South African energy crisis

1264:, former head of generation for Eskom, was named as acting CEO. Eskom stated it intended to pursue a nuclear solution to current energy woes. According to projections from late 2016, the use of nuclear power would provide over 1000GW of power by 2050. In preparation, the company launched a training program for 100 technicians, engineers and artisans to certify them as nuclear operators. In January 2018 Eskom's acting Chief Financial Officer stated that the company could not afford a new build, following a 34% drop in interim profits due to declining sales and increasing financing costs. The government stated it would proceed with the plan but more slowly. 457: 22: 1225: 1233: 895: 399: 156: 903: 80:; neglect by Eskom staff in addition to multiple acts of sabotage and the activity of criminal syndicates within Eskom with alleged political connections have also contributed to ongoing power supply problems, as has corruption within the ruling party itself. Many South Africans consider the ongoing energy crisis to be just another symptom of long-standing inept governance. In April 2024, South Africa had a full month without rotational power cuts, which was the first time since January 2022. 180:. Many Eskom power stations are almost 50 years old and near decommissioning. Following the first period of load shedding in 2007 to 2008 Eskom commissioned the construction of the Medupi and Kusile coal fired power plants to expand energy production by 25%. The construction of these plants encountered numerous technical problems and cost overruns whilst the existing fleet of power plants were not replaced and continued to operate past their operational lifespan. 30: 6758: 468:'s ability, to supply it. During these periods the power is rationed between different electrical grid areas cross the country and within municipal areas. With areas experiencing power outages typically lasting two to four hours. Although South Africa has a national grid some areas of the country experience more periods of loadshedding than other areas due to differences in local power generation capabilities and difficulties in electrical distribution. 1108: 1003:, reported to Parliament that additional incidents of cables being cut intentionally by saboteurs, rising theft at its power plants, and corruption around the supply of fuel oil, had greatly worsened the energy crisis and Eskom's ability to resolve it. South African journalist Kyle Cowan has speculated that these acts of sabotage were politically motivated by unknown groups or individuals within Eskom involved in corruption. 6770: 879:

Koeberg Nuclear power station level 4 load shedding would be implemented; a week later level 5 load shedding was declared. The day after the implementation of level 5 loadshedding was announced generators at the Kusile and Kriel power stations tripped thereby forcing Eskom to implement level 6 loadshedding with the prospect of level 8 being implemented.

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with long waiting lists. Health standards were dropping together with water shortages in all public health facilities. The Health and Allied Workers Indaba Trade Union said "nurses were fed up with relying on mobile phone torchlights, unreliable generators, and using cooler boxes to keep vaccines and other medicines at the correct temperatures".

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year until the crisis passes. Due primarily to the impact on mining companies, economists in 2011 downgraded GDP growth forecasts significantly. The consensus hovered around 4% (well short of the 6% government target), with the caveat that growth could reduce by 20 basis points every month under certain circumstances.

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employees. The loss of generating capacity due to strike action was in addition to a loss of 2,766MW from planned maintenance and another 17,395MW from power station breakdowns. As the strike action continued Eskom warned that it might be necessary to implement stage 6 load shedding. On 28 June 2022,

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On Thursday 4 November, Eskom fell 4,000 megawatts (5,400,000 hp) short of the country's electricity demand of 28,000 megawatts (38,000,000 hp). The power utility has the ability to produce 45,583 megawatts (61,128,000 hp) but could only supply 24,000 megawatts (32,000,000 hp) due

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Expanding generating capacity will see an estimated spend of R280 billion over the next five years from 2015 on wards, with around 20 000 megawatts of additional capacity due to be online by 2025. However, neither short nor long term funding has yet been secured and the downgrading of Eskom's credit

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As of April 2023, 80% of public health-care facilities were affected by and only 20% exempt from power cuts. Patient care has been compromised especially in rural areas, but also in major hospitals who "were overwhelmed with patients coming from rural hospitals". Surgical care has been most affected

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Eskom announced that level 2 load shedding would be re-implemented from 2 to 7 February 2022 due to the breakdown of two generating units at the Kusile and Kendal power stations. In early March 2022 level 4 load shedding was announced due to breakdowns taking 15,439MW out of the national grid. Stage

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Eskom implemented a further round of load shedding commencing in December 2019. South Africa is currently experiencing its worst energy crisis, when Load Shedding Stage 6 activated for the first time ever in December. Eskom stated that of its total nominal capacity of around 44,000 MW, it was unable

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government was considering the privatisation of Eskom which was cited as a reason why the government took no action. This resulted in Eskom being unable to add additional generating capacity and thereby keep up with increasing national demand for electricity from 2002 onward. Government only granted

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According to Eskom and government officials, the solution requires the construction of additional power stations and generators. This does not explain the fact that according to Eskom's own figures its available generation capacity has dropped from more than 37GW in 1994 to less than 28GW in 2024 in

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As of February 2008 blackouts were temporarily halted due to reduced demand and maintenance stabilization. This drop in demand was caused by many of the country's mines shutting down or slowing to help alleviate the burden. However, regularly scheduled mandatory load shedding started in April 2008,

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In 2019, small business owners said that load shedding was the number one challenge that they faced. In a small business sentiment report of 3984 small business owners 44% said that they had been severely affected by load shedding with 85% stating that it had reduced their revenue. As a result, 40%

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The energy crisis has significantly limited economic growth in South Africa thereby preventing the country from resolving high rates of unemployment. The power shortage is estimated to have reduced economic growth in 2021 by 3% thereby costing the country an estimated 350,000 potential new jobs for

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of electrical infrastructure, as well as corruption, might be contributing to power supply problems. An initial forensic investigation found evidence that recent damage to a coal conveyor at Lethabo was the result of deliberate sabotage. Steel supports had been severed, causing a power supply pylon

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In mid-September 2022, South Africa's energy grid experienced a collapse in generating capacity which resulted in up to half of Eskom's generating capacity being lost. Eskom announced that due to fires and a broken coal conveyor belt at Kendal power station, and an electrical trip during testing at

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Eskom was criticised for exporting electricity to neighbouring African states while not having the capacity to meet South Africa's demand. Eskom, however, announced on 20 January 2008 that it had ceased to export power. The government claimed the shortage had caught them by surprise since the South

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reported that part of the problem is related to the supply of coal to the coal-fired power plants. Several other causes have been postulated, including skills shortages and increasing demand for electricity around the country. Daily load shedding occurred for the first time for two weeks in January

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prices hit record highs as mines were first shut down and subsequently restricted in their electricity use. South Africa supplies 85% of the world's platinum and 30% of palladium. Mining companies estimate that hundreds of thousands of ounces of both gold and platinum production will be lost every

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As of 2008 big companies with international investors were also affected by the electricity crisis and announced these effects to the international community, bringing the situation to the attention of potential foreign investors. Load shedding in the first six months of 2015 was estimated to have

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sued the national government, demanding to be allowed to purchase electricity from third parties. The national government supported mandatory centralization in the Eskom system. Though Cape Town lost its case, in October 2020 the government changed its regulations to allow municipalities to build

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Following the 2021 municipal elections, stage 4 load shedding recommenced on 5 November due to problems at Kendal, Tutuka, Matimba, Majuba and Lethabo power stations. In a post-election address on 8 November, President Ramaphosa remarked that the continuing reliance on Eskom, as the sole national

