366: 5358: 5354: 5346: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5311: 5307: 5297: 5295: 5276: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5194: 5184: 5182: 5172: 5165: 5152: 5151: 5144: 5121: 5117: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5039: 5035: 5026: 5022: 5012: 5010: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4974: 4972: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4922: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4795: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4679: 4655: 4636: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4592: 4585: 4575: 4573: 4563: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4527: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4431: 4311: 4226:Scottish Gaelic 4178:Granted by the 4158: 4138: 4122: 4106: 4090: 4087: 4036: 4023: 4004: 3986: 3967: 3948: 3936: 3775:Archibald Prize 3667:Harry S. Truman 3663:Legion of Merit 3644: 3589: 3587:Published works 3460: 3447: 3445:Religious views 3407:also attended. 3382:William McMahon 3316: 3300:Mungo MacCallum 3273:Peter Henderson 3219: 3133:Shane Paltridge 3102: 3100: 3091: 3082: 3041: 2969: 2945: 2943:Economic policy 2914:Menzies in 1960 2908: 2868:Vladimir Petrov 2823: 2813:Menzies in 1952 2807: 2790: 2766: 2716: 2708: 2666: 2583:Brudenell White 2555: 2531:hung parliament 2501: 2455: 2427: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2376:Empire of Japan 2360:Dalfram dispute 2258: 2218: 2213: 2192: 2127: 2099:one-room school 2090:Melbourne Punch 2081: 2048:Phoenix Foundry 2024: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1958: 1954: 1903: 1898: 1872:, its expanded 1752: 1734: 1732: 1720: 1713: 1712: 1675: 1667: 1666: 1652: 1644: 1643: 1597: 1594: 1586: 1585: 1571:Country Liberal 1561: 1558: 1550: 1549: 1500: 1480: 1461: 1427: 1417: 1354: 1296: 1256: 1248: 1228: 1222: 1183: 1157: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1146: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1116: 1112:Menzies on the 1110: 1103: 1100: 1075: 1040: 1019: 1008:Peter Henderson 972: 944: 941: 1920) 936: 932: 919: 895:Political party 872: 868: 848: 842: 840: 839: 838: 812: 800: 794: 789: 771:William Boyland 765: 753: 747: 742: 733: 728: 715: 703: 687: 682: 663: 651: 635: 630: 610: 604:Sir John Latham 598: 592: 587: 578: 573: 560: 548: 534: 529: 510: 498: 492: 487: 475: 463: 457: 452: 433: 421: 416: 394: 389: 369: 357: 342: 319: 313: 308: 289: 277: 272: 225: 220: 208: 196: 191: 187:Sir John McEwen 168: 132: 110: 105: 88: 76: 51: 49: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11059: 11049: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10776:Robert Menzies 10761: 10760: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10747: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10685: 10683: 10679: 10678: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10360: 10358: 10354: 10353: 10339: 10338: 10331: 10324: 10316: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10091: 10090: 10083: 10076: 10068: 10059: 10058: 10056: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10034: 10031: 10030: 10022: 10021: 10014: 10007: 9999: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9986: 9981: 9974: 9967: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9911: 9906: 9899: 9892: 9885: 9877: 9874: 9873: 9864: 9863: 9856: 9849: 9841: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9717: 9715: 9711: 9710: 9708: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9661: 9659: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9645: 9639: 9637:National Right 9634: 9629: 9624: 9618: 9616: 9612: 9611: 9609: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9596:Young Liberals 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9572: 9570: 9566: 9565: 9563: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9521: 9519: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9446: 9444: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9310: 9308: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9254: 9252: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9232:Richard Alston 9229: 9227:Alan Stockdale 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9182:Robert Southey 9179: 9176: 9174:Philip McBride 9171: 9168: 9167:W. H. Anderson 9165: 9160: 9154: 9152: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9123:Peter Costello 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9103:Andrew Peacock 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9059: 9057: 9056:Deputy Leaders 9053: 9052: 9050: 9049: 9044: 9041:Scott Morrison 9037: 9030: 9023: 9018: 9016:Brendan Nelson 9013: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8994:Andrew