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mid-1980s, Murdoch was looking to use newly emerging direct satellite broadcasting technology, and to focus primarily on the
British market. Rather than paying for the rights to beam Sky's single-channel signal to cable providers, which in turn supplied the channel's programming to subscribers, direct satellite broadcasts meant multichannel programming could be provided directly to subscribers' homes via small satellite dish and decoder. In 1984, Sky began negotiations with
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415:, as Rupert Murdoch and Jardin Owens put in new management. Swindon was the first area in the UK to start receiving the channel via its Cable operations before expended to many others Broadcast hours were extended by April and various English-language sports and entertainment shows were added to the schedule. These included new music programmes with
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Start-up costs reached £122 million; losses for its first year of operations were £95 million. Initially, Sky
Channel's programming remained much the same (children's programmes, soaps and American action series), except for a number of new game shows and a few travel documentaries. One new programme
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Despite the programming changes resulting in increased viewership across Europe (from 291,470 in
December 1983 to 4,003,000 in June 1985, before reaching 9,001,905 by April 1987), Sky Channel was still considered underperforming, generating under $ 20 million per year in advertising revenue. By the
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Murdoch's failure to win an IBA UK satellite television license was the impetus for Sky's relaunch. The new multichannel environment led to a ruinous battle for customers. Sky had the advantage of launching first, and leasing transponder space meant it was in the stronger position when Sky and BSB
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collapsed at around the same time. Discussions about the venture had been taking place since
November 1988, but Disney felt the 50:50 was no longer equal. Disney was supposed to start two channels, but when talks broke down, Sky initiated a lawsuit against Disney, claiming £1.5 billion in damages.
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technology could be used in Europe. Following the completion of its test programme, excess transponder capacity was leased to SATV. While governments in
Britain and other European countries wrestled with the allocation of their channels, Satellite Television played a pioneering role, providing
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on screen) began regular transmissions on 26 April 1982, becoming Europe's first-ever cable and satellite channel, originally broadcasting from OTS and aimed at cable operators all over Europe. Norway and
Finland were the first two countries to permit the new service's transmission via cable,
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Starting on 10 March 1983, the channel hoped to start broadcasting to the United
Kingdom, aiming to prove the service could reach sufficient viewers to be profitable. However, the station struggled financially because of a limited audience, mainly due to the weak signal from OTS that made
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among cable audiences. For all of its early life, the channel was a loss-making enterprise, losing £10 million in 1987. However, Murdoch had the financial resources to sustain the operation. The other main
English-language pan-European cable and satellite television channel at the time,
604:. The show's mix of entertainment, gossip and fashion was noticeably low-budget and had low viewership. Prime-time broadcasts to European cable operators of Sky Channel were replaced by Eurosport, which was the only one of Sky's new channels officially aimed at a pan-European audience.
511:, which announced plans to begin broadcasting in mid-1989 with three channels on satellite frequencies allotted to the United Kingdom by international agreement. Murdoch attempted to join the BSB consortium, but was rejected, spurring him to set up his own satellite service.
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merged. By contrast, BSB was only licensed to broadcast five channels, had to pay for the construction and launch of its own satellites, and used more ambitious and expensive technology. Also it had higher capital expenditure overall, such as the construction of its
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and additional cable operators, allowing it to increase its audience across Europe and gain access to
British viewers. By 16 October of that year, the station unofficially started broadcasting to the United Kingdom, to anyone that had Satellite dish
397:
On 5 August 1983, Murdoch outlined plans which saw broadcasting hours extended to 5.50 pm to 10.30 pm daily with a mix of music, sport, news, comedy and films. Plans were also made to start broadcasting from the new
European communications satellite
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direct-to-home reception of the service extremely difficult. The channel had to rely on cable audiences, and was restricted to countries where receiving the channel via cable was legal. Transmission costs were also high. That same year, on 25 March,
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Title: "The franchise affair: creating fortunes and failures in independent television" Authors: Asa Briggs, Joanna Spicer, Edition: illustrated, Publisher: century, 1986, Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized: 9 October 2006
228:), and also at with how many European countries were developing the technology. Haynes soon realised that satellites could be the basis of a new kind of television broadcasting. He initially sought cooperation from Thames Television, the
19:"Sky Television plc" redirects here. This article covers the incarnation of the British broadcaster that existed between 1984 and 1990. For its present-day successors and other broadcasters of a similar name, see
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of the 1960s and 1970s; however, reception of the channel required a satellite dish approximately 10 feet (3 metres) wide, and it was believed that there were fewer than 50 privately owned installations.
