31:
461:
658:
snake occupies. Livestock grazing has been found to reduce snake populations in some areas, where five times the amount of snakes were found on ungrazed areas, compared to grazed areas. The effects of livestock grazing include the reduction of grass, changes in tree species, compaction of soil, and more erosion, which affect the reptile population in these areas. Flooding, freezing, and destruction of dens can destroy large numbers of smooth green snakes, as well as other species of snake with which it may hibernate.
80:
557:
55:
452:
443:
732:(on the roof of its mouth) interprets the airborne pheromones and chemical signals. The green snake has no ears, relying on vibrations to figure out its surroundings. Its sight is relatively strong, at least over short distances. Due to the stretchy ligaments in its jaw, it can swallow prey whole, even prey that is larger than its own body diameter. It can shed its skin as often as every four to five weeks, allowing for new growth.
650:. Humans also find this snake in the wild and keep it for a pet. It is subjected to commercial collection because of its attractive skin coloration, passive nature, and small size. However, this snake is not known to survive well in captivity. Because its populations are usually isolated and small in size, this commercial collection can greatly affect the overall population.
728:
its anal gland, causing a foul smell. When handled by humans, it usually shows excited behavior and calms down after wrapping itself around a finger. When it hunts, it turns its head from side to side, finding prey with its tongue. The flicking of the tongue gathers air near the snake's head, and the
727:
The smooth green snake relies on an environment matching its green scales for camouflage to protect itself from predators. If threatened, a smooth green snake will usually flee. It is a docile snake, seldom biting and usually allowing humans to come close. If provoked, it can secrete a substance from
409:
The smooth green snake is slender. In size, it is classified as a "small medium" snake, reaching to 36–51 cm (14–20 in) in total length (including tail) as an adult. The longest smooth green snake was measured as being 66 cm (26 in) in total length. The tail makes up about 1/4 to
788:
are laid, each containing four to six eggs. Females usually lay their eggs in rodent burrows, mounds of rotting vegetation, sawdust piles, or rotting logs. In the northern habitats of this species, communal nesting has been observed. Smooth green snake eggs are white and oval; they have thin shells
674:
The smooth green snake is of least concern in terms of conservation, but the concern is increasing in the U.S. with some states citing anecdotal evidence of fewer sightings and residential sprawl. While there is some research showing the population of the snake is declining, only a small number of
657:
Habitat destruction is caused by road building, logging, cattle grazing, and the draining of streams. Logging and mining conducted in a smooth green snake habitat can be a source of snake mortality. Roads and highways are a major cause of deaths, especially those near streams or other habitats the
718:
can be found in many different habitats, including marshes, meadows, the edges of streams, and open woods. It prefers to be on the ground, in open areas without a lot of shrubs. During hibernation, the smooth green snake looks for burrows, ant hills, and other dug-out underground areas, normally
653:
The smooth green snake population is also declining due to the use of pesticides, as well as destruction of habitats. Pesticides are particularly harmful to the snake when used in riparian areas, mountain foothills and meadows. Because the smooth green snake's diet consists mainly of insects,
661:
Human recreational activities, such as off-road vehicles near wetlands, are also damaging its habitat. Lakes and streams are enjoyable areas for recreation, but human activity in these areas can degrade them. The use of off-road vehicles in or around wetlands, however, is the most damaging
424:
coloration is different from that when it matures. At first, it can be olive green, blue-gray, or even brown, but after it sheds its skin for the first time, it becomes the characteristic bright green. The dorsal coloration can also vary depending on location: bluish in
401:. A non-aggressive snake, it seldom bites and usually flees when threatened. It mates in late spring to summer, and females lay their eggs from June to September. The smooth green snake will often bob its head in order to mimic vegetation blowing in the wind.
735:
During months when the weather is warmer, the smooth green snake tends to be active both day and night; in the colder, winter months, it hibernates in social groups. Ant hills and burrows of other animals are used during hibernation as part-time homes.
719:
gathering in large numbers. It prefers moist habitats and areas near permanent water sources, usually staying in green areas for camouflage. Being cold blooded, it prefers warm areas, lying in the sun on rocks and logs, also using them for hiding.
