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Somatic teaching practices are those which build students' awareness of their external environments and internal sensations while dancing. These practices may include making corrections with touch, in addition to verbal instructions; focusing on energy and process, instead of the physical shapes they
508:
uses gentle bodywork and relaxed exercises called
Mentastics to explore sensation and effortlessness in movement. Practitioners enter a meditative state and attempt to physically communicate a sense of lightness, curiosity, and playfulness via the practitioner's contact. Mentastics is an exploration
385:
demand the dancer's close attention to proprioceptive information about the position and motion of each part of the body, but "somatic movement" in dance refers more specifically to techniques whose primary focus is the dancer's personal, physical experience, rather than the audience's visual one.
217:. These pioneers were active, primarily in Europe, throughout the early twentieth century. Primarily motivated by movement-related injuries of their own, they introduced a variety of techniques intended to help recover from and prevent injury, as well as to enhance physical awareness.
442:, makes their technique more "intrinsic, internal and personalised". He claims the direct self-knowledge somatics offers is valuable for today's professional dancers, who are increasingly asked to work outside the structures of canonically codified techniques such as
402:
and others in the 1970s, which consists of two or more dancers responding organically to the physical sensations generated by their mutual contact. Contact improvisation can be performed for an audience, but is not designed to have any particular visual impact.
322:
are traditional
Chinese movement practices that can serve to support somatic practice. They typically involve moving meditation, coordinating slow flowing movement, deep rhythmic breathing, and calm meditative state of mind. They claim to balance and cultivate
410:, developed in the 1970s and 1980s, is an improvisational performance technique based on "'embodied presence', a state of awareness in which performers maintain conscious contact with their somatic experience", according to dance scholar Susanna Morrow.
528:
systems which locate spiritual authority in an external hierarchy, instead sacralizing the direct perception of an internal "life force". Although not strongly aligned with any particular spiritual tradition, somatics literature generally views
140:
movement. This movement sought to integrate movement practices, or "gymnastics", related to military and athletic training; medical treatment; and dance. Many physical culture practices were brought to the US. One particular
American innovator,
239:
Towards the end of the century, a trend of "cross-fertilization" emerged, with practitioners combining different "lineages" to form idiosyncratic styles. In recent decades, the field of somatics has grown to include dance forms like
488:, inspired in part by the Alexander Technique. It claims to improve well-being by bringing attention to movement patterns which proponents claim are inefficient or unnecessarily tense and replacing them with other patterns.
184:
challenged traditional
European conceptions of dance, introducing newly expressive and open-ended movement paradigms. Together, these movements set the stage for the first generation of "somatic pioneers", which included
386:
Somatics has been incorporated into dance communities around the world, with variations from country to country due to the history of the field's local introduction as well as broader cultural differences.
300:
practices which originated in modern-day India before 500 BCE. The ultimate goals of yoga are spiritual, and yoga practice generally involves physically assuming and moving through codified
1892:
285:
movement disciplines influenced the
Western somatic practices that emerged in the twentieth century. Aside from prayer, the oldest and most widely practiced somatic discipline is
502:, and movement retraining as tools for somatic education. Practitioners claim to make both the body and mind more adaptable and resilient, by improving "alignment" and movement.
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produce; and deliberately relaxing habitually-overused muscles. Warwick Long claims that using somatics in dance training, by strengthening dancers' knowledge of the
565:
229:
308:
describes a system of interconnected bodies, having different but interrelated physical and spiritual properties. The concept of energy flow through corporal
2184:
Williamson, Amanda (2010). "Reflections and theoretical approaches to the study of spiritualities within the field of somatic movement dance education".
1856:
Fortin, Sylvie; Long, Warwick; Lord, Madeleine (2002). "Three Voices: Researching how somatic education informs contemporary dance technique classes".
1928:
Sensing
Difference: Student and Teacher Perceptions on the Integration of the Feldenkrais Method of Somatic Education and Contemporary Dance Technique
152:
Many further foundational developments in somatics have been traced to the turn of the twentieth century. At that time, the increased popularity of
434:
classes. These practices are used to train dancers' proprioceptive skills and to adjust alignment, and are claimed to reduce the risk of injury.
