325:(at least three and sometimes as many as eight) which form a seal with the cylinder bore. During the "breaking in" period (known as "running-in" in the UK) any imperfections in one are scraped into the other, resulting in a good fit. This type of "breaking in" is not possible on a sleeve-valve engine, however, because the piston and sleeve move in different directions and in some systems even rotate in relation to one another. Unlike a traditional design, the imperfections in the piston do not always line up with the same point on the sleeve. In the 1940s this was not a major concern because the poppet valve stems of the time typically leaked appreciably more than they do today, so that oil consumption was significant in either case. To one of the 1922–1928 Argyll single sleeve valve engines, the 12, a four-cylinder 91 cu. in. (1,491 cc) unit, was attributed an oil consumption of one gallon for 1,945 miles, and 1,000 miles per gallon of oil in the 15/30 four-cylinder 159 cu. in. (2,610 cc). Some proposed adding a ring in the base of the sleeve, between sleeve and cylinder wall, or a Dykes ring on the 'Junk Head'. Single-sleeve-valve engines had a reputation of being much less smoky than the Daimler with engines of Knight double-sleeve engines counterparts.
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engine speed increases, the speed at which the valve moves also has to increase. This in turn increases the loads involved due to the inertia of the valve, which has to be opened quickly, brought to a stop, then reversed in direction and closed and brought to a stop again. Large poppet valves that allow good air-flow have considerable mass and require a strong spring to overcome their inertia when closing. At higher engine speeds, the valve spring may be unable to close the valve effectively for the required amount of crankshaft degree rotation before the next opening event, resulting in a failure to completely and/or remain closed. Harmonic frequency vibration produced at certain RPM can also cause a resonance with the poppet valve spring greatly reducing its spring strength and ability to quickly and maintain the valve closed and be correctly in time with the reciprocating mass (this phenomenon can be countered by the use of dual valve springs as the secondary spring can assist the primary through the very narrow rpm range where such harmonic failure can occur allowing the engine to continue building RPM). These effects, called
174:
126:
344:, and also some patents on sleeve valve production, point out that the available zone for ports in the sleeve depends on the type of sleeve drive and bore/stroke ratio; Ricardo tested successfully the 'open sleeve' concept in some two-stroke, compression ignition engines. It not only eliminated the head rings, but also allowed a reduction in height of the engine and head, thus reducing frontal area in an aircraft engine, the whole circumference of the sleeve being available for exhaust port area, and the sleeve acting in phase with the piston forming an annular piston with an area around 10% of that of the piston, that contributed to some 3% of power output through the sleeve driving mechanism to the crankshaft. The German-born engineer
41:
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were also subjected to less intense heat build-up than poppet valves, owing to their greater area of contact with other metal surfaces. In the Knight engine, carbon build-up actually helped to improve the sealing of the sleeves, the engines being said to "improve with use", in contrast to poppet valve engines, which lose compression and power as valves, valve stems, and guides wear. Due to the continuous motion of the sleeve (Burt-McCollum type), the high wear points linked to poor lubrication in the TDC/BDC (
807:, which in this design is placed at the extreme front of the engine, achieving a 2:1 gear reduction ratio compared to the vertically oriented crankshaft's rotational speed. The same firm's "CD" series of model engines use a conventional upright single cylinder with the crankshaft used to spin the propeller directly and also use the rotating cylinder valve. As a parallel with the earlier Charles Knight-designed sleeve-valved automotive powerplants, any RCV sleeve-valved model engine that is run on model
606:, around the years of the Great Depression, developed prototypes of single sleeve-valve engines for a range of applications, from cars to trains to airplanes, and thought that production would be easier, and costs would be lower, than its counterpart poppet valve engines. Due to the financial problems of Continental, this line of engines never entered production. ('Continental! Its motors and its people', William Wagner, Armed Forces Journal International and Aero Publishers, 1983,
33:
336:(TDC), the single-sleeve valve rotates in relation to the piston. This prevents boundary lubrication problems, as piston ring ridge wear at TDC and bottom dead centre (BDC) does not occur. The Bristol Hercules time between overhauls (TBO) life was rated at 3,000 hours, very good for an aircraft engine, but not so for automotive engines. Sleeve wear was located primarily in the upper part, inside the 'junk head'.
748:. This fact coupled with other legal and technical arguments led the judge to rule, at the end of July 1912, that the holders of the original Knight patent could not be supported in their claim that it gave them master rights encompassing the Argyll design. Costs of litigation against claims by Knight patent holders seem having substantially contributed to bankrupt of Argyll in Scotland.
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Ricardo can be an additional advantage. In his research with two-stroke single sleeve valve compression ignition engines, Harry
Ricardo proved that an open sleeve was feasible, acting as a second annular piston with 10% of the central piston area, that transmitted 3% of the power to the output shaft through the sleeve driving mechanism. This highly simplifies construction, as the '
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whereas poor poppet valve exhaust scavenging can dilute the fresh air/fuel mixture intake to a greater degree, being more speed dependent (relying principally on exhaust/inlet system resonant tuning to separate the two streams). Greater freedom of combustion chamber design (few constraints other than the spark plug positioning) means that fuel/air mixture swirl at
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sodium-cooled poppet valves, and it seems also that the costs of this research, along with the
October 1929 crisis, led to the Continental single-sleeve-valve engines not entering mass production. A book on Continental engines reports that General Motors had conducted tests with single sleeve valve engines, rejecting this kind of arrangement, and, according to M.
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equivalent of 5,000 HP (192 BHP/Litre) when water injected, although the full V12 would probably have been initially type rated at circa 2,500 hp (1,900 kW). Sir Harry
Ricardo, who specified the layout and design goals, felt that a reliable 4,000 HP military rating would be possible. Ricardo was constantly frustrated during the war with
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Some (Wifredo Ricart, Alfa-Romeo) feared the build-up of heat inside the cylinder, however
Ricardo proved that if only a thin oil film is retained and working clearance between the sleeve and the cylinder barrel was kept small, moving sleeves are almost transparent to heat, actually transporting heat
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The increased difficulty with oil consumption and cylinder-assembly lubrication was reported as never having been solved in series-produced engines. Railroad and other large single sleeve-valve engines emit more smoke when starting; as the engine reaches operating temperature and tolerances enter the
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No springs are involved in the sleeve valve system, therefore the power needed to operate the valve remains largely constant with the engine's RPM, meaning that the system can be used at very high speeds with no penalty for doing so. A problem with high-speed engines that use poppet valves is that as
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range, since the speed at which gas can enter and exit the cylinder is defined by the size of the duct leading to the cylinder, and varies according to the cube of the RPM. In other words, at higher RPM the engine typically requires larger ports that remain open for a greater proportion of the cycle;
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Hiett,G.F., Robson, J.V.B. A High-Power Two-Cycle Sleeve-Valve Engine for
Aircraft: A Description of the Development of the Two-Cycle Petrol-Injection Research Units Built and Tested in the Laboratory of Messrs Ricardo & Co. Ltd. Journal: Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology. Year: 1950
815:(about 2% to 4% content) of the maximum 15%-content lubricant in the fuel allows the "varnish" created through engine operation to provide a better pneumatic seal between the rotating cylinder valve and the unitized engine cylinder/head castings, initially formed while the engine is being broken in.