Peacock 8991: 8986: 8984:Andrew Peacock 8981: 8978:Malcolm Fraser 8974: 8969: 8962: 8955: 8948: 8945:Robert Menzies 8940: 8938: 8930: 8929: 8920: 8919: 8912: 8905: 8897: 8888: 8887: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8668: 8667: 8660: 8653: 8645: 8637: 8636: 8631: 8628: 8619: 8614: 8610: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8599: 8596: 8587: 8582: 8578: 8577: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8564: 8555: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8534: 8529: 8525: 8524: 8519: 8516: 8507: 8502: 8498: 8497: 8493: 8492: 8487: 8484: 8473: 8470:Donald Cameron 8468: 8464: 8463: 8458: 8455: 8446: 8441: 8437: 8436: 8431: 8428: 8419: 8414: 8410: 8409: 8404: 8401: 8392: 8387: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8374: 8365: 8360: 8356: 8355: 8352:Philip McBride 8350: 8347: 8338: 8332: 8331: 8326: 8323: 8314: 8309: 8305: 8304: 8299: 8296: 8287: 8282: 8278: 8277: 8272: 8269: 8260: 8255: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8242: 8233: 8228: 8224: 8223: 8213: 8212: 8207: 8204: 8195: 8190: 8186: 8185: 8180: 8177: 8163: 8158: 8154: 8153: 8148: 8145: 8136: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8122: 8121: 8118:Andrew Peacock 8116: 8113: 8104: 8099: 8095: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8082: 8079: 8070: 8065: 8061: 8060: 8054: 8053: 8048: 8045: 8036: 8031: 8027: 8026: 8018: 8017: 8004: 7991: 7985: 7980: 7963: 7951: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7905: 7877: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7846:Robert Menzies 7839: 7838: 7836: 7835:External links 7833: 7832: 7831: 7825: 7809: 7795: 7789: 7776: 7770: 7757: 7739: 7726: 7720: 7703: 7697: 7677: 7660: 7632: 7614: 7608: 7595: 7593:Menzies at War 7589: 7575: 7568: 7554: 7540: 7533: 7519: 7513: 7500: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7466: 7455:on 11 May 2018 7436: 7425: 7397: 7386:. Clan Menzies 7375: 7360: 7342: 7324: 7310: 7284: 7261: 7233: 7210: 7184: 7161: 7133: 7110: 7087: 7064: 7041: 7015: 7003: 6977: 6958: 6933: 6913: 6880: 6850: 6824: 6812: 6790: 6762: 6742: 6724: 6711: 6700: 6682: 6675: 6645: 6643:, p. 325. 6633: 6621: 6597: 6578: 6546: 6520: 6503: 6484: 6458: 6432: 6401: 6379: 6357: 6335: 6310: 6298: 6268: 6251:Legal Opinions 6238: 6216: 6203: 6196: 6178: 6176:, p. 350. 6163: 6161:, p. 246. 6151: 6132: 6106: 6092: 6074: 6056: 6054:, p. 351. 6044: 6032: 6006: 6000:978-1862874022 5999: 5979: 5965: 5954: 5928: 5913: 5895: 5874: 5848: 5841: 5819: 5812: 5789: 5759: 5733: 5699: 5692: 5674: 5648: 5618: 5587: 5568: 5556: 5554:, p. 558. 5539: 5526:NewSouth Books 5502: 5475: 5452: 5446:Paul Hasluck, 5439: 5437:(1993) pp 9–26 5426: 5424:, p. 285. 5414: 5412:, p. 179. 5397: 5395:, p. 178. 5376: 5364: 5362:, p. 171. 5352: 5350:, p. 172. 5331: 5305: 5270: 5244: 5232:www.abc.net.au 5219: 5204: 5192: 5163: 5142: 5115: 5102: 5074: 5060: 5053: 5033: 5020: 4994: 4982: 4954: 4936: 4916: 4904: 4902:, p. 275. 4892: 4874: 4857: 4831: 4813: 4801: 4786: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4677: 4634: 4619: 4612: 4583: 4557: 4545: 4533: 4514: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4488:Menzies Wing ( 4486: 4481: 4476:Menzies Wing ( 4474: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4412: 4402: 4390: 4377: 4364: 4351: 4343:True Believers 4338: 4325: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4278:Southern Cross 4254: 4251: 4245: 4244:Other elements 4242: 4236: 4233: 4230:Vil God I Haif 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4176: 4171: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4136: 4120: 4104: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4070: 4059: 4048: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4011: 3993: 3974: 3955: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3881: 3874: 3855: 3836: 3829:Malcolm Fraser 3813: 3802: 3791: 3777: 3760: 3677: 3670: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3593: 3588: 3585: 3571:The Australian 3562:Pattie Menzies 3459: 3456: 3446: 3443: 3437:, designed by 3366:Prince Charles 3347:Malcolm Fraser 3315: 3312: 3281:public servant 3269:East Melbourne 3236:, a Deakinite 3218: 3215: 3211:Centenary Test 3190:The Australian 3099: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3040: 3037: 3013:Arthur Calwell 2997:tax incentives 2968: 2965: 2944: 2941: 2907: 2906:Foreign policy 2904: 2822: 2819: 2806: 2803: 2789: 2786: 2765: 2762: 2715: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2665: 2662: 2630:Maurice Hankey 2614:Viscount Astor 2554: 2551: 2500: 2497: 2454: 2451: 2429: 2428: 2406: 2404: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2257: 