394:" and saw it as a way to fulfil his long-held ambition of breaking into the British television industry. Eventually, Murdoch bought the remaining shares of the company, taking full control.
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636:(marketed as "Sky"), its name composed from the three letters of BSB and the remainder from Sky. Marco Polo House was sold, BSB's channels largely scrapped in favour of Sky's, and the
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In Britain (where cable television had not yet developed as much as in Central and Northern Europe), market research gave Sky a 13% audience share in cable homes, surpassing both
786:, also beging broadcast on Swindon Cable company in the UK. New original programmes are commissioned although mainly consist of various music and children's shows were included.
632:
By 2 November 1990, Sky and BSB were struggling under the weight of massive losses and the companies merged, with Sky taking management control. The new company was called
258:. Broadcasts from the low-powered satellite were mostly only available to cable systems, for individual satellite dishes were too large and too costly for most consumers.
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followed by Malta and Switzerland, and then West Germany. Originally it did not have a UK broadcasting licence, and consequently was in a similar legal situation to the
518:, and that he planned to distribute the service throughout the United Kingdom by early 1989. Sky Channel and the other three channels would move to the pan-European
277:) on 12 May 1978 and allowed the testing required for Europe's first commercial venture in telecommunications and television. Between 1978 and 1981, OTS proved that
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977:. The new company announces that BSB customers will receive Sky equipment (for Astra system) free of charge, and the Marcopolo satellite transmissions will cease.
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The suit was later settled with Disney selling its stake to Sky, and agreeing to license its movie library for a five-year period on 3 June of that year.
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of France, with a view to using the company's planned high-powered satellites for direct-to-home broadcasting. However, nothing came of the negotiations.
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443:. The new management also sought to increase the number of cable households throughout Europe able to see the channel. Shortly after the relaunch,
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In the late 1960s, planning began for an experimental satellite which to broadcast TV in Europe. The Orbital Test Satellite was launched using the
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1058:"From Satellite to Single Market": New Communication Technology and European. Author: Richard Collins Publication Date: 24 Sep 1998 |
2013:
1983:
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although for a short time after the relaunch, some of Sky Channel's former pan-European programming is broadcast in the hours before
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On 16 May 1989, Sky began giving away set-top boxes and dishes in a bid to increase customer numbers. Its joint venture with
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was brought on board to manage the day-to-day operations and build the subscriber base, and the company moved into profit.
470:. Its children's programming (then the channel's most successful segment) had a share of 22.4%, similar to the figures for
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allowed it to be used for commercial television, and broadcast to cable systems rather than directly to individual dishes.
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8 June – Having failed to become part of the BSB consortium, Murdoch announces his intention to relaunch Sky Channel as
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By renting space on the Luxembourg-based Astra satellites, Murdoch circumvented British ownership laws. Using existing
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65% of the company. Murdoch described cable and satellite television as being "the most important single advance since
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963:. BSB planned to launch in September 1989 but problems with the supply of receiving equipment led to six-month delay.
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had shown interest in the project and held talks with SATV's owners about buying a substantial stake in the company.
