2443:
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43:) is an area in which the business and trade laws are different from the rest of the country. SEZs are located within a country's national borders, and their aims include increasing trade balance, employment, increased investment, job creation and effective administration. To encourage businesses to set up in the zone, financial policies are introduced. These policies typically encompass investing,
405:
SEZs do not differ from other facilities in industrializing economies. As with any technique administered used by a globalized economy there are oversights by actors that are not domestic. Transnational criminal organizations and terrorist groups have taken advantage of
Special Economic Zones and
184:
have set up SEZs in connection with China, including over the period 1990 to 2018 establishing SEZs in
Nigeria (two), Zambia, Djibouti, Kenya, Mauritius, Mauritania, Egypt, and Algeria. Generally, the Chinese government takes a hands-off approach, leaving it to Chinese enterprises to work to
90:
in 2008, the modern-day special economic zone typically includes a "geographically limited area, usually physically secured (fenced-in); single management or administration; eligibility for benefits based upon physical location within the zone; separate customs area (duty-free benefits) and
196:
As of at least 2024, there is a trend of southeast Asian countries to develop and increase their SEZs. Since 2015, Thailand developed ten SEZs. As of 2024, Indonesia has 13 SEZs, the
Philippines has 12 SEZs, and Cambodia has 31 SEZs.
882:
573:
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1978:
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771:РФ Масаев С.Н. В сборнике: XIII Всероссийское совещание по проблемам управления ВСПУ-2019 Труды. Под общей редакцией Д.А. Новикова. 2019. С. 1773–1778.
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Xiao, F., Zhou, Y., & Huang, Y. (2023). Old Wine in a New Bottle: Understanding the
Expansion of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone in China.
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157:, which encouraged foreign investment and simultaneously accelerated industrialization in this region. These zones attracted investment from
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173:. Researcher Zongyuan Zoe Liu writes that "he success of these cities as 'red' treaty ports represented another step in China's overall
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at a lower price, aimed at being globally competitive. In some countries, the zones have been criticized for being little more than
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and therefore have symbolic significance in demonstrating a "reversal of fortunes" in China's dealings with foreigners since the
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establish such zones (although it does provide support in the form of grants, loans, and subsidies, including support via the
99:
The United States has long applied special economic rules to its outlying territories for the purpose of economic development.
2298:
1923:
1898:
878:
Jarosław M. Nazarczuk, Stanisław Umiński, (2019) Foreign Trade in
Special Economic Zones in Poland, UWM w Olsztynie, Olsztyn
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20:
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66:(FDI). The benefits a company gains by being in a special economic zone may mean that it can produce and trade
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2005:
1973:
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979:
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From the 1970s onward, zones providing labour-intensive manufacturing have been established, starting in
915:
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3744:
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1993:
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1369:
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China's rise in the Global South : the Middle East, Africa, and
Beijing's alternative world order
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1215:
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The creation of special economic zones by the host country may be motivated by the desire to attract
2467:
943:
593:"US Multinationals in Puerto Rico and the Repeal of Section 936 Tax Exemption for U.S. Corporations"
3949:
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1988:
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27:
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and allowed export-oriented
Chinese businesses to respond quickly to demand in foreign markets.
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483:. Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. 2011
170:
135:
16:
Geographical region in which business and trade laws are different from the rest of the country
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59:, where upon establishing themselves in a zone, they are granted a period of lower taxation.
873:
Special
Economic Zones in Africa: Comparing Performance and Learning from Global Experiences
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2092:
2010:
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1463:
1431:
1421:
1406:
1307:
1302:
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offer technology companies a way to keep their IP offshore in a
Special Economic Zone (see
8:
4144:
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3262:
3220:
3108:
3038:
3013:
2800:
2747:
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1928:
1878:
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1250:
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1037:
578:
Special
Economic Zone: Performance, Lessons Learned, and Implication for Zone Development
127:
104:
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1327:
1072:
677:
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233:
221:
52:
177:
plan while legitimizing the leadership of the CPC over the Chinese state and people."