2254: 2217: 2216:State politics 2214: 2212: 2209: 2205:King's Counsel 2191: 2188: 2147:Harrison Moore 2139:Master of Laws 2126: 2123: 2119:Wesley College 2080: 2077: 2073:William Spence 2060:Sydney Sampson 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1862:his government 1828:leader of the 1745: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1730: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1682: 1676: 1674:Related topics 1673: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1635: 1629: 1623: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1485: 1484: 1476: 1475: 1463: 1462: 1460: 1459: 1452: 1445: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1425: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1255: 1254: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1239:Entry into WW2 1221: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1182: 1181: 1179:State politics 1176: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1158:Robert Menzies 1150:a series about 1144: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1111: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1051:Wesley College 1048: 1042: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1017: 1011: 1005: 999: 993: 990:Sydney Sampson 987: 980: 978: 974: 973: 971: 970: 967: 960: 958: 954: 953: 950: 946: 945: 934: 928: 927: 925: 921: 920: 918: 917: 911: 905: 898: 896: 892: 891: 886: 882: 881: 871:(aged 83) 865: 861: 860: 858:British Empire 836: 834: 830: 829: 825: 824: 821: 820: 815: 809: 808: 803: 797: 796: 786: 785: 777:Member of the 774: 773: 768: 762: 761: 756: 750: 749: 739: 738: 727:Member of the 724: 723: 718: 712: 711: 706: 700: 699: 694: 690: 689: 679: 678: 672: 671: 666: 660: 659: 654: 648: 647: 642: 638: 637: 627: 626: 619: 618: 616:Andrew Peacock 613: 607: 606: 601: 595: 594: 584: 583: 572:Member of the 569: 568: 563: 557: 556: 551: 545: 544: 541: 537: 536: 526: 525: 519: 518: 513: 507: 506: 501: 495: 494: 484: 483: 478: 472: 471: 466: 460: 459: 449: 448: 442: 441: 436: 430: 429: 424: 418: 417: 415: 414: 409: 403: 401: 397: 396: 386: 385: 378: 377: 372: 366: 365: 360: 354: 353: 348: 344: 343: 341: 340: 335: 330: 324: 322: 320:Prime Minister 316: 315: 305: 304: 298: 297: 292: 286: 285: 283:Sir Earle Page 280: 274: 273: 271: 270: 265: 263:Archie Cameron 260: 258:Sir Earle Page 254: 252: 248: 247: 242: 238: 237: 232: 228: 227: 217: 216: 211: 205: 204: 199: 193: 192: 190: 189: 184: 178: 176: 170: 169: 167: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 140: 138: 134: 133: 131: 130: 125: 119: 117: 113: 112: 102: 101: 94: 93: 90: 89: 86: 78: 77: 50: 47: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11058: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10758: 10757: 10751: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10680: 10675: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10337: 10332: 10330: 10325: 10323: 10318: 10317: 10314: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10103: 10100: 10096: 10089: 10084: 10082: 10077: 10075: 10070: 10069: 10066: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10032: 10028: 10020: 10015: 10013: 10008: 10006: 10001: 10000: 9997: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9979: 9975: 9973: 9972: 9968: 9966: 9965: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9948: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9916: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9900: 9898: 9897: 9893: 9891: 9890: 9886: 9884: 9883: 9879: 9878: 9875: 9871: 9862: 9857: 9855: 9850: 9848: 9843: 9842: 9839: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9718: 9716: 9712: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9690:Liberal Union 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9649: 9646: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9613: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9567: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9512: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9441: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9305: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9222:Chris McDiven 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9163:Richard Casey 9161: 9159: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9145: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9088:Phillip Lynch 9086: 9084: 9083:Billy Snedden 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9063:Eric Harrison 9061: 9060: 9058: 9054: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9042: 9038: 9036: 9035: 9031: 9029: 9028: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9011: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8979: 