Anatolian rug - Knowledge

2794:

Manufacturers one of the largest companies active in this field, which bought the carpets on a monopoly-based system, whereas it also provided the weavers with primary material, such as dyed yarns, and with technical assistance, namely specialized personnel who could improve the processes and final products. Isparta carpets came in a standard quality, which enhanced their commercial value and demand. Their main feature was the cotton weft and the use of asymmetric knots. Many of them belonged to the prayer-rug type, with triangular patterns which remind of a mihrab. The Isparta type rug, considered by Kahramanos, a standardized product of the 19th century, is woven with double-stranded yarns and in a smaller number of knots; their initial patterns were imitating popular Asia Minor styles, particularly those of Usak, with a central medallion, decorated corners and lively colours. Soon, they turned to following Persian style, which proved much more popular in the western markets, particularly that of the United States. Later, in the 1920s and 1930s they followed Sarouk patterns. Initially yarns were dyed with natural, plant-based dyes, but soon, as elsewhere, they changed to chemically-dyed yarns. The original wool on wool fabric was replaced by a combination of lamb's wool for the weft and cotton or linen for the warp. Carpet production in Isparta followed the technologically innovative solutions of that time such as the aforementioned replacement of natural dyes by chemical ones, which were cheaper. The chemically prepared

3162: 1210: 2267: 3300: 1933: 832: 2980:

border. Typical for Taşpınar are elongated, almost ogival central medallions, the dominant colours are warm red, blue, and light green. Fertek rugs are distinguished by their simple, floral ornaments. The main field is often not separated from the main border, as usual, by a smaller secondary border. The outermost secondary border often has reciprocal crenellation patterns. The colour composition often contains soft reds, dark olive greens, and blue. Maden rugs used cochineal red for their main fields, which are narrow and slim, as typical for Niğde rugs. The foundation of their main border is often dyed in corrosive brown, which caused deterioration of the carpet pile in these areas, and produces a relief effect. Yahali is a regional center and market place for its surroundings. Carpets from this region often have a hexagonal central medallion, with double-hooked ornaments in the fields and carnations in the main border.

2586:", or Holbein Type III. A late descendant of the large-pattern Holbein design is often seen in Bergama carpets, called the "4+1" or "quincunxial" design, with a large square central medallion surrounded by four smaller squares placed at its corners. Also antique Anatolian carpets found in Transylvanian churches were likely woven in Bergama. Bergama rugs typically have large geometric patterns (the "Caucasian" type) or more floral patterns, stylized in rectilinear design (the "Turkish" type). They use typical Western Anatolian colour schemes with dark red and blue, and accents set in white. Bridal carpets ("Kiz Bergama") often show rosettes arranged in a lozenge pattern in their field panels. Village and peasant carpets from the Bergama area often show coarser knotting with bold, highly stylized designs and bright blue, red, and white colours in sharp contrast. 1178: 3331: 1194: 3142: 1542: 1036: 3186: 3014: 2243: 1162: 2528:. During the nineteenth century, the court manufactories of Topkapı, Üsküdar, and Kum Kapı produced silk carpets in "Safavid-Osmanic" designs modelled on those of the sixteenth century, employing Armenian (from the areas of Kayseri and Sivas), and Persian weavers. Kum Kapı was, in the nineteenth century, the Armenian quarter of Istanbul. The asymmetrical knot was used. Silk carpets produced here often were woven with silver and gold threads. Two of the most prominent designer weavers were Zareh Penyamian and Tossounian. Zareh is known for his prayer rugs, which often included the "Sultan's head" form of the mihrab, cloud bands in the prayer field, palmettes and arabesque patterns and 2867:. Carpets from the Konya manufacture often show an elaborate prayer rug design, with a monochrome bright madder red field. Carpets from Konya-Derbent often have two floral medallions woven into the field below the mihrab. The Konya-Selçuk carpet tradition makes use of a lean octagonal medallion in the middle of the field, with three opposed geometrical forms crowned by tulips. Also typical is a broad ornamental main border with detailed, filigree patterns flanked by two secondary borders with meandering vines and flowers. Rugs from Keçimuslu are often sold as Konya rugs, and show a similar bright madder red field, but with prominent green colours in the main border. 3252: 800: 37: 820: 2773:. Since the 18th century, predominantly carpets with a "prayer rug" design and characteristic "gathered" mihrabs are woven here. Other types include the Ada (island) Milas rugs from the area of Karaova, with vertically twisted polygons in their fields, and the rare medallion Milas rug with a mostly yellow-gold medallion on a red background. Their borders often show crystalline star shaped ornaments composed by arrow-like ornaments pointing towards the center. Similar designs are also found in Caucasian carpets. Commonly used colours include pale violet, warm yellow, and pale green. The field panel ground is often a brick red. 3101: 3117: 2255: 2154: 1359:

stellated rosettes or cartouches. Their field often has a prayer niche design, with two pairs of vases with flowering branches symmetrically arranged towards the horizontal axis. In other examples, the field decor is condensed into medallions of concentric lozenges and rows of flowers. The spandrels of the prayer niche contain stiff arabesques or geometrical rosettes and leaves. The ground colour is yellow, red, or dark blue. The Transylvanian church records, as well as Netherlandish paintings from the seventeenth century which depict in detail carpets with this design, allow for precise dating.