654:
insecticides put the snake at great risk in areas where they are applied. The reduction of its prey is a major cause of the death of the snakes, as well as one of the most important natural threats to its population.
1858:
1926:
1832:
1936:
389:, which has keeled dorsal scales. The smooth green snake is found in marshes, meadows, open woods, and along stream edges, and is native to regions of
874:
1005:
1749:
789:
and are about one inch (2.5 cm) in length. Each egg has an average mass of 2.6 grams. The eggs hatch four to 23 days after being laid.
707:) protect the smooth green snake with conservation laws. This law prohibits commercial collection of the snake and collection by individuals.
1801:
1891:
1921:
784:
Sexually mature smooth green snakes mate in the late spring or summer, and gravid females lay eggs from June to
September. Usually, two
1723:
1566:. Third Edition, Fifth Printing. (Photographs by Hal H. Harrison). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Fish Commission. 24 pp. (
1762:
1471:
Catalogue of the Snakes in the
British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ.
666:
significantly damages and destroys these areas. Also, oil and gasoline from off-road vehicles has been found in snake habitats.
1911:
1946:
1589:
1088:
1767:
1827:
1941:
1257:
417:, unlike those of the rough green snake, which are keeled. Its smooth dorsal scales are arranged in 15 rows at midbody.
1931:
1527:
1473:
London: Trustees of the
British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xi + 382 pp. + Plates I-XX. (
1279:
1456:
1404:
1388:
1356:
1289:
1901:
1806:
251:
1231:
436:
It uses its tongue, red with a black end, by flicking it in and out of its mouth to "smell" what is around it.
1630:
1573:
805:
377:. It is a slender, "small medium" snake that measures 36–51 cm (14–20 in) as an adult. It gets its
316:
1636:
1916:
1688:
1480:
1340:
238:
1906:
1519:
1444:
1180:
878:
772:. While hunting, it uses both chemical and visual clues to find prey, and kills with a strike instead of
943:
1009:
79:
1492:
1418:
1582:
Peterson Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition
1495:). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A-C, 1-32. (
1559:
832:
1793:
1537:
1489:
What Snake Is That?: A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky
Mountains
1484:
1466:
1076:
290:
234:
1108:
1754:
1650:
1366:
1868:
184:
1845:
1158:
1780:
1710:
1370:
631:
1136:
30:
8:
1414:
729:
277:
44:
1315:
1896:
1624:
1345:
1072:
1055:
545:
210:
74:
1840:
1697:
1603:
1585:
1577:
1555:
1452:
1423:
1400:
1393:
1384:
1352:
1285:
1084:
1031:
809:
492:
386:
320:
1608:
Reptiles and
Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species: A Golden Nature Guide
1374:
413:
It is uniform light green on its back, with a yellow or white belly, and has smooth
264:
1853:
1702:
1139:. South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks, Division of Wildlife, Pierre, SD
1047:
827:
627:
460:
421:
367:
303:
1814:
1545:
623:
608:
1599:
1502:
1440:
684:
480:
363:
201:
1526:. (Design and illustrations by Michael Antonoplos). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania:
1885:
1775:
1673:
1347:
A Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America
818:
785:
414:
394:
382:
360:
64:
59:
744:
The smooth green snake mostly eats insects and spiders, including spineless
773:
745:
572:
518:
in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a
1819:
1505:(1827). "Genera of North American REPTILIA, and synopsis of the species".
1788:
1736:
1682:
1449:
The
Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians
663:
556:
429:, olive-tinted light brown in southeastern Texas, and bronze in northern
410:
1/2 the total length of the snake; males have longer tails than females.
378:
333:
1229:
1728:
1059:
749:
592:
537:
370:
151:
1741:
1281:
The
Illustrated Encyclopedia of North American Reptiles and Amphibians
451:
1206:
524:
510:
442:
430:
161:
91:
1644:
1051:
1667:
1204:
700:
696:
680:
600:
588:
580:
576:
564:
515:
131:
111:
692:
688:
676:
639:
584:
356:
121:
1715:
1584:. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp.