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On 5 December 2014, Eskom started major stage three load shedding in South Africa after the shut down of two power plants on 4 November (of said year) due to diesel shortages. It was also reported that the Palmiet and Drakensberg Pumped Storage Schemes were also experiencing difficulties due to a

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The Majuba power plant lost its capacity to generate power after a collapse of one of its coal storage silos on 1 November 2014. The Majuba power plant delivered approximately 10% of the country's entire capacity and the collapse halted the delivery of coal to the plant. A second silo developed a

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In a December 1998 report, analysts and leaders in Eskom and in the South African government predicted that Eskom would run out of electrical power reserves by 2007 unless action was taken to prevent it. To improve power supply and reliability, the 1998 report recommended restructuring Eskom into

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Another period of load shedding began in February 2019 when Eskom announced level 4 load shedding due to the temporary loss of generating capacity. This necessitated the dropping of 4,000 MW of power consumption from the national grid. In mid-March of that year extensive ongoing power cuts were

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On 15 January 2015 Eskom's then CEO Tshediso Matona admitted that Eskom's policy to "Keep the Lights on" meant that power station maintenance was neglected for years, and that South Africans will have to get used to electricity blackouts for the next four to five years. In December that year an

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stated that an additional reason for the load shedding was the loss of 2,000 MW due to alleged sabotage by an Eskom employee. Eskom chief operations officer, Jan Oberholzer, publicly stated that the primary reason for load shedding was due to a lack of maintenance and neglect over the preceding

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In 2022 the business analysis firm Intellidex estimated that it would cost South Africa R500 billion (US$ 28 billion) to resolve the energy crisis within three years. Alexforbes has estimated that prolonged stage 6 load shedding would cost the country R4 billion (US$ 216 million) a day in lost

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On 25 October 2021, Eskom announced that capacity would remain "constrained" through August 2022, with negative effects on the economy. Eskom also estimated that an additional 4000MW to 6000MW of generation capacity would be required to remove the risk of loadshedding. On 27 October 2021 Eskom

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Banks and telecommunications companies have generally continued to operate as usual thanks to existing backup systems. However, as of November 2021 load shedding led to diminished mobile network coverage, as backup batteries have also been stolen and cellphone stations vandalised during power

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On 7 December 2022, level 6 load shedding was reimposed when over 20,000MW of generation was taken off line due to a high number of power station breakdowns. It was reported that level 7 load shedding might begin if planned maintenance was implemented, that would take one of Koeberg's nuclear

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twelve years resulting in an unpredictable and unreliable system. South African opposition parties criticized the African National Congress and President Ramaphosa for the way in which they handled the crisis. An additional round of load shedding (stage 4) was initiated in March 2020 when the

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using periods of when there is no power to steal equipment from power stations, sub-stations, and transmission lines thereby complicating Eskom's efforts to mitigate the energy crisis and costing the utility over R16.8 billion (US$ 937 million) whilst also causing additional difficulties for

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As of December 2019, Eskom have published 8 stages of load shedding, each stage representing the removal of 1000 MW increments of demand by controlled shut down on sections of the supply grid based on a predetermined schedule. Schedules may vary by location. Stage 6 (6000 MW reduction) was

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On 11 December 2014 it was announced that President Jacob Zuma had assigned Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa to oversee the turnaround of three state owned companies namely "Eskom, the South African Airways, and the South African Post Office", all of which were in dire straits.

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After the 2 hour disconnect period there is typically an additional 30 minutes added to allow for switching on, not counted in the totals as mentioned above. Problems may arise during switch on that can cause an actual fault blackout in the area beyond the scheduled time.

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stated painted "a picture of inefficiency, inaccurate forecasting and cost overruns" at the power utility. Part of the refusal was the finding that Eskom had an additional 6,000 employees that were not needed, costing the company R3.8 billion annually. On 28 March 2018

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of small businesses lost revenue of 20% or more during the load shedding period while 20% of owners claimed that if load shedding were to continue at similar levels to Q1 of 2019, they would have to consider reducing their staffing levels or closing their business.

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denied an application by Eskom to increase electricity tariffs by a future 19.9% for the financial year 2018/19. The regulator instead granted a 5.2% increase and gave a list of reasons for the refusal to grant higher tariffs that the South African newspaper

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The energy crisis has had a number of very negative impacts on South Africa. These range from reducing economic growth and making it more difficult to do business in the country to increasing crime rates and shaping South African politics. A 2022 study by the

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for further investigation. Despite investigations and disciplinary action, acts of sabotage continued into May 2022, when it was revealed that multiple incidents had occurred at several plants. In May 2022, the Minister for Public Enterprises,

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news agency where he expressed doubts about the political will in government to end endemic graft at the power utility. In an effort to address allegations of corruption at Eskom as well as the unprecedented power shortages, President

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Sabotage and corruption at the state owned energy utility Eskom and its suppliers have prolonged and deepened the energy crisis by limiting the country's ability to maintain existing power generating capacity and increasing expenses.

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Eskom confirmed that stage six load shedding would be implemented that evening, only the second time since December 2019. By the end of June the strike was effectively ended when Eskom agreed to restart wage negotiations.

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pumped water scheme to reduce the impact by up to two loadshedding levels. In April 2023, Cape Town announced plans to make it "loadshedding free" within 3 years starting with the construction of a 60MW solar plant.

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generation facilities or purchase electricity, subject to the final approval of the Ministry of Mineral Resources and Energy. The city then set a goal of 40% non-Eskom energy by 2030 and 100% clean energy by 2050.

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as the country's first ever electricity minister. On 12 April 2023, level 6 load shedding was implemented as generating units failed at the Tutuka, Kriel, Duvha and Kendal power stations. Parts of the cities of

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announced that stage 4 load shedding would be implemented for three days due to problems with the Medupi, Kusile, Matla, Lethabo and Arnot power stations. That same day, the governing party of South Africa, the

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to generate electricity, thereby increasing the exemption threshold from 1 megawatt to 100 megawatts. This would allow private power producers to more easily add power production capacity to the national grid.

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15 power stations were commissioned between 1961 and 1996, adding a combined 35,804 MW of capacity. In the 21st century, only 9,564 MW of capacity has been added from the currently constructing power stations

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agreement between Eskom and Areva to replace steam generators at the Koeberg nuclear plant was judged "unlawful", by the Supreme Court of Appeal, bringing the utility company's tender process into question.

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would be deployed at four Eskom power stations "in response to the growing threat of sabotage, theft, vandalism and corruption" for an indeterminate length of time. In late February 2023, then Eskom CEO,

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indicated that since level 6 load shedding was introduced the repeated periods of load shedding has significantly reduced "the overall happiness of South Africans." In 2023 a case was brought before the

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were left without power for multiple days after 7 pylons collapsed when thieves cut the supporting struts of a number of large pylons — reportedly for scrap — causing multiple separate collapses.

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The costs associated with load shedding have led to an annual GDP reduction of 1 to 1.3% since 2007, with daily economic losses estimated between $ 85 million and $ 230 million for the country.

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is still out of commission due to an "unexplained incident" in March 2014. Load shedding was scheduled to resume in February 2015, due to industry start up, after the December holiday period.