1953:
Rootberg, Ruth (September 2007). Mandy Rees (ed.). "Voice and Gender and other contemporary issues in professional voice and speech training".
331:
is a
Japanese martial art that includes internal awareness and an emotional state of non-aggression; some styles emphasize this with separate
220:
Throughout the twentieth century, this founding generation's practices were codified and passed on by their students, some of whom, including
232:, and Lulu Sweigard, went on to establish their own influential schools or styles. In the 1970s, American philosopher and movement therapist
1826:
965:
Geuter, Ulfried; Heller, Michael C.; Weaver, Judyth O. (2010). "Elsa
Gindler and her influence on Wilhelm Reich and Body Psychotherapy".
783:"A brief history of somatic practices and dance: historical development of the field of somatic education and its relationship to dance"
2376:
2004:" frequent references to "kinesthesia", "sensory awareness", and "feeling" place him squarely in the center of the field of somatics.
1755:
Brodie, Julie; Lobel, Elin (2004). "Integrating
Fundamental Principles Underlying Somatic Practices into the Dance Technique Class".
720:
Somatic
Movement is: (a) movement structured around perceptual phenomena, and (b) movement interpreted through perceptual phenomena.
533:
and other monotheistic religions unfavorably and favors an eclectic mix of non-Western approaches to the sacred, including those of
477:, in the 1890s. It is an educational somatic technique intended to undo students' habits of using unnecessary tension in movement.
1630:
760:
The focus is on the individual experience: how we feel as opposed to how others perceive or how we think we are being perceived.
1371:"Impact of Medical Qigong on quality of life, fatigue, mood and inflammation in cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial"
1332:
359:, emphasized the somatic principles of mind-body connection, tracking of proprioceptive observations, and attention to breath.
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conditioning in the early 1920s. However, most contemporary forms of Pilates focus on correct physical technique more than
1680:
1629:
Bläsing, Bettina; Calvo-Merino, Beatriz; Cross, Emily S.; Jola, Corinne; Honisch, Juliane; Stevens, Catherine J. (2012).
145:, developed her own physical culture system. Some of Stebbins's many followers returned to Europe; one of these trained
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1902:
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97:, which emphasize the external observation of movement by an audience. Somatic techniques may be used in bodywork,
2211:
Holland, D. (2004). "Integrating Mindfulness Meditation and Somatic Awareness into a Public Educational Setting".
46:
1586:
Smitt, Myrim Sillevis; Bird, H. A. (2013). "Measuring and enhancing proprioception in musicians and dancers".
1686:
1217:
407:
2322:
900:"Somatics herstories: Tracing Elsa Gindler's educational antecedents Hade Kallmeyer and Genevieve Stebbins"
470:
186:
128:, was among the choreographers whose body-centric innovations influenced the early development of somatics.
782:
512:
Some alternative medicine practitioners who work with mental health have a somatic focus. For example, in
245:
62:
19:
This article is about sensation-based movement practices. For the matter-bound beings in Gnosticism, see
30:
153:
2381:
2355:
1834:
1338:
1113:
Fortin, Sylvie (2002). "Living in Movement: Development of Somatic Practices in Different Cultures".
1717:
Morrow, S. (2011). "Psyche meets Soma: accessing creativity through Ruth Zaporah's Action Theater".
24:
824:
2391:
577:
423:
1790:
Eddy, Martha Hart (2002). "Dance and Somatic Inquiry in Studios and Community Dance Programs".
1042:
659:
491:
696:
236:
introduced the term "somatics" to describe these related experiential practices collectively.
1001:
395:
371:
241:
181:
169:
736:
85:, the term refers to techniques based on the dancer's internal sensation, in contrast with "
1926:
1081:
Discovering the Body's Wisdom: A Comprehensive Guide to More Than Fifty Mind-Body Practices
589:
513:
459:
249:
2066:
2029:
485:
8:
466:
253:
194:
66:
1989:
1553:
640:
564:, are particularly associated with somatics. Spirituality is a component of the work of
57:
and experience. The term is used in movement therapy to signify approaches based on the
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1970:
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70:
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1974:
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857:
845:
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665:
664:. Springer International Handbooks of Education. Springer Netherlands. p. 1120.