3284: 2938:", or "graveyard") designs. Pale turquois blue, pale green and rose colours are prevalent. Rugs from Ortaköy show a hexagonal central ornament, often including a cruciform pattern. The borders show stylized carnations arranged in a row of square compartments. Mucur carpets often show a stepped "prayer niche within a prayer niche" design, with contrasting bright madder red and light indigo colours separated by yellow outlines. The borders are composed of rows of squares filled with geometric diamond or rhomboid patterns. Mucur and Kırşehir are also known for their multiple-niche prayer rugs, or 2076: 1680:-on-silk (silk pile on silk warp and weft): This is the most intricate type of carpet, featuring a very fine weave. Knot counts on some superior-quality "silk-on-silk" rugs can be as high as 28×28 knots/cm. Knot counts for silk carpets intended for floor coverings should be no greater than 100 knots per square cm, or 10×10 knots/cm. Carpets woven with a knot count greater than 10×10 knots/cm are intended to be used as a wall or pillow tapestry, because their fabric is less resistant to mechanical stress. These very fine, intricately-woven rugs and carpets are usually no larger than 3×3 m. 3268: 1274:. In their design, the corner medallions have been moved closely together, so that they form a niche on both ends of the carpet. This has been understood as a prayer rug design, because a pendant resembling a mosque lamp is suspended from one of the niches. The resulting design scheme resembles the classical Persian medallion design. Counterintuitive to the prayer rug design, some of the double niche Ushaks have central medallions as well. Double niche Ushaks thus may provide an example for the integration of Persian patterns into an older Anatolian design tradition. 2145:. The mihrab pattern in Turkish carpets is often modified and may consist of a single, double, or vertically or horizontally multiplied niche. Thus the niche pattern can range from a concrete, architectural to a more ornamental understanding of the design. Prayer rugs are often woven "upside down", as becomes apparent when the direction of the pile is felt by touching the carpet. This has both technical (the weaver can focus on the more complicated niche design first), and practical reasons (the pile inclines in the direction of the worshipper's prostration). 3315: 1533: 2823: 2815: 5630: 3201: 763:-like ornaments; hexagons in diamonds composed of rhomboids filled with stylized flowers and leaves. Their main borders often contain kufic ornaments. The corners are not "resolved", which means that the border design is cut off, and does not continue diagonally around the corners. The colours (blue, red, green, to a lesser extent also white, brown, yellow) are subdued, frequently two shades of the same colour are opposed to each other. Nearly all carpet fragments show different patterns and ornaments. 3236: 3220: 1420:'s "Portrait of an unknown man" (1626) and "Portrait of Constantijn Huyghens and his clerk" (1627) are amongst the earliest paintings depicting the "Transylvanian" types of Ottoman Turkish manufactory carpets. Transylvanian vigesimal accounts, customs bills, and other archived documents provide evidence that these carpets were exported to Europe in large quantities. Probably the increase in production reflects the increasing demand by an upper middle class who now could afford to buy these carpets. 2701:). Gördes is mostly famous for its bridal and prayer carpets. The shapes of the mihrab niches vary from simple stepped arches to artistic architectural pillars, with a horizontal rectangular crossbar above the mihrab niche. Typical colours are cherry red, pastel pink, blue and green together with dark indigo blue. Early carpets of the Gördes type have a more lively colour. Since the 19th century, some pieces show spacious accents in white cotton, and the colours, overall, become more subdued. 1825: 2721:", or graveyard design, which is a subtype of the garden design. The particularly gloomy yet brilliant colour scheme caused one type of rugs from this area to be called "Kömürcü ("charcoal burner") Kula". A combination with predominantly yellow borders is characteristic for Kula carpets. Unusual for Anatolian, and even for Oriental rugs, the rug type called "Kendirli" Kula makes use of hemp in its foundation. A number of "Transylvanian" rugs are attributed to the Kula area. 2569:. Hereke carpets are known primarily for their fine weave. Silk thread or fine wool yarn and occasionally gold, silver and cotton thread are used in their production. Hereke court carpets contain a wide variety of colours and designs. The medallion designs of earlier Ushak carpets was widely used at the Hereke factory. Once referring solely to carpets woven at Hereke, the term "Hereke carpet" is now used as a trade name for any high quality carpet woven with similar design. 2339: 1236: 1461: 1368: 1283: 3022:

characteristic for a "town manufactory". The main border is typically composed of rows of three carnations, held together by a stem. Zara, 70 km east of Sivas, has an Armenian colony which produces rugs in a characteristic design composed of row after row of vertical stripes extending over the entire field. Each stripe is filled with elaborate floral arabesques. The pile is clipped very short so that the detailed patterns can be clearly seen.

49: 1377: 3357: 553: 2193: 189: 138:, often in a context of dignity, prestige and luxury. Political contacts and trade intensified between Western Europe and the Islamic world after the 13th century AD. When direct trade was established with the Ottoman Empire during the 14th century, all kinds of carpets were at first indiscriminately given the trade name of "Turkish" carpets, regardless of their actual place of manufacture. Since the late nineteenth century, 1088:, Berlin. Radiocarbon dating confirmed that the "Dragon and Phoenix" carpet was woven in the mid 15th century, during the early Ottoman Empire. It is knotted with symmetric knots. The Chinese motif was probably introduced into Islamic art by the Mongols during the thirteenth century. Another carpet showing two medallions with two birds besides a tree was found in the Swedish church of Marby. More fragments were found in 1689: 1849: 2785:. In 1923, it was renamed Fethiye. Megri rugs often show a division of the inner field into three different long fields, with floral patterns inscribed. Prayer rug designs with stepped gable bands are also seen. Typical colours are yellow, bright red, light and dark blue, and white. Megri rugs are also sold under the name of Milas, and it is sometimes difficult to differentiate these two products of town manufacture. 2231:

termed stylization, comprizing series of small, incremental changes either in the overall design, or in details of smaller patterns and ornaments, over time. As a result, the prototype may be modified to an extent as to be barely recognizable. Initially misunderstood as the "degeneration" of a design, the process of stylization is now regarded as a genuine creative process within a distinct design tradition.

1577:, and standardized designs were introduced. This led to a rapid breakdown of the tradition, resulting in the degeneration of an art which had been cultivated for centuries. The process was recognized by art historians as early as in 1902. It is hitherto unknown when exactly this process of degeneration started, but it is observed mainly since the large-scale introduction of synthetic colours took place. 1841: 1833: 119:) to large, room-sized carpets. The earliest surviving examples of Anatolian rugs known today date from the thirteenth century. Distinct types of rugs have been woven ever since in court manufactures and provincial workshops, village homes, tribal settlements, or in the nomad's tent. Rugs were simultaneously produced at all different levels of society, mainly using sheep wool, cotton and 704:, are reared in their country, and also very valuable mules. The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts. They weave the finest and handsomest carpets in the world, and also a great quantity of fine and rich silks of cramoisy and other colours, and plenty of other stuffs. 1045: 1594: 602: 2931:Ürgüp carpets are distinguished by their colours. Brown-gold is dominant, bright orange and yellow are often seen. A medallion within a medallion frequently is set into the field, which is of a typical "Ürgüp red" colour, adorned with floral motifs. Palmettes fill the corner medallions and the main borders. The outermost secondary border often has reciprocal crenellations. 2928:") hanging from the prayer niche adorns the field. The prayer niches are often stepped, or drawn in at its sides in the classical "head-and-shoulders" shape. The field is often in bright red, and surrounded by golden yellow spandrels and borders. The fine weaving allows for elaborate ornamental patterns, which make the Avanos carpet easy to identify amongst other rugs. 2693:. Carpets were already produced there in the 16th century. Their largely floral, stylized patterns can be traced back to Ottoman floral designs of the sixteenth and seventeenth century. The main border is often composed of rows of three pomegranates, arranged like flowers in groups of three, held together by their stems. Typical is also a broad border of seven stripes ( 2875:"). Innice rugs resemble Ladik rugs in their use of tulip ornaments, the bold red field complemented by the bright green foundation of the spandrels. Obruk rugs show the typical Konya design and colours, but their ornaments are more bold and stylized, resembling the Yürük traditions of the weavers from this village. Obruk rugs are sometimes also sold in Kayseri. 1672:(wool pile on cotton warp and weft): This particular combination facilitates a more intricate design-pattern than a "wool-on-wool carpet", as cotton can be finely spun which allows for a higher knot-count. A "wool-on-cotton" rug is often indicative of a town weaver. Due to their higher pile density, wool-on-cotton carpets are heavier than wool-on-wool rugs. 127:, which were so widely used in the area that Western rug dealers in the early 20th century adopted the term "Turkish" or "Ghiordes" knot for the technique. From the 1870s onwards, the Ottoman court manufactures also produced silk-piled rugs, sometimes with inwoven threads of gold or silver, but the traditional material of the majority of Anatolian rugs was 3049:

which are woven in the frontier area between Turkey, Iran, Armenia and Georgia. Typical designs closely resemble the neighbouring Caucasian regions. Kars rugs often show "Kasak" designs as seen in Fachralo, Gendje, and Akstafa rugs, but their structure and materials are different. Kars or Hudut rugs often have goat's hair in pile and foundation.

2871:

ornament. The tulips are frequently shown upside down at the lower end of the prayer niche. The spandrels are often in golden yellow, and show water ewer ornaments. The "Ladik sinekli" design is also specific for Ladik. On a white or cream white field, a multitude of small black ornaments is arranged, which resemble flies (Turk.: "

1805:, immersing the yarn in the dyeing solution, and leaving it to dry exposed to air and sunlight. Some colours, especially dark brown, require iron mordants, which can damage or fade the fabric. This often results in faster pile wear in areas dyed in dark brown colours, and may create a relief effect in antique Turkish carpets. 2219:

their access to high-quality wool, and the employment of specialized weavers. Larger formats can be produced on the larger, stationary looms. Carpets are woven from cartoons, using material provided by the manufacturer. The town manufactories may accept commissions even from foreign countries, and produce carpets for export.

1232:

to the medallion Ushak carpets, the concept of the infinite repeat in star Ushak carpets is more accentuated and in keeping with the early Turkish design tradition. Because of their strong allusion to the infinite repeat, the star Ushak design can be used on carpets of various size and in many varying dimensions.

3161: 3048:

in northeastern Anatolia. Carpets produced around the town are similar to Caucasian rugs, with their colours more subdued. Kars is also used as a trade name, related to the quality of the weaving. Carpets of lower quality woven in the Kars region are sometimes called "Hudut" (i.e., frontier) carpets,

2912:

Kayseri rugs are distinguished by their fine weaving which characterizes the manufactory production, which is prevalent in this area. The rugs are produced mainly for export, and imitate designs from other regions. Wool, silk, and artificial silk are used. The top products of the Kayseri manufactures

2798:

used at first were proved to be inconsistent, but soon chemistry provided new synthetic dyes with steady and standardized colours; this made the reproduction of the same pattern over and over again possible. The use of millimetric paper for designing the patterns allowed workers to reproduce patterns

2510:

As a group, Western Anatolian rugs often show a bright brick red and lighter reddish colours. White accents are prominent, and green and yellow are more frequently seen than in rugs from other regions of Anatolia. The wefts are often dyed red. The selvages are reinforced over 3-4 warp cords. The ends

1514:

and other palaces in Istanbul, contain a wide variety of colours and designs. The typical "palace carpet" features intricate floral designs, including the tulip, daisy, carnation, crocus, rose, lilac, and hyacinth. It often has quarter medallions in the corners. The medallion designs of earlier Ushak

1262:

Star and medallion Ushaks represent an important innovation, as in them, floral ornaments appear in Turkish carpets for the first time. The replacement of floral and foliate ornaments by geometrical designs, and the substitution of the infinite repeat by large, centered compositions of ornaments, was

1258:

in the first half of the sixteenth century, they would have knowledge of, and access to Persian medallion carpets. Several examples are known to have been in Turkey at an early date, such as the carpet that Erdmann found in the Topkapı Palace. The Ushak carpet medallion, however, conceived as part of

1146:

show a yellow grid of geometric arabesques, with interchanging cruciform, octagonal, or diamond shaped elements. The oldest examples have "kufic" borders. The field is always red, and is covered with bright yellow leaves on an underlying rapport of octagonal or rhombiform elements. Carpets of various

1635:

is the most frequently used pile material in a Turkish rug because it is soft, durable, easy to work with and not too expensive. It is less susceptible to dirt than cotton, does not react electrostatically, and insulates against both heat and cold. This combination of characteristics is not found in

1503:

Jacquard looms. Within its early years of production, it had only produced textiles exclusively for the Ottoman palaces, and in 1878, a fire had caused extensive damage and had closed production until 1882. Carpet production had begun in Hereke in 1891 and became a center for expert carpet weavers.

1231:

carpets were woven in large formats. They are characterized by large dark blue star shaped primary medallions in infinite repeat on a red ground field containing a secondary floral scroll. The design was likely influenced by northwest Persian book design, or by Persian carpet medallions. As compared

2992:") frequently form the prayer niche. Opposed "double hook" ornaments fill the columns both in Karapinar and Karaman rugs. Another type of design often seen in Karapinar runners is composed of geometric hexagonal primary motifs arranged on top of each other, in subdued red, yellow, green, and white. 2761:. Their more elaborate, curvilinear "town designs" distinguish Smyrna carpets from the products of other Anatolian centers. Single ornaments are directly related to Ottoman "court" carpets. In particular, the main borders often contain elongated cartouches like those seen in "Transylvanian" carpets. 2667:

is inhabited mainly by a Turkish tribe called Karakecili. The rugs are often smaller, with cheerful bright red, light blue, white and pale green. The use of goats's hair for the warps hints at the nomadic origins of the tribe. The design is geometric, often combined with stylized floral motifs. The

2346:

Anatolia can be divided into three major areas of rug production, centered around local towns and marketplaces, which often lend their names to the rugs produced in the surrounding area. Western, Central, and Eastern Anatolia have distinct weaving traditions. However, commercially produced rugs are

1712:

were invented thereafter. Cheap, readily prepared and easy to use as they were compared to natural dyes, their use is documented in Ushak carpets already by the mid 1860s. The tradition of natural dyeing was recently revived, based on chemical analyses of natural dyes from antique wool samples, and

1354:

still shelters a variety of Anatolian carpets, called by convenience "Transylvanian carpets". By their preservation in Christian churches, unusual as the setting may be, the carpets were protected from wear and the changes of history, and often remained in excellent condition. Amongst these carpets

699:

In Turcomania there are three classes of people. First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own. They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping. Excellent horses, known

3034:

in 1915, East Anatolia had a large Armenian population, and sometimes carpets are identified as of Armenian production by their inscriptions. Information is also lacking with regard to the Kurdish and Turkish carpet production. Research in the 1980s has come to the conclusion that the tradition of

2230:

Patterns and ornaments from court manufactory rugs were reproduced by smaller (town or village) workshops. This process is well documented for Ottoman prayer rugs. As prototypical court designs were passed on to smaller workshops, and from one generation to the next, the design underwent a process

1890:

ends, sometimes including pile-woven tribal signs or village crests. The pile of the carpet is shorn with special knives in order to obtain an equal surface. In some carpets, a relief effect is obtained by clipping the pile unevenly. Finally, the carpet is washed before it is used, or goes to the

1324:

After the 1517 Ottoman conquest of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt, two different cultures merged. The earlier tradition of the Mamluk carpet used "S" (clockwise) spun and "Z" (anti-clockwise)-plied wool, and a limited palette of colours and shades. After the conquest, the Cairene weavers adopted an

758:

Judging by their original size (Riefstahl reports a carpet up to 6 m long), the Konya carpets must have been produced in town manufactories, as looms of this size can hardly have been set up in a nomadic or village home. Where exactly these carpets were woven is unknown. The field patterns of

2581:

of northwest Turkey. As a market place for the surrounding villages, the name of Bergama is used as a trade name. The history of carpet weaving in Bergama probably dates back to the 11th century. Bergama carpets survived which date from the early 15th century. The best known carpet type woven for

1358:

The carpets termed "Transsylvanian carpets" by convenience today are of Ottoman origin, and were woven in Anatolia. Usually their format is small, with borders of oblong, angular cartouches whose centers are filled with stylized, counterchanging vegetal motifs, sometimes interspersed with shorter

1111:

More animal carpets were depicted in Italian paintings of the 14th and 15th century, and thus represent the earliest Oriental carpets shown in Renaissance paintings. Although only few examples for early Anatolian carpets have survived, European paintings inform the knowledge about late Seljuk and

3063:

tribes were living as nomads for most of their history, they tended to weave traditional tribal, rather than any local, design. If a rug with an overall Yürük design can be attributed to a specific region (as Yürüks also live in other regions of Anatolia), the name "Yürük" sometimes precedes the

2979:

Niğde is the market place for the surrounding area, and many rugs woven in the surrounding villages are sold under the trade name of Niğde. If a prayer rug design is used, the niche and spandrels are typically tall and narrow. Likewise, the central field is not substantially larger than the main

2680:

coast. Since the nineteenth century, intricately woven carpets are produced mainly in prayer rug design. The cotton foundation and finely knotted pile of wool and silk characterizes the Bandırma carpet as a product of town manufacture. Production declined during the late nineteenth century, with

2218:

Carpets were woven in town manufactures by organized manufactories. Usually, town manufactures have a larger range of patterns and ornaments and more artistically developed designs which can be executed by the weavers, the palette of colours is rich, and the weaving technique may be finer due to

1608:

In traditional households, women and girls take up carpet and kilim weaving as a hobby as well as a means of earning money. Women learn their weaving skills at an early age, taking months or even years to complete the pile rugs and flat woven kilims that were created for their use in daily life.

1150:

Holbein and Lotto carpets have little in common with decorations and ornaments seen on Ottoman art objects other than carpets. Briggs demonstrated similarities between both types of carpets, and Timurid carpets depicted in miniature paintings. The Holbein and Lotto carpets may represent a design

2655:

initiative runs workshops in the small hamlets around Ayvacık, which produce rugs in traditional designs and with natural dyes. The initiative also has workshops in the Yuntdağ area near Bergama, where people of Turkmen descent weave robust, thick carpets in largely geometric designs. Floral or

1894:

The upright pile of Turkish rugs usually falls in one direction, as knots are always pulled down before the string of pile yarn is cut off and work resumes on the next knot, piling row after row of knots on top of each other. When touching a carpet, this creates a feeling similar to stroking an

2870:

Konya-Ladik rugs often show prayer rug designs. Their fields are mostly in bright madder red, with stepped mihrab designs. Opposite, and sometimes above, the prayer niche are smaller gables. The gables are often arranged in groups of three, each gable decorated with a stylized, geometric tulip

2210:

produced in the court manufactures as special commissions or gifts. Their elaborate design required a division of work between an artist who created a design plan (termed "cartoon") on paper, and a weaver who was given the plan for execution on the loom. Thus, artist and weaver were separated.

2209:

Representative "court" rugs were woven by special workshops, often founded and protected by the sovereign, with the intention to represent power and status. As such, representative carpets have developed a specific design tradition influenced by the courts of the surrounding empires. Rugs were

2608:

region. These carpets are characterized by their high knot density (1000-1400 per square meter), and subdued colours. They show geometrical patterns in dark red, brown, and black-blue. By their fine weaving, colours and design they resemble Caucasian designs, and are mainly woven by people of

1502:

A weaving workshop was established in 1843 in Hereke that supplied the royal palaces with silk brocades and other textiles. The Hereke Imperial Factory included looms that produced cotton fabric, in 1850 the cotton looms were moved to a factory in Bakirkoy, west of Istanbul, being replaced by

2222:

Rugs produced in villages are often produced in individual homes, but at least partly commissioned and supervised by guilds or manufacturers. Home production may not require full-time labour, but could be performed when time allows, besides other household tasks. Village carpets as essential

1568:

The modern history of carpets and rugs began in the nineteenth century when increasing demand for handmade carpets arose on the international market. However, the traditional, hand-woven, naturally dyed Turkish carpet is a very labour-intense product, as each step in its manufacture requires