8975: 8973: 8972:Billy Snedden 8970: 8968: 8967: 8963: 8961: 8960: 8956: 8954: 8953: 8949: 8947: 8946: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8931: 8927: 8918: 8913: 8911: 8906: 8904: 8899: 8898: 8895: 8885: 8875: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8685: 8682: 8677: 8673: 8666: 8661: 8659: 8654: 8652: 8647: 8646: 8643: 8634: 8625: 8624: 8617: 8611: 8606: 8602: 8593: 8592: 8585: 8579: 8574: 8570: 8561: 8560: 8554: 8550: 8547: 8544: 8540: 8539: 8532: 8526: 8522: 8513: 8512: 8505: 8499: 8494: 8490: 8481: 8480: 8471: 8465: 8461: 8452: 8451: 8444: 8443:Richard Casey 8438: 8434: 8433:Eric Harrison 8425: 8424: 8417: 8411: 8407: 8398: 8397: 8390: 8384: 8380: 8371: 8370: 8363: 8362:Arthur Fadden 8357: 8353: 8344: 8343: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8328:George McLeay 8320: 8319: 8312: 8306: 8302: 8301:Percy Spender 8293: 8292: 8285: 8284:Richard Casey 8279: 8275: 8266: 8265: 8258: 8252: 8248: 8247:Arthur Fadden 8239: 8238: 8231: 8225: 8220: 8219: 8214: 8210: 8201: 8200: 8193: 8187: 8183: 8182:Albert Bussau 8174: 8173: 8168: 8161: 8160:Ian MacFarlan 8155: 8151: 8142: 8141: 8134: 8128: 8123: 8119: 8110: 8109: 8102: 8096: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8076: 8075: 8068: 8062: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8042: 8041: 8034: 8033:James Merritt 8028: 8025: 8021: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8002: 7998: 7995: 7992: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7968: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7828: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7808: 7807:0-85859-223-1 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7790:9781925826906 7786: 7782: 7777: 7773: 7771:9789814435468 7767: 7763: 7758: 7756: 7755:1-86436-756-3 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7727: 7723: 7721:9780522848649 7717: 7712: 7711: 7704: 7700: 7694: 7689: 7688: 7682: 7681:Martin, Allan 7678: 7676: 7675:0-19-550471-2 7672: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7657: 7651: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7629: 7625: 7624: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7609:9781742230146 7605: 7601: 7596: 7594: 7590: 7588: 7587:0-86861-320-7 7584: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7567: 7566:0-19-553702-5 7563: 7559: 7555: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7532: 7531:9781925713671 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7514:9781135294984 7510: 7506: 7501: 7497: 7492: 7491: 7479: 7475: 7470: 7454: 7450: 7448: 7440: 7429: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7401: 7385: 7379: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7361:0-85179-149-2 7357: 7353: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7328: 7320: 7314: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7273: 7272: 7265: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7237: 7222: 7221: 7214: 7198: 7194: 7188: 7173: 7172: 7165: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7137: 7122: 7121: 7114: 7099: 7098: 7091: 7076: 7075: 7068: 7053: 7052: 7045: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7012: 7007: 6991: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6962: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6917: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6887: 6885: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6854: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6821: 6816: 6800: 6794: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6766: 6760: 6759:0-7022-2443-X 6756: 6752: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6704: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6678: 6676:9781921862632 6672: 6667: 6662: 6659:. ANU Press. 6658: 6657: 6649: 6642: 6637: 6630: 6625: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6582: 6563: 6556: 6550: 6534: 6530: 6524: 6516: 6515: 6507: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6488: 6472: 6468: 6462: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6389: 6383: 6367: 6361: 6345: 6339: 6323: 6317: 6315: 6307: 6302: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6257:on 8 May 2014 6256: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6207: 6199: 6193: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6170: 6168: 6160: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6136: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6102: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6053: 6048: 6041: 6036: 6020: 6016: 6010: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5983: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5958: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5924: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5881: 5879: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5844: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5815: 5813:9780646555171 5809: 5805: 5804: 5796: 5794: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5695: 5693:0-86777-006-6 5689: 5685: 5678: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5585:, p. 56. 