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When the Argyll car was launched in 1911, the Knight and
Kilbourne Company immediately brought a case against Argyll for infringement of their original 1905 patent. This patent described an engine with a single moving sleeve, whereas the Daimler engines being built at the time were based on the 1908
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V-12 (oddly, using a 90-degree V-angle), two-stroke, direct-injected, turbocharged (force-scavenged) aero-engine of 26.1 litres capacity. It achieved a very high specific output, and surprisingly good specific fuel consumption (SFC). In 1945 the single-cylinder test-engine (Ricardo E65) produced the
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In 1901 Knight bought an air-cooled, single-cylinder three-wheeler whose noisy valves annoyed him. He believed that he could design a better engine and did so, inventing his double sleeve principle in 1904. Backed by
Chicago entrepreneur L.B. Kilbourne, a number of engines were constructed, followed
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and/or valve bounce could result in the valve being struck by the top of the rising piston. In addition, camshafts, push-rods, and valve rockers can be eliminated in a sleeve valve design, as the sleeve valves are generally driven by a single gear powered from the crankshaft. In an aircraft engine,
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Good exhaust scavenging and controllable swirl of the inlet air/fuel mixture in single-sleeve designs. When the intake ports open, the air/fuel mixture can be made to enter tangentially to the cylinder. This helps scavenging when exhaust/inlet timing overlap is used and a wide speed range required,
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Knight's design had two cast-iron sleeves per cylinder, one sliding inside the other with the piston inside the inner sleeve. The sleeves were operated by small connected rods actuated by an eccentric shaft. They had ports cut out at their upper ends. The design was remarkably quiet, and the sleeve
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adopted double sleeve-valve engines made by
Minerva. The higher oil consumption was heavily outweighed by the quietness of running and the very high mileages without servicing. Early poppet-valve systems required decarbonization at very low mileages and were prone to valve spring failure before the
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problems with the use of large valves were reduced by using several smaller valves instead, giving increased flow area and reduced mass, and the exhaust valve hot spot by Sodium-cooled valves. Up to that point, the single sleeve valve had won every contest against the poppet valve in comparison of
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The Burt-McCollum sleeve valve, having its name from the surnames of the two engineers that patented the same concept with weeks of difference, Peter Burt and James Harry
Keighly McCollum, patent applications are of August 6 and June 22, 1909, respectively, both engineers hired by the Scottish car
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Equivalent implementations of modern variable valve timing and variable lift are impossible due to the fixed sizes of the port holes and essentially fixed rotational speed of the sleeves. It may be theoretically possible to alter the rotational speed through gearing that is not linearly related to
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gasolines, poppet-valve engines typically required grinding of the valves and valve seats after 20,000 to 30,000 miles (32,000 to 48,000 km) of service. Sleeve valves did not suffer from the wear and recession caused by the repetitive impact of the poppet valve against its seat. Sleeve valves
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A sleeve valve takes the form of one (or in the case of double sleeve valves, two) machined cylinders which fit concentrically between the piston and the cylinder block bore of an internal combustion engine having cross-flow induction/exhaust. These sleeves have inlet and exhaust ports machined in
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car. The initial 1900 investment in Argyll was £15,000 and building the magnificent
Scotland plant cost £500,000 in 1920. It is reported that litigation by the owners of the Knight patents cost Argyll £50,000, perhaps one of the reasons for the temporary shutdown of their plant. Another car maker
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A small number of designs used a "cuff" sleeve in the cylinder head instead of the cylinder proper, providing a more "classic" layout compared with traditional poppet valve engines. This design also had the advantage of not having the piston within the sleeve, although in practice this appears to
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and later added a 499cc single SSV as well as the 350cc. Vard Wallace, known for his aftermarket forks for motorcycles, presented in 1947 drawings of a Single Cylinder, Air-Cooled, 250 cc SSV engine. Some small SSV auxiliary boat engines and electric generators were built in the UK, prepared for
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The cylinder head is not required to host valves, allowing the spark plug to be placed in the best possible location for efficient ignition of the combustion mixture. For very big engines, where flame propagation speed limits both size and speed, the swirl induced by ports, as described by Harry
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for its radial aircraft engines and the Halford-designed Napier Sabre. It used a single sleeve driven by an eccentric from a timing axle set at 90 degrees to the cylinder axis. Mechanically simpler and more rugged, the Burt-McCollum valve had the additional advantage of reducing oil consumption
1434:
P V Lamarque, "The design of Cooling Fins for Motor-Cycle Engines", Report of the Automobile Research Committee, Institution of Automobile Engineers Magazine, March 1943 issue, and also in "The Institution of Automobile Engineers Proceedings-London-", Vol. XXXVII, Session 1942-43, pp 99–134 and
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that uses what is essentially a sleeve-valve format, is the British RCV series of "SP" model engines, which use a rotating cylinder liner driven through a bevel gear at the cylinder liner's "bottom", which is actually at the aft end of the cylinder; and, even more unusually, have the propeller
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Continental in the United States conducted extensive research in single sleeve valve engines, pointing out that they were eventually cheaper and easier to produce. However, their aircraft engines soon equaled the performance of single-sleeve-valve engines by introducing improvements such as
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sleeve valve was named for the two inventors who applied for similar patents within a few weeks of each other. The Burt system was an open sleeve type, driven from the crankshaft side, while the McCollum design had a sleeve in the head and upper part of the cylinder, and a more complex port
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in 1923 with the aim of producing an 8-L SSV engined luxury car, but this never reached production for reasons connected to the time limits to the Argyll patents in the USA. The greatest success for single sleeve valves (SSV) was in Bristol's large aircraft engines, it was also used in the
437:, eventually secured Daimler and several luxury car firms as customers willing to pay his expensive premiums. He first patented the design in England in 1908. The patent for the US was granted in 1910. As part of the licensing agreement, "Knight" was to be included in the car's name.
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An inherent disadvantage is that the piston in its course partially obscures the ports, thus making it difficult for gases to flow during the crucial overlap between the intake and exhaust valve timing usual in modern engines. The 1954 printing of the book by Harry Ricardo
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and Harry Ricardo, possibly the sleeve valve engine's greatest advocate. He conceded that some of these advantages were significantly eroded as fuels improved up to and during World War II and as sodium-cooled exhaust valves were introduced in high-output aircraft engines.
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Ltd of Anniesland, Glasgow, also licensed the SSV design, and made small versions of the engines that they marketed to motorcycle companies. In an advertisement in Motor Cycle magazine in 1922 Barr & Stroud promoted their 350cc sleeve valve engine and listed
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Lower operating temperatures of all power-connected engine parts, cylinder and pistons. Harry Ricardo showed that as long as the clearance between sleeve and cylinder is adequately settled, and the lubricating oil film is thin enough, sleeves are 'transparent to
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car and light truck. They subsequently fell from use due to advances in poppet-valve technology, including sodium cooling, and the Knight system double sleeve engine's tendency to burn a lot of lubricating oil or to seize due to lack of it. The Scottish
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Another concept, the Rotating Liner Engine, has been developed, where the wear and friction benefit of the sleeve valve is exploited in a conventional engine layout. A friction reduction of the order of 40% has been reported for a heavy duty diesel.