1447:

Carpets are rarely found in Anatolia itself from the transitional period between the classical Ottoman era and the nineteenth century. The reason for this remains unclear. Carpets which can be reliably dated to the eighteenth century are of a small format. At the same time, western European

2200:

Carpets and rugs were simultaneously produced by and for the four different social levels of court, town, rural village, and tribe. Elements of town design were often reproduced in rural production, and integrated by the village weavers into their own artistic tradition by a process called

1878:. Each knot is made on two warps. With this form of knotting, each end of the pile thread is twisted around two warp threads at regular intervals, so that both ends of the knot come up between two strands on one side of the carpet. The thread is then pulled downwards and cut with a knife. 1249:

carpets usually have a red or blue field decorated with a floral trellis or leaf tendrils, ovoid primary medallions alternating with smaller eight-lobed stars, or lobed medallions, intertwined with floral tracery. Their border frequently contains palmettes on a floral and leaf scroll, and

2793:

in Pisidia emerged as a new centre of Anatolian rug production in the late 1880s. The city, until then renowned for its rose production, developed into a competitive carpet weaving centre with significant export activity. A major role in this development was played by the Oriental Carpet

3021:

State-owned manufactories, some of them organized as weaving schools, produce rugs in Sivas. The design imitates carpets from other regions, especially Persian designs. Traditional Sivas carpets were distinguished by their dense and short, velvet-like pile in elaborate designs which are

1656:

of rugs. Cotton is stronger than wool, and, when used for the foundation, makes a carpet lie flat on the ground, as it is not as easily distorted as woolen strings. Some weavers, such as Turkomans, also use cotton for weaving small white details into the rug in order to create contrast.

1569:

considerable time, from the preparation, spinning, dyeing of the wool to setting up the loom, knotting each knot by hand, and finishing the carpet before it goes to market. In an attempt to save on resources and cost, and maximise on profit in a competitive market environment, synthetic

2175:

In Anatolia, several ethnic minorities have maintained separate traditions, e.g., the Greek, Armenians, and Kurds. Whilst Greeks and Armenians were involved in carpet weaving and trading in the past, no design motifs have been clearly associated with their distinct, Christian culture.

890:

settled in South-western Anatolia in the eleventh century, and moved back to the Caspian sea later. The Tekke tribes of Turkmenistan, living around Merv and the Amu Darya during the 19th century and earlier, wove a distinct type of carpet characterized by stylized floral motifs called

1636:

other natural fibers. Wool comes from the coats of sheep. Natural wool comes in colors of white, brown, fawn, yellow and gray, which are sometimes used directly without going through a dyeing process, sheep's wool also takes dyes well. Traditionally, wool used for Turkish carpets is

1584:

were started aiming at re-establishing the ancient tradition of carpet weaving from handspun, naturally dyed wool. The return to traditional dyeing and weaving by the producers, and the renewed customer interest in these carpets was termed by Eilland as the "Carpet Renaissance".

1506:

Hereke carpets are known primarily for their fine weave. Silk thread or fine wool yarn and occasionally gold, silver and cotton thread are used in their production. Wool carpets produced for the palace had 60–65 knots per square centimeter, while silk carpets had 80–100 knots.

2713:, and lies about 100 km east of İzmir on the road to Ușak. Together with Ușak, Gördes, Lâdik and Bergama it belongs to the most important rug weaving centers of Anatolia. Prayer rug designs are common, with straight-lined mihrab niches. Another specific design is called " 2532:

inscriptions. He often signed his carpets. Tossounian made silk rugs with high pile, glowing colours, and red kilim endings. The design was inspired by Persian animal carpets of the "Sanguszko" type. Colours are very elaborate, carmine red, jade green, yellow, and dark bright

1812:, nearly every colour and shade can be obtained so that it is nearly impossible to identify, in a finished carpet, whether natural or artificial dyes were used. Modern carpets can be woven with carefully selected synthetic colours, and provide artistic and utilitarian value. 1099:

The "Dragon and Phoenix" and the "Marby" rugs were the only existing examples of Anatolian animal carpets known until 1988. Since then, seven more carpets of this type have been found. They survived in Tibetan monasteries and were removed by monks fleeing to Nepal during the

2294:

in contemporary Turkey have in large parts acquired sedentary lifestyles. Some aspects of the tradition, like the use of specific materials, dyes, weaving or finishing techniques or designs may have been preserved, which can be identified as specifically nomadic or tribal.

1253:

Medallion Ushak carpets with their curvilinear patterns significantly depart from the designs of earlier Turkish carpets. Their emergence in the sixteenth century hints at a potential impact of Persian designs. Since the Ottoman Turks occupied the former Persian capital of

1515:

carpets was widely used at the Hereke factory. These medallions are curved on the horizontal axis and taper to points on the vertical axis. Hereke prayer rugs feature patterns of geometric motifs, tendrils and lamps as background designs within the representation of a

1346:

was part of the Ottoman Empire from 1526-1699. It was an important center for the carpet trade with Europe. Carpets were also valued in Transylvania, and Turkish carpets were used as decorative wall furnishings in Christian Protestant churches. Amongst others, the

2347:

often woven irrespective of local design traditions. Preferential use of different materials and dyes, as well as characteristic designs, sometimes allow for a more specific assignment of a carpet to one of the three regions, or to a more specific weaving place.

1815:

The Anatolian rug is distinct from carpets of other provenience in that it makes more pronounced use of primary colours. Western Anatolian carpets prefer red and blue colours, whereas Central Anatolian use more red and yellow, with sharp contrasts set in white.

1660:

Wool-on-wool (wool pile on wool warp and weft): This is the most traditional type of Anatolian rug. Wool-on-wool carpet weaving dates back further and utilizes more traditional design-motifs than its counterparts. Because wool cannot be spun extra finely, the

1427:

Anatolian carpets of the "Transylvanian" type were also kept in other European churches in Hungary, Poland, Italy and Germany, whence they were sold, and reached European and American museums and private collections. Aside from the Transylvanian churches, the

1405:

By the time "Transylvanian" carpets appear in Western paintings for the first time, royal and aristocratic subjects had mostly progressed to sit for portraits which depict Persian carpets. Less wealthy sitters are still shown with the Turkish types: The 1620

102:

migrating from Central Asia, as well as Armenian people, Caucasian and Kurdic tribes either living in, or migrating to Anatolia at different times in history contributed their traditional motifs and ornaments. The arrival of Islam and the development of the

107:

has profoundly influenced the Anatolian rug design. Its ornaments and patterns thus reflect the political history and social diversity of the area. Since rug export was so popular within Iran, the cultural motives and display on the Anatolian rugs vary.

