20:
127:
78:
228:
and vascular or stromal specific antigens. Tissue differentiation antigens are those that are specific to a certain type of tissue. Mutant protein antigens are likely to be much more specific to cancer cells because normal cells shouldn't contain these proteins. Normal cells will display the normal
117:
triggers an immune response. This may include normal proteins that are well sequestered from the immune system, proteins that are normally produced in extremely small quantities, proteins that are normally produced only in certain stages of development, or proteins whose structure is modified due to
293:(CEA). These proteins are normally produced in the early stages of embryonic development and disappear by the time the immune system is fully developed. Thus self-tolerance does not develop against these antigens.
264:
Proteins that are normally produced in very low quantities but whose production is dramatically increased in tumor cells, trigger an immune response. An example of such a protein is the
27:. Host-derived T and B cells can be induced to recognize tumor-associated antigens, whereas donor-derived B and T cells can recognize both tumor-associated antigens and alloantigens.
253:. Some cancer cells aberrantly express these proteins and therefore present these antigens, allowing attack by T-cells specific to these antigens. Example antigens of this type are
335:
Tumor antigens, because of their relative abundance in tumor cells are useful in identifying specific tumor cells. Certain tumors have certain tumor antigens in abundance.
416:
19:
149:
turned out to be expressed on some normal cells as well. The modern classification of tumor antigens is based on their molecular structure and source.
229:
protein antigen on their MHC molecules, whereas cancer cells will display the mutant version. Some viral proteins are implicated in forming cancer (
221:
126:
213:
genes. In contrast, mutation of other genes unrelated to the tumor formation may lead to synthesis of abnormal proteins which are called
24:
105:
are culled "centrally" in primary lymphatic tissue (BM) and "peripherally" in secondary lymphatic tissue (mostly
201:
which lead to abnormal protein production are the cause of the tumor and thus such abnormal proteins are called
77:
134:
Initially tumor antigens were broadly classified into two categories based on their pattern of expression:
275:
production. Normally tyrosinase is produced in minute quantities but its levels are very much elevated in
588:
Coulie PG, Hanagiri T, Takanoyama M: From Tumor
Antigens to Immunotherapy. Int J Clin Oncol 6:163, 2001.
372:
362:
327:
may also have an abnormal structure in tumor cells and could thus be targets of the immune system.
313:
290:
23:
The spectrum of target antigens associated with tumor immunity and allo-immunity after allogeneic
189:
can act as a tumor antigen. Such abnormal proteins are produced due to mutation of the concerned
618:
234:
225:
497:
220:
Other examples include tissue differentiation antigens, mutant protein antigens, oncogenic
8:
543:
518:
449:
436:
301:
130:
Classes of human tumor antigens recognized by T lymphocytes, with their genetic process
566:
613:
548:
282:
66:
538:
530:
352:
286:
198:
567:
Vaccination
Against Tumor Cells Expressing Breast Cancer Epithelial Tumor Antigen
358:
58:
46:
598:
485:
393:
145:
This classification, however, is imperfect because many antigens thought to be
90:
62:
50:
42:
607:
463:
422:
407:
206:
194:
114:
102:
552:
481:
441:
normally present in minute quantities; greatly elevated levels in melanoma
378:
324:
185:
Any protein produced in a tumor cell that has an abnormal structure due to
138:(TSA), which are present only on tumor cells and not on any other cell and
98:
94:
54:
250:
230:
142:(TAA), which are present on some tumor cells and also some normal cells.
431:
320:
268:
205:. Examples of tumor-specific antigens include the abnormal products of
113:/lymph nodes for B cells). Thus any protein that is not exposed to the
565:
M Hareuveni, C Gautier, M Kieny, D Wreschner, P Chambon and R Lathe;
297:
238:
534:
484:. More importantly, tumor antigens can be used in cancer therapy as
519:"Adoptive immunotherapy for cancer: harnessing the T cell response"
276:
186:
272:
246:
86:
35:
455:
388:
265:
258:
254:
242:
110:
106:
516:
39:
319:
In addition to proteins, other substances like cell surface
285:
are another important class of tumor antigens. Examples are
402:
296:
Abnormal proteins are also produced by cells infected with
190:
467:
309:
305:
210:
156:
Products of
Mutated Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
517:
Restifo, NP; Dudley, ME; Rosenberg, SA (Mar 22, 2012).
316:
and the resulting protein produces an immune response.
308:. Cells infected by these viruses contain latent viral
162:
Overexpressed or
Aberrantly Expressed Cellular Proteins
81:
Processing of tumor antigens recognized by CD8+ T cells
233:), and some viral antigens are also cancer antigens.