914:, who was due to leave the company next month, had left with immediate effect amid a worsening nationwide energy crisis. The announcement came after its former CEO gave an interview with the 4751: 4856: 3690: 3418: 6431: 944:

This period of loadshedding ended in March 2024 starting a significant period of reliable power supply. Multiple reasons were given by government and Eskom for this change. They are:

5753: 6591: 68:) having been added to the grid during that period, nor why Eskom's financial position has deteriorated from showing a R2.3bn net profit in 1994 to having a debt of R423bn in 2023. 5060: 4698: 3635: 5618: 1632: 4882: 3341: 1525: 6353: 6272: 2457: 4724: 3608: 6148: 1832: 1281:

downgraded Eskom's credit rating to B2 from B1 stating that it was concerned with "the lack of any tangible financial support for the company in the February state budget".

5806: 4957: 6376: 6073: 3660: 814: 5727: 6032: 2091: 3785: 2849: 441:. This transition has been slow, but there has been progress in recent years, with the government's commitment to procuring renewable energy and reducing the country's 6698: 6303: 4646: 4484: 715:

A combination of factors were blamed for the fourth period of load shedding ranging from weather to allegations of sabotage and neglect. Unusually heavy rains in the

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businesses. Despite the warnings of the 1998 report and requests by Eskom to be allowed to increase capacity, the national government took no action. At the time the

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downgraded Eskom's credit rating further into sub-investment cutting its long-term credit rating to BB - two levels below the investment threshold. In the same year

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After providing uninterrupted power for 77 days, Eskom announced on 7 October 2021 that stage 2 load shedding would resume due to planned and unplanned outages.

5087: 4378: 3837: 6496: 6466: 6451: 6257: 5377: 4110: 3550: 3002: 6651: 6571: 6561: 6516: 6471: 6416: 6411: 2745: 414:. These plants are aging and often require maintenance, resulting in breakdowns and unplanned outages that reduce the amount of electricity available to the 2977: 1658: 6406: 3445: 2606: 2576: 1789:"An investigation into the state of governance in a public entity: through the application of world governance indicators: the case of ESKOM, South Africa" 5138: 2475: 2003: 6606: 6556: 4250: 3579: 3028: 2036: 1135:

in 2007 marked on the chart. The start of the energy crisis was also the start of a long period of increases in the price of electricity in South Africa.

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A reduction in demand for electricity provided by Eskom due to higher energy bills, the spread of alternative energy sources, and slow economic growth.

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A resulting reduction in the number of unplanned breakdowns of power generation units allowed for the successful implementation of planned maintenance.

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or load shedding is an ongoing period of widespread national blackouts of electricity supply. It began in the later months of 2007 towards the end of

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to allow maintenance periods of power generators, and recovery of coal stockpiles before the winter, when electricity usage is expected to surge.

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major crack on 20 November causing the shut down of the plant again, this after temporary measures were instituted to deliver coal to the plant.

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African economy had grown faster than expected; however, their target growth rate of 6% per year was not reached from 1996 to 2004. The average

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Since 2007, South Africa has experienced multiple periods of loadshedding as the country's demand for electricity exceeded its ability, notably

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Power outages have reduced the potential size of the South African economy by approximately 20% since the inception of load shedding in 2007.

5706: 4404: 2476:"News24, South Africa's premier news source, provides breaking news on national, world, Africa, sport, entertainment, technology & more" 2428:"News24, South Africa's premier news source, provides breaking news on national, world, Africa, sport, entertainment, technology & more" 1905:"News24, South Africa's premier news source, provides breaking news on national, world, Africa, sport, entertainment, technology & more" 1883: 1424:"News24, South Africa's premier news source, provides breaking news on national, world, Africa, sport, entertainment, technology & more" 719:

region of South Africa resulted in wet coal and flooding leading to a number of plants being unable to operate effectively, most notably at

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Cape Town has adopted a range of local policies to even out local electricity demand on a daily basis as of 2022. This includes using the

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and resulting economic slowdown load shedding was largely suspended due to reduced demand for electricity. This ended in March 2021, when

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cost South African businesses R13.72 billion in lost revenue with an additional R716 million spent by businesses on backup generators.

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growth rate during this period was 3.1%. The year 2012 was frequently mentioned as the earliest possible end to the power shortages.

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In February 2023, a chicken farmer sued Eskom for damages when loadshedding resulted in 40,000 of his broiler chickens suffocating.

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The first period of chronic power shortages occurred in late 2007 and lasted until at least May 2008. Investigative television show

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On 24 November 2020, Moody's further downgraded Eskom's long-term credit rating to Caa1. This places Eskom's credit within the

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In 2022, it was reported that long periods of loadshedding were resulting in many increased incidents of crime. This included

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experienced breakdowns. In May 2021, stage 2 load-shedding was reimplemented following multiple power station breakdowns at

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and alarms had increased in some urban areas of South Africa during the period when level 6 loadshedding was implemented.

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Average electricity tariffs increased by 460% between 2007 and 2020, adding further burden on businesses and households.

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Eskom Power generation on 27 June 2022. Loadshedding indicated as Orange, showing how Eskom cannot generate peak demand

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By the end of 2022, South Africans experienced more than 200 days of power cuts, the most in a calendar year to date.

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Load shedding increased to level 4 and then level 6 nationally in late June 2022 following unlawful strike action by

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would be amended to increase the threshold for exemption from applying for a license from national energy regulator

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By July 2024 this had resulted in an increase in energy generating capacity to 35,000 MW, the highest in 6 years.

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has been a recurring problem for many years, and one of its main causes is the country's heavy reliance on

3691:"Inside Eskom's week from hell – fires, broken conveyors and disaster as 50% of generation capacity fails" 2244: 954:

The issuing of a R 254 billion ($ 14bn; £10.9bn) debt-relief package for Eskom provided by the government.

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depletion of water reserve to the Hydro plants. Stage three was the highest degree of load shedding then.

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raised concerns that the recent load shedding schedule may be politically motivated, given the upcoming

6738: 6486: 4136: 2534: 1328: 1025: 980: 69: 56:, and various parliamentarians attributed these rolling blackouts to insufficient generation capacity. 4752:"Happiness index shows South Africans are furious about load shedding - and it could lead to protests" 3864:"ROLLING BLACKOUTS: Waking up to Stage 6, now Eskom execs are fighting to fend off Stage 8 power cuts" 2332: 6581: 6491: 5443: 2696: 2116: 830: 660: 4857:"City of Joburg to cough up R6m on repairs to damaged substations due to load shedding, cable theft" 1817: 1120: 456: 6536: 6511: 6446: 951:

The implementation of a two-year Generation Operational Recovery Plan to increase power generation.

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following loadshedding periods had exceeded the cost of replacing appliances due to burglaries.

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to collapse. In a media briefing, de Ruyter commented that the matter had been referred to the

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In mid-January 2023, protests over the frequency and extent of load shedding broke out in the

894: 6703: 6673: 6668: 6601: 6174: 6133: 6123: 5878: 5711: 5530: 1804: 1051: 745: 5354: 4304:"Further incidents of sabotage at Eskom power stations thwart efforts to halt load shedding" 3498:"ESKOM ALERT: Stage 4 power cuts hit South Africa as nearly half the grid fails over Easter" 6733: 6546: 6169: 6153: 6143: 6128: 6118: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6078: 3238:"'It's very severe' - Alarming chunk of Eskom capacity is down as load shedding hits again" 2558: 1176: 995: 924: 800: 796: 784: 780: 773: 769: 757: 753: 749: 720: 177: 173: 65: 61: 650:

Since 2007, South Africa has experienced at least five distinct periods of load shedding.