293:
190:
35:
1665:
1615:
1369:
Oh; Butow; Mullan; Clarke; Beale; Pavlakis; Kothe; Lam; Rosenthal (31 August 2009).
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1966:
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2018:
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133:
74:
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883:
Mullan, Kelly (2016) "Harmonic Gymnastics and Somatics: A Genealogy of Ideas."
356:
352:
344:
225:
173:
165:
157:
54:
1599:
978:
870:
Mullan, Kelly. (2016). "European Antecedents to Somatic Movement." Chapter in
312:
reappears in other somatic forms, including contact improvisation and Qigong.
2365:
2224:
1464:
1035:
924:
849:
641:"The Art and Science of Somatics: Theory, History and Scientific Foundations"
557:
206:
98:
1554:"The Evolvement of the Pilates Method and its Relation to the Somatic Field"
1386:
825:"Somatics: Investigating the common ground of western body–mind disciplines"
614:
2062:
2025:
1657:
1607:
1535:
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1483:
1404:
1084:
916:
573:
569:
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399:
297:
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146:
94:
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Moving Consciously: Somatic Transformations through Dance, Yoga, and Touch
273:
899:
801:
499:
427:
121:
86:
872:
Mindful Movement: The Evolution of the Somatic Arts and Conscious Action
2267:
2246:
Eddy, Martha (2002). "Somatic Practices and Dance: Global Influences".
1308:
Yoga and the Sacred Fire: Self-Realization and Planetary Transformation
525:
161:
546:
257:
2324:
Dance and Somatics: Mind-Body Principles of Teaching and Performance
2259:
1282:
Theory And Practice of Yoga: Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson
1037:
Bodywork: What Type of Massage to Get and How to Make the Most of It
738:
Dance and Somatics: Mind-Body Principles of Teaching and Performance
542:
534:
202:
1897:(illustrated ed.). University of Illinois Press. p. 12.
698:
Dance, Somatics and Spiritualities: Contemporary Sacred Narratives
332:
568:, a leader in contemporary somatics who incorporates elements of
524:
Spiritual discourse within the field of somatics tends to reject
495:
319:
78:
1420:
The Way of Qigong: The Art and Science of Chinese Energy Healing
2350:
538:
443:
328:
315:
301:
149:, who is recognized as one of the earliest somatic innovators.
90:
20:
117:
1894:
Dance and the Alexander Technique: Exploring the Missing Link
1682:
Sharing the Dance: Contact Improvisation and American Culture
474:
382:
102:
82:
1631:"Neurocognitive control in dance perception and performance"
1628:
694:
1500:
Caldwell K, Adams M, Quin R, Harrison M, Greeson J (2013).
695:
Williamson, A.; Batson, G.; Whatley, S.; Weber, R. (2015).
309:
286:
282:
1188:. Gale virtual reference library. Rosen Publishing Group.
619:
Somatics: Magazine-Journal of the Bodily Arts and Sciences
2299:(illustrated, annotated ed.). Taylor & Francis.
1499:
885:
Currents: Journal of the Body-Mind Centering Association
469:, an early example of such a practice, was developed by
367:
1334:
Moving History/Dancing Cultures: A Dance History Reader
394:
Several dance techniques are considered somatic forms.
324:
2296:
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Body-mind Disciplines
1184:
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Body-mind Disciplines
661:
International Handbook of Research in Arts Education
61:, or "the body as perceived from within", including
2101:
Bone, Breath & Gesture: Practices of Embodiment
1446:Payne, Peter; Crane-Godreau, Mardi (24 July 2013).
1368:
462:consider sensory experience of the body important.
2054:
2017:
1445:
1181:
1034:
964:
898:
823:
2179:
2177:
2363:
1934:(M.P.Ed.). International Feldenkrais® Federation
1890:
1448:"Meditative movement for depression and anxiety"
1279:Jacobsen, Knut A.; Larson, Gerald James (2005).
1215:
938:Speads, Carola; Speads, Carola H. (April 1992).
516:, clients learn to monitor internal sensations.