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BSkyB made heavy losses in its early years. To turn around the company's finances, New Zealand television executive
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11 December – BSB awarded licence from the IBA and complete over £200 million funding with additional shareholders
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became the first cable system in the United Kingdom to add the channel to its service on a permanent basis. In the
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1086:"Satellite television in Western Europe" Volume 1 of Acamedia research monographs, Author: Richard Collins
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363:. Initially, the channel's own programming and continuity was played out from the Molinare studios at
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to broadcast movies for a five-year period, this agreement comes a few weeks after plans to create a
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1076:"High Above: The untold story of Astra, Europe's leading satellite company" Author: Chris Forrester
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2 December – Galaxy and Now are closed and are replaced on the Marcopolo satellite by Sky One and
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allowed the company to test the satellite for the use of commercial television, with an hour of
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1172:"Satellite Wars: Pioneers and Pirates – The Full Story of BSB & Sky Satellite TV in the UK"
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On 8 June 1988, Murdoch announced plans to expand Sky's service to four channels, creating the
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On 27 June 1983, the shareholders of Satellite Television agreed a £5 million offer to give
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723:(SATV) launches as a pan-European network, whether the channel often referred on-screen as
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Murdoch bid for an IBA satellite broadcasting license on 11 December 1986, but lost out to
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1131:"New Scientist" Green light for Satellite television Bp 267 By Peter Marsh 21 October 1981
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subsequently steps in to replace BSkyB as joint owners when the service resumed on 22 May.
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broadcast technology, Sky Television began broadcasting four channels on 5 February 1989:
8:
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Satellite Television Channel opens today David Hewson The Times Monday, Jan. 16, 1984 p3
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351:. The channel gradually added some programmes it produced itself, such as the music show
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journalist; he had produced a documentary titled "What's on the Satellite Tonight?" for
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were scrapped, although a Disney-branded version eventually launched on 1 October 1995.
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2 November – As both companies have been suffering heavy losses, they merge, forming
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11 February – Sky Movies broadcasts its first special event – a boxing match between
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and his satellite broadcasting operations in the United States from 1970 through the
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although arts programmes are shown for a short time as a weekend opt-out service.
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and an industry group, but their refusal resulted in him setting up SATV alone.
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November – Satellite Television Limited is set up by Brian Haynes, backed by
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headquarters in London compared to Sky's industrial estate accommodation in
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High Above: The untold story of Astra, Europe's leading satellite company
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Johnstone, Bill, "Satellite Television will be on air 5 hours a night",
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5 February – The four-channel Sky Television package launches at 6.00pm.
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which operated a nine-channel satellite television service, launched by
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suffered large financial losses, and merged on 2 November 1990 to form
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11 December – The satellite on which Sky Television was to broadcast,
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Stevenson, Richard W.; Times, Special to The New York (16 May 1989).
1311:"The Museum of Broadcast Communications – Encyclopedia of Television"
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Johnstone, Bill, "News International buys 65% of satellite group",
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31 December – Sky stops broadcasting via the Marcopolo satellite.
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Former British satellite television company; predecessor to BSkyB
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Thursday, 9 June 1988, Page: 3 "Murdoch launches war in the air"
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29 April – BSB launches its satellite television service on the
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BSB channels (top) and their replacement by the merger (bottom)
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to permit the new service's transmission via cable followed by
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The new channel broadcast many programmes from the archives of
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On 16 January 1984, Satellite Television Limited was renamed
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Europe's first satellite-delivered cable television service.
248:
2215:
451:, Sky Channel was added to cable systems from 1987 onwards.
1262:
Johnstone, Bill, "Times' owners in talks on satellite TV",
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from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
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An upgraded version of the original Sky Channel, renamed
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479:
235:
On 21 October 1981, SATV began test transmissions on the
1340:
Johnstone, Bill, "TV satellite set for weekend debut",
174:. A programming merger took effect on 1 December 1990.
1425:
1247:
Johnstone, Bill, "Boost for satellite broadcasting",
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is fully encrypted, becoming Sky's first pay channel.