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can be variable, and the power generated is not always available at times of high demand.

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Power transmission grid of South Africa in 2022. Pink: 765 kV; Red: 400 kV; Brown: 533 kV

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municipalities. Incidents of metal theft, house breaking and robberies due to a lack of

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to provide around 13,000 MW of total capacity, resulting in the nationwide blackouts.

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Ngcuka, Victoria O'Regan and Onke; Ngcuka, Victoria O'Regan and Onke (29 June 2022).

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is not without its challenges. The intermittency of wind and solar power means that

6501: 6436: 6421: 6391: 6318: 5780: 4485:"Eskom is the ANC's feeding trough — De Ruyter comes out guns blazing in interview" 3972: 2978:"'Eskom is captured': Jan Oberholzer on wet coal, sabotage and stage 6 desperation" 2285: 1792: 1030: 5035:"(Rapport) Eskom, principal responsable de la crise énergétique en Afrique du Sud" 4699:"Load shedding: DA and EFF's divergent approaches to South Africa's energy crisis" 3157:"Ramaphosa announces energy reform at last, opens up independent power generation" 1858:"Eskom's big turnaround plan is happening 25 years after it was first recommended" 1116: 902: 6401: 6225: 5361: 5301:"Platinum Price Today | Price of Platinum Per Ounce | 24 Hour Spot Chart | KITCO" 5300: 5170: 5088:"Load shedding claims now exceed burglaries, fuelling premium hikes, says Sanlam" 4167: 4032: 2389: 920: 724: 415: 5807:"New R1.2bn solar project will shield Cape Town from one stage of load shedding" 4778:"Political parties, unions want court to declare load shedding unconstitutional" 3959: 1763:"Bad policy choices, poor governance, weak leadership are wrecking SA's economy" 1131:

South African cents per kWh of electricity, 1994 to 2020, with the start of the

6621: 6576: 6323: 5680:"Rating Action: Moody's downgrades Eskom's ratings; maintains negative outlook" 4910:"How criminals are taking advantage of increased load shedding in South Africa" 3890:"Eskom says it will implement stage six load shedding from midday on Wednesday" 3419:"Stage 1 load shedding for City of Cape Town customers as power outages return" 3003:"'Unparalleled incompetence': Political parties react to stage 6 load-shedding" 2065:"Eskom says it will implement stage six load shedding from midday on Wednesday" 1000: 5907: 4354: 4194: 4033:"Kgosientsho Ramokgopa: South Africa gets new minister to tackle power crisis" 2506:"Iafrica.com | news | sa news Southern African power crisis deepens" 1685:"The ANC, Chancellor House and Hitachi: A shadowy nexus without a smoking gun" 1033:

to declare the energy crisis unconstitutional due to the hardship it imposed.

703:

implemented across the country by Eskom as part of the level 4 load shedding.

147:

Eskom permission to significantly expand energy production (by 70%) in 2004.

6790: 6328: 6220: 3524:"Eskom ramps up power cuts to stage 4 due to strike action at power stations" 1659:"amaBhungane | How fuel thieves siphon off millions from Eskom power station" 1607: 1323: 1313: 1300: 1261: 1168: 807: 776: 77: 5164:

Harmony Gold expects to get 75 pct of power needs from Eskom until Wednesday

3580:"Load shedding to hit stage 4 all weekend after wage talks deadlock - Eskom" 3446:"More darkness ahead as Stage 4 load shedding kicks in on Wednesday morning" 6293: 5139:"Stage 6 load shedding costs South Africa over R4 billion a day: economist" 4958:"Phoenix roads in flames as frustrated residents burn tyres over blackouts" 3984: 450: 407: 164: 49: 5275:"North West farmer to sue Eskom for R2m after 40 000 broiler chickens die" 5230: 5184:"The economic impactof load shedding: The case of South African retailers" 4806:"'Opportunistic' criminals are taking advantage of load shedding - WC CPF" 2004:"The state of electricity in South Africa - Part I: The problems in Eskom" 619:

00:00 - 02:30 & 08:00 - 10:30 & 14:00 - 18:30 & 22:00 - 00:30

4489: 3746:"Cascading problems after Kendal coal conveyor belt broke led to Stage 4" 1245:

rating has ignited speculation of a capital injection by the government.

1175:

potential economic activity and that the costs of load shedding increase

1057: 438: 143: 45: 5921: 4539:"Outgoing Eskom CEO Andre de Ruyter leaves with immediate effect | eNCA" 4514:"ANC leaders upset by Andre de Ruyter's scathing criticism of the party" 3212:"Eskom to implement stage 2 load shedding at 9pm on Thursday and Friday" 2513: 2308:"Eskom is now rationing electricity at stage 6 – here's what that means" 2220:"Eskom CEO says renewable energy is long-term solution to load shedding" 1006:

In December 2022, President Ramaphosa's spokesperson announced that the

29: 6195: 5523:"S&P's downgrades South Africa's Eskom further into junk territory" 4883:"Load shedding gives criminals the upper hand and cripples the economy" 4460:"Scandal at South Africa's Eskom: the CEO and the cyanide-laced coffee" 4379:"Army deployed to guard Eskom power stations amid load shedding crisis" 1796: 434: 422: 73: 3838:"Grin and bear it SA, Eskom is implementing stage 6 rolling blackouts" 2559:"Eskom to invite more cogeneration projects, hopes to fast track some" 1144:, the ongoing power crisis has had significant economic consequences: 1115:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

52:

government-owned national power utility, and primary power generator,

6210: 4568:"Energy crisis in South Africa – a barrier to higher economic growth" 4251:"André de Ruyter: Deliberate acts of sabotage are causing power cuts" 3916:"The Midday Report Express: Stage 6 loadshedding; What happens next?" 1212: 850: 834: 1788: 1552:"Problems at Eskom Identified as a Main Cause of SA's Energy Crisis" 421:

To address this problem, South Africa has been working to shift its

5911: 4202: 2746:"Stages 6 to 8 load-shedding: What it means and how it affects you" 2166:"In South Africa, 'load shedding' takes a toll on small businesses" 1208: 1082: 990: 933: 929: 723:. This was exacerbated by bad coal management practices. President 716: 5250:"SEE | 40 000 chickens killed, farmer to put R1.5m claim to Eskom" 4111:"Ford plant hit as parts of Tshwane go dark after pylons collapse" 3290:"Candle in the wind: Eskom warns of another year of load shedding" 2823:"Flooding a major factor in move to stage 6 load shedding - Eskom" 5915: 4137:"Five more pylons collapse in Tshwane due to vandalism and theft" 2245:"South Africa Turns to Clean Energy as Load-shedding Intensifies" 1966: 1933: 5189:. Gordon Institute of Business Science. p. 109 – via 4677:"Increase in home break-ins during longer load shedding periods" 3551:"Eskom's biggest unions distance themselves from illegal strike" 2268:"How the Government & Eskom Can Put an End to Load Shedding" 1969:

White Paper on the Energy Policy of the Republic of South Africa

1936:

White Paper on the Energy Policy of the Republic of South Africa

5414:"$ 83 Billion in South Africa Spending Fails to Keep Lights On" 1833:"Union slams 'inept' government as Stage 8 load shedding looms" 1736:"Chancellor House: R266m for nine years of lies by ANC partner" 1164: 1074: 690:

to "planned and unplanned" maintenance. One turbine at Eskom's

676: 48:'s second term as president, and continues to the present. The 4168:"South Africa load-shedding: How Eskom has kept the lights on" 3185:"Ramaphosa unveils policy amendments to help struggling Eskom" 2333:"Eskom load shedding: Interpreting Eskom load-shedding stages" 6006: 5114:"SA needs R500 billion to end load shedding, says Intellidex" 4931:"Criminals are using power blackouts to their advantage: ISS" 4589:"Five factors that small businesses face during loadshedding" 2798:"Eskom: Heavy rain in Mpumalanga still impacting coal supply" 2607:"Eskom admits another coal-storage silo at Majuba is cracked" 1974:(Report). Department of Minerals and Energy. pp. 55–56. 1318: 732:

experienced a fault with one of the sea water cooling pumps.