86:
The definition of an SEZ is determined individually by each country. According to the
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3150:
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430:
181:
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2838:
2818:
2782:
2655:
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1983:
1883:
1685:
1665:
1580:
1505:
1334:
1205:
1104:
659:
596:
118:
Modern SEZs appeared from the late-1950s in industrial countries. The first was in
67:
952:
782:
Destruction of the Resident Enterprise in the Special Economic Zone with Sanctions
4250:
4235:
Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in
4111:
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3442:
3345:
3289:
3226:
3197:
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2102:
2035:
2025:
1888:
1817:
1768:
1700:
1675:
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1555:
1426:
1344:
1262:
1171:
1099:
1052:
947:
906:Шмонов Н.Н. «Историческое исследование проблем развития особых экономических зон»
879:
291:
227:
209:
119:
863:
Special economic zones and growth in China and India: an empirical investigation
831:
3582:
3550:
3412:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3155:
3121:
2989:
2939:
2890:
2583:
2428:
1953:
1670:
1535:
1510:
1381:
1227:
1166:
1021:
781:
652:
Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions
131:
112:
4043:
955:
721:
4280:
3764:
3604:
3366:
3215:
3078:
2848:
2823:
2666:
2088:
2040:
1943:
1918:
1783:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1705:
1615:
1585:
1545:
1453:
1220:
1094:
995:
629:
478:"Special Economic Zones Progress, Emerging Challenges, and Future Directions"
445:
150:
142:
832:
Latin American Special Economic Zones and Their Impacts on Regional Security
4164:
4156:
4151:
4116:
3624:
3619:
3530:
3000:
2650:
2612:
2545:
2288:
2083:
1763:
1690:
1660:
1605:
1515:
1287:
701:
556:
166:
165:
and certain open coastal areas. Most of China's SEZs are located in former
123:
75:
4058:
681:
3784:
3729:
3592:
3587:
3577:
3312:
3307:
3205:
3177:
2742:
2737:
2604:
1933:
1773:
1655:
1610:
1600:
1550:
1540:
1490:
1297:
440:
71:
56:
3971:
532:"Goldman Sachs says reforms to create 110 mn jobs for economy in 10 yrs"
3671:
3210:
3065:
2764:
2067:
2063:
2045:
2020:
1908:
1715:
1710:
1575:
1500:
1359:
1277:
1257:
663:
87:
1828:
4090:
4048:
4023:
3881:
3836:
3724:
3666:
3488:
3237:
2497:
2015:
1948:
1386:
1210:
1109:
592:
146:
4126:
4121:
3876:
3846:
3676:
3599:
3510:
3322:
3100:
2810:
2142:
960:
India: Citizens group demand moratorium on SEZs OneWorld South Asia
600:
44:
4186:
4080:
3931:
4181:
4106:
3936:
3926:
3866:
3779:
3749:
3681:
3562:
2774:
2575:
2096:
48:
964:
706:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 177.
4211:
4201:
4196:
4131:
4085:
4001:
3871:
3856:
3851:
3841:
3525:
3132:
2714:
1938:
1812:
850:
A Tale of Two Countries: Openness and Growth in China and India
149:. The first in China following the opening of China in 1979 by
111:
has in the past been lower than in the states, and as of 2024,
3956:
920:
590:
4206:
4191:
4176:
4053:
4038:
4028:
4013:
3991:
3986:
3921:
3719:
3661:
3545:
742:
The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia
4033:
3299:
2637:
507:"Special economic zones and regional integration in Africa"
941:
Open Joint Stock Company "Special Economic Zones" (Russia)
925:
3831:
940:
552:"Sackings expose the harsh reality of Poland's junk jobs"
115:
is still adjusting upward to the nation-wide minimum.
852:, Dynamics, Economic Growth, and International Trade
101:
Section 936 corporate tax exemptions for Puerto Rico
2216:
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
3814:
804:United Nations Industrial Development Organization
614:Federal Minimum Wage in American Samoa by Industry
163:China continues to maintain Special Economic Zones
2237:Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa
916:South Kazakhstan "Ontustyk" special economic zone
911:Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority BEPZA
769:УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ОСОБЫМИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИМИ ЗОНАМИ СУБЪЕКТА
4278:
2185:Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia
2169:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
591:Zadia M. Feliciano; Andrew Green (August 2017).