782:
16 January – Satellite Television Limited is renamed
1412:"Disney Settles Fraud Suit With Murdoch's News Corp"
892:31 July – Sky Channel becomes a United Kingdom and
864:is successfully launched by communications company
701:21 October – SATV begins test transmissions on the
594:(who had moved to commercial radio by then) and ex-
502:
3418:Defunct mass media companies of the United Kingdom
3190:
2056:
904:'s broadcasts, and the programme block is branded
1160:A concise history of British television 1930–2000
166:on 5 February 1989. Sky Television and its rival
3404:
1033:21 December – BSB satellite Marcopolo 1 sold to
522:satellite system (leasing four transponders on
1376:
644:obsolete. (Marcopolo 1 on 21 December 1993 to
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2231:
2042:
1958:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
1536:
1512:
768:16 October – SATV begins broadcasting in the
1550:
1305:
1303:
648:of Sweden and Marcopolo 2 on 1 July 1992 to
571:, a 24-hour news and current affairs channel
3473:History of television in the United Kingdom
3438:Mass media companies disestablished in 1990
1016:1 July – BSB satellite Marcopolo 2 sold to
286:Satellite Television (Super Station Europe)
251:was its official target, but it had a wide
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2238:
2224:
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2035:
1543:
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3428:1989 establishments in the United Kingdom
1984:List of communication satellite companies
1300:
1142:"What's on the Satellite Tonight? (1979)"
765:takes control of Satellite Television UK.
615:
495:, launched on 30 January 1987 by various
3433:Mass media companies established in 1989
1144:. British Film Institute. Archived from
772:and most of Western Europe via Satellite
3075:Former joint ventures & properties
1979:List of communications satellite firsts
1379:"Murdoch Broadcast Concern Sues Disney"
994:6 May – Eurosport briefly closes after
655:
3405:
1861:Shanghai Spacecom Satellite Technology
1409:
3164:
2219:
2030:
1524:
1511:
3423:Former News Corporation subsidiaries
2009:
1399:. SWEDEN CALLING DXERS. 16 May 1989.
881:3 June – Sky Television agrees with
580:, a variation on ITV's more popular
478:. A few of Sky's programmes, mainly
290:Satellite Television (also known as
3443:Direct broadcast satellite services
1188:
13:
1208:http://i48.tinypic.com/2eedi1l.jpg
1052:
824:UK satellite television franchise.
822:Independent Broadcasting Authority
640:were eventually sold, leaving the
230:Independent Broadcasting Authority
212:on 15 March 1979, which looked at
14:
3484:
1642:Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish
524:Société Européenne des Satellites
247:in English every night. At first
2008:
1997:
1996:
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1471:
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503:Launch of Sky Television Network
1410:Harris, Kathryn (3 June 1989).
1403:
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1269:
1256:
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943:, consisting of five channels:
727:is initially only available in
120:Pay TV services and programming
21:Sky Television (disambiguation)
3380:British Satellite Broadcasting
3191:Original UK satellite channels
3061:British Satellite Broadcasting
2058:British Satellite Broadcasting
1226:
1212:
1201:
1182:
1164:
1152:
1134:
1125:
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1002:over its corporate structure.
939:25–29 March – BSB launches on
818:British Satellite Broadcasting
555:, a joint-venture between the
509:British Satellite Broadcasting
406:
182:
168:British Satellite Broadcasting
1:
2245:
1098:
934:Mike Tyson and Buster Douglas
896:-only service and is renamed
3232:The Entertainment Network UK
1963:ETSI Satellite Digital Radio
1687:Very-small-aperture terminal
192:Satellite Television Limited
7:
3468:1990s in British television
3463:1990s in the United Kingdom
3458:1980s in British television
3453:1980s in the United Kingdom
1739:Digital audio radio service
1647:Motor-driven Satellite dish
667:
557:European Broadcasting Union
10:
3489:
3385:Sky Television (1984–1990)
3066:Sky Television (1984–1990)
1047:
837:London Merchant Securities
482:, managed to surpass both
480:World Wrestling Federation
218:Turner Broadcasting System
177:
18:
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2580:Paramount UK Partnership
2569:Crime & Investigation
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2064:
1992:
1971:
1950:
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1794:Relay satellite companies
1793:
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1591:High-throughput satellite
1576:Satellite Internet access
1558:
1518:
1513:Links to related articles
998:filed a complaint to the
124:
116:
90:
76:
66:
58:
50:
42:
32:
3366:Former Analogue channels
3211:Satellite Television Ltd
3084:Granada Sky Broadcasting
2717:Sky Betting & Gaming
1552:Satellite communications
975:British Sky Broadcasting
914:
672:
634:British Sky Broadcasting
499:, was also loss-making.