564:, Diamond, Edmund, and Royal Scot as motorcycle manufacturers offering it. This engine had been described in the March edition as the 'Burt' engine. Grindlay-Peerless started producing a SSV Barr & Stroud engined 999cc V-twin in 1923.
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Following World War II, the sleeve valve became utilised less, Roy Fedden, very early involved in the S-V research, built some flat-six single sleeve-valve engines intended for general aviation around 1947; after this, just the French
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G F Hiett and J VB Robson: "A High-Power Two-Cycle Sleeve-Valve Engine for Aircraft", Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology (1950), Vol 22, Iss 1, pp. 21–23, same authors, magazine and title, 2nd part, in Vol 22, Iss 2,
1524:'The piston engine revolution'; NEWCOMEN.com, Text of a 2011 Conference. Patrick Hassell, Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust: 'The Bristol Sleeve Valve Aero Engines', pp 112-132. Includes descriptions on materials and machining of sleeves.
248:(TDC) can also be more controlled, allowing improved ignition and flame travel which, as demonstrated by H. Ricardo, allows at least one extra unit of compression ratio before detonation, compared with the poppet valve engine.
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and modern construction techniques, which produce a sleeve valve that leaks very little oil. However, most advanced engine research is concentrated on improving other types of internal combustion engine designs, such as the
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valves needed little attention. It was, however, more expensive to manufacture due to the precision grinding required on the sleeves' surfaces. It also used more oil at high speeds and was harder to start in cold weather.
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formed with the sleeve at the top of its stroke is ideal for complete, detonation-free combustion of the charge, as it does not have to contend with compromised chamber shape and hot exhaust (poppet) valves.
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A serious issue with large single-sleeve aero-engines is that their maximum reliable rotational speed is limited to about 3,000 RPM, but the M Hewland car engine was raced above 10,000 rpm without toil.
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R Abell: "Single Valve Internal Combustion Engine Design and Operation", SAE Journal, Oct 1923, pp 301–309 (Another type of non-poppet valve, used also by Lotus in a 2-stroke engine -SAE paper 920779)
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adequate range, smoke is greatly reduced. For two-stroke engines, a three-way catalyst with air injection in the middle was proposed as best solution in a SAE Journal article around the year 2000.
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The high oil consumption problem associated with the Knight double sleeve valve was fixed with the Burt-McCollum single sleeve valve, as perfectioned by Bristol. The models that had the complex '
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power to displacement. The difficulty of Nitride hardening, then finish-grinding the sleeve valve for truing the circularity, may have been a factor in its lack of more commercial applications.
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Knight patent which had engines with two moving sleeves. As part of the litigation an engine was built according to the 1905 specification and developed no more than a fraction of the rated
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have had little practical value. On the downside, this arrangement limited the size of the ports to that of the cylinder head, whereas in-cylinder sleeves could have much larger ports.
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company used its own, much simpler and more efficient, single sleeve system (Burt-McCollum) in its cars, a system which, after extensive development, saw substantial use in British
586:. This paper outlined the advantages of the sleeve valve and suggested that poppet valve engines would not be able to offer power outputs much beyond 1500 hp (1,100 kW).
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maker Argyll, consisted of a single sleeve, which was given a combination of up-and-down and partial rotary motion. It was developed in about 1909 and was first used in the 1911
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Harry Ricardo: "The Sleeve-Valve Diesel Engine", '19 Andrew Laing Lecture', North East Coast Instit. of Engineers and Shipbuilders, transact 67 Session, 1950–51, p. 69-88.
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If stored horizontally, sleeves tend to become oval, producing several types of mechanical problems. To avoid this, special cabinets were developed to store sleeves vertically.
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eventually realized that the Crecy would never get the development attention it deserved unless it was specified for installation in a particular aircraft but by 1945, their "
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Anson Engine Museum: YouTube video on the Petter Brotherhood engine, a railroad single-sleeve-valve engine designed around 1930 in the company participated by J. B. Mirrlees.
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motor. Ports (apertures) in the periphery of the sleeves come into alignment with the cylinder's inlet and exhaust ports at the appropriate stages in the engine's cycle.
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During World War II, my original enthusiasm for the sleeve-valve engine simplicity proved to be based on dubious premises. My inspection of a captured Bristol two-row
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Muhammad Hafdiz Rahmat et al. (PETRONAS): "Side Opening Intake Strategy Simulation and Validation of a Sleeve-Valve Port Application", SAE paper 2009-32-0130/20097130
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that was forced to stop their sleeve-valve line of engines as a result of the limitations imposed on them by the winners of WWII, some thirty companies in all.
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began the development of sleeve-valve engines that would eventually result in limited production of two of the most powerful piston engines in the world: the
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arrangement (Source: 'Torque Meter' Magazine, AEHS). The design that entered production was more 'Burt' than 'McCollum.' It was used by the Scottish company
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1395:
G L Ensor: "Some Notes on the Single-Sleeve Valve", The Institution of Automobile Engineers (London) Proceedings, Vol XXII, Session 1927-28, pp 651–719.
332:' installed a non-return purging valve on it; as liquids cannot be compressed, the presence of oil in the head space would result in problems. At
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182:
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Anish Gokhale et al.: "Optimization of Engine Cooling through Conjugate Heat Transfer Simulation and Analysis of Fins", SAE Paper 2012-32-0054
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that used the Argyll SSV patents, and others of their own (patent GB118407), was Piccard-Pictet (Pic-Pic); Louis Chevrolet and others founded
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The same company can also supply somewhat larger engines for use in military drones, portable generators and equipment such as lawn mowers.
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510:" (1905–1907)—the selling point was that his engines were quieter than those with standard poppet valves. The best known of these were the
195:(compared with other sleeve valve designs), while retaining the combustion chambers and big, uncluttered, porting area established in the
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Car&Driver, July 1974, pp, 26-29, 112-114 (cover shows a Bricklin car): 'A trick up his sleeve', Charles Fox interviews Mike Hewland.
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on steroids" concept of a rapidly climbing interceptor powered by the lightweight Crecy engine had become an aircraft without a purpose.
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the engine speed, however it seems this would be impractically complex even compared to the complexities of modern valve control systems.
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2783:
1569:
1428:
Ashley C Hewitt: "Small High-Speed Single Sleeve Valve Engine", SAE paper 390049 (Single cylinder, air cooled 4.21 ci., 70 cc. engine).
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installed SSV Bristol engines post-WWII. Bristol sleeve valve engines were used however during the post-war air transport boom, in the
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Strictly I.C. Magazine, Vol 14, Numbers 83 & 84 (Construction of a 1/3 scale model of a Barr&Stroud SSV Motorcycle Engine).
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Improved fuel octane, above about 87 RON, have assisted poppet-valve engines’ power output more than to the single-sleeve engines’.
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Harry Ricardo: "Recent Research Work on the Internal Combustion Engine", SAE Journal, May 1922, pp 305–336 (ends in p. 347)
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Frank Jardine: "Thermal Expansion in Automotive Engine Design", SAE Journal, Sept 1930, pp 311–318, and SAE paper 300010.
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replacements. Hewland claimed to have obtained 72 hp (54 kW) from a 500 cc single-cylinder engine, with a
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1458:'Unorthodox I.C. Engines -Rotary and Sleeve-Valve Types', Model Engineer, Vol 122, nº 3056, 4 February 1960, pgs 136-138
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730:. The poppet valve's previous problems with sealing and wear had been remedied by the use of better materials and the
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1307:
Aircraft Engine Historical Society www.enginehistory.org -AEHS- publication: "Torque Meter", Vol 7, issues 2, 3, 4.