599:
Chapter on tumor antigens in Cancer
Medicine at NCBI
121:
171:Altered Cell Surface Glycolipids and Glycoproteins
72:
605:
583:Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease
571:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
330:
93:, a process in which self-reacting cytotoxic
510:
165:Tumor Antigens Produced by Oncogenic Viruses
174:Cell Type-Specific Differentiation Antigens
16:Antigenic substance produced in tumor cells
542:
89:in the body are not antigenic because of
480:Certain tumor antigens are thus used as
237:are antigens expressed primarily in the
152:Accordingly, they can be classified as;
125:
76:
61:and are potential candidates for use in
18:
25:hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
606:
446:Melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE)
13:
14:
630:
592:
383:Occasional lung or breast cancer
159:Products of Other Mutated Genes
122:Classification of tumor antigens
57:in identifying tumor cells with
559:
73:Mechanism of tumor antigenesis
1:
503:
454:Also normally present in the
331:Importance of tumor antigens
53:. Tumor antigens are useful
7:
491:
344:Tumor in which it is found
10:
635:
573:, Vol 87, 9498-9502, 1990.
523:Nature Reviews. Immunology
215:tumor-associated antigens
140:Tumor-Associated Antigens
417:Epithelial tumor antigen
373:Carcinoembryonic antigen
363:Hepatocellular carcinoma
291:carcinoembryonic antigen
271:, which is required for
180:
203:tumor-specific antigens
136:Tumor-Specific Antigens
45:, i.e., it triggers an
581:Kumar, Abbas, Fausto;
486:tumor antigen vaccines
235:Cancer-testis antigens
226:cancer-testis antigens
131:
82:
38:substance produced in
28:
462:abnormal products of
129:
80:
69:studies such topics.
22:
498:Cancer immunotherapy
245:, but also in fetal
585:; Elsevier, 7th ed.
450:Malignant melanoma
437:Malignant melanoma
283:Oncofetal antigens
168:Oncofetal Antigens
132:
83:
29:
478:
477:
199:tumor suppressors
67:cancer immunology
626:
574:
563:
557:
556:
546:
514:
359:Germ cell tumors
353:Alphafetoprotein
338:
337:
287:alphafetoprotein
109:for T-cells and
59:diagnostic tests
634:
633:
629:
628:
627:
625:
624:
623:
604:
603:
595:
578:
577:
564:
560:
535:10.1038/nri3191
515:
511:
506:
494:
472:Various tumors
333:
183:
124:
75:
65:. The field of
47:immune response
17:
12:
11:
5:
632:
622:
621:
616:
602:
601:
594:
593:External links
591:
590:
589:
586:
576:
575:
558:
508:
507:
505:
502:
501:
500:
493:
490:
476:
475:
473:
470:
459:
458:
452:
447:
443:
442:
439:
434:
428:
427:
425:
420:
413:
412:
410:
405:
399:
398:
396:
394:Ovarian cancer
391:
385:
384:
381:
376:
369:
368:
366:
356:
349:
348:
345:
342:
341:Tumor antigen
332:
329:
222:viral antigens
195:protooncogenes
193:. Mutation of
182:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
157:
147:tumor-specific
123:
120:
91:self-tolerance
74:
71:
63:cancer therapy
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
631:
620:
619:Tumor markers
617:
615:
612:
611:
609:
600:
597:
596:
587:
584:
580:
579:
572:
568:
562:
554:
550:
545:
540:
536:
532:
529:(4): 269–81.
528:
524:
520:
513:
509:
499:
496:
495:
489:
487:
483:
482:tumor markers
474:
471:
469:
465:
461:
460:
457:
453:
451:
448:
445:
444:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
426:
424:
423:Breast cancer
421:
418:
415:
414:
411:
409:
408:Breast cancer
406:
404:
401:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
382:
380:
379:Bowel cancers
377:
374:
371:
370:
367:
365:
364:
360:
357:
354:
351:
350:
346:
343:
340:
339:
336:
328:
326:
325:glycoproteins
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
278:
274:
270:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
148:
143:
141:
137:
128:
119:
116:
115:immune system
112:
108:
104:
103:B lymphocytes
100:
96:
95:T lymphocytes
92:
88:
79:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:tumor markers
52:
48:
44:
41:
37:
33:
32:Tumor antigen
26:
21:
582:
570:
561:
526:
522:
512:
479:
361:
334:
318:
295:
281:
263:
219:
214:
202:
184:
151:
146:
144:
139:
135:
133:
99:autoantibody
84:
31:
30:
321:glycolipids
314:transcribed
298:oncoviruses
251:trophoblast
231:oncogenesis
101:-producing
97:(CTLs) and
608:Categories
504:References
432:Tyrosinase
289:(AFP) and
269:tyrosinase
239:germ cells
118:mutation.
312:which is
36:antigenic
614:Oncology
553:22437939
492:See also
347:Remarks
277:melanoma
249:and the
187:mutation
87:proteins
544:6292222
300:, e.g.
279:cells.
273:melanin
247:ovaries
241:of the
85:Normal
49:in the
551:
541:
456:testis
419:(ETA)
389:CA-125
375:(CEA)
355:(AFP)
266:enzyme
259:MAGEA1
255:CTAG1B
243:testes
111:spleen
107:thymus
34:is an
403:MUC-1
181:Types
43:cells
40:tumor
549:PMID
323:and
304:and
257:and
209:and
197:and
191:gene
51:host
539:PMC
531:doi
468:p53
464:ras
310:DNA
306:HPV
302:EBV
211:p53
207:ras
610::
569:;
547:.
537:.
527:12
525:.
521:.
488:.
466:,
261:.
224:,
217:.
555:.
533::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