761:
568:
426:
398:
390:
101:
1207:"312 IAC 9-5-4: Endangered species of reptiles and amphibians"
769:
753:
704:
604:
519:
141:
1083:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
798:
765:
757:
635:
596:
1542:
Boy's Book of Snakes: How to
Recognize and Understand Them
1395:
Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification
902:, pp. 7, 552, 555–564, Figures 165 & 166, Map 43.
647:
643:
1544:. A volume of the Humanizing Science Series, edited by
1272:
1376:
Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada
1255:
1310:
1308:
869:
867:
865:
863:
1425:Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada
1422:
1392:
1344:
1030:
857:". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
583:. It can also be found in other areas, such as in
1230:Michigan Department of Natural Resources (2016),
1000:
998:
996:
994:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
1883:
1305:
860:
1927:Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)
804:
567:region. The range spreads through southeastern
1151:
991:
917:
833:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T63842A90083304.en
622:is hunted by various predators, including the
1413:
1365:
1205:Indiana Legislative Services Agency (2011),
973:
955:. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region
899:
1937:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
1633:, Michigan Department of Natural Resources.
1524:Identification Guide to Pennsylvania Snakes
1383:
1111:. The Regents of the University of Michigan
1038:, with a Description of a New Subspecies".
1008:. The University of Montana. Archived from
985:
1548:. New York: Ronald Press. viii + 185 pp. (
1351:(2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1130:
1128:
1126:
1103:
1101:
53:
29:
1610:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. (
1134:
831:
373:. The species is also referred to as the
1006:"Northern Rockies Natural History Guide"
976:, pp. 120–121, Figure 28, Plate 12.
563:The smooth green snake is native to the
555:
544:, is in honor of American herpetologist
1499:, pp. 43–44 + Plate 5, figure 14).
1123:
1098:
1024:
1884:
1463:, pp. 640–641 + Plates 475, 476).
1339:
1198:
914:, pp. 184–186, Plate 25, Map 134.
911:
669:
1649:
1648:
1451:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp.
1284:. Mobilereference. 15 December 2009.
949:: A Technical Conservation Assessment
38:Smooth green snake in a sand prairie
1564:Pennsylvania Reptiles and Amphibians
877:. Townson University. Archived from
1892:IUCN Red List least concern species
819:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
551:
13:
1922:Fauna of the Eastern United States
1641:, Illinois Natural History Survey.
1627:, Reptiles and Amphibians of Iowa.
1528:Carnegie Museum of Natural History
1434:
14:
1958:
1618:
1081:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
1034:(1999). "Metamerism in the Snake
459:
450:
441:
78:
1596:, pp. 382–383 + Plate 35).
1507:J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia
1379:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
1333:
1249:
1233:Michigan's Wildlife Action Plan
1223:
1173:
1066:
779:
1429:. Ithaca and London: Comstock.
979:
967:
905:
893:
847:
404:
1:
1912:Reptiles of the United States
1093:Opheodrys vernalis blanchardi
792:
499:Northern smooth green snake,
489:Opheodrys vernalis blanchardi
468:
1947:Taxa named by Richard Harlan
1516:, new species, p. 361).
1137:"Western Smooth Green Snake"
531:
487:Western smooth green snake,
474:Eastern smooth green snake,
7:
1211:Indiana Administrative Code
1185:New Hampshire Fish and Game
1079:; Grayson, Michael (2011).
722:
501:Opheodrys vernalis borealis
476:Opheodrys vernalis vernalis
10:
1963:
1942:Reptiles described in 1827
1399:. New York: Golden Press.
1256:Texas Parks and Wildlife,
710:
614:
1932:Fauna of the Great Plains
1657:
216:
209:
190:
183:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1491:. (With 108 drawings by
974:Schmidt & Davis 1941
900:Wright & Wright 1957
675:states (Iowa, Missouri,
1902:Snakes of North America
1552:, pp. 50–51, 179).
986:Smith & Brodie 1982
739:
662:recreational activity.
646:, and the common house
1040:Journal of Herpetology
560:
311:Liochlorophis vernalis
826:: e.T63842A90083304.
559:
246:Herpetodryas vernalis
1614:, pp. 77, 156).
1477:, pp. 258–259).