2737:. It is one of the most renowned and important carpet centres. According to their structure and patterns there are several types of carpets called "star", "medallion" and "white-ground" Ușak carpets. Frequently depicted by European painters during the 3141: 2321:

Within the genre of carpet weaving, the most authentic village and nomadic products were those woven to serve the needs of the community, which were not intended for export or trade other than local. This includes specialized bags and bolster covers

2125:

The main fields of Anatolian rugs are frequently filled with redundant, interwoven patterns in "infinite repeat". Thus, the rug represents a section of an infinite pattern, which is imagined as continuing beyond its borders and into the infinite.

1308:. Bird rugs have an allover geometrical field design of repeating quatrefoils enclosing a rosette. Although geometric in design, the pattern has similarities to birds. The rugs of the white ground group have been attributed to the nearby town of 2983:

Carpets from Karapinar and Karaman geographically belong to the Konya area, but their design is more similar to the rugs woven in the Niğde area. The design of some Karapinar rugs shows similarities, but is not related, to Turkmen door rugs

1915:

and their interaction with surrounding cultures, in their central Asian origin as well as during their migration, and in Anatolia itself. The most important cultural influences came from the Chinese culture, and from Islam. Carpets from the

2593:

lies north of Bergama in the İzmir Province of northwest Turkey. By structure and colours they belong to the Bergama group. Small format rugs show geometrical designs, often adorned with latched hooks, which closely resembles Caucasian

885:

confirm that the Turkoman tribes produced carpets in Anatolia. What types of carpets were woven by the Turkoman Beyliks remains unknown, since we are unable to identify them. One of the Turkoman tribes of the Beylik group, the

1209: 1617:

Makers of handmade rugs use only natural fibres. The most common materials used for the pile are wool, silk and cotton. Nomadic and village weavers sometimes also use goat- and camel-hair. Traditionally, spinning is done by

1083:

Very few carpets still exist today which represent the transition between the late Seljuq and early Ottoman period. A traditional Chinese motif, the fight between phoenix and dragon, is seen in an Anatolian rug today at the

1881:

After a row of knots has been inserted, one or two, sometimes more, rows of wefts are woven in, and the fabric is compacted by beating with a heavy comb. Once the carpet is finished, it is cut from the loom. The sides or

158:

from the last third of the 19th century onwards. The mass production of cheap rugs designed for commercial success had brought the ancient tradition close to extinction. In the late twentieth century, projects like the

2799:

exactly in all their details. Isparta carpet weaving suffered a severe blow after the expulsion of the Greek Orthodox population in 1922, however Isparta remained a centre for washing and finishing carpets until today.

831: 2633:. Carpets are mainly woven in smaller villages to the south of Çanakkale. They show large squares, rhombi or polygons in their fields and strong colours like brick red, bright dark blue, saffron yellow and white. 4969:

Bergama Heybe ve Torba: Traditional bags of the Yürüks in Northwest Anatolia, Observations from 1970 to 2007 / Traditionelle Taschen der Yürüken Nordwest-Anatoliens. Beobachtungen in den Jahren zwischen 1970 bis

1128:. The large Holbein type show two or three large medallions, often including eight-pointed stars. Their field is often covered in minute floral ornaments. These "Ushak" carpets can be found in places such as the 759:

the Konya rugs are mostly geometric, and small in relation to the carpet size. Similar patterns are arranged in diagonal rows: Hexagons with plain, or hooked outlines; squares filled with stars, with interposed

617:

The origin of carpet weaving remains unknown, as carpets are subject to use, wear, and destruction by insects and rodents. Controversy arose over the accuracy of the claim that the oldest records of flat woven

142:

rugs have been subject to art historic and scientific interest in the Western world. The richness and cultural diversity of rug weaving were gradually better understood. More recently, also flat woven carpets

2242: 2017:"And under these there were strewed purple carpets of the finest wool, with the carpet pattern on both sides. And there were handsomely embroidered rugs very beautifully elaborated on them." (Book V, p. 314) 1177: 770:" of the following period, depictions of animals are rarely seen in the Seljuq fragments. Rows of horned quadrupeds placed opposite to each other, or birds beside a tree can be recognized on some fragments. 5297:

Ppapadaki, I.A., " Spartali Iordanis Styloglou (1887-1948), contribution to the development of carpet weaving in Isparta, Asia Minor", Deltion tis Etairias Meletis tis Kath Imas Anatolis, 2 (2006), 161-175.

2223:

household items were part of a tradition that was at times influenced by, but essentially distinct from the invented designs of the workshop production. Frequently, mosques had acquired rural carpets as

3460:"Journal of History School - MOTIF-ORIENTED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TURKISH CARPETS ILLUSTRATED IN ENGLISH ARISTOCRATIC PORTRAYS OF RENAISSANCE AND EFFECTS OF THE CARPETS ON BRITISH CARPET PRODUCTION" 2227:, which provided material for studies. Rural carpets rarely include cotton for warps and wefts, and almost never silk, as these materials had to be purchased on the market by the individual weaver. 1193: 3330: 1955:

In his essay on centralized designs, Thompson relates the central medallion pattern, frequently found in Anatolian rugs to the "lotus pedestal" and "cloud collar (yun chien)" motifs, used in

1895:

animal's fur. This can be used to determine where the weaver has started knotting the pile. The pile in Turkish carpets is usually between 2 and 4 mm thick. Coarse nomadic rugs like the

626:

excavations, dated to circa 7000 BC. The excavators' report remained unconfirmed, as it states that the wall paintings depicting kilim motifs had disintegrated shortly after their exposure.