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Daimler 22 hp open 2-seater (1909 example). The clearly visible mascot on its radiator cap is (C. Y.'s) Knight
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Michael Worthington-Williams: 'Something Up their Sleeve', The Automobile (UK), Vol 21 Nº 3, May 2003, pags 48-51
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Six-cylinder Daimler sleeve valve engines were used in the first British tanks in WW1, up to and including the
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engines. The SSV system also reduced the high oil consumption associated with the Knight double sleeve valve.
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shaft—as an integrally machined part of the rotating cylinder liner—emerging from what would normally be the
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The sleeve valve has begun to make something of a comeback, thanks to modern materials, dramatically better
352:), complained that the arrangement required more than 100 gearwheels for the engine, too many for his taste.
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in the United States, a long sojourn in England, involving extensive further development and refinement by
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A number of sleeve valve aircraft engines were developed following a seminal 1927 research paper from the
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Upon Knight's return to America he was able to get some firms to use his design; here his brand name was "
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Perfect, even very good, sealing is difficult to achieve. In a poppet valve engine, the piston possesses
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Longevity, as demonstrated in early automotive applications of the Knight engine. Prior to the advent of
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Potentially the most powerful of all sleeve-valve engines (though it never reached production) was the
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The size of the ports can be readily controlled. This is important when an engine operates over a wide
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24:
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Robert J. Raymond: "Comparison of Sleeve and Poppet-Valve Aircraft Piston Engines", AEHS, April 2005.
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Robert Insley & Arthur W. Green: "Method for making valve sleeves", U.S. Patent Nº 2,319,546; 1943
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A. H. R. Fedden: "The Single Sleeve as a Valve Mechanism for the Aircraft Engine", SAE paper 380161.
137:, and used twin reciprocating sleeves per cylinder. It was used in some luxury automobiles, notably
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W.A. Frederick: "The Single-Sleeve-Valve Engine", SAE Journal, May 1927, pp 661–678 (Calculations).
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W P Ricart: "Some European Comments on High-Output Automobile and Aero-Engines", SAE paper 390099.
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YouTube: Videos by ChargerMiles007, Anson Engine Museum and others, search keyword: Sleeve Valve.
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R Fedden: Patents GB425060, GB584525, and CA353554 on Sleeve materials, production and hardening.
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Sleeve valves have occasionally, but unsuccessfully, been used on steam engines, for example the
276:) of piston travel within the cylinder are suppressed, so rings and cylinders lasted much longer.
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1514:
K McCutcheon: 'American Sleeve-Valve Aircraft Engines', Weak Force Press, Hunstville, AL; 2020.
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revealed a bucket full of gear wheels for the sleeve drive. I believe there were over 100 gears!
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Nahum, Foster-Pegg, and Birch: 'The Rolls-Royce Crecy', The Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust, 2013.
444:. As a result of the tendency of the engines to smoke and hence give away the tank positions,
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Robert J. Raymond: "Comparison of Sleeve and Poppet-Valve Aircraft Piston Engines", AEHS 2005
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was brought in, and devised a new engine which replaced the sleeve valve starting with the
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A Briggs & Stratton lawnmower engine modified to Single-Sleeve-Valve Distribution type
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this is fairly easy to achieve with sleeve valves, but difficult in a poppet valve system.
8:
4245:
3779:
3653:
3570:
3560:
3313:
3019:
2600:
2498:
2228:
2081:
1905:
1832:
1727:
1677:
715:
691:
683:
671:
635:
623:
536:
134:
81:
3741:
3328:
3179:
3128:
3024:
2958:
2521:
2318:
1900:
1770:
1765:
1722:
1660:
1131:
1036:
916:
900:
882:
631:
252:
229:
1482:
Kimble D. McCutcheon: "The Liquid-Cooled Engines of Pratt & Whitney", AEHS, 2006.
790:
4042:
3890:
3829:
3784:
3764:
3751:
3731:
3713:
3658:
3612:
3482:
3425:
3209:
3089:
3059:
3054:
3009:
2994:
2855:
2323:
2263:
2214:
1890:
1775:
1760:
1737:
1515:
1505:
1202:
1150:
1083:
1059:
1010:
934:
723:
703:
618:
607:
599:
565:
484:
401:
166:
114:
101:
97:
1422:
A M Niven: "Sleeve valve and method of making same", U.S. Patent N º 1,820,629; 1931
783:
of 177–205 g/HP/hr (0.39–0.45 lb/HP/hr), the engine being able to work on
4118:
4079:
3805:
3723:
3693:
3545:
2978:
2968:
2870:
2615:
2572:
2531:
2480:
2445:
2366:
2353:
1880:
1875:
1235:
727:
418:
by the "Silent Knight" touring car, which was shown at the 1906 Chicago Auto Show.
349:
93:
1264:
575:
burning 'paraffin' from start, or after a bit of heat-up with more complex fuels.
4024:
3966:
3774:
3769:
3683:
3638:
3257:
3079:
3039:
3034:
2963:
2806:
2726:
2437:
2286:
2243:
1895:
1885:
1799:
1752:
1655:
1377:'The Knight-Argyll Patent Case', The Automotor Journal, 3 August 1912, pp 919-920
831:
772:
719:
711:
679:
675:
663:
571:
556:
496:
430:
393:
85:
45:
4210:
4059:
4031:
3708:
3530:
3520:
3430:
3303:
3293:
2953:
2880:
2840:
2592:
2562:
2417:
2184:
1665:
1419:
A M Niven: "Sleeve valve and method of making same", Patent Nº US1814764A; 1931
1374:
J B Hull: "Non-Poppet Valve Motors at the 1911 Olympia Show", SAE paper 120011.
1217:"The Knight-Argll Patent Case", The Automotor Journal, 3 August 1912, pp919-920
794:
An RCV "SP" series 20 cm3 (1.20 cu. in.) displacement sleeve valve model engine
775:, experimented with a single-cylinder sleeve-valve test engine when looking at
515:
468:
268:
2805:
2050:
2045:
2020:
2015:
1539:
1534:
4341:
3998:
3971:
3870:
3789:
3625:
3229:
3074:
3069:
3004:
2948:
2860:
2764:
2655:
2648:
2470:
2402:
2397:
2361:
2278:
2218:
2179:
2169:
2106:
2076:
2066:
1923:
1712:
1630:
1589:
1286:
1113:
1022:
848:
804:
762:
659:
639:
583:
526:, which was produced in far greater numbers than any other sleeve-valve car.
523:
507:
476:
456:
445:
426:
388:
225:
196:
162:
76:
61:
1099:
304:
Most of these advantages were evaluated and established during the 1920s by
4199:
3956:
3703:
3688:
3643:
3492:
3406:
3364:
3323:
3318:
3094:
2900:
2875:
2381:
2376:
2343:
2248:
2238:
2174:
2158:
1608:
1461:
Peter R. March: 'The Sleeve-Valve Engine', airextra, nº 27, 1977, pgs 11-19
1441:
Marcus C Inman Hunter: "Rotary Valve Engines", Hutchinson, 1946 (In Scribd)
853:
799:
776:
768:
699:
658:
produced some SSV engines under Bristol license that were installed in the
643:
595:
546:
500:
441:
410:
187:
89:
69:
65:
1546:
1931 Edition of Harry Ricardo: 'The High-Speed Internal Combustion Engine'
1293:(Fifth ed.). London and Glasgow: Blackie & Son. pp. 290–322.