1316:"Smooth Green Snake"
1259:Texas listed species
1181:"Smooth Green Snake"
1159:"Smooth Green Snake"
1109:"Smooth Green Snake"
947:(Opheodrys vernalis)
875:"Smooth green snake"
632:rough-legged buzzard
575:, and south through
385:, as opposed to the
1917:Reptiles of Ontario
988:, pp. 188–189.
945:Smooth Green Snake
670:Conservation status
516:trinomial authority
298:Eurypholis vernalis
229:Chlorosoma vernalis
45:Conservation status
24:Smooth green snake
1907:Reptiles of Mexico
1689:Opheodrys vernalis
1659:Opheodrys vernalis
1638:Opheodrys vernalis
1631:Smooth Green Snake
1625:Smooth Green Snake
1612:Opheodrys vernalis
1594:Opheodrys vernalis
1568:Opheodrys vernalis
1562:(editors) (1970).
1550:Opheodrys vernalis
1532:Opheodrys vernalis
1497:Opheodrys vernalis
1461:Opheodrys vernalis
1161:. Lincoln Park Zoo
1036:Opheodrys vernalis
1032:Grobman, Arnold B.
881:on 30 October 2011
855:Opheodrys vernalis
812:Opheodrys vernalis
561:
546:Frank N. Blanchard
352:Opheodrys vernalis
347:smooth green snake
328:Opheodrys vernalis
272:Liopeltis vernalis
259:Cyclophis vernalis
194:Opheodrys vernalis
1879:
1878:
1841:Open Tree of Life
1833:smooth-greensnake
1651:Taxon identifiers
1590:978-0-544-12997-9
1089:978-1-4214-0135-5
505:
496:
484:
387:rough green snake
364:nonvenomous snake
343:
342:
68:
1954:
1872:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1849:
1848:
1836:
1835:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1809:
1797:
1796:
1784:
1783:
1771:
1770:
1758:
1757:
1745:
1744:
1732:
1731:
1719:
1718:
1706:
1705:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1646:
1645:
1534:, pp. 4–5).
1514:Coluber vernalis
1430:
1428:
1410:
1398:
1389:Brodie, E.D. Jr.
1380:
1362:
1350:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1132:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1105:
1096:
1077:Watkins, Michael
1070:
1064:
1063:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1012:on 23 April 2012
1002:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
964:
962:
960:
954:
940:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
890:
888:
886:
871:
858:
851:
845:
844:
842:
840:
835:
802:
730:Jacobson's organ
628:great blue heron
552:Geographic range
538:subspecific name
503:
491:
478:
463:
454:
445:
381:from its smooth
337:
324:
307:
294:
281:
268:
255:
242:
225:
220:Coluber vernalis
196:
176:O. vernalis
83:
82:
62:
57:
56:
33:
21:
20:
16:Species of snake
1962:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1867:
1865:
1857:
1852:
1844:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1815:Observation.org
1813:
1805:
1800:
1792:
1787:
1779:
1774:
1766:
1761:
1753:
1748:
1740:
1735:
1727:
1722:
1714:
1709:
1701:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1653:
1621:
1546:Jacques Cattell
1475:Contia vernalis
1467:Boulenger, G.A.
1437:
1435:Further reading
1407:
1359:
1336:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1135:Gregory, Adam.
1133:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1071:
1067:
1052:10.2307/1564859
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1004:
1003:
992:
984:
980:
972:
968:
958:
956:
952:
942:
941:
918:
910:
906:
898:
894:
884:
882:
873:
872:
861:
852:
848:
838:
836:
806:Hammerson, G.A.
803:
799:
795:
782:
742:
725:
713:
672:
624:red-tailed hawk
617:
609:Northern Mexico
554:
534:
471:
464:
455:
446:
407:
397:, and northern
331:
330:
314:
313:
301:
300:
288:
287:
285:Contia vernalis
275:
274:
262:
261:
249:
248:
232:
231:
223:
222:
205:
198:
192:
179:
77:
69:
58:
54:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1960:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1850:
1837:
1824:
1811:
1798:
1785:
1772:
1759:
1746:
1733:
1720:
1707:
1694:
1679:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1620:
1619:External links
1617:
1616:
1615:
1597:
1576:; Conant, R.;
1571:
1560:Richmond, N.D.