172:British Sky Broadcasting
71:British Sky Broadcasting
3309:Indra Dhnush/AsiaVision
3079:Australian News Channel
1900:Satellite manufacturers
1238:, 9 January 1982, p. 18
883:The Walt Disney Company
3227:The Children's Channel
3089:Japan Sky Broadcasting
851:Sky Television Network
703:Orbital Test Satellite
689:Barclays Merchant Bank
616:Competition and merger
559:and News International
516:Sky Television Network
342:Bouquet of Barbed Wire
275:United Launch Alliance
265:(then manufactured by
237:Orbital Test Satellite
226:Warner Bros. Discovery
202:. Haynes was a former
200:Barclays Merchant Bank
156:public limited company
37:Public limited company
3346:The Landscape Channel
3132:Jupiter Entertainment
1331:, 5 August 1983; p. 3
1279:, 29 June 1983, p. 13
1253:, 10 March 1983, p. 3
1148:on 23 September 2019.
707:European Space Agency
549:later on 31 July 1989
297:pirate radio stations
241:European Space Agency
2835:Sky Sport Bundesliga
2611:A&E Networks UK
2550:A&E Networks UK
2162:The Computer Channel
1566:Satellite television
1222:– via YouTube.
725:Super Station Europe
721:Satellite Television
656:Financial turnaround
638:Marcopolo satellites
313:Yorkshire Television
292:Super Station Europe
3293:Performance Channel
2787:Germany and Austria
1951:Trade organizations
1942:Thales Alenia Space
1755:Astra Digital Radio
1748:Broadcast companies
1677:Satellite data unit
1232:"£4m for TV plan",
1191:"Amahoro-onlus.org"
1000:European Commission
449:Republic of Ireland
245:light entertainment
29:
3278:Home Video Channel
2421:The Comedy Channel
2416:The Sports Channel
2147:The Sports Channel
2077:
1770:Sirius XM Holdings
1661:Parabolic antennas
1383:The New York Times
1189:Rosafio, Roberto.
1111:Forrester, Chris,
957:The Sports Channel
763:News International
530:-built satellite,
429:David "Kid" Jensen
384:News International
369:West End of London
336:Within These Walls
307:companies such as
222:media conglomerate
188:Sky Television plc
164:News International
152:Sky Television plc
134:News International
27:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3354:
3353:
3158:
3157:
3039:
3038:
2989:Sky Investigation
2984:Sky Documentaries
2892:
2891:
2780:
2779:
2772:Sky Multichannels
2685:Sky Sports Active
2631:Defunct magazines
2546:Sky Sports Racing
2498:Challenge Jackpot
2436:The Movie Channel
2411:The Power Station
2318:Sky Documentaries
2213:
2212:
2175:
2174:
2132:The Power Station
2098:The Movie Channel
2024:
2023:
1581:Amateur satellite
1478:Telecommunication
1416:Los Angeles Times
1344:, 12 October 1983
1195:amahoro-onlus.org
961:The Power Station
953:The Movie Channel
887:full-time service
324:Dickens of London
315:; these included
267:McDonnell Douglas
204:Thames Television
149:
148:
3480:
3268:The Arts Channel
3201:
3200:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3138:Love Productions
2957:Sky Sport MotoGP
2903:
2902:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2675:Freesat from Sky
2461:Sky News Ireland
2394:Defunct channels
2278:
2277:
2274:
2260:
2256:A subsidiary of
2240:
2233:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2188:Marco Polo House
2074:
2073:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2028:
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2012:
2011:
2000:
1999:
1927:Northrop Grumman
1606:Carriage dispute
1545:
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1123:
1109:
941:cable television
623:Marco Polo House
140:News Corporation
30:
26:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3448:1980s in Europe
3403:
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3389:
3370:
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3313:
3297:
3256:
3215:
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3150:Sky Switzerland
3110:
3071:Living TV Group
3035:
3003:
2888:
2872:
2843:
2785:
2776:
2653:
2626:
2600:
2596:Sky News Arabia
2534:
2389:
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2255:
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2244:
2214:
2209:
2192:Marcopolo (now
2176:
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2100:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2025:
2020:
1988:
1967:
1946:
1922:Lockheed Martin
1895:
1801:AST SpaceMobile
1789:
1743:
1697:Satellite radio
1691:
1672:Satellite modem
1667:Satellite phone
1652:Multi-satellite
1610:
1596:Relay satellite
1571:Satellite radio
1554:
1549:
1514:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1472:
1470:
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1301:
1297:, 9780712612012
1287:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1266:, 25 March 1983
1261:
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1106:
1101:
1094:, 9780861963881
1055:
1053:Further reading
1050:
917:
855:Astra satellite
675:
670:
658:
618:
586:, hosted by ex-
505:
441:UK Top 50 Chart
409:
353:Cable Countdown
288:
190:was originally
185:
180:
145:
112:
93:
62:2 November 1990
54:16 January 1984
23:
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2833:
2832:Sky Sport News
2825:
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2799:
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2737:Sky News Radio
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2584:Comedy Central
2578:
2573:
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2566:
2561:
2556:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2539:Joint ventures
2536:
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2527:
2522:
2517:
2516:
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2505:
2500:
2495:
2494:
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2481:Sky Real Lives
2478:
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2205:Sky Television
2202:
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1657:Satellite dish
1654:
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1624:
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1586:Ground station
1583:
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1454:United Kingdom
1444:
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1320:
1299:
1281:
1268:
1255:
1240:
1225:
1211:
1200:
1181:
1163:
1158:Currie, Tony,
1151:
1133:
1124:
1121:978-3642120084
1103:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1084:
1082:978-3642120084
1074:
1072:978-0415179706
1054:
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789:
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787:
775:
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770:United Kingdom
766:
759:Rupert Murdoch
750:
749:
748:
712:
711:
710:
694:
693:
692:
685:Guinness Mahon
674:
671:
669:
666:
657:
654:
617:
614:
592:Tony Blackburn
573:
572:
566:
560:
550:
504:
501:
408:
405:
392:printing press
377:Rupert Murdoch
365:Fouberts Place
287:
284:
220:, an American
196:Guinness Mahon
184:
181:
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160:Rupert Murdoch
147:
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103:Rupert Murdoch
100:
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28:Sky Television
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3330:Super Channel
3328:
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2945:Sky Primafila
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2670:Diagonal View
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1628:
1627:Monoblock LNB
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:Main articles
1557:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1397:"Number 2043"
1392:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1350:
1343:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:
991:
988:
983:
979:
976:
972:
969:
965:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
935:
931:
928:
925:5 February –
924:
923:
922:
919:
918:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
888:
884:
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:
867:
863:
859:
856:
852:
848:
847:
846:
843:
838:
834:
830:
829:Reed Elsevier
826:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:
793:
790:
785:
781:
780:
779:
776:
771:
767:
764:
760:
756:
755:
754:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
717:
716:
713:
708:
704:
700:
699:
698:
695:
690:
686:
682:
681:
680:
677:
676:
665:
663:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
613:
610:
605:
603:
599:
598:
593:
589:
585:
584:
579:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
554:
551:
548:
544:
543:
542:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
500:
498:
497:ITV companies
494:
493:Super Channel
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
452:
450:
446:
445:Swindon Cable
442:
438:
434:
433:Anthea Turner
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
404:
401:
395:
393:
390:invented the
389:
385:
380:
378:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
337:
332:
331:
330:The Rag Trade
326:
325:
320:
319:
314:
310:
306:
301:
298:
293:
283:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
141:
137:
135:
132:
131:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
109:
106:
104:
101:
98:
97:
95:
89:
86:
82:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
38:
35:
31:
25:
22:
3384:
3288:Mirrorvision
3210:
3065:
2960:Sky Sport 24
2954:Sky Sport F1
2940:Sky Meteo 24
2923:Sky Atlantic
2838:Sky Sport F1
2808:Sky Atlantic
2644:
2639:Sky Magazine
2637:
2441:Sky Scottish
2358:Sky Showcase
2298:Sky Atlantic
2204:
2184:
2167:
2160:
2145:
2130:
2111:
2103:
2096:
2081:
2014:
2002:
1841:Intersputnik
1765:Dish Network
1415:
1405:
1391:
1382:
1372:
1364:The Guardian
1362:
1358:
1349:
1341:
1336:
1328:
1323:
1314:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1263:
1258:
1248:
1243:
1235:The Guardian
1233:
1228:
1214:
1203:
1194:
1184:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1146:the original
1136:
1127:
1112:
1107:
1028:
1011:
989:
920:
905:
873:
850:
844:
791:
783:
777:
752:
745:West Germany
724:
714:
696:
678:
662:Sam Chisholm
659:
652:of Norway).