580:, Washington DC: World Bank, 2008, pp. 9–11
865:, International Economics and Economic Policy.
568:
566:
472:
470:
468:
466:
504:
2483:
1844:
980:
618:
563:
524:
500:
498:
463:
205:The term special economic zone can include:
4261:List of administrative divisions by country
2164:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
19:"SEZ" redirects here. For the airport, see
2490:
2476:
1851:
1837:
987:
973:
926:Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan
130:. Some tax-free jurisdictions such as the
889:Journal of Urban Planning and Development
495:
416:List of special economic zones by country
109:federal minimum wage for U.S. territories
55:. Additionally, companies may be offered
2528:
2247:West African Economic and Monetary Union
595:. National Bureau of Economic Research.
3466:
1858:
735:
733:
731:
251:World Bank special economic zone types
4279:
2159:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
1979:UN Conference on Trade and Development
699:
3813:
3465:
2527:
2510:
2471:
1924:Import substitution industrialization
1832:
968:
695:
693:
691:
645:
643:
641:
639:
625:"Political priority, economic gamble"
2452:
2178:Europe, Central Asia, and North Asia
1350:New international division of labour
728:
107:in the 1940s and ended in 2006. The
2138:Central American Integration System
739:
649:
13:
842:
806:, 2015, p. 26, archived from
688:
636:
319:EPZ (single Unit/free enterprise)
74:, with workers denied fundamental
14:
4313:
2511:
2001:International Chamber of Commerce
1904:Export-oriented industrialization
994:
899:
365:>1,000 hectares (2,500 acres)
191:Forum on China-Africa Cooperation
3278:Organized incorporated territory
2451:
2442:
2441:
1811:
1801:
1800:
1011:
936:India Special Economic zones map
21:Seychelles International Airport
4266:Slavic administrative divisions
1012:
953:U.S.S.R. Special Economic Zones
861:Chee Kian Leong, (forthcoming)
824:
787:
774:
762:
3815:Non-English terms or loanwords
3019:Direct-controlled municipality
2242:Southern African Customs Union
607:
584:
550:Watson, Peggy (23 July 2012).
544:
155:Shenzhen Special Economic Zone
1:
3144:Special administrative region
921:Indian Special Economic Zones
456:
400:
345:<100 hectares (250 acres)
305:<100 hectares (250 acres)
193:promotes these SEZs heavily.
187:China Africa Development Fund
81:
3044:Mountain resort municipality
2921:Intermediate school district
2904:Educational service district
2760:Regional county municipality
2399:Telecommunications equipment
2204:Middle East and North Africa
2195:European Union Customs Union
875:, Washington, DC, World Bank
385:<50 hectares (120 acres)
288:Entrepôts and trade related
282:<50 hectares (120 acres)
7:
4302:Economic development policy
3375:Autonomous territorial unit
2128:Andean Community of Nations
2006:Bilateral investment treaty
1974:International Monetary Fund
1068:Environmental globalization
1043:Anti-globalization movement
796:Economic Zones in the ASEAN
409:
406:their lack of regulations.
374:Internal, domestic, export
10:
4318:
3256:National capital territory
2977:Indian reserve/reservation
2844:Indian government district
2498:Designations for types of
1994:International Trade Centre
1216:Offshore financial centres
650:Liu, Zongyuan Zoe (2023).
351:Manufacturing, processing
331:Manufacturing, processing
311:Manufacturing, processing
159:multinational corporations
94:
25:
18:
4292:Foreign direct investment
4246:Autonomous administration
4233:
4099:
3824:
3820:
3809:
3702:
3476:
3472:
3461:
3385:
3359:
3321:
3298:
3251:Federal capital territory
3236:
3196:
3131:
3099:
3064:
2999:
2976:
2948:
2864:Non-metropolitan district
2854:Local government district
2809:
2791:
2773:
2713:
2690:
2636:
2611:
2597:
2574:
2538:
2534:
2523:
2519:
2506:
2437:
2269:Aircraft & Spacecraft
2259:
2224:
2203:
2177:
2151:
2120:
2111:
2054:
1962:
1914:Foreign exchange reserves
1866:
1796:
1754:
1629:
1564:
1481:
1472:
1399:
1236:
1157:
1150:
1030:
1002:
854:, DEGIT Conference Paper
378:
358:
338:
318:
298:
275:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
91:streamlined procedures."