1553:
1535:
1517:
1500:
1493:Edmond Malnate
1478:
1464:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1411:
1405:
1381:
1363:
1357:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1318:. UMassAmherst
1304:
1290:
1271:
1248:
1222:
1197:
1172:
1150:
1122:
1097:
1065:
1046:(2): 175–186.
1023:
990:
978:
966:
916:
904:
892:
859:
846:
796:
794:
791:
781:
778:
741:
738:
724:
721:
712:
709:
685:North Carolina
671:
668:
616:
613:
553:
550:
533:
530:
507:
506:
497:
485:
470:
467:
466:
465:
458:
456:
449:
447:
440:
420:At birth, its
406:
403:
361:North American
341:
340:
339:
338:
325:
308:
295:
282:
269:
256:
243:
226:
214:
213:
207:
206:
199:
188:
187:
181:
180:
173:
171:
167:
166:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
71:
70:
52:
49:
48:
43:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1959:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:Collins, J.T.
1575:
1572:
1570:, p. 2).
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:Netting, M.G.
1554:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1457:0-394-50824-6
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1406:0-307-13666-3
1402:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1367:Schmidt, K.P.
1364:
1360:
1358:0-395-19977-8
1354:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1341:Conant, Roger
1338:
1337:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1293:
1291:9781605014593
1287:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1160:
1154:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1011:
1007:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
987:
982:
975:
970:
951:
950:
946:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
913:
908:
901:
896:
880:
876:
870:
868:
866:
864:
856:
850:
834:
829:
825:
821:
820:
815:
813:
807:
801:
797:
790:
787:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
737:
733:
731:
720:
717:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
667:
665:
659:
655:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
558:
549:
547:
543:
539:
529:
527:
526:
521:
517:
513:
512:
504:Grobman, 1992
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
473:
472:
462:
457:
453:
448:
444:
439:
438:
437:
434:
432:
428:
423:
418:
416:
415:dorsal scales
411:
402:
400:
396:
395:United States
392:
388:
384:
383:dorsal scales
380:
376:
372:
369:
365:
362:
358:
354:
353:
348:
335:
329:
326:
322:
318:
312:
309:
305:
299:
296:
292:
286:
283:
279:
273:
270:
266:
260:
257:
253:
247:
244:
240:
236:
230:
227:
221:
218:
217:
215:
212:
208:
203:
197:
195:
189:
186:
185:Binomial name
182:
178:
177:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
81:
76:
72:
66:
61:
60:Least Concern
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1658:
1637:
1611:
1607:
1593:
1581:
1567:
1563:
1549:
1541:
1538:Morris, P.A.
1531:
1523:
1513:
1512:: 317–372. (
1509:
1506:
1496:
1488:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1448:
1441:Behler, J.L.
1424:
1419:Wright, A.A.
1415:Wright, A.H.
1394:
1375:
1346:
1334:Bibliography
1320:. Retrieved
1295:. Retrieved
1280:
1274:
1263:, retrieved
1258:
1251:
1240:, retrieved
1232:
1225:
1214:, retrieved
1210:
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1184:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1113:. Retrieved
1092:
1080:
1068:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
1010:the original
981:
969:
957:. Retrieved
948:
944:
907:
895:
883:. Retrieved
879:the original
854:
849:
837:. Retrieved
823:
817:
811:
800:
783:
780:Reproduction
774:constriction
746:caterpillars
743:
734:
726:
715:
714:
673:
660:
656:
652:
619:
618:
573:Saskatchewan
562:
541:
535:
523:
509:
508:
500:
488:
475:
435:
419:
412:
408:
374:
351:
350:
346:
344:
336:et al., 2014
327:
310:
297:
284:
271:
258:
245:
228:
224:Harlan, 1827
219:
193:
191:
175:
174:
162:
18:
1789:NatureServe
1737:iNaturalist
1683:Wikispecies
1604:Smith, H.M.
1520:McCoy, C.J.
1485:Bridges, W.
1385:Smith, H.M.
1371:Davis, D.D.
1322:21 November
1297:22 November
1165:29 November
1143:22 November
1115:30 November
1073:Beolens, Bo
1016:21 November
912:Conant 1975
839:19 November
716:O. vernalis
664:Mud bogging
620:O. vernalis
522:other than
405:Description
379:common name
375:grass snake
1886:Categories
1574:Powell, R.