2286:

in Anatolia, and the consequent loss of specific traditions, it has become difficult to identify a genuine "nomadic rug". Social or ethnic groups known for their nomadic lifestyle like the

3299: 2266: 915:; in 1326, the Ottomans conquered Bursa, which became the first capital of the Ottoman state. By the late 15th century, the Ottoman state had become a major power. In 1517, the Egyptian 2051:

Empires have coexisted for more than 400 years. Artistically, both empires have developed similar styles and decorative vocabulary, as exemplified by mosaics and architecture of Roman

2003:) that carpets ("polymita") were invented in Alexandria. It is unknown whether these were flatweaves or pile weaves, as no detailed technical information can be gained from the texts. 716:

refers to rug export from Anatolian cities in the late 13th century: "That's where Turkoman carpets are made, which are exported to all other countries". He and the Moroccan merchant

1296:

motif, made of three coloured orbs arranged in triangles, often with two wavy bands positioned under each triangle. This motiv usually appears on a white ground. Together with the

799: 629:

The history of rug weaving in Anatolia must be understood in the context of the country's political and social history. Anatolia was home to ancient civilizations, such as the

3100: 956:

became a meeting point of diplomats, merchants and artists. During Suleiman I.'s reign, artists and artisans of different specialities worked together in court manufactures (

2025:

A carpet "with the pattern on both sides" could either be a flat-woven, or pile-woven carpet. Whether "purple" refers to the colour of the fabric or to the dyestuff (either

819: 1161: 115:, the Anatolian rug is distinguished by particular characteristics of its dyes and colours, motifs, textures and techniques. Examples range in size from small pillows ( 1408: 2681:

inferior or artificial silk and mercerized cotton being used. The name of the town and region is nowadays often used for cheap imitations sold by other manufacturers.

1963:. Recently, Brüggemann further elaborated on the relationship between Chinese and Turkic motifs like the "cloud band" ornament, the origin of which he relates to the 79:. It denotes a knotted, pile-woven floor or wall covering which is produced for home use, local sale, and export, and religious purpose. Together with the flat-woven 3185: 2934:

Rugs from Kırşehir, Mucur and Ortaköy are closely related, and not easily distinguished from each other. Prayer and medallion designs are woven, as well as garden ("

2067:. The architectural elements seen in the Khirbat al-Mafjar complex are considered exemplary for the continuation of pre-Islamic, Roman designs in early Islamic art. 3116: 1147:

sizes up to 6 meters square are known. Ellis distinguishes three principal design groups for Lotto carpets: the Anatolian-style, kilim-style, and ornamental style.

3459: 1124:. The small Holbein type is characterized by small octagons, frequently including a star, which are distributed over the field in a regular pattern, surrounded by 1519:(prayer niche). Once referring solely to carpets woven at Hereke, the term "Hereke carpet" now refers to any high quality carpet woven using similar techniques. 657:. Rug weaving is assumed to already exist in Anatolia during this time, however there are no examples of pre-Turkic migration rugs in Anatolia. In 1071 AD, the 2741:

era, they are often given, as a term of convenience, the name of the painter on whose paintings corresponding carpets have been identified. The best known are

1665:

is often not as high as seen in a "wool-on-cotton" or "silk-on-silk" rug. Wool-on-wool carpets are more frequently attributed to tribal or nomadic production.

2165:

origin. The Caucasian tradition may have been integrated either by migrating Turkish tribes, or by contact with Turkmen people already living in Anatolia.

5366: 3700: 3314: 3200: 1932: 90:

Rug weaving represents a traditional craft dating back to prehistoric times. Rugs were woven much earlier than even the oldest surviving rugs like the

5475: 1871:

are woven ("shot") in after each row of knots in order to further stabilize the fabric. Wefts can be either undyed or dyed, mostly in red and blue.

6814: 3235: 3219: 1924:

areas are considered as most closely related to earlier Anatolian rugs, and their significance in the history of the art is now better understood.

94:

would suggest. During its long history, the art and craft of the woven carpet has absorbed and integrated different cultural traditions. Traces of

2920:

Carpets from Avanos, often in prayer rug design, are distinguished by their dense weaving. Typically, an elaborate pendant representing either a

6317: 3770: 3053:

Other East Anatolian rugs are usually not attributed to a specific location, but are classified according to their tribal provenience. As the

1259:

an endless repeat, represents a specific Turkish idea, and is different from the Persian understanding of a self-contained central medallion.

7126: 4482: 2830:

Central Anatolia is one of the main areas of carpet production in Turkey. Regional weaving centers with distinct designs and traditions are:

1448:

residences were more sparely equipped with Oriental carpets. It seems likely that carpets were not exported in large scale during this time.

976:, and influenced carpet weaving. Besides Istanbul, Bursa, Iznik, Kütahya and Ushak were homes to manufactories of different specializations. 75:

and its adjacent regions. Geographically, its area of production can be compared to the territories which were historically dominated by the

1936:

Detail of a "Lotto" rug with a cloud band border. The ornament is assumed to be of Chinese origin. In most Anatolian rugs, the borders are

3283: 3251: 2021:" to lie on a couch with silver feet, with a smooth Sardian carpet spread under it of the most expensive description." (Book VI, p. 401) 583: 1325:

Ottoman Turkish design. The production of these carpets continued in Egypt, and probably also in Anatolia, into the early 17th century.

6404: 6301: 268: 4272: 1967:. The early Anatolian "Phoenix and Dragon rug" depicts another traditional motif of Chinese mythology, the fight between the phoenix ( 5609: 2060: 5361: 7445: 6354: 5195:

Old Eastern carpets: Masterpieces in German Private Collections = Alte Orientteppiche: Meisterstücke aus deutschen Privatsammlungen

2738: 2168:

A central medallion consisting of large, concentrically reduced rhomboid patterns with latch-hook ornaments is associated with the

135: 1886:

are usually overcast in wool. The selvages consist of up to ten warp threads. Especially village and nomadic rugs have flat-woven

7344: 6274: 5551: 3267: 87:

today, and derives from the ethnic, religious and cultural pluralism of one of the most ancient centres of human civilisation.

6208: 505: 1801:

The dyeing process involves the preparation of the yarn in order to make it susceptible for the proper dyes by immersion in a

5772: 5678: 5398: 4923: 4767: 4738: 4687: 4662: 4320: 4142: 3819: 3669: 163:

have successfully revived the tradition of Anatolian rug weaving using hand-spun, naturally-dyed wool and traditional designs

4472: 1541: 773:

The style of the Seljuq rugs has parallels amongst the architectural decoration of contemporaneous mosques such as those at

920: 2172:

of Anatolia. The name Yürük is usually given to nomads whose way of life has changed least from its central Asian origin.

1580:

In the late twentieth century, the loss of cultural heritage was recognized, and efforts started to revive the tradition.