631:
619:
606:
602:Jenny Hanley
595:
583:This Morning
581:
577:
574:
536:
515:
513:
506:
461:
453:
440:
436:
421:Linda de Mol
412:
410:
396:
381:
373:
352:
346:
340:
334:
328:
322:
316:
302:
291:
289:
263:Delta rocket
260:
253:pan-European
234:
207:
191:
187:
186:
151:
150:
99:Brian Haynes
77:Headquarters
33:Company type
24:
3252:Sky Channel
3247:Screensport
3127:Sky Studios
2605:Defunct JVs
2503:Channel One
2385:Sky Witness
1851:SED Systems
1785:1worldspace
1601:Transponder
996:Screensport
839:and others.
784:Sky Channel
741:Switzerland
719:26 April –
588:BBC Radio 1
437:Euro Top 40
417:Gary Davies
413:Sky Channel
407:Sky Channel
357:BBC Radio 1
318:Please Sir!
183:Development
108:Andrew Neil
3407:Categories
3325:MTV Europe
3145:Sky España
3122:Sky Campus
3099:Sky Brasil
3094:Sky México
3056:Criticisms
2994:Sky Nature
2963:Sky Calcio
2928:Sky Cinema
2868:Sky Comedy
2864:Sky Select
2813:Sky Cinema
2752:Sky Vision
2727:Sky Active
2525:Real Lives
2508:Sky Living
2476:Sky Travel
2368:Box Office
2363:Sky Sports
2353:Sky Sci-Fi
2348:Sky Replay
2338:Sky Nature
2308:Sky Comedy
2303:Sky Cinema
2153:Sky Sports
2138:Sky Movies
1816:Globalstar
1466:Television
1295:0712612017
1099:References
1092:0861963881
1064:041517970X
1020:of Norway.
927:Sky Movies
906:Sky Europe
796:2 April –
757:27 June –
705:after the
600:presenter
578:Sky by Day
563:Sky Movies
435:, such as
355:hosted by
273:, now the
239:after the
214:Ted Turner
92:Key people
3413:Sky Group
3283:Lifestyle
3237:Music Box
3104:Stream TV
3032:Sky Radio
3029:Sky Music
2999:Sky Serie
2950:Sky Sport
2884:Sky Store
2828:Sky Sport
2823:Sky Crime
2818:Sky Krimi
2762:The Cloud
2742:Sky Store
2680:On Demand
2313:Sky Crime
2288:Challenge
2247:Sky Group
1622:SAT>IP
1342:The Times
1329:The Times
1315:museum.tv
1277:The Times
1264:The Times
1250:The Times
1220:"YouTube"
1004:TF1 Group
968:Marcopolo
902:Eurosport
833:Chargeurs
627:Isleworth
553:Eurosport
528:RCA Astro
468:Channel 4
425:Pat Sharp
361:Mike Read
256:footprint
67:Successor
3242:Premiere
3115:See also
3051:Timeline
3020:Sky Show
3015:Sky Vivo
2969:Sky TG24
2918:Sky Arte
2906:Channels
2860:Sky Arts
2796:Channels
2767:Open....