5584: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5553: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5536: 5535:9781742233574 5532: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5485: 5479: 5473:, p. 73. 5472: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5449: 5443: 5436: 5430: 5423: 5418: 5411: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5394: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5371: 5369: 5361: 5356: 5349: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5215: 5208: 5199: 5197: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5168: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5106: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5078: 5070: 5064: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5037: 5030: 5024: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4991: 4986: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4933:9781925713671 4930: 4926: 4920: 4914:, p. 30. 4913: 4908: 4901: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4872:, p. 29. 4871: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4811:, p. 24. 4810: 4805: 4799:, p. 20. 4798: 4793: 4791: 4771: 4764: 4758:, p. 19. 4757: 4752: 4746:, p. 18. 4745: 4740: 4734:, p. 15. 4733: 4728: 4722:, p. 12. 4721: 4716: 4710:, p. 11. 4709: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4631: 4626: 4624: 4615: 4613:9780868613208 4609: 4605: 4600: 4599: 4590: 4588: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4554: 4549: 4542: 4537: 4530: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4491: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4423: 4422:Home to Roost 4419: 4418: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4312: 4299: 4298:Scottish Lion 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4098:29 April 1941 4094: 4089: 4088: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4027: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3893:Quentin Bryce 3890: 3886: 3885:Australia Day 3882: 3879: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3857:In 1984, the 3856: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3833:Gough Whitlam 3830: 3826: 3822: 3821:Edmund Barton 3818: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3800: 3799:Edmund Barton 3796: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3785:Time magazine 3782: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3771:Sir Ivor Hele 3768: 3765: 3762:In 1954, the 3761: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3532:Henry Gullett 3529: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3495:Viscount Slim 3492: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3468:1943 election 3465: 3455: 3453: 3452:Norman Gilroy 3442: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3416:19-gun salute 3413: 3408: 3406: 3405:Harold Wilson 3402: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3358:state funeral 3354: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3320: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3298:According to 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3223:Pattie Leckie 3217:Personal life 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3195:physiotherapy 3192: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3177:Walmer Castle 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3121:Petrov Affair 3118: 3114: 3095: 3086: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3036: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3018: 3017:Gough Whitlam 3014: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2973: 2967:Social reform 2964: 2960: 2954: 2949: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2912: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2896:1958 election 2893: 2892:1955 election 2889: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2860:1954 election 2856: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2818: 2811: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2782:1946 election 2778: 2776: 2772: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2749:1943 election 2744: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2723: 2714: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2683:Arthur Fadden 2679: 2676: 2672: 2661: 2658: 