64:foreign direct investment
3056:Specialized municipality
2733:Consolidated city-county
1989:World Trade Organization
1058:Democratic globalization
931:PEZA Philippines website
848:Chee Kian Leong, (2007)
700:Murphy, Dawn C. (2022).
656:Harvard University Press
200:
26:Not to be confused with
3418:Military exclusion zone
3396:Exclusive economic zone
3161:National capital region
2753:Non-metropolitan county
2500:administrative division
2190:Eurasian Economic Union
2078:Repeal of the Corn Laws
1340:Investor-state disputes
1293:Illicit financial flows
1137:Political globalization
1085:Global financial system
946:28 January 2010 at the
784:. Publisher: IEEE. 2019
746:Oxford University Press
654:. The Belknap Press of
505:Woolfrey, Sean (2013).
421:Exclusive economic zone
362:Integrated development
216:Export processing zones
28:Exclusive economic zone
4287:Special economic zones
3435:Self-administered zone
3273:Incorporated territory
3140:Administrative region
2909:Local service district
2829:Congressional district
2232:East African Community
2113:Regional organizations
1681:Christopher Chase-Dunn
1449:Primitive accumulation
1132:Military globalization
1063:Economic globalization
1048:Cultural globalization
871:Thomas Farole, (2011)
379:Urban enterprise zone
245:Urban enterprise zones
239:Bonded logistics parks
171:century of humiliation
136:Cayman Enterprise City
3406:Special economic zone
3090:Praetorian prefecture
3074:Autonomous prefecture
3034:Regional municipality
3024:District municipality
2859:Metropolitan district
2723:Administrative county
2705:Residential community
2551:Local government area
2073:The Wealth of Nations
2031:Special economic zone
1894:Comparative advantage
426:Urban enterprise zone
382:Urban revitalization
342:Export manufacturing
322:Export manufacturing
302:Export manufacturing
175:reform and opening-up
37:special economic zone
3997:Njësi administrative
3029:Neutral municipality
2968:Subdivision of India
2700:Autonomous community
2589:Metropolitan borough
2529:Common English terms
2093:Economic nationalism
2011:Economic integration
1746:Immanuel Wallerstein
1407:Capital accumulation
1273:Endangered languages
813:on 30 September 2020
3640:Autonomous republic
3568:Enclave and exclave
3467:Other English terms
3263:Dependent territory
3109:Autonomous province
3039:Resort municipality
3014:County municipality
2801:Overseas department
2748:Metropolitan county
2561:Unincorporated area
2349:Integrated circuits
2133:Caribbean Community
1929:Net capital outflow
1879:Balance of payments
1860:International trade
1818:Business portal
1377:Transnational crime
1283:Forced displacement
1268:Economic inequality
1142:Trade globalization
1038:Alter-globalization
268:Typical Activities
252:
222:Free economic zones
105:Operation Bootstrap
47:, trading, quotas,
4256:Electoral district
3573:Federal dependency
3401:Free economic zone
3285:Overseas territory
3168:Development region
3051:Rural municipality
2984:Indian reservation
2876:Municipal district
2834:Electoral district
2674:Free imperial city
2261:Exports by product
2211:Arab Customs Union
1874:Absolute advantage
1591:Andre Gunder Frank
1365:Race to the bottom
1355:North–South divide
1073:Global citizenship
740:Han, Enze (2024).