422:use somatic principles and training, especially
16:Field of bodywork emphasizing internal sensation
1990:"The Alexander Technique and Somatic Education"
1222:Cram's Introduction to Surface Electromyography
1147:
2174:
1855:
1278:
1224:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 193.
430:, Alexander, and Feldenkrais, in performative
347:was originally developed as a somatic form of
132:An early precursor of the somatic movement in
1547:
1545:
1330:
1750:
1748:
1502:"Pilates, Mindfulness and Somatic Education"
1154:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 4.
1006:. University of Illinois Press. p. 26.
937:
690:
688:
484:is a somatic movement pedagogy developed by
2320:
1754:
1495:
1493:
967:Body, Movement & Dance in Psychotherapy
734:
277:Yoga combines physical and mental exercises
2239:
2183:
2131:
2125:
2104:. North Atlantic Books. pp. 317–338.
1551:
1542:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
38:in 1978, teaching how to rise from a chair
2321:Brodie, Julie A.; Lobel, Elin E. (2012).
2164:North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, CA, 1997
2154:
2090:Behnke, Elizabeth A. (1998). "Matching".
1891:Nettl-Fiol, Rebecca; Vanier, Luc (2011).
1783:
1745:
1585:
1525:
1473:
1463:
1394:
1331:Dills, Ann; Albright, Ann Cooper (2001).
1108:
1106:
1104:
830:Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy
685:
81:Structural Integration, among others. In
1952:
1490:
1141:
999:
993:
905:Journal of Dance & Somatic Practices
730:
728:
366:
272:
268:
116:
29:
2292:
2285:
2210:
2097:
1918:
1719:Theatre, Dance and Performance Training
1305:
1218:"Somatics and Surface Electromyography"
1179:
1168:
1078:
1063:
657:
453:
263:
160:in philosophy led philosophers such as
2364:
2186:Journal of Dance and Somatic Practices
2160:Levine, Peter A. with Frederick, Ann:
2089:
2052:
2046:
2015:
1716:
1251:
1112:
1101:
1032:
1026:
958:
896:
821:
790:Journal of Dance and Somatic Practices
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
741:. McFarland & Company. p. 6.
651:
638:
519:
1987:
1824:
1678:
1441:
1439:
1417:
725:
612:
338:
2245:
1924:
1789:
1209:
944:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co.
780:
172:. Meanwhile, choreographers such as
2134:Modalities for Massage and Bodywork
2057:The Bodywork and Massage Sourcebook
2020:The Bodywork and Massage Sourcebook
765:
13:
1436:
735:Brodie, J.A.; Lobel, E.E. (2012).
14:
2403:
2343:
2162:Waking the Tiger. Healing Trauma.
1151:Dynamic Alignment Through Imagery
897:Mullan, Kelly Jean (2017-09-01).
822:Mullan, Kelly Jean (2014-10-02).
355:awareness. The method's founder,
2377:Concepts in alternative medicine
2349:
2213:Journal of Humanistic Psychology
398:is a somatic genre developed by
327:, translated as "life energy".
2204:
2083:
2009:
1981:
1946:
1884:
1849:
1818:
1710:
1672:
1622:
1579:
1411:
1362:
1324:
1299:
1272:
1245:
931:
890:
498:and Hellerwork, uses bodywork,
1967:10.1080/23268263.2007.10769755
1804:10.1080/15290824.2002.10387220
1769:10.1080/15290824.2004.10387263
1258:. Cambridge University Press.
1255:The Origins of Yoga and Tantra
1127:10.1080/15290824.2002.10387221
877:
864:
815:
645:MALS Final Projects, 1995-2019
632:
606:
1:
1687:University of Wisconsin Press
595:
2293:Allison, Nancy, ed. (1999).
2094:(Spring/Summer 1998): 24–32.
1731:10.1080/19443927.2010.543987
1679:Novac, Cynthia Jean (1990).
1650:10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.12.005
1310:. Lotus Press. p. 288.
1087:. pp. 188–245, 326–51.
842:10.1080/17432979.2014.946092
639:Mullan, Kelly (2012-08-31).
600:
509:of body weight in gravity.
471:Frederick Matthias Alexander
413:
187:Frederick Matthias Alexander
55:internal physical perception
7:
2140:. pp. 366–83, 402–14.