4051:
3622:
3592:
3465:
3308:
3234:
3159:
3154:
2895:
2865:
2759:
2643:
2460:
2412:
2371:
2328:
2258:
1867:
1672:
1613:
1051:
Made Up To A Standard: Thomas Alexander Russell and the Russell Motor Car
998:
858:
808:
642:'s jets, which all had a clearly defined production purpose. Ricardo and
587:
449:
345:
322:
260:
4130:
4073:
3698:
3633:
3617:
3555:
3512:
3502:
3298:
3288:
3239:
3029:
2973:
2910:
2850:
2731:
2691:
2670:
2665:
2567:
2475:
2407:
2333:
2273:
2204:
2040:
2035:
2030:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1682:
1635:
1404:
A M Niven: "Sleeve valve actuating mechanism", Patent US 1764972, 1930.
812:
305:
72:
32:
1389:
P M Heldt: "Sleeve-Valve Engines", SAE Journal, March 1926, pp 303–314
1229:"The Rotating Cylinder Valve 4-stroke Engine (SAE Paper 2002-32-1828)"
3926:
3911:
2686:
2427:
2422:
2209:
2189:
2025:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1413:
A M Niven: "Sleeve valve driving mechanism", Patent US 1789341, 1931.
757:
329:
281:
1178:"Modern Practice in Engine Design", Motor Cycle, 16 March 1922, p325
889:
871:
3815:
3262:
2845:
2835:
2709:
2705:
2577:
2308:
2233:
2199:
2091:
2086:
2071:
2007:
1915:
1285:
784:
2736:
2620:
1551:
Douglas Self site: 'Rotary Valves in Internal Combustion Engines'
1410:
A M Niven: "Sleeve valve cylinder head", Patent US 1780763, 1930.
1407:
A M Niven: "Internal combustion engine", Patent US 1778911, 1930.
1398:
A M Niven: "Internal combustion engine", Patent US 1739255, 1929.
731:
488:
464:
293:
158:
154:
3375:
1500:
348:, after studying a British sleeve valve aero engine (probably a
3931:
3668:
2920:
2890:
2547:
2526:
2303:
2253:
655:
519:
472:
138:
3450:
3283:
57:
1584:
264:
this provided desirable reductions in weight and complexity.
2701:
1380:
Ateliers Piccard, Pictet & Cie: GB Patent 118.407; 1917
1346:
1329:
317:
A number of disadvantages plagued the single sleeve valve:
787:, and with no specific lubrication supply for the sleeve.
2148:
662:
transport airplane, also another transport aircraft, the
36:
Sleeve valve closeup from a Bristol Centaurus Mark 175.
975:, Profile Publications Number 67 - Cars -, London 1967
771:
with his assistant John Logan, and also independently
19:
For the sleeve valve used in water applications, see
1144:
1003:
Engine Revolutions: The Autobiography of Max Bentele
216:
The main advantages of the sleeve-valve engine are:
455:Among the companies using Knight's technology were
1535:Video showing a cutaway Knight Sleeve-Valve Engine
133:The first successful sleeve valve was patented by
68:. Sleeve valve engines saw use in a number of pre–
991:
4339:
1455:, London, 1953 ed. (Materials, see also in talk)
997:
738:
1041:
2136:
1301:. Cambridge University Engineering Department.
1106:
710:. The Centaurus was also used in the military
3391:
2791:
2122:
1570:
1339:"The design of fins for air-cooled cylinders"
1145:Hillier, Victor A. W.; F. W. Pittuck (1991).
425:Although he was initially unable to sell his
907:
104:, only to be supplanted by the jet engines.
100:, and the promising but never mass-produced
1054:. General Store Publishing House. pp.
206:
3398:
3384:
2798:
2784:
2129:
2115:
1577:
1563:
503:and sleeve valves in their 'Avalve' cars.
25:Cylinder (engine) § Cylinder sleeving
1453:The High-Speed Internal Combustion Engine
1291:The High-Speed Internal-Combustion Engine
630:& RR were very much focused on their
514:of Cleveland, which sold a car named the
342:The High-Speed Internal Combustion Engine
2195:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
1336:
1319:"Flow coefficients of monosleeve valves"
1147:Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology
789:
400:
392:
366:from upper to lower parts of the system.
228:also demonstrated better mechanical and
172:
124:
120:
39:
31:
4273:Glossary of steam locomotive components
1316:
1226:
459:, Daimler (1909–1930s) including their
190:for its cars, and was later adopted by
4340:
1466:Continental! Its Motors and Its People
962:W. A. Frederick, SAE Journal, May 1927
931:Continental! Its Motors and Its People
479:, plus the associated Falcon-Knight),
382:
3379:
2779:
2110:
1558:
1030:
170:later advances in spring technology.
1078:Lord Montagu and David Burgess-Wise
1072:
1047:
522:firm which offered a car called the
300:, July 1974) also Ford around 1959..
2812:components, systems and terminology
1371:H E Carroll: GB Patent 24.232; 1908
1201:Volume: 22 Issue: 1 Page: 21 - 23.
1169:Motor Cycle, 20 April 1922, page iv
1112:
914:"Cuff sleeve valves, description".
13:
4125:National Museum of Scotland engine
1118:Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930
16:Valve mechanism for piston engines
14:
4369:
3405:
1528:
224:due to very large port openings.
4353:Engine valvetrain configurations
4307:List of steam technology patents
529:
312:
75:and in the United States in the
2297:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
1253:
1220:
1211:
1194:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1138:
1124:
1092:
973:The Single Sleeve-Valve Argylls
825:
798:An unusual form of four-stroke
751:
433:supervised by their consultant
4292:Murdoch's model steam carriage
4278:History of steam road vehicles
3134:Propeller speed reduction unit
1149:. Nelson Thornes. p. 36.
978:
965:
956:
943:
924:
113:the periphery, analogous to a
107:
1:
4219:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
1187:Petter Brotherhood, Wallace.
864:
844:Category:Sleeve valve engines
739:The Knight-Argyll Patent Case
413:touting the Knight-type motor
211:
3942:Return connecting rod engine
2944:Capacitor discharge ignition
1468:, Aero Publishers, CA, 1983.
1100:"Internal-combustion engine"
1048:Petryshyn, Jaroslav (2000).
1005:. Warrendale, Pennsylvania:
7:
3866:Condensing steam locomotive
1120:. London: Grange-Universal.
837:
23:. For cylinder lining, see
10:
4374:
4173:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
2138:Internal combustion engine
903:. c. 1919. pp. 37–39.
885:. c. 1919. pp. 36–38.