465: 53: 706: 5715:. Vol. 124, no. 3, May/June 2021. pp. 26–27. 4430:"Army deployed to Eskom power plants amid security threats" 4278:"Eskom finds evidence of sabotage at Lethabo Power Station" 3812:"Eskom moves to Stage 5 load shedding until Monday morning" 2850:"Understanding high Eskom failure rate - sub-standard coal" 2771:"Eskom steps up power cuts after flooding hits major plant" 915: 697: 426: 160: 3394:"'Complex' Eskom problem keeping Ramaphosa awake at night" 3029:"Now Koeberg reactor's pumps get blamed for load shedding" 2925:"Criminal case reportedly lodged against Eskom 'saboteur'" 2720:"Eskom load shedding at crisis levels, says energy expert" 2117:"Dark history: The real reason behind load shedding in SA" 1346: 1140:

According to Lungile Mashele, an energy specialist at the

845:

generator, was a central risk to the power supply system.

1941:(Report). Department of Minerals and Energy. p. 41. 910:

On 22 February 2023, Eskom announced that its former CEO

460:

Hours of load shedding in South Africa by stage 2014-2023

4356:[WATCH] Sabotage: Eskom Under Siege – Kyle Cowan 2286:"What is loadshedding or Interrupting the Power Supply?" 1884:"South Africa Factory Mood Surges to Near Two-Year High" 735: 476:

Stages of loadshedding and their impact on the end user

188:

Below is a timeline of Eskom built major power stations

5876:

Dubresson, Alain & Jaglin, Sylvy (16 August 2016).

4403:

Vollgraaff, Rene; Vecchiatto, Paul (18 December 2022).

3131:"Eskom ramps up load shedding to stage 4 for Wednesday" 1504:"How the ANC government broke Eskom – 2008 versus 2018" 813:

On 10 June 2021 President Ramaphosa announced that the

5498:"The story behind Eskom's 'unlawful' Koeberg contract" 4984:"Roads blocked in Boksburg due to electricity protest" 4616:"Small business buckle under relentless load shedding" 4085:"Eskom rushes back to Stage 6 as breakdowns hit fleet" 1167:

reported that the cost of replacing appliances due to

810:. By 9 June 2021 level 4 load shedding was announced. 602:

00:00 - 02:30 & 08:00 - 10:30 & 14:00 - 18:30

585:

00:00 - 02:30 & 08:00 - 10:30 & 14:00 - 18:30

568:

00:00 - 02:30 & 08:00 - 10:30 & 16:00 - 18:30

33:

Eskom Nation Grid Production by Source in April 2023,

25:

Eskom Loadshedding Compared to Energy Produced in 2023

5918:, documentary about corruption and the energy crisis. 5879:

Eskom: Electricity and technopolitics in South Africa

3054:"Stage 4 load shedding extended until further notice" 91:

Power station maximum generating capacity as of 2019

5598:. Nuclear Engineering International. 1 February 2018 5596:"South Africa's nuclear plans under reconsideration" 5231:"How does loadshedding affect small business in SA?" 4402: 2952:"Sabotage a factor in load shedding, says Ramaphosa" 2143:"Station build-up for yesterday - Eskom Data Portal" 1711:"Chancellor House made 5000% return on Hitachi deal" 72:

and mismanagement of Eskom, most notably during the

2637:"Tripped coal stations add to load shedding burden" 2359:"What stage 8 load shedding means for South Africa" 1967:Department of Minerals and Energy (December 1998). 1934:Department of Minerals and Energy (December 1998). 499:might experience power cuts at the following times 183: 3958: 3316:"SA to jump to Stage 4 load shedding until Friday" 2875:"Eskom coal crisis is a result of poor management" 2577:"Video Majuba power station seconds silo collapse" 5553:"Matshela Koko takes reins at Eskom as acting CE" 3956: 3713: 3711: 2681: 2193:"South African state utility hit hard by strikes" 6788: 5865:, Publisher: Penguin Random House South Africa, 4329:"Saboteurs threaten South Africa's power supply" 3941:"Stage 7 load shedding warning for South Africa" 3105:"Load-shedding suspended until Tuesday evening" 1767:CDE - The Centre For Development and Enterprise 1556:College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science 1288:of investment, with a "very high credit risk". 1163:that year alone. In 2022 the insurance company 948:A change in management and leadership at Eskom. 472:implemented the first time on 9 December 2019. 5574:"Eskom defends SA's nuclear aspirations | IOL" 5436:"Nuclear only a distant solution for S.Africa" 3708: 5937: 5588: 5474: 5472: 5781:"Mayor targets load-shedding-free Cape Town" 5778: 5751: 5480:"Ramaphosa to oversee Eskom, SAA turnaround" 3719:"Eskom intensifies load shedding to Stage 4" 2900:"A look inside Eskom's mountain of problems" 2034: 1575: 853:when roughly half the national grid failed. 677:Second period: November 2014 – February 2015 653: 5850:Truth to Power, My Three Years Inside Eskom 5707:"Cape Town's Fight for Energy Independence" 5007: 4276:Tshikalange, Shonisani (19 November 2021). 4275: 3960:"Power cuts and South Africa's health care" 3769:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3079:"Load shedding to continue until Wednesday" 3026: 2663:"This is a catastrophe: electricity expert" 2135: 2059: 2057: 939: 849:4 load shedding was extended over the 2022 16:Widespread national level rolling blackouts 5944: 5930: 5838: 5469: 3952: 3950: 3472:"Eskom to implement stage 4 load-shedding" 2217: 989:On 19 November 2021, Eskom announced that 974: 497:An example loadshedding area in Cape Town 6017:National Energy Regulator of South Africa 5951: 5882:, Publisher: Juta and Company (Pty) Ltd, 5010:"Eskom electricity prices – 1994 to 2020" 4565: 4134: 3577: 1760: 1269:National Energy Regulator of South Africa 1236:Eskom Renewable Energy Production in 2023 707:Fourth period: December 2019 – March 2020 6638:Johannesburg Landfill Gas to Electricity 6012:South African Nuclear Energy Corporation 5181: 4907: 4674: 4248: 4135:Nemakonde, Vhahangwele (14 April 2023). 3861: 3606: 3548: 3495: 3287: 3027:Hlatshaneni, Simnikiwe (11 March 2020). 2743: 2556: 2546:No more mega projects until 2012 - Eskom 2460:. Fin24. 18 January 2008. Archived from 2356: 2163: 2054: 1881: 1682: 1501: 1372:"Why South Africa Is in the Dark, Again" 1231: 1223: 901: 893: 873: 698:Third period: February 2019 – March 2019 455: 397: 154: 150: 28: 20: 5704: 5029: 5027: 4800: 4798: 4670: 4668: 4457: 4453: 4451: 4405:"Army guards four Eskom power stations" 4195:"South Africa: On the edge of darkness" 4192: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4057: 3947: 3469: 3391: 3235: 3209: 2848:Stacey, Neil Thomas (8 December 2022). 2689:"Eskom announces stage 4 load shedding" 2400: 1830: 1683:Munusamy, Ranjeni (29 September 2015). 1523: 1479:"ESKOM DEBT RELIEF - National Treasury" 1467:Eskom Weekly Status Report Week 2, 2024 645: 6789: 5725: 5619:"No more steep tariff hikes for Eskom" 5398:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5203: 4955: 4723:Merten, Marianne (30 September 2021). 4722: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4561: 4559: 3862:Haffajee, Ferial (18 September 2022). 3783: 3743: 3602: 3600: 3339: 2975: 2949: 2847: 2403:"Eskom: The Real Source of the Crisis" 2265: 1228:Eskom Diesel Energy Production in 2023 76:administration, have exacerbated this 5925: 5908:South Africa: On the edge of darkness 5863:Sabotage: The Onslaught Against Eskom 5647: 5616: 5247: 5085: 5008:Labuschagne, Hanno (17 August 2020). 4981: 4644: 4301: 4249:Haffajee, Ferial (19 November 2021). 4222: 3684: 3682: 3578:van der Merwe, Compiled by Marelise. 3573: 3571: 3236:Khumalo, Sibongile (8 October 2021). 3179: 3177: 2765: 2763: 2744:Nkanjeni, Unathi (10 December 2019). 2218:Whitehouse, David (19 October 2022). 2164:Orderson, Crystal (9 February 2023). 2035:Inglesi-Lotz, Roula (12 April 2022). 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 1998: 1996: 1899: 1897: 1786: 1630: 1601: 1451: 1449: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1369: 898:Load shedding stages by hour in 2023. 736:Fifth period: March 2021 – March 2024 6769: 5111: 5024: 4956:Naidoo, Yasantha (15 January 2023). 4795: 4665: 4448: 4147: 3661:"Load shedding escalated to Stage 6" 3633: 3367:"Load shedding escalates to Stage 4" 3210:Mashego, Penelope (7 October 2021). 2795: 1981:from the original on 15 October 2021 1948:from the original on 15 October 2021 1365: 1363: 1334:2023 South African National Shutdown 1258:Standard & Poor's Global Ratings 1219: 1207:In January and February 2008 global 1101: 1008:South African National Defence Force 6729:Department of Energy (South Africa) 6661: 5804: 5182:Goldberg, Ariel (9 November 2015). 5001: 4775: 4633: 4613: 4556: 4058:O’Regan, Victoria (19 April 2023). 3957:Munyaradzi Makoni (28 April 2023). 3597: 3470:Jordaan, Nomahlubi (9 March 2022). 3392:Omarjee, Lameez (8 November 2021). 2976:Retief, Hanlie (16 December 2019). 2717: 1142:Development Bank of Southern Africa 1088: 856: 60:spite of two major power stations ( 13: 5828: 4982:Pheto, Belinda (16 January 2023). 4880: 4854: 4749: 4696: 3784:Ngcuka, Onke (15 September 2022). 3679: 3568: 3496:Haffajee, Ferial (19 April 2022). 3174: 2760: 2613:. 21 November 2014. Archived from 2401:Myburgh, James (1 February 2008). 2021: 1993: 1894: 1446: 1411: 1081:and the Johannesburg community of 965:Ministry of Electricity and Energy 551:00:00 - 02:30 & 16:00 - 18:30 534:00:00 - 02:30 & 16:00 - 18:30 14: 6828: 6191:Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme 5204:Daniel, Luke (10 November 2021). 4511: 4376: 3688: 3549:Mkentane, Luyolo (27 June 2022). 3443: 2695:. Eyewitness News. Archived from 2583:. 4 November 2014. Archived from 2266:Igamba, Joan (22 February 2023). 2089: 1831:Lechman, Ashley (19 April 2023). 1656: 1631:Bloom, Kevin (26 February 2023). 1360: 6768: 6757: 6756: 6617:Wesley-Ciskei Wind Power Station 6432:Dassiesklip Wind Energy Facility 5854:Publisher: Penguin Random House 5798: 5772: 5745: 5719: 5698: 5672: 5641: 5610: 5566: 5545: 5515: 5490: 5458: 5428: 5406: 5366: 5348: 5318: 5293: 5267: 5241: 5223: 5197: 5175: 5157: 5131: 5105: 5079: 5053: 4975: 4949: 4923: 4901: 4874: 4848: 4823: 4769: 4743: 4716: 4690: 4607: 4595:. South Africa. 10 December 2019 4581: 4531: 4505: 4477: 4422: 4396: 4370: 4347: 4321: 4295: 4269: 4242: 4223:Cowan, Kyle (19 November 2021). 