2657:Thomas Blamey 2653: 2652: 2645: 2643: 2642:Joan Beaumont 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527:1940 election 2524: 2520: 2517:'s policy of 2516: 2511: 2505: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2459:Danzig crisis 2450: 2446: 2444: 2435: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2396: 2395: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2222: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2187: 2185: 2180: 2179:Frank Menzies 2176: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2091: 2085: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2019: 1989: 1988: 1979: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1915:James Menzies 1913:Sampson) and 1912: 1908: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1741: 1731: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1703:Neoliberalism 1701: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1590: 1589: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1554: 1553: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1282:Petrov Affair 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1160: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1125: 1115: 1114:Petrov Affair 1099: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 981: 979: 975: 968: 965: 964:James Menzies 962: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 931: 930:Pattie Leckie 926: 922: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 899: 897: 893: 890: 887: 885:Resting place 883: 879: 875: 866: 862: 859: 855: 851: 835: 831: 826: 822: 819: 816: 810: 807: 804: 798: 792: 787: 784: 780: 775: 772: 769: 763: 760: 757: 751: 745: 740: 737: 731: 725: 722: 719: 713: 710: 709:Ian Macfarlan 707: 701: 698: 695: 691: 685: 680: 677: 673: 670: 669:Ian Macfarlan 667: 661: 658: 655: 649: 646: 643: 639: 633: 628: 625: 620: 617: 614: 608: 605: 602: 596: 590: 585: 582: 576: 570: 567: 564: 558: 555: 552: 546: 542: 538: 532: 527: 524: 520: 517: 514: 508: 505: 502: 496: 490: 485: 482: 479: 473: 470: 467: 461: 455: 450: 447: 443: 440: 437: 431: 428: 425: 419: 413: 410: 408: 405: 404: 402: 398: 392: 387: 384: 379: 376: 373: 367: 364: 361: 355: 352: 349: 345: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 325: 323: 317: 311: 306: 303: 299: 296: 293: 287: 284: 281: 275: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 255: 253: 249: 246: 243: 239: 236: 233: 229: 223: 218: 215: 212: 206: 203: 200: 194: 188: 185: 183: 180: 179: 177: 175: 171: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 141: 139: 135: 129: 126: 124: 121: 120: 118: 114: 108: 103: 100: 95: 91: 84: 79: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 10754: 10682:21st century 10357:20th century 10180: 10052: 10042: 9976: 9969: 9962: 9945: 9913: 9901: 9894: 9887: 9881: 9880: 9642:Ginger Group 9627:Centre Right 9237:Nick Greiner 9202:John Elliott 9192:A. J. Forbes 9128:Julie Bishop 9047:Peter Dutton 9039: 9032: 9025: 9008: 8976: 8964: 8957: 8950: 8944: 8943: 8787: 8762: 8621: 8589: 8557: 8552: 8545: 8536: 8531:Billy Hughes 8521:Billy Hughes 8509: 8504:Joseph Lyons 8475: 8448: 8421: 8394: 8367: 8340: 8335: 8316: 8289: 8262: 8235: 8216: 8209:Billy Hughes 8197: 8165: 8138: 8106: 8072: 8038: 7921:. Retrieved 7917:the original 7897:. Retrieved 7893:the original 7884: 7845: 7816: 7798: 7780: 7761: 7746: 7734: 7730: 7709: 7686: 7666: 7622: 7618:Howard, John 7599: 7592: 7578: 7571: 7557: 7543: 7536: 7522: 7504: 7495: 7469: 7457:. Retrieved 7453:the original 7446: 7439: 7428: 7418:11 September 7416:. Retrieved 7409: 7400: 7390:11 September 7388:. Retrieved 7378: 7351: 7345: 7336: 7327: 7313: 7301:. Retrieved 7296: 7287: 7276:, retrieved 7270: 7264: 7252:. Retrieved 7245: 7236: 7225:, retrieved 7219: 7213: 7201:. Retrieved 7196: 7187: 7176:, retrieved 7170: 7164: 7152:. Retrieved 7145: 7136: 7125:, retrieved 7119: 7113: 7102:, retrieved 7096: 7090: 7079:, retrieved 7073: 7067: 7056:, retrieved 7050: 7044: 7032:. Retrieved 7028:the original 7018: 7006: 6994:. Retrieved 6990:the original 6980: 6961: 6949:. Retrieved 6936: 6925: 6916: 6904:. Retrieved 6900:the original 6871:. Retrieved 6867:the original 6853: 6841:. Retrieved 6827: 6815: 6803:. Retrieved 6801:. Nma.gov.au 6793: 6783:21 September 6781:. Retrieved 6775: 6765: 6750: 6745: 6737:the original 6727: 6719: 6714: 6703: 6694: 6685: 6655: 6648: 6636: 6624: 6613:22 September 6611:. Retrieved 6600: 6581: 6569:. Retrieved 6562:the original 6549: 6537:. Retrieved 6532: 6523: 6517:. p. 1. 