1530:. 12 pp. (
1503:Harlan, R.
1481:Conant, R.
1445:King, F.W.
1242:15 October
959:6 December
885:24 October
793:References
750:harvestmen
593:New Mexico
571:, west to
542:blanchardi
469:Subspecies
371:Colubridae
321:H.M. Smith
152:Colubridae
138:Suborder:
1897:Opheodrys
1600:Zim, H.S.
1095:, p. 27).
532:Etymology
525:Opheodrys
511:Nota bene
431:Wisconsin
291:Boulenger
252:Hallowell
170:Species:
163:Opheodrys
142:Serpentes
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
1859:vernalis
1794:2.103123
1755:10641278
1668:Wikidata
1606:(1956).
1580:(2016).
1540:(1948).
1522:(1980).
1487:(1939).
1469:(1894).
1447:(1979).
1421:(1957).
1391:(1982).
1373:(1941).
1343:(1975).
1216:28 April
808:(2016).
786:clutches
723:Behavior
701:Colorado
697:Nebraska
681:Michigan
640:raccoons
601:Missouri
589:Colorado
581:Virginia
577:Illinois
565:Nearctic
211:Synonyms
148:Family:
132:Squamata
122:Reptilia
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
1869:8052604
1729:2458587
1716:1056130
1674:Q945692
1190:18 June
1060:1564859
711:Habitat
693:Wyoming
689:Montana
677:Indiana
615:Threats
585:Wyoming
493:Grobman
483:, 1827)
366:in the
357:species
355:) is a
334:Wallach
265:Günther
204:, 1827)
158:Genus:
128:Order:
118:Class:
63: (
1866:uBio:
1846:593540
1820:101812
1807:469619
1768:174173
1742:146314
1588:
1455:
1403:
1355:
1288:
1265:5 June
1087:
1058:
768:, and
762:snails
607:, and
569:Canada
495:, 1941
481:Harlan
427:Kansas
422:dorsal
399:Mexico
393:, the
391:Canada
368:family
323:, 1991
319:&
317:Oldham
306:, 1935
293:, 1894
280:, 1860
267:, 1858
254:, 1856
241:, 1853
239:Girard
237:&
202:Harlan
1781:63842
1750:IRMNG
1703:74MXP
1237:(PDF)
1056:JSTOR
953:(PDF)
770:slugs
766:worms
754:moths
705:Texas
644:foxes
636:bears
605:Texas
520:genus
235:Baird
1828:ODNR
1802:NCBI
1776:IUCN
1763:ITIS
1724:GBIF
1586:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1324:2011
1299:2011
1286:ISBN
1267:2012
1244:2016
1218:2012
1192:2020
1167:2011
1145:2011
1117:2011
1085:ISBN
1018:2011
961:2011
887:2011
841:2021
824:2016
758:ants
740:Diet
703:and
597:Iowa
579:and
536:The
514:: A
345:The
304:Pope
278:Cope
1711:EoL
1698:CoL
1592:. (
1459:. (
1091:. (
1048:doi
828:doi
648:cat
359:of
1888::
1856::
1854:RD
1843::
1830::
1817::
1804::
1791::
1778::
1765::
1752::
1739::
1726::
1713::
1700::
1685::
1670::
1602:;
1558:;
1483:;
1443:;
1417:;
1387:;
1369:;
1307:^
1209:,
1183:.
1125:^
1100:^
1075:;
1054:.
1044:26
1042:.
993:^
919:^
862:^
822:.
816:.
776:.
764:,
760:,
756:,
752:,
748:,
699:,
695:,
691:,
687:,
683:,
679:,
642:,
638:,
634:,
630:,
626:,
611:.
603:,
599:,
595:,
591:,
587:,
548:.
540:,
528:.
433:.
332:—
315:—
302:—
289:—
276:—
263:—
250:—
233:—
1510:5
1409:.
1361:.
1326:.
1301:.
1194:.
1169:.
1147:.
1119:.
1062:.
1050::
1020:.
963:.
889:.
853:"
843:.
830::
814:"
810:"
479:(
349:(
200:(
67:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