604:Continental Motors Company
409:advertisement in downtown
386:
377:
177:Argyll single sleeve valve
129:Knight sleeve-valve engine
88:of the 1940s, such as the
64:, distinct from the usual
18:
4265:
4236:
4209:
4190:
4179:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
4144:
4097:
4050:
4041:
4008:
3989:
3980:
3899:
3856:
3848:Single- and double-acting
3828:
3798:
3750:
3722:
3676:
3667:
3583:
3511:
3458:
3449:
3413:
3337:
3271:
3248:
3202:
3147:
3121:
3112:
2987:
2954:Electronic fuel injection
2929:
2826:
2817:
2755:
2719:
2679:
2634:
2606:Diesel particulate filter
2591:
2558:Idle air control actuator
2540:
2507:
2499:Engine control unit (ECU)
2489:
2436:
2390:
2352:
2272:
2157:
2144:
2059:
2006:
1914:
1866:
1798:
1789:
1751:
1596:
1499:Bristol Engines' Manuals
1289:; Hempson, J G G (1968).
781:specific fuel consumption
4018:Newcomen Memorial Engine
3000:Aircraft engine starting
2671:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
2583:Throttle position sensor
2292:Overhead camshaft layout
949:M. Hewland (July 1974).
690:'s European routes, and
207:Advantages/disadvantages
4322:Timeline of steam power
4317:Stationary steam engine
4200:Woolf's compound engine
4107:Soho Manufactory engine
3962:Steeple compound engine
3629:straight line mechanism
3045:Mean effective pressure
2210:Core plug (freeze plug)
1337:Biermann, A.E. (1941).
638:then Eagle and finally
499:also experimented with
435:Dr Frederick Lanchester
4327:Water-returning engine
4301:Lean's Engine Reporter
4074:Chacewater Mine engine
3947:Six-column beam engine
3085:Time between overhauls
1718:Single-acting cylinder
1651:Double-acting cylinder
1317:Waldron, C.D. (1941).
1299:"Sleeve valve engines"
1261:"RCV Engines Web Site"
1082: ; Stephens 1995
795:
758:engineering tolerances
694:(and related military
414:
398:
284:' is no longer needed.
178:
130:
49:
37:
4167:London Steam Carriage
3360:Ice protection system
3100:Volumetric efficiency
3065:Overhead valve engine
1586:Engine configurations
1287:Ricardo, Sir Harry R.
1132:"Lost Marques: Itala"
793:
674:and related military
666:built by the Spanish
404:
396:
222:volumetric efficiency
176:
128:
121:Types of sleeve valve
43:
35:
4358:Sleeve valve engines
4113:Bradley Works engine
3937:Reciprocating engine
3760:Babcock & Wilcox
3603:Centrifugal governor
3345:Auxiliary power unit
3225:Flight data recorder
2451:Compression ignition
1688:Oscillating cylinder
1191:, 9 Dec 1921, p. 618
988:, London, 1979, p 62
986:Some Unusual Engines
512:F.B. Stearns Company
21:Sleeve valve (water)
3654:Sun and planet gear
3314:Pressure carburetor
3050:Naturally aspirated
3020:Engine displacement
2601:Catalytic converter
1781:Two-and four-stroke
1683:Intake over exhaust
1267:on 26 November 2018
1241:on 12 November 2011
1114:G.N. Georgano, G.N.
933:, W. Wagner, 1983.
920:. 19 December 1914.
716:Blackburn Firebrand
692:Handley Page Hermes
684:Airspeed Ambassador
562:Beardmore-Precision
383:Charles Yale Knight
135:Charles Yale Knight
4154:Richard Trevithick
3752:Water-tube boilers
3566:Gresley conjugated
3329:Updraft carburetor
3203:Engine instruments
3129:Propeller governor
3025:Four-stroke engine
2727:Knocking / pinging
2319:Combustion chamber
1356:on 2 February 2012
971:George A. Oliver,
899:(Ninth ed.).
881:(Ninth ed.).
796:
702:airliners and the
570:2013-05-27 at the
415:
405:A replicated 1912
399:
274:bottom dead centre
253:combustion chamber
230:thermal efficiency
179:
131:
50:
38:
4335:
4334:
4261:
4260:
4140:
4139:
3824:
3823:
3724:Fire-tube boilers
3579:
3578:
3373:
3372:
3210:Annunciator panel
3198:
3197:
3108:
3107:
3090:Two-stroke engine
3060:Overhead camshaft
3040:Manifold pressure
3010:Compression ratio
2773:
2772:
2742:Stratified charge
2509:Electrical system
2491:Engine management
2324:Compression ratio
2264:Starter ring gear
2163:rotating assembly
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
1800:Inline / straight
1698:Overhead camshaft
1520:978-0-9710847-8-0
1510:978-1-872922-44-7
1016:978-1-56091-081-7
724:Blackburn Beverly
704:Bristol Freighter
626:'s (RR) efforts.
619:Rolls-Royce Crecy
600:Bristol Centaurus
551:Rolls-Royce Eagle
226:Sir Harry Ricardo
102:Rolls-Royce Crecy
4365:
4285:fardier à vapeur
4119:Whitbread Engine
4080:Smethwick Engine
4048:
4047:
3987:
3986:
3806:Feedwater heater
3674:
3673:
3456:
3455:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3355:Hydraulic system
3175:Counter-rotating
3119:
3118:
2871:Hydraulic tappet
2824:
2823:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2616:Exhaust manifold
2481:Spark plug wires
2367:Boost controller
2354:Forced induction
2131:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2107:
1796:
1795:
1791:Cylinder layouts
1579:
1572:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1464:William Wagner:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1355:
1349:. Archived from
1333:
1323:
1302:
1294:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1263:. Archived from
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1234:. Archived from
1233:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1198:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1045:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1027:
995:
989:
982:
976:
969:
963:
960:
954:
951:Car & Driver
947:
941:
928:
922:
921:
911:
905:
904:
897:Autocar Handbook
893:
887:
886:
879:Autocar Handbook
875:
728:Fairey Spearfish
542:Frontenac Motors
491:, and Belgium's
298:Car & Driver
94:Bristol Hercules
86:aircraft engines
4373:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4257:
4232:
4205:
4186:
4136:
4093:
4037:
4025:Fairbottom Bobs
4010:Newcomen engine
4004:
3976:
3922:Expansion valve
3895:
3881:Watt's separate
3852:
3820:
3794:
3746:
3718:
3663:
3639:Parallel motion
3575:
3526:Stephenson link
3507:
3445:
3414:Operating cycle
3409:
3404:
3374:
3369:
3350:Coffman starter
3333:
3276:
3267:
3258:Carburetor heat
3250:Engine controls
3244:
3194:
3170:Contra-rotating
3143:
3104:
3035:Ignition timing
2983:
2964:Ignition system
2931:
2925:
2828:
2813:
2804:
2774:
2769:
2751:
2747:Top dead centre
2715:
2675:
2630:
2587:
2536:
2510:
2503:
2492:
2485:
2432:
2386:
2348:
2304:Tappet / lifter
2287:Flathead layout
2277:
2268:
2162:
2153:
2140:
2135:
2105:
2096:
2055:
2002:
1910:
1862:
1785:
1747:
1592:
1583:
1531:
1451:Harry Ricardo:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1321:
1297:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1080:Daimler Century
1077:
1073:
1066:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1017:
996:
992:
983:
979:
970:
966:
961:
957:
948:
944:
929:
925:
913:
912:
908:
895:
894:
890:
877:
876:
872:
867:
840:
832:SR Leader class
828:
773:Keith Duckworth
754:
741:
720:Bristol Brigand
712:Hawker Sea Fury
572:Wayback Machine
557:Barr and Stroud
532:
493:Minerva company
391:
385:
380:
334:top dead centre
315:
246:top dead centre
214:
209:
123:
110:
46:Bristol Perseus