4216: 4186: 4128: 4103: 4077: 4051: 4025: 4007:"South Africa's Eskom CEO Quits" 3999: 3933: 3908: 3288:Stoddard, Ed (25 October 2021). 2931:. South Africa. 16 December 2019 2535:Microsoft Word - P0441 Nov05.doc 1708: 1578:"Corruption still rife at Eskom" 1576:Staff Writer (3 November 2021). 1524:Grootes, Stephen (3 June 2021). 1106: 184:Power station commission history 6592:Tsitsikamma Community Wind Farm 6477:Impofu Wind Power Farms Complex 5906:Harding, Andrew (1 June 2023). 5648:Laing, Robert (29 March 2018). 4458:Pilling, David (2 March 2023). 4193:Harding, Andrew (1 June 2023). 3882: 3855: 3830: 3804: 3777: 3737: 3653: 3627: 3542: 3516: 3489: 3463: 3437: 3411: 3385: 3359: 3340:Gerber, Jan (27 October 2021). 3333: 3308: 3281: 3255: 3229: 3203: 3149: 3123: 3097: 3071: 3046: 3020: 2995: 2969: 2943: 2917: 2892: 2867: 2841: 2815: 2789: 2737: 2711: 2655: 2629: 2599: 2569: 2550: 2539: 2528: 2498: 2468: 2458:"Zim's 'free' Eskom power ride" 2450: 2420: 2394: 2376: 2350: 2325: 2300: 2278: 2259: 2237: 2211: 2185: 2157: 2109: 2083: 1960: 1927: 1882:Thukwana, Ntando (2 May 2024). 1875: 1850: 1824: 1787:Miles, Maureen (January 2019). 1780: 1761:Bernstein, Ann (14 June 2023). 1754: 1728: 1702: 1676: 1650: 1624: 1595: 1569: 1544: 393: 6817:Electric power in South Africa 6684:Graaff Electric Lighting Works 5779:Staff Writer (18 April 2023). 5617:Joffe, Hilary (5 March 2018). 5332:. South Africa. Archived from 4566:Heinemann, Tim (14 May 2019). 1517: 1495: 1471: 1460: 1389: 1036: 889: 1: 6359:Touwsrivier CPV Solar Project 6242:Koeberg Nuclear Power Station 6216:Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme 5235:The Yoco Small Business Pulse 5210:Business Insider South Africa 3977:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00850-4 3607:Stoddard, Ed (28 June 2022). 1370:Rathi, Anusha (8 July 2022). 1339: 1179:with each increase in level. 730:Koeberg Nuclear power station 83: 6354:SlimSun Swartland Solar Park 6349:Redstone Solar Thermal Power 6273:Newcastle Cogeneration Plant 6201:Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme 5896:, Publisher: Jonathan Ball, 5650:"Eskom's credit rating blow" 5416:. Bloomberg L.P. 11 May 2015 3191:. South Africa. 10 June 2021 42:South Africa's energy crisis 7: 6744:South African energy crisis 6309:Jasper Solar Energy Project 6149:Pretoria West Power Station 5892:Styan, James-Brent (2015). 5861:Cowan, Kyle (1 June 2022). 4645:Payne, Suné (6 July 2022). 4302:Cowan, Kyle (20 May 2022). 1604:Sabotage: Eskom Under Siege 1307: 1182: 1133:South African energy crisis 1068: 10: 6833: 6739:Renewable energy in Africa 6377:Amakhala Emoyeni Wind Farm 6344:Mulilo Sonnedix Prieska PV 6074:Bloemfontein Power Station 5894:Blackout: The Eskom Crisis 5067:(in French). 24 March 2023 5041:(in French). 27 March 2023 1329:Corruption in South Africa 1092: 1049: 1026:University of Johannesburg 981:Corruption in South Africa 978: 815:Electricity Regulation Act 6752: 6721: 6650: 6630: 6582:Seriti Wind Power Station 6367: 6286: 6250: 6234: 6183: 6162: 6061: 6050: 6033:Atomic Energy Corporation 6025: 5999: 5990: 5957: 5684:Moody's Investors Service 5529:. Reuters. Archived from 5442:. Reuters. Archived from 4377:Henry, Compiled by Kate. 1279:Moody's Investors Service 1202: 1018: 831:African National Congress 654:First period: 2007 – 2008 630:48h over 4 days (48/96h) 613:42h over 4 days (42/96h) 596:36h over 4 days (36/96h) 579:30h over 4 days (30/96h) 562:24h over 4 days (24/96h) 545:18h over 4 days (18/96h) 528:12h over 4 days (12/96h) 447:shift to renewable energy 103: Pumped Storage (6%) 6699:Mount Road Power Station 6512:Loeriesfontein Wind Farm 6304:Droogfontein Solar Power 4359:, PolitySA, 19 July 2022 2337:loadshedding.eskom.co.za 1456:Eskom 1994 Annual Report 1045: 940:2024 return to stability 839:2021 municipal elections 443:greenhouse gas emissions 431:renewable energy sources 167:, Blue: less than 300 kV 6709:Swartkops Power Station 6694:Kroonstad Power Station 6522:Noblesfontein Wind Farm 6457:Golden Valley Wind Farm 6206:Kouga Dam Power Station 6089:Grootvlei Power Station 5839:Further reading/sources 5465:Eskom's capex conundrum 5355:Three phase electricity 5279:The Mail & Guardian 5169:31 January 2008 at the 4434:The Mail & Guardian 3894:The Mail & Guardian 2388:31 January 2008 at the 2069:The Mail & Guardian 2008:Helen Suzman Foundation 1740:The Mail & Guardian 1397:"What is Load Shedding" 1095:Economy of South Africa 975:Sabotage and corruption 511:6h over 4 days (6/96h) 486:from the national grid 412:coal-fired power plants 6689:Ingagane Power Station 6679:Driehoek Power Station 6612:West Coast 1 Wind Farm 6482:Jeffreys Bay Wind Farm 6278:Port Rex Power Station 6268:Gourikwa Power Station 6263:Ankerlig Power Station 6094:Hendrina Power Station 6038:Johannesburg Gas Works 5965:Energy in South Africa 5191:University of Pretoria 1812:Cite journal requires 1237: 1229: 907: 899: 461: 403: 168: 136:electricity generation 38: 26: 6807:2020s in South Africa 6802:2010s in South Africa 6797:2000s in South Africa 6704:Orlando Power Station 6674:Colenso Power Station 6669:Athlone Power Station 6602:Van Stadens Wind Farm 6552:Phezukomoya Wind Farm 6387:Brandvallei Wind Farm 6175:Rooiwal Power Station 6134:Matimba Power Station 6124:Lethabo Power Station 5952:Power in South Africa 5726:Hill-Lewis, Geordin. 5712:MIT Technology Review 4776:Mntambo, Nokukhanya. 3750:engineeringnews.co.za 3667:. Fin24. 28 June 2022 3640:engineeringnews.co.za 3109:engineeringnews.co.za 2224:The Africa Report.com 1235: 1227: 1052:Crime in South Africa 925:Kgosientsho Ramokgopa 905: 897: 874:September 2022 crisis 531:~12.5% without power 459: 401: 158: 151:Ageing infrastructure 32: 24: 6734:Coal in South Africa 6547:Perdekraal Wind Farm 6542:Oyster Bay Wind Farm 6497:Klipheuwel Wind Farm 6467:Grassridge Wind Farm 6452:Gibson Bay Wind Farm 6258:Acacia Power Station 6170:Kelvin Power Station 6154:Tutuka Power Station 6144:Medupi Power Station 6129:Majuba Power Station 6119:Kusile Power Station 6109:Komati Power Station 6104:Kendal Power Station 6099:Kelvin Power Station 6079:Camden Power Station 5360:18 July 2011 at the 5086:Buthelezi, Londiwe. 4614:Leshoro, Dimakatso. 2383:Eskom's darkest hour 1602:Cowan, Kyle (2022). 906:Loadshedding in 2023 721:Medupi power station 646:Loadshedding periods 494:users without power 6587:Soetwater Wind Farm 6572:San Kraal Wind Farm 6567:Roggeveld Wind Farm 6562:Rietkloof Wind Farm 6517:Metrowind Wind Farm 6472:Hopefield Wind Farm 6462:Gouda Wind Facility 6442:Excelsior Wind Farm 6417:Copperton Wind Farm 6412:Cookhouse Wind Farm 6339:Letsatsi Solar Park 6139:Matla Power Station 6114:Kriel Power Station 6084:Duvha Power Station 6069:Arnot Power Station 5533:on 26 November 2016 5336:on 19 November 2020 3818:. 17 September 2022 3725:. 13 September 2022 3189:Mail & Guardian 2950:Mahlakoana, Theto. 2699:on 12 February 2019 2617:on 11 December 2014 2587:on 11 December 2014 2464:on 19 January 2008. 1742:. 29 September 2015 1286:"speculative grade" 1031:Pretoria High Court 833:(ANC) spokesperson 692:Duvha Power Station 633:~50% without power 616:~44% without power 599:~37% without power 582:~31% without power 565:~25% without power 548:~19% without power 484:Energy load removed 477: 6532:Noupoort Wind Farm 6407:Coleskop Wind Farm 6299:De Aar Solar Power 5858:ISBN 9781776390625 5686:. 