664:10.2307/jj.2915805
512:. Trade Law Center
436:Free economic zone
299:EPZ (traditional)
250:
53:labour regulations
4297:Commercial policy
4274:
4273:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3371:Territorial unit
3268:Federal territory
3246:Capital territory
3151:Autonomous region
3115:Overseas province
3009:City municipality
2900:Service district
2896:Sanitary district
2886:Regional district
2871:Military district
2728:Autonomous county
2661:Incorporated city
2465:
2464:
2255:
2254:
2225:Subsaharan Africa
2056:Political economy
1826:
1825:
1792:
1791:
1651:K. Anthony Appiah
1646:Daniele Archibugi
1395:
1394:
1184:COVID-19 pandemic
1090:Global governance
755:978-0-19-769659-0
713:978-1-5036-3060-4
574:"Zone Definition"
431:Four Asian Tigers
398:
397:
354:Export, domestic
265:Typical Location
182:African countries
4309:
3862:Regierungsbezirk
3822:
3821:
3811:
3810:
3474:
3473:
3463:
3462:
3425:Free speech zone
3331:Charter township
3084:Super-prefecture
2928:Special district
2839:Federal district
2819:Capital district
2783:Overseas country
2656:Independent city
2627:Imperial capital
2566:Unorganized area
2536:
2535:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2508:
2507:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2455:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2118:
2117:
1984:World Bank Group
1884:Balance of trade
1853:
1846:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1816:
1815:
1804:
1803:
1757:
1666:Jean Baudrillard
1634:
1581:Giovanni Arrighi
1569:
1526:Branko Milanović
1506:Jagdish Bhagwati
1484:
1479:
1478:
1370:pollution havens
1335:Invasive species
1239:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1105:Global workforce
1015:
1014:
989:
982:
975:
966:
965:
836:
835:
828:
822:
821:
820:
818:
812:
801:
791:
785:
778:
772:
766:
760:
759:
744:. New York, NY:
737:
726:
725:
697:
686:
685:
647:
634:
622:
616:
611:
605:
604:
588:
582:
581:
570:
561:
548:
542:
541:
540:. 29 March 2014.
528:
522:
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519:
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511:
502:
493:
492:
490:
488:
482:
474:
253:
249:
228:Industrial parks
210:Free-trade zones
4317:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4251:Census division
4221:
4095:
3816:
3789:
3740:Imperial Circle
3698:
3468:
3449:
3443:Free-trade zone
3381:
3355:
3346:Survey township
3317:
3294:
3290:Union territory
3232:
3227:Sovereign state
3192:
3183:Overseas region
3127:
3095:
3060:
2995:
2986:(United States)
2972:
2963:Police division
2958:Census division
2944:
2916:School district
2881:Police district
2805:
2787:
2769:
2709:
2686:
2681:Royal free city
2646:Autonomous city
2632:
2621:Federal capital
2607:
2593:
2570:
2530:
2515:
2502:
2496:
2466:
2461:
2433:
2379:Pharmaceuticals
2251:
2220:
2199:
2173:
2147:
2107:
2103:Dedollarisation
2050:
2036:Trade agreement
2026:Free-trade zone
1967:
1965:
1958:
1899:Current account
1889:Capital account
1862:
1857:
1827:
1822:
1810:
1788:
1769:Thomas Friedman
1755:
1750:
1701:Anthony Giddens
1676:Manuel Castells
1641:Arjun Appadurai
1632:
1630:
1625:
1567:
1565:
1560:
1556:Joseph Stiglitz
1496:Richard Baldwin
1482:
1474:
1468:
1427:Fiscal localism
1391:
1345:McDonaldization
1263:Development aid
1237:
1232:
1201:Multilingualism
1196:Labor arbitrage
1172:Climate justice
1158:
1146:
1100:Global politics
1053:Deglobalization
1026:
998:
993:
948:Wayback Machine
902:
845:
843:Further reading
840:
839:
830:
829:
825:
816:
814:
810:
799:
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513:
509:
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496:
486:
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476:
475:
464:
459:
412:
403:
203:
120:Shannon Airport
97:
84:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4315:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4272:
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4258:
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4243:
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4209:
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4199:
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4159:
4154:
4149:
4148:
4147:
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4103:
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4009:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
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3959:
3954:
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3947:
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3907:
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3897:
3889:
3884:
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3874:
3869:
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3859:
3854:
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3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3818:
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3807:
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3802:
3799:
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3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
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3706:
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3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3669:
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3659:
3658:
3657:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3596:
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3555:
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3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3413:Exclusion zone
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:Economic zone
3389:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3351:Urban township