6512: 6506: 6487: 6475:. Retrieved 6470: 6461: 6449:. Retrieved 6444: 6435: 6423:. Retrieved 6417: 6404: 6392:. Retrieved 6382: 6370:. Retrieved 6368:. MyHeritage 6360: 6348:. Retrieved 6338: 6326:. Retrieved 6301: 6289:. Retrieved 6285:the original 6280: 6271: 6259:. Retrieved 6255:the original 6250: 6241: 6229:. Retrieved 6219: 6211: 6206: 6187: 6181: 6154: 6145: 6135: 6123:. Retrieved 6120:John Quiggin 6119: 6109: 6095: 6087:the original 6077: 6069:the original 6059: 6047: 6035: 6023:. Retrieved 6019:the original 6009: 5989: 5982: 5968: 5957: 5945:. Retrieved 5941: 5931: 5922: 5916: 5908:the original 5898: 5890:the original 5865:. Retrieved 5861:the original 5851: 5828: 5822: 5802: 5780:. Retrieved 5776:the original 5772:Liberals.net 5771: 5762: 5750:. Retrieved 5746:the original 5736: 5726:17 September 5724:. Retrieved 5720:the original 5711: 5702: 5683: 5677: 5665:. Retrieved 5661:the original 5651: 5639:. Retrieved 5635:the original 5621: 5609:. Retrieved 5605:the original 5524: 5510:Tink, Andrew 5505: 5490: 5478: 5447: 5442: 5434: 5429: 5417: 5410:Andrews 1970 5393:Andrews 1970 5360:Andrews 1970 5355: 5348:Andrews 1970 5322:. Retrieved 5318: 5308: 5298:21 September 5296:. Retrieved 5292:the original 5287: 5283: 5273: 5261:. Retrieved 5256: 5247: 5235:. Retrieved 5231: 5222: 5213: 5207: 5183:. Retrieved 5180:The Guardian 5179: 5157: 5131:(1): 34–46. 5128: 5124: 5118: 5110: 5105: 5093:. Retrieved 5086: 5077: 5063: 5043: 5036: 5028: 5023: 5013:26 September 5011:. Retrieved 5007:the original 4997: 4985: 4973:. Retrieved 4966: 4957: 4948: 4939: 4924: 4919: 4907: 4895: 4886: 4877: 4850:26 September 4848:. Retrieved 4844:the original 4834: 4825: 4816: 4804: 4777:. Retrieved 4763: 4751: 4739: 4727: 4715: 4703: 4662: 4632:, p. 7. 4597: 4574:. Retrieved 4560: 4555:, p. 2. 4548: 4543:, p. 1. 4536: 4531:, p. 4. 4512:, p. 5. 4505: 4415: 4405: 4396: 4387:Matthew King 4380: 4367: 4354: 4341: 4335:Noel Ferrier 4328: 4315: 4258:Clan Menzies 4145: 4129: 4113: 4097: 3888: 3851: 3766: 3645: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3595: 3575: 3569: 3566:A. W. Martin 3559: 3549:test cricket 3541: 3526: 3515: 3511: 3497:, and Lords 3488: 3461: 3448: 3434: 3432: 3409: 3394:Zelman Cowan 3355: 3328: 3297: 3254: 3220: 3188: 3184: 3173:Dover Castle 3153: 3141: 3125: 3117:Allan Fraser 3092: 3083: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3054: 3049: 3046:Alick Downer 3042: 3033: 3005: 3000: 2993: 2988: 2978: 2961: 2957: 2925: 2876: 2857: 2824: 2816: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2745: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2728: 2720: 2717: 2712: 2700:Billy Hughes 2696:was replaced 2680: 2667: 2649: 2646: 2638:Judith Brett 2606:6th Division 2593: 2591: 2572: 2556: 2535:Arthur Coles 2506: 2502: 2488: 2483: 2470: 2456: 2447: 2440: 2423: 2412: 2364:Pig Iron Bob 2363: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2337: 2332: 2328:Nazi Germany 2325: 2316:Adolf Hitler 2313: 2278: 2259: 2227: 2193: 2190:Legal career 2172: 2159:Billy Hughes 2154: 2142: 2128: 2096: 2088: 2040: 1943:Renfrewshire 1910: 1904: 1842: 1822:Joseph Lyons 1795: 1749: 1748: 1691:Centre Right 1519: 1420: 1356: 1355: 1298: 1297: 1258: 1257: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1187: 1156: 1010:(son-in-law) 869:(1978-05-15) 813:Succeeded by 790: 766:Succeeded by 743: 716:Succeeded by 683: 664:Succeeded by 656: 631: 611:Succeeded by 588: 566:Billy Hughes 561:Succeeded by 543:Joseph Lyons 530: 516:Billy Hughes 511:Succeeded by 504:Joseph Lyons 488: 480: 476:Succeeded by 469:Billy Hughes 453: 434:Succeeded by 426: 390: 370:Succeeded by 309: 290:Succeeded by 221: 209:Succeeded by 128:Elizabeth II 106: 36: 10786:1978 deaths 10781:1894 births 9648:Lyons Forum 9251:Governments 9217:Shane Stone 9212:Tony Staley 9197:John Valder 9187:John Atwill 9178:J. E. Pagan 9113:Peter Reith 9108:Fred Chaney 9093:John Howard 9078:John Gorton 9068:Harold Holt 9027:Tony Abbott 9010:John Howard 8999:John Hewson 8989:John Howard 8959:John Gorton 8952:Harold Holt 8569:Harold Holt 8489:John Gorton 8406:Harold Holt 8389:Ben Chifley 8379:Ben Chifley 8311:John Lawson 8274:John Curtin 8192:John Latham 8101:John Latham 7899:17 February 7737:(5): 47–56. 7034:14 December 6922:"No. 42964" 6641:Howard 2014 6394:21 February 6372:21 February 6350:21 February 6328:21 February 6174:Howard 2014 6159:Howard 2014 6052:Howard 2014 6040:Howard 2014 6025:10 February 5947:18 December 5433:David Day, 5324:10 November 5263:13 February 5237:10 December 5185:10 December 5095:10 December 4822:Percy Joske 4393:Max Gillies 4374:Bille Brown 4361:Hassan Kami 4348:John Bonney 4266:Clan Gordon 4216:Compartment 4130:6 June 1953 3825:John McEwen 3556:this pride. 