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4371:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4289:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4222:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4150:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4103:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4063:
4060:Kinneil Engine
4056:
4054:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4032:Elsecar Engine
4029:
4021:
4014:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3952:Steeple engine
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3811:Feedwater pump
3808:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3677:Simple boilers
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3659:Watt's linkage
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3608:Connecting rod
3605:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3462:
3460:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3304:Inlet manifold
3301:
3296:
3294:Fuel injection
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3190:Variable-pitch
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3165:Constant-speed
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2881:Obturator ring
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2841:Connecting rod
2838:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2819:Piston engines
2815:
2814:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2636:Cooling system
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2593:Exhaust system
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2563:Inlet manifold
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:Fuel injection
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2185:Connecting rod
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1703:Overhead valve
1700:
1695:
1693:Opposed-piston
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1590:piston engines
1582:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1529:External links
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1512:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1445:pp. 32–45
1442:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1334:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1252:
1219:
1210:
1193:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1155:
1137:
1123:
1105:
1091:
1071:
1064:
1040:
1029:
1015:
990:
984:LJK Setright,
977:
964:
955:
942:
923:
906:
888:
869:
868:
866:
863:
862:
861:
856:
851:
846:
839:
836:
827:
824:
753:
750:
746:RAC horsepower
740:
737:
708:Superfreighter
672:Vickers Viking
531:
528:
516:Stearns-Knight
461:V12 Double Six
387:Main article:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
374:
370:
367:
363:
359:
356:
353:
337:
326:
314:
311:
302:
301:
289:
285:
277:
265:
256:
249:
241:
233:
213:
210:
208:
205:
122:
119:
109:
106:
62:piston engines
60:mechanism for
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4370:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:Engine valves
4346:
4345:
4343:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4160:Puffing Devil
4157:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4146:High-pressure
4143:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4099:Rotative beam
4096:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3999:Savery Engine
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3972:Working fluid
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3649:Rotative beam
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:hypocycloidal
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3407:Steam engines
3401:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:Other systems
3336:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:and induction
3274:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Glass cockpit
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Shock cooling
3073:
3071:
3070:Rotary engine
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:Dual ignition
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:Cylinder head
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2810:piston engine
2808:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:Water cooling
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2626:Oxygen sensor
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:Intake system
2539:
2533:
2532:Starter motor
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:Ignition coil
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:Petrol engine
2401:
2399:
2398:Diesel engine
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:Blowoff valve
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2279:Cylinder head
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:Balance shaft
2168:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1753:Stroke cycles
1750:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:Report Nº 726
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:Report Nº 717
1320:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1237:
1230:
1227:Keith Lawes.
1223:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1158:
1156:0-7487-0531-7
1152:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1088:1-85260-494-8
1085:
1081:
1075:
1067:
1065:1-894263-25-1
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1023:radial engine
1018:
1012:
1009:. p. 5.
1008:
1004:
1000:
994:
987:
981:
974:
968:
959:
952:
946:
940:
939:0-8168-4506-9
936:
932:
927:
919:
918:
910:
902:
898:
892:
884:
880:
874:
870:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
849:Corliss valve
847:
845:
842:
841:
835:
833:
823:
820:
816:
814:
810:
806:
805:cylinder head
801:
792:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
764:
759:
749:
747:
736:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
615:
613:
612:0-8168-4506-9
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:Harry Ricardo
581:
576:
573:
569:
566:
563:
558:
554:
552:
548:
543:
538:
530:Burt-McCollum
527:
525:
524:Willys-Knight
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:Silent Knight
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:Willys-Knight
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:Avions Voisin
453:
451:
447:
446:Harry Ricardo
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
427:Knight Engine
423:
419:
412:
408:
403:
395:
390:
389:Knight engine
371:
368:
364:
360:
357:
354:
351:
347:
343:
338:
335:
331:
327:
324:
320:
319:
318:
313:Disadvantages
310:
307:
299:
295:
290:
286:
283:
278:
275:
270:
266:
262:
257:
254:
250:
247:
242:
238:
234:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:
217:
204:
200:
198:
193:
189:
184:
183:Burt-McCollum
175:
171:
168:
164:
163:Avions Voisin
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:Mercedes-Benz
144:
140:
136:
127:
118:
116:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
77:Willys-Knight
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:is a type of
55:
48:
47:
42:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4312:Modern steam