3348:
3343:
3341:Paper township
3338:
3336:Civil township
3333:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3242:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3156:Capital region
3153:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3122:Roman province
3118:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2990:Indian reserve
2987:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2940:Urban district
2937:
2936:
2935:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2898:
2893:
2891:Rural district
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2795:
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2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
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2762:
2757:
2756:
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2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2584:County borough
2580:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2517:
2516:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
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2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
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2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
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2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2274:Aircraft parts
2271:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2174:
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2166:
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2155:
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2140:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2086:
2081:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1954:Trading nation
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
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1876:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1863:
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1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1671:Zygmunt Bauman
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1536:Thomas Piketty
1533:
1531:Kevin O'Rourke
1528:
1523:
1521:Michael Hudson
1518:
1513:
1511:Robert Brenner
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1487:
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1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1382:Westernization
1379:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
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1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1221:Tax inversions
1218:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1191:Digital divide
1188:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1167:Climate change
1163:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1127:
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1019:
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1000:
999:
992:
991:
984:
977:
969:
963:
962:
957:
950:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
901:
900:External links
898:
897:
896:
895:(4), 02523001.
885:
876:
869:
859:
844:
841:
838:
837:
823:
786:
773:
761:
754:
727:
712:
687:
672:
635:
633:. 4 April 2015
617:
606:
601:10.3386/w23681
583:
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537:Business Today
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396:
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392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
376:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
359:Free port/SEZ
356:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
336:
335:
334:Mostly export
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
316:
315:
314:Mostly export
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
296:
295:
289:
286:
285:Port of entry
283:
280:
279:Support trade
277:
273:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
248:
247:
242:
236:
231:
230:/ estates (IE)
225:
219:
213:
202:
199:
132:Cayman Islands
113:American Samoa
96:
93:
83:
80:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4314:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
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4290:
4288:
4285:
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4267:
4264:
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4232:
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4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:Kommun/Kunta
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3808:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:Roman diocese
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
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3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:Neighbourhood
3603:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
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3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3484:Alpine resort
3482:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3460:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3367:Regional unit
3365:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:Federal state
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Subprefecture
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
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2979:
2975:
2969:
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2899:
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2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Land district
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:City district
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2667:Imperial city
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2513:English terms