2747:Sky Text
2695:Minidish
2646:Sky Kids
2615:Lifetime
2456:PremPlus
2446:Sky Soap
2426:Sky Arts
2343:Sky News
2323:Sky Kids
2293:Sky Arts
2281:Channels
2123:Sky Arts
2119:Sky News
2104:Retained
2003:Category
1871:Starlink
1866:Star One
1836:Intelsat
1831:Inmarsat
1821:Hispasat
1811:Eutelsat
1806:EchoStar
1682:Spacebus
1615:Hardware
1176:Archived
982:Sky News
862:Astra 1A
820:and win
816:to form
668:Timeline
642:squarial
569:Sky News
532:Astra 1A
348:Hadleigh
117:Products
43:Industry
3044:History
3008:Defunct
2913:Sky Uno
2848:Defunct
2803:Sky One
2690:Digibox
2665:Amstrad
2576:Ginx TV
2554:History
2471:Sky One
2466:The Amp
2333:Sky Mix
2328:Sky Max
2272:Ireland
2258:Comcast
2168:Extinct
2089:Sky One
2015:Commons
1886:Turksat
1876:Telesat
1846:Iridium
1780:Allente
1760:DirecTV
1734:ISDB-S3
1729:DVB-S2X
1719:DVB-RCS
1428:Portals
1048:Sources
1018:Telenor
970:system.
898:Sky One
894:Ireland
857:system.
853:on the
814:Amstrad
806:Pearson
798:Granada
733:Finland
650:Telenor
547:Sky One
367:in the
279:Ku-Band
269:, then
178:History
85:England
59:Defunct
51:Founded
3025:Sky 3D
2855:Sky 3D
2732:Sky Go
2520:Sky 3D
2406:Galaxy
2185:Other:
2121:&
2083:Galaxy
1932:SpaceX
1912:Boeing
1907:Airbus
1891:Viasat
1881:Tooway
1826:Hughes
1775:Sky UK
1724:DVB-S2
1709:DVB-SH
1632:DiSEqC
1442:Europe
1293:
1119:
1090:
1080:
1070:
1062:
1039:Sweden
945:Galaxy
810:Virgin
802:Anglia
729:Norway
609:Disney
597:Magpie
439:, and
388:Caxton
271:Boeing
209:TV Eye
154:was a
126:Parent
81:London
3359:Other
3273:Bravo
3197:Years
3134:(60%)
2974:Cielo
2898:Italy
2877:Other
2712:Sky Q
2658:Other
2589:Extra
2564:Blaze
2530:Merit
2513:Loves
2486:Bravo
2431:Sky 2
1972:Lists
1917:INVAP
1714:S-DMB
1637:USALS
1502:1990s
1490:1980s
915:1990s
737:Malta
673:1980s
520:Astra
400:ECS-1
249:Malta
224:(now
46:Media
3339:1988
3318:1987
3302:1986
3261:1985
3220:1984
3204:1982
2700:Sky+
2378:News
2270:and
2194:Thor
1291:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1078:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1060:ISBN
1035:NSAB
1029:1993
1012:1992
990:1991
959:and
921:1990
874:1989
845:1988
812:and
792:1986
778:1984
753:1983
743:and
731:and
715:1982
697:1981
687:and
679:1980
646:NSAB
576:was
486:and
484:BBC1
476:CITV
474:and
472:CBBC
466:and
464:BBC2
431:and
345:and
311:and
198:and
2979:TV8
2933:Due
2757:Now
2620:Bio
2451:.tv
2401:Now
2200:Sky
2113:Now
1937:SSL
1856:SES
1037:of
949:Now
866:SES
761:'s
590:DJ
539:PAL
488:ITV
457:TDF
359:DJ
309:LWT
305:ITV
162:'s
3409::
2705:HD
2559:H2
2373:F1
2268:UK
1701:TV
1699:/
1414:.
1381:.
1313:.
1302:^
1193:.
1174:.
1115:,
1066:|
955:,
951:,
947:,
835:,
831:,
808:,
804:,
800:,
739:,
629:.
526:'
427:,
423:,
419:,
371:.
339:,
333:,
327:,
321:,
83:,
3184:e
3177:t
3170:v
2491:2
2239:e
2232:t
2225:v
2196:)
2165:▼
2150:▼
2135:▼
2116:▼
2101:▼
2086:▼
2050:e
2043:t
2036:v
1663:)
1659:(
1544:e
1537:t
1530:v
1430::
1418:.
1385:.
1317:.
1197:.
1041:.
936:.
908:.
868:.
747:.
691:.
142:)
138:(
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