4299:
4284:
4246:Porter-Allen
4225:
4159:
4086:
4066:
4023:
3957:Safety valve
3886:"Pickle-pot"
3780:Thimble tube
3497:
3365:Recoil start
3324:Turbocharger
3319:Supercharger
3185:Single-blade
3095:Valve timing
2916:Sleeve valve
2915:
2901:Poppet valve
2876:Main bearing
2656:Electric fan
2456:Coil-on-plug
2382:Turbocharger
2377:Supercharger
2249:Main bearing
2239:Firing order
2229:Displacement
2175:Block heater
2159:Engine block
2147:Part of the
2146:
2082:Split-single
1868:Flat / boxer
1728:Swing-piston
1465:
1452:
1358:. Retrieved
1351:the original
1342:
1325:
1290:
1269:. Retrieved
1265:the original
1255:
1243:. Retrieved
1236:the original
1222:
1213:
1196:
1189:The Engineer
1188:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1146:
1140:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1094:
1079:
1074:
1050:
1043:
1032:
1020:
1002:
999:Bentele, Max
993:
985:
980:
972:
967:
958:
950:
945:
930:
926:
915:
909:
896:
891:
878:
873:
854:Piston valve
829:
826:Steam engine
821:
817:
800:model engine
797:
777:Cosworth DFV
769:Mike Hewland
767:
755:
752:Modern usage
742:
700:Short Solent
652:
616:
596:Napier Sabre
577:
555:
547:Napier Sabre
533:
505:
454:
439:
424:
420:
416:
411:Boise, Idaho
341:
323:piston rings
316:
303:
297:
215:
201:
180:
132:
111:
90:Napier Sabre
70:World War II
66:poppet valve
54:sleeve valve
53:
51:
44:
29:
4043:Watt engine
3843:Oscillating
3799:Boiler feed
3644:Plate chain
3623:Tusi couple
3536:Walschaerts
3421:Atmospheric
3309:Intercooler
3235:Hobbs meter
3160:Blade pitch
3155:Autofeather
3148:Terminology
3055:Monosoupape
3015:Dead centre
2988:Terminology
2896:Piston ring
2866:Gudgeon pin
2680:Lubrication
2644:Air cooling
2461:Distributor
2413:Fuel filter
2391:Fuel system
2372:Intercooler
2339:Timing belt
2329:Head gasket
2259:Piston ring
1771:Five-stroke
1766:Four-stroke
1723:Split cycle
1661:Free-piston
1604:Atmospheric
1360:11 December
1271:25 November
917:The Autocar
901:The Autocar
883:The Autocar
859:Slide valve
811:fuel using
809:glow engine
624:Rolls-Royce
471:(1909–24),
467:(1911–39),
450:Mark V tank
346:Max Bentele
261:valve float
141:, Stearns,
108:Description
73:luxury cars
4342:Categories
4252:Ljungström
4238:High-speed
4131:Lap Engine
4087:Resolution
3991:Precursors
3876:Kirchweger
3838:Locomotive
3785:Three-drum
3765:Field-tube
3732:Locomotive
3714:Lancashire
3634:Link chain
3618:Crankshaft
3585:Mechanisms
3513:Valve gear
3299:Gascolator
3289:Carburetor
3240:Tachometer
3122:Components
3114:Propellers
3030:Horsepower
2995:Air-cooled
2974:Spark plug
2939:Alternator
2932:components
2930:Electrical
2911:Rocker arm
2851:Crankshaft
2829:components
2827:Mechanical
2732:Power band
2692:Oil filter
2666:Thermostat
2611:EGT sensor
2573:MAF sensor
2568:MAP sensor
2553:Air filter
2517:Alternator
2476:Spark plug
2408:Carburetor
2334:Rocker arm
2274:Valvetrain
2205:Crankshaft
2149:Automobile
1776:Six-stroke
1761:Two-stroke
1678:Heron head
1636:Cam engine
1037:RAC Rating
865:References
813:castor oil
686:, used on
518:, and the
306:Roy Fedden
212:Advantages
115:two-stroke
4283:Cugnot's
4226:Salamanca
3927:Hydrolock
3912:Crosshead
3858:Condenser
3694:Egg-ended
2959:Generator
2466:Glow plug
2428:Fuel tank
2423:Fuel pump
2190:Crankcase
1245:3 January
1207:0002-2667
330:junk head
282:junk head
98:Centaurus
4266:See also
4192:Compound
4067:Old Bess
3907:Blowback
3830:Cylinder
3816:Injector
3775:Stirling
3770:Sentinel
3684:Haystack
3598:Cataract
3571:Southern
3561:Caprotti
3436:Compound
3263:Throttle
3180:Scimitar
2886:Oil pump
2856:Cylinder
2846:Crankpin
2836:Camshaft
2807:Aircraft
2765:Category
2710:Dry sump
2706:Wet sump
2697:Oil pump
2661:Radiator
2578:Throttle
2438:Ignition
2309:Camshaft
2234:Flywheel
2215:Cylinder
2200:Crankpin
1708:Pentroof
1656:Flathead
1646:Compound
1624:Rotative
1435:309-312.
1116:(1985).
1001:(1991).
838:See also
785:creosote
726:and the
696:Hastings
660:Noratlas
648:Spitfire
568:Archived
475:(as the
469:Mercedes
350:Hercules
199:system.
3982:History
3891:Surface
3709:Cornish
3669:Boilers
3551:Corliss
3488:Corliss
3471:D slide
3441:Uniflow
3431:Cornish
3139:Spinner
2979:Starter
2969:Magneto
2906:Pushrod
2737:Redline
2621:Muffler
2522:Battery
2446:Magneto
1916:V / Vee
1733:Uniflow
1666:Stelzer
1641:Camless
1619:Cornish
732:inertia
698:), and
680:Valetta
676:Varsity
640:Whittle
636:Griffon
592:Bristol
489:Peugeot
481:Stearns
465:Panhard
442:Mark IV
431:Daimler
407:Stearns
378:History
294:Hewland
192:Bristol
159:Peugeot
155:Panhard
151:Minerva
143:Daimler
4294:(1784)
4288:(1769)
4254:(1908)
4248:(1862)
4229:(1812)
4221:(1805)
4211:Murray
4202:(1803)
4181:(1804)
4175:(1803)
4169:(1803)
4163:(1801)
4133:(1788)
4127:(1786)
4121:(1785)
4115:(1783)
4109:(1782)
4090:(1781)
4082:(1779)
4076:(1778)
4070:(1777)
4062:(1768)
4034:(1795)
4028:(1760)
4020:(1725)
4001:(1698)
3967:Stroke
3932:Piston
3917:Cutoff
3790:Yarrow
3742:Launch
3737:Scotch
3498:Sleeve
3493:Poppet
3478:Piston
3459:Valves
3451:Valves
3277:system
3080:Stroke
2921:Tappet
2891:Piston
2760:Portal
2548:Airbox
2527:Dynamo
2254:Piston
2244:Stroke
2223:layout
2151:series
2077:Radial
2067:Deltic
1713:Rotary
1631:Bourke
1518:
1508:
1205:
1153:
1086:
1062:
1013:
937:
763:Wankel
656:SNECMA
644:Tizard
632:Merlin
610:
602:. The
588:Napier
537:Argyll
520:Willys
501:rotary
473:Willys
288:heat'.
269:leaded
197:Knight
188:Argyll
139:Willys
82:Argyll
3900:Other
3704:Flued
3689:Wagon
3613:Crank
3556:Lentz
3546:Baker
3541:Allan
3466:Slide
3284:Avgas
3220:EICAS
2720:Other
2344:Valve
2314:Chest
2060:Other
1743:Wedge
1609:Axial
1354:(pdf)
1322:(pdf)
1239:(PDF)
1232:(PDF)
1056:65–66
628:Hives
497:Itala
220:High
58:valve
4052:Beam
3593:Beam
3503:Bash
3483:Drop
3426:Watt
3273:Fuel
3215:EFIS
3005:Bore
2702:Sump
2219:bank
2180:Bore
1738:Watt
1673:Hemi
1614:Beam
1597:Type
1588:for
1516:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1362:2011
1347:NACA
1330:NACA
1273:2018
1247:2012
1203:ISSN
1151:ISBN
1084:ISBN
1060:ISBN
1011:ISBN
935:ISBN
706:and
678:and
668:CASA
664:Azor
608:ISBN
598:and
590:and
549:and
485:Mors
251:The
181:The
167:Mors
161:and
52:The
3871:Jet
3699:Box
3531:Joy
3521:Gab
2687:Oil
2276:and
2161:and
2051:W30
2046:W24
2041:W18
2036:W16
2031:W12
1998:V24
1993:V20
1988:V18
1983:V16
1978:V14
1973:V12
1968:V10
1956:VR6
1944:VR5
1906:F16
1901:F12
1896:F10
1858:I14
1853:I12
1007:SAE
688:BEA
582:by
580:RAE
237:RPM
4344::
2708:,
2221:,
2026:W8
2021:W6
2016:W3
1963:V8
1951:V6
1939:V5
1934:V4
1929:V3
1924:V2
1891:F8
1886:F6
1881:F4
1876:F2
1848:I9
1843:I8
1838:I7
1833:I6
1828:I5
1823:I4
1818:I3
1813:I2
1808:I1
1345:.
1341:.
1328:.
1324:.
1058:.
1019:.
834:.
765:.
722:,
718:,
714:,
682:,
634:,
614:)
487:,
483:,
463:,
452:.
165:.
157:,
153:,
149:,
145:,
96:,
92:,
3399:e
3392:t
3385:v
2799:e
2792:t
2785:v
2712:)
2704:(
2225:)
2217:(
2130:e
2123:t
2116:v
2092:X
2087:U
2072:H
2008:W
1578:e
1571:t
1564:v
1364:.
1332:.
1275:.
1249:.
1159:.
1134:.
1102:.
1068:.
953:.
296:(
232:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.