24 November 2020 5330:Independent Online 5112:Sguazzin, Antony. 4887:Independent Online 4881:Pillay, Yogashen. 4593:Independent Online 4493:. 22 February 2023 4436:. 18 December 2022 4013:. 23 February 2023 3634:de Bruyn, Chanel. 3423:Independent Online 2486:on 23 January 2008 2438:on 28 January 2008 2363:businesstech.co.za 2171:Al Jazeera English 2145:. 18 November 2020 1915:on 27 January 2008 1434:on 4 February 2008 1238: 1230: 963:The creation of a 908: 900: 883:reactors offline. 514:~6% without power 492:Percentage of grid 475: 462: 404: 169: 140:power transmission 115: Nuclear (4%) 39: 27: 6784: 6783: 6717: 6716: 6646: 6645: 6607:Waainek Wind Farm 6557:Red Cap Wind Farm 6487:Kangans Wind Farm 6427:Darling Wind Farm 6334:Lesedi Solar Park 6046: 6045: 5805:Omarjee, Lameez. 5281:. 19 January 2023 5248:Gernetzky, Karl. 4937:. 9 November 2021 3896:. 7 December 2022 3530:. Eyewitness News 3373:. 5 November 2021 3269:. 25 October 2021 3137:. Eyewitness News 2829:. 9 December 2019 2777:. 9 December 2019 2669:. 6 December 2014 2643:. 5 December 2014 2641:Business day live 2611:Business day live 2516:on 12 August 2007 2288:. 7 February 2023 2272:Greenpeace Africa 2071:. 7 December 2022 1354:"Green Carbon SA" 1293:City of Cape Town 1220:Crisis management 1128: 1127: 1063:security lighting 742:COVID-19 pandemic 639: 638: 406:In South Africa, 391: 390: 127: Wind (0.2%) 35:rolling blackouts 6824: 6772: 6771: 6760: 6759: 6659: 6658: 6527:Nojoli Wind Farm 6502:Khobab Wind Farm 6492:Karusa Wind Farm 6437:Dorper Wind Farm 6422:De Aar Wind Farm 6392:Castle Wind Farm 6382:Aurora Wind Farm 6319:Kathu Solar Park 6059: 6058: 5997: 5996: 5975:Renewable energy 5946: 5939: 5932: 5923: 5922: 5888:978-1-77582215-8 5845:de Ruyter, André 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5660:on 29 March 2018 5656:. 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Archived from 1393: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1367: 1358: 1357: 1350: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1089:Economic effects 857:June 2022 strike 478: 474: 191: 190: 163:power line from 126: 121: Hydro (2%) 120: 114: 108: 102: 97: Coal (83%) 96: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6780: 6748: 6713: 6653: 6642: 6626: 6597:Umoya Wind Farm 6537:Nxuba Wind Farm 6507:Kouga Wind Farm 6447:Garob Wind Farm 6402:Coega Wind Farm 6397:Chaba Wind Farm 6363: 6282: 6246: 6230: 6226:Vanderkloof Dam 6179: 6158: 6053: 6042: 6021: 5992: 5986: 5953: 5950: 5847:(14 May 2023). 5841: 5831: 5829:External Videos 5826: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5803: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5750: 5746: 5736: 5734: 5724: 5720: 5703: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5663: 5661: 5646: 5642: 5632: 5630: 5629:on 5 March 2018 5615: 5611: 5601: 5599: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5577: 5576:. 7 August 2016 5572: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5478: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5446:on 4 April 2017 5434: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5417: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5391: 5390: 5383: 5381: 5380:on 3 April 2017 5374:"Archived copy" 5372: 5371: 5367: 5362:Wayback Machine 5353: 5349: 5339: 5337: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5246: 5242: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5202: 5198: 5186: 5180: 5176: 5171:Wayback Machine 5162: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5122: 5120: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5094: 5084: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5033: 5032: 5025: 5015: 5013: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4964: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4879: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4855:Pijoos, Iavan. 4853: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4812: 4804: 4803: 4796: 4786: 4784: 4774: 4770: 4760: 4758: 4748: 4744: 4734: 4732: 4721: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4695: 4691: 4681: 4679: 4673: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4643: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4612: 4608: 4598: 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However, the 396: 186: 153: 131: 130: 129: 128: 124: 122: 118: 116: 112: 110: 106: 104: 100: 98: 94: 86: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6830: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6766: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6665: 6663: 6656: 6654:power stations 6652:Decommissioned 6648: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6622:Wolf Wind Farm 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6577:Sere Wind Farm 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6373: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6324:KaXu Solar One 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6187: 6185: 6184:Hydro-electric 6181: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6056: 6054:power stations 6048: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6003: 6001: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5972: 5967: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5904: 5890: 5874: 5859: 5840: 5837: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5797: 5771: 5760:. South Africa 5758:Daily Maverick 5744: 5718: 5697: 5671: 5640: 5609: 5587: 5565: 5544: 5527:af.reuters.com 5514: 5489: 5468: 5457: 5440:af.reuters.com 5427: 5405: 5365: 5347: 5326:"IOL Business" 5317: 5292: 5266: 5240: 5222: 5196: 5174: 5156: 5130: 5104: 5078: 5052: 5023: 5012:. My Boardband 5000: 4974: 4948: 4922: 4908:Staff Writer. 4900: 4889:. South Africa 4873: 4847: 4822: 4794: 4768: 4742: 4731:. South Africa 4729:Daily Maverick 4715: 4689: 4675:Staff Writer. 4664: 4653:. South Africa 4651:Daily Maverick 4632: 4606: 4580: 4555: 4530: 4504: 4476: 4447: 4421: 4395: 4369: 4346: 4320: 4294: 4268: 4257:. South Africa 4255:Daily Maverick 4241: 4215: 4185: 4146: 4127: 4102: 4076: 4064:Daily Maverick 4050: 4039:. 6 March 2023 4024: 3998: 3946: 3932: 3907: 3881: 3870:. South Africa 3868:Daily Maverick 3854: 3829: 3803: 3792:. South Africa 3790:Daily Maverick 3776: 3736: 3707: 3678: 3652: 3626: 3615:. South Africa 3613:Daily Maverick 3596: 3567: 3541: 3515: 3504:. South Africa 3502:Daily Maverick 3488: 3462: 3444:Areff, Ahmed. 3436: 3425:. South Africa 3410: 3384: 3358: 3332: 3307: 3296:. South Africa 3294:Daily Maverick 3280: 3254: 3228: 3202: 3173: 3148: 3122: 3096: 3070: 3045: 3019: 2994: 2968: 2942: 2916: 2891: 2866: 2854:Daily Maverick 2840: 2814: 2788: 2759: 2736: 2710: 2680: 2654: 2628: 2598: 2568: 2557:Matthew Hill. 2549: 2538: 2527: 2497: 2467: 2449: 2419: 2393: 2375: 2357:Staff Writer. 2349: 2324: 2299: 2277: 2258: 2247:. 29 June 2022 2236: 2210: 2184: 2156: 2134: 2108: 2082: 2053: 2020: 1992: 1959: 1926: 1893: 1874: 1849: 1823: 1814:|journal= 1779: 1753: 1727: 1701: 1689:Daily Maverick 1675: 1649: 1637:Daily Maverick 1623: 1617:978-1776390595 1616: 1594: 1568: 1543: 1532:. 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