2132:Stillerman, Elaine (2016).
1870:10.1080/1464789022000034712
1858:Research in Dance Education
583:
562:Buddhist walking meditation
246:Skinner Releasing Technique
63:Skinner Releasing Technique
10:
2408:
2098:Johnson, Don, ed. (1995).
1792:Journal of Dance Education
1757:Journal of Dance Education
1552:Rouhiainen, Leena (2010).
1422:. Random House of Canada.
1115:Journal of Dance Education
701:. Intellect. p. 252.
112:
18:
1825:Wozny, Nancy (May 2012).
1600:10.1007/s10067-013-2193-7
1339:Wesleyan University Press
1252:Samuel, Geoffrey (2008).
1216:Eleanor Criswell (2011).
979:10.1080/17432971003620113
389:
289:, but many others exist.
2225:10.1177/0022167804266100
1465:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00071
1220:. In Cram, James (ed.).
1148:Franklin, Eric. (1996).
941:Ways to Better Breathing
362:
2387:Mind–body interventions
2053:Levine, Andrew (1998).
2016:Levine, Andrew (1998).
1955:Voice and Speech Review
1827:"The Somatics Infusion"
1561:Nordic Journal of Dance
1452:Frontiers in Psychiatry
1306:Frawley, David (2004).
1079:Knaster, Mirka (1996).
1033:Claire, Thomas (1995).
578:Laban Movement Analysis
566:Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen
545:, and various kinds of
424:Laban Movement Analysis
248:, and has been used in
230:Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen
2248:Dance Research Journal
1925:Long, Warwick (2002).
1518:10.1386/jdsp.5.2.141_1
1043:William Morrow and Co.
917:10.1386/jdsp.9.2.159_1
613:Hanna, Thomas (1986).
492:Structural Integration
378:
374:is a somatic style of
278:
129:
39:
23:. For other uses, see
2198:10.1386/jdsp.2.1.35_1
1418:Cohen, K. S. (1999).
1387:10.1093/annonc/mdp479
1000:Fraleigh, S. (2015).
781:Eddy, Martha (2009).
396:Contact improvisation
372:Contact improvisation
370:
276:
269:Traditional practices
242:contact improvisation
170:experiential learning
136:was the 19th-century
120:
89:techniques", such as
33:
2358:at Wikimedia Commons
2286:General bibliography
1180:Allison, N. (1999).
802:10.1386/jdsp.1.1.5_1
658:Bresler, L. (2007).
590:Somatic experiencing
514:somatic experiencing
460:alternative medicine
454:Alternative medicine
264:Movement disciplines
250:occupational therapy
2136:(second ed.).
1506:J Dance Somat Pract
615:"What is Somatics?"
554:spiritual practices
520:Spiritual practices
467:Alexander technique
304:or body positions.
292:Yoga is a group of
254:clinical psychology
195:Mabel Elsworth Todd
124:, who studied with
107:spiritual practices
67:Alexander technique
1988:Rosenberg, Bobby.
1837:on 5 November 2014
1375:Annals of Oncology
874:, ed. Martha Eddy.
482:Feldenkrais Method
379:
339:Exercise practices
279:
211:Irmgard Bartenieff
182:Margaret H'Doubler
143:Genevieve Stebbins
130:
71:Feldenkrais Method
45:is a field within
40:
2354:Media related to
1696:978-0-299-12440-3
1638:Acta Psychologica
1429:978-0-345-42109-8
1317:978-81-208-2746-2
1292:978-90-04-14757-7
1265:978-0-521-69534-3
1195:978-0-8239-2546-9
1161:978-0-87322-475-8
1013:978-0-252-09749-2
951:978-0-89281-397-1
748:978-0-7864-8958-9
708:978-1-78320-178-5
671:978-1-4020-2998-1
486:Moshé Feldenkrais
458:Several forms of
281:Many traditional
191:Moshe Feldenkrais
53:which emphasizes
36:Moshe Feldenkrais
34:Somatic educator
2399:
2382:Dance and health
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2007:
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1978:
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1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1888:
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1853:
1847:
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1844:
1842:
1833:. Archived from
1822:
1816:
1815:
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1714:
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596:References
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335:training.
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