2509:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2458:
2450:
2448:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:Photovoltaics
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2089:Protectionism
2087:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:Trade barrier
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1964:Organizations
1961:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1944:Trade justice
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:Globalization
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1785:
1784:Vandana Shiva
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:Saskia Sassen
1734:
1732:
1731:George Ritzer
1729:
1727:
1726:Antonio Negri
1724:
1722:
1721:L. H. M. Ling
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:Michael Hardt
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1686:Alfred Crosby
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:Susan Strange
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:Robert W. Cox
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1546:Jeffrey Sachs
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1464:World-systems
1462:
1460:
1459:World history
1457:
1455:
1454:Social change
1452:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1432:Modernization
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1095:Global health
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1001:
997:
996:Globalization
990:
985:
983:
978:
976:
971:
970:
967:
961:
958:
956:
954:
951:
949:
945:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
894:
890:
886:
884:
881:
877:
874:
870:
868:
864:
860:
858:
857:
851:
847:
846:
833:
827:
809:
805:
798:
797:
790:
783:
777:
770:
765:
757:
751:
747:
743:
736:
734:
732:
723:
719:
715:
709:
705:
704:
696:
694:
692:
683:
679:
675:
673:9780674271913
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
646:
644:
642:
640:
632:
631:
630:The Economist
626:
621:
615:
610:
602:
598:
594:
587:
579:
575:
569:
567:
559:
558:
553:
547:
539:
538:
533:
527:
508:
501:
499:
479:
473:
471:
469:
467:
462:
452:
449:
447:
446:Craiova Group
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
407:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
377:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
357:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
339:EPZ (hybrid)
337:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
317:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
297:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
274:
254:
246:
243:
240:
237:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
206:
198:
194:
192:
188:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:Deng Xiaoping
148:
144:
143:Latin America
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
92:
89:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
33:
29:
22:
4236:
4157:Maalaiskunta
4117:Heerlijkheid
3957:Län (Sweden)
3625:Protectorate
3620:Principality
3541:Constituency
3430:Neutral zone
3405:
3225:
3120:
3113:
3088:
3001:Municipality
2679:
2672:
2665:
2651:Charter city
2625:
2556:Special area
2546:Insular area
2359:Live animals
2339:Gas turbines
2152:Asia-Pacific
2084:Mercantilism
2071:
2030:
1966:and policies
1779:John R. Saul
1764:Noam Chomsky
1756:Non–academic
1696:Susan George
1691:Nancy Fraser
1661:Walden Bello
1606:David Harvey
1596:Stephen Gill
1516:Jayati Ghosh
1422:Earth system
1288:Human rights
1228:Water crisis
1125:early modern
892:
888:
872:
862:
853:
849:
826:
817:16 September
815:, retrieved
808:the original
795:
789:
776:
764:
741:
702:
651:
628:
620:
609:
586:
577:
557:The Guardian
555:
546:
535:
526:
514:. Retrieved
485:. Retrieved
404:
388:Urban/rural
328:Countrywide
294:, re-export
204:
195:
179:
167:treaty ports
140:
124:County Clare
117:
98:
85:
76:labor rights
61:
57:tax holidays
40:
36:
34:
32:
4152:Landskommun
4044:Savivaldybė
3910:Switzerland
3905:South Tyrol
3785:Viceroyalty
3578:Governorate
3536:Condominium
3439:Trade zone
3313:Market town
3308:Census town
3206:Proto-state
3178:Microregion
2743:County town
2738:County seat
2605:Half-canton
2364:Natural gas
2329:Electronics
2324:Electricity
1934:Outsourcing
1867:Terminology
1774:Naomi Klein
1656:Ulrich Beck
1631:Politics /
1621:Robert Wade
1611:Ronen Palan
1601:Peter Gowan
1551:Amartya Sen
1541:Dani Rodrik
1491:David Autor
1417:Development
1298:Imperialism
1246:Brain drain
441:Open Balkan
325:No minimum
103:began with
72:labor camps
4281:Categories
4100:Historical
4064:Shahrestān
4007:Autonomous
3755:Presidency
3703:Historical
3672:Suzerainty
3655:Autonomous
3499:Autonomous
3221:Free state
3211:City-state
3173:Mesoregion
3066:Prefecture
2793:Department
2404:Telephones
2068:Adam Smith
2064:Free trade
2046:Trade bloc
2021:ATA Carnet
1909:Fair trade
1716:Paul Hirst
1711:David Held
1576:Samir Amin
1566:Political
1501:Ravi Batra
1442:history of
1437:ecological
1412:Dependency
1360:Offshoring
1323:scientific
1313:linguistic
1278:Fair trade
1258:Care drain
1211:Tax havens
1206:Population
1115:History of
780:Masaev S.
722:1249712936
682:jj.2915805
457:References
401:Challenges
391:Multi-use
371:Multi-use
259:Objective
234:Free ports
88:World Bank
82:Definition
4141:Landskap
4137:Län/Lääni
4091:Vingtaine
4059:Seniūnija
4049:Selsoviet
4024:Poblacion
3961:Landskap
3891:Gemeinde
3882:Freguesia
3837:Apskritis
3760:Residency
3725:Exarchate
3667:Sultanate
3558:Eldership
3489:Bailiwick
3238:Territory
3188:Subregion
2933:in the US
2765:Viscounty
2692:Community
2299:Computers
2284:Car parts
2279:Aluminium
2016:Incoterms
1949:Trade war
1741:John Urry
1633:sociology
1483:Economics
1387:World war
1110:Globality
1078:education
834:(Report).