3551:and was an 3386:Frank Forde 3378:John Gorton 3374:John McEwen 3234:John Leckie 3209:during the 3145:Harold Holt 2953:Harold Holt 2936:John Gorton 2864:red-baiting 2849:H. V. Evatt 2775:Ben Chifley 2757:was elected 2706:Interregnum 2675:Lord Gowrie 2626:War Cabinet 2543:John Curtin 2539:Alex Wilson 2519:Appeasement 2510:World War I 2457:During the 2443:was elected 2378:, for that 2281:John Latham 2167:Percy Joske 2103:Bakery Hill 2087:Article in 1890:Vietnam War 1826:was elected 1651:Think tanks 1515:Higinbotham 1192:(1934–1966) 1188:Member for 914:Nationalist 910:(1931–1945) 904:(from 1945) 880:, Australia 867:15 May 1978 801:Preceded by 754:Preceded by 704:Preceded by 652:Preceded by 599:Preceded by 554:John Latham 549:Preceded by 499:Preceded by 464:Preceded by 439:Harold Holt 422:Preceded by 412:Harold Holt 375:Ben Chifley 358:Preceded by 338:Ben Chifley 333:Frank Forde 328:John Curtin 278:Preceded by 245:Lord Gowrie 214:Harold Holt 202:Ben Chifley 197:Preceded by 10770:Categories 10734:Morrison 1 10724:Turnbull 1 10296:Frydenberg 9816:2015 (Sep) 9811:2015 (Feb) 9470:Peacock II 9429:Morrison 1 9419:Turnbull 1 9307:Ministries 9242:John Olsen 9170:Lyle Moore 9149:Presidents 9138:Sussan Ley 9098:Neil Brown 8627:1967–1972 8595:1966–1978 8563:1945–1966 8542:1943–1945 8515:1939–1941 8483:1961–1962 8454:1960–1961 8416:Enid Lyons 8400:1949–1966 8373:1943–1949 8295:1940–1941 8268:1939–1941 8241:1939–1941 8230:Earle Page 8222:1934–1938 8203:1934–1939 8176:1932–1934 8144:1932–1934 8112:1934–1966 8078:1929–1934 8044:1928–1929 7698:0522844421 7525:, Scribe. 6951:15 October 6906:15 October 6873:15 October 6843:15 October 6805:4 November 6231:24 January 5782:4 November 5752:17 October 5667:17 October 5611:17 October 5284:The Hummer 5088:The Mirror 4410:Bob Baines 4209:Supporters 4203:Escutcheon 3925:campus of 3852:ex officio 3757:California 3749:Birmingham 3741:Queensland 3534:, wartime 3528:Jo Gullett 3360:, held in 3098:Later life 2981:Aboriginal 2853:Korean War 2844:referendum 2836:High Court 2711:Menzies's 2424:(May 2024) 2309:Egon Kisch 2197:Owen Dixon 2125:University 1896:Early life 1888:, and the 1878:Korean War 1614:Free Trade 1299:Ministries 1174:Early life 1072:Politician 1061:Profession 1046:Alma mater 843:1894-12-20 736:Nunawading 164:Lord Casey 10704:Gillard 1 10649:Keating 1 10594:Whitlam 1 10529:Menzies 4 10519:Chifley 1 10484:Menzies 1 9650:(defunct) 9644:(defunct) 9622:Moderates 9601:Young LNP 9581:Coalition 9485:Howard II 9460:Peacock I 9314:Menzies 4 8336:New title 7650:cite book 7642:915942699 6539:12 August 5583:Hill 2010 5471:Bell 2014 4687:1833-7538 4420:episode " 4356:Nasser 56 4322:John Wood 4272:from the 4253:Symbolism 4150:Melbourne 4118:Edinburgh 3848:John Kerr 3745:Edinburgh 3725:Cambridge 3693:Melbourne 3503:De L'Isle 3499:Dunrossil 3396:. Former 3335:Melbourne 3289:Secretary 2610:David Day 2207:in 1929. 2115:Melbourne 2079:Childhood 1802:Melbourne 1696:Moderates 1595:(defunct) 1566:Democrats 1357:Elections 1080:Signature 1024:Education 986:(brother) 977:Relatives 916:(to 1931) 791:In office 744:In office 684:In office 632:In office 589:In office 531:In office 489:In office 454:In office 391:In office 310:In office 235:George VI 222:In office 123:George VI 107:In office 97:12th 10744:Albanese 10689:Howard 3 10659:Howard 1 10609:Fraser 1 10579:Gorton 1 10504:Curtin 1 10414:Hughes 1 10409:Fisher 3 10399:Fisher 2 10394:Deakin 3 10389:Fisher 1 10384:Deakin 2 10369:Deakin 1 10301:Chalmers 10291:Morrison 10271:Costello 10161:Theodore 9978:Morrison 9971:Turnbull 9958:Turnbull 9615:Factions 9555:Victoria 9550:Tasmania 9495:Turnbull 9465:Howard I 9394:Howard 1 9374:Fraser 1 9359:Gorton 1 9298:Morrison 9293:Turnbull 8884:Category 8868:Albanese 8863:Morrison 8858:Turnbull 7997:Archived 7970:Archived 7957:Archived 7945:Archived 7731:Quadrant 7683:(1993). 7665:(1976), 7620:(2014). 7480:web site 6970:Archived 6837:Archived 6589:Archived 6495:Archived 5517:Archived 5158:ABC News 4824:(1978). 4695:70677943 4290:Victoria 4248:Mantling 3901:Canberra 3773:won the 3737:Adelaide 3721:Tasmania 3705:Montreal 3545:shilling 3277:diplomat 3257:Hawthorn 2884:Victoria 2879:Cold War 2794:Cold War 2664:Downfall 2594:En route 2372:pig iron 2268:for the 1939:Cornwall 1935:Penzance 1927:Creswick 1923:Ballarat 1870:Canberra 1858:Cold War 1593:Parties 1559:(active) 1557:Parties 1535:Turnbull 1472:a series 1004:(cousin) 966:(father) 949:Children 878:Victoria 116:Monarchs 10629:Hawke 1 10589:McMahon 10459:Lyons 1 10454:Scullin 10439:Bruce 1 10266:Dawkins 10251:Keating 10221:Whitlam 10216:Snedden 10206:McMahon 10196:Chifley 10186:Spender 10181:Menzies 10166:Scullin 10136:Poynton 10116:Forrest 10053:Menzies 10043:Menzies 9931:Peacock 9921:Peacock 9909:Snedden 9903:McMahon 9882:Menzies 9658:History 9450:Snedden 9369:McMahon 9273:McMahon 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