394:Domestic
224:(FZ/ FEZ)
180:Numerous
147:East Asia
4242:See also
3977:Maakunta
3972:Località
3917:Gemeente
3877:Frazione
3847:Barangay
3677:Townland
3615:Precinct
3600:Muftiate
3551:District
3511:Cadastre
3323:Township
3101:Province
2992:(Canada)
2950:Division
2811:District
2447:Category
2419:Vehicles
2409:Textiles
2354:Iron ore
2319:Diamonds
2143:Mercosur
2121:Americas
1806:Category
1475:scholars
1400:Theories
1308:cultural
1303:academic
1007:Journals
944:Archived
410:See also
292:Domestic
271:Markets
189:). The
153:was the
45:taxation
4237:italics
4197:Satrapy
4182:Pargana
4107:Commote
3965:Finland
3945:Finland
3937:Kampong
3927:Hromada
3900:Germany
3895:Austria
3867:Comarca
3825:Current
3780:Tithing
3750:Monthon
3735:Hundred
3682:Village
3635:Regency
3630:Quarter
3563:Emirate
3531:Commune
3521:Circuit
3477:Current
2775:Country
2613:Capital
2576:Borough
2457:Commons
2334:Engines
2097:Autarky
1568:economy
1473:Notable
1251:reverse
1179:Disease
1120:archaic
1031:Aspects
1022:Studies
1017:Outline
128:Ireland
95:History
49:customs
4212:Syssel
4202:Socken
4170:Greece
4145:Sweden
4132:Korale
4127:Köping
4122:Komunë
4086:Tehsil
4002:Oblast
3950:Sweden
3872:Comune
3857:Bezirk
3852:Bashki
3842:Bakhsh
3715:Barony
3710:Agency
3687:Summer
3650:Sector
3645:Riding
3610:Parish
3583:Hamlet
3526:Colony
3516:Circle
3494:Banner
3133:Region
2715:County
2599:Canton
2414:Trucks
2374:Petrol
2314:Cotton
2304:Copper
2294:Coffee
1939:Tariff
1328:social
1159:Global
1151:Issues
752:
720:
710:
680:
670:
516:25 May
487:25 May
4207:Subah
4192:Rreth
4187:Plasă
4177:Pagus
4165:Egypt
4161:Nome
4081:Sýsla
4074:China
4054:Sitio
4039:Raion
4029:Purok
4019:Ostān
4014:Okrug
3992:Mukim
3987:Muban
3982:Megye
3932:Județ
3922:Gmina
3775:Tenth
3745:March
3720:Burgh
3662:Shire
3593:Royal
3588:Manor
3546:Duchy
3506:Block
3198:State
2424:Wheat
2394:Steel
2389:Ships
1318:media
1238:Other
811:(PDF)
800:(PDF)
678:JSTOR
510:(PDF)
481:(PDF)
451:CEFTA
368:None
348:None
308:None
262:Size
256:Type
241:(BLP)
218:(EPZ)
212:(FTZ)
201:Types
68:goods
4217:Zhou
4034:Qark
3770:Seat
3730:Hide
3694:Ward
3386:Zone
3360:Unit
3300:Town
2638:City
2539:Area
2429:Wine
2344:Gold
2309:Corn
2289:Coal
880:link
867:link
819:2016
750:ISBN
718:OCLC
708:ISBN
668:ISBN
518:2014
489:2014
276:FTZ
145:and
51:and
4112:Gau
4069:Sum
3832:Amt
2369:Oil
893:149
883:pdf
856:pdf
660:doi
597:doi
138:).
122:in
41:SEZ
4283::
4239:.
3887:Fu
2095:,
2076:,
2070:,
891:,
802:,
748:.
730:^
716:.
690:^
676:.
666:.
658:.
638:^
627:.
576:,
565:^
554:.
534:.
497:^
465:^
126:,
78:.
35:A
2491:e
2484:t
2477:v
2099:)
2091:(
2080:)
2066:(
1852:e
1845:t
1838:v
988:e
981:t
974:v
758:.
724:.
684:.
662::
603:.
599::
560:.
520:.
491:.
39:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.