774: 6281: 4704: 4227: 2063:

painting was traced back to late Roman origins and related to early Islamic floor mosaics found in the Umayyad palace of

1911:

Anatolian rug design integrates different strands of traditions. Specific elements are closely related to the history of

1696:

Traditional dyes used for Anatolian carpets are obtained from plants, insects and minerals. In 1856, the English chemist

226: 2118:

has focused on writing and ornament. The borders of Anatolian rugs frequently contain ornaments which were derived from

739:(1243–1302) are regarded as the first group of Anatolian rugs. Eight fragments were found in 1905 by F.R. Martin in the 7544: 4167: 3997: 3610: 3545: 2254: 2099:

in the Islamic tradition, which does not distinguish between religious and profane life. Since the codification of the

1104:. One of these carpets was acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art which parallels a painting by the Sienese artist 1035: 965: 7549: 7091: 6322: 6202: 6182: 6171: 5243: 5206: 5002: 4977: 4951: 4895: 4870: 4845: 4817: 4792: 4680:

Geknüpfte Kunst: Teppiche des Museums für Islamische Kunst / Museum für Islamische Kunst, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

4618: 4578: 4454: 4408: 4383: 4117: 4085: 3887: 3640: 2037:

lies in Western Anatolia, thus, this may be the earliest reference to carpet production in the region of Asia minor.

251: 3495: 1120:

Based on the distribution and size of their geometric medallions, a distinction is made between "large" and "small"

6198: 5487: 3724: 278: 41: 7131: 6167: 790: 576: 4995:

Oriental rugs : the collector's guide to selecting, identifying, and enjoying new and vintage oriental rugs

1640:. Before the yarn can be used for weaving, several strands have to be twisted together for additional strength. 7408: 7096: 6447: 6397: 6136: 5875: 5337: 5122: 5066: 4256: 3133: 3013: 1433: 1129: 1025: 767: 17: 3968:

Der Orientalische Knüpfteppich. tr. C. G. Ellis as Oriental Carpets: An Essay on Their History, New York, 1960

7116: 7066: 6161: 6146: 5440: 4297: 4013:

Inalick, Halil (1986). Pinner, R. (ed.). "The Yürüks. In: Carpets of the Mediterranean Countries 1400-1600".

1948:

in Central Asia is closely related to China. Contacts between Turks and China are documented since the early

1424:

1663 painting "Portrait of a family making music" depicts an Ottoman prayer rug of the "Transylvanian" type.

256: 5541: 2549:. Initially, the manufactory produced exclusively for the Ottoman court, which commissioned carpets for the 1108:: "The Marriage of the Virgin", 1423. It shows large confronted animals, each with a smaller animal inside. 83:, Anatolian rugs represent an essential part of the regional culture, which is officially understood as the 6829: 6529: 6344: 6339: 6188: 6151: 5516: 5445: 2668:

borders sometimes contain rows of lozenges, as also seen in more elaborate form in "Transylvanian" carpets.

2095:, they were migrating mainly through lands which had already adopted Islam. Depicting animals or humans is 851: 273: 5356: 4032: 3903: 3854: 3745: 3635:. Translated by Beattie, May H.; Herzog, Hildegard. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 3603:

Carpet fragments: The Marby rug and some fragments of carpets found in Egypt (Nationalmuseums skriftserie)

7539: 7101: 6312: 6224: 6156: 5470: 2248:

Ottoman court prayer rug, Bursa, late 16th century (James Ballard collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art)

838: 377: 7534: 7141: 7081: 7061: 7056: 6839: 6472: 6240: 6067: 2859:

in Konya has a large collection of Anatolian rugs, including some of the carpet fragments found in the

1437: 1429: 1290:

Examples are also known of rugs woven in the Ushak area whose fields are covered by ornaments like the

1137: 569: 519: 263: 4550:

Atlihan, Serife (1993). "Traditional Weaving in One Village of Settled Nomads in Northwest Anatolia".

4531:

Boehmer, Harald (1983). "The Revival of Natural Dyeing in Two Traditional Weaving Areas of Anatolia".

4424: 4265: 2311:

irregular format due to frequent re-assembly of the loom, resulting in irregular tension of the warps;

2122:. Usually, these "kufic" borders consist of lam-alif- or alif-lam sequences in an interwoven pattern. 766:

The Beyşehir rugs are closely related to the Konya specimen in design and colour. In contrast to the "

7334: 7182: 7111: 6390: 6250: 6178: 5465: 5455: 5391: 3370: 689: 669: 372: 288: 5491: 7046: 6929: 6889: 6564: 1112:

early Ottoman carpets. By the end of the 15th century, geometrical ornaments became more frequent.

1016:

are associated with the old Ottoman capital of Bursa, in Western Anatolia near the Sea of Marmara.

926: 916: 713: 4352: 4336: 3664:] (in German) (1st ed.). Wiesbaden, Germany: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag. pp. 87–176. 7372: 3211: 3030:

We are currently unable to recognize specific local designs in east Anatolian carpets. Until the

2652: 2635: 2314:

pronounced abrash (irregularities within the same colour due to dyeing of yarn in small batches);

2111: 2000: 1581: 1479:" style developed out of French baroque designs. Carpets were woven after the patterns of French 1397: 1389: 1125: 1092:, today a suburb of the city of Cairo. A carpet with serial bird-and-tree medallions is shown in 309: 160: 36: 4057:

Pinner, R.; Franses, M. (1981). "East Mediterranean carpets in the Victoria and Albert Museum".

2153: 7382: 7121: 6924: 6704: 4223: 3576: 3392: 3176: 2952: 1480: 1216: 1074: 485: 293: 5660: 5435: 4463: 2075: 532: 7377: 7136: 7051: 6919: 6512: 6267: 5747: 2864: 1742: 1286:

White-ground "Selendi" rug with bird-like ornaments. Monastery Church of Sighișoara, Romania.

806: 744: 3134:

Patterns of Islamic origin: Calligraphic borders, infinite repeat field, prayer niche design

1874:

The pile knots are usually knotted by hand. Most rugs from Anatolia utilize the symmetrical

903:

Around 1300 AD, a group of Turkmen tribes under Suleiman and Ertugrul moved westward. Under

7529: 7307: 7177: 6517: 6492: 6482: 6230: 6194: 6040: 5880: 5855: 5536: 5531: 5521: 5511: 5506: 5496: 5450: 5430: 5415: 5384: 1794: 1697: 1532: 1496: 1451: 871: 448: 327: 2550: 1492: 1464: 8: 7493: 7236: 7167: 7106: 7000: 6980: 6975: 5994: 5951: 5865: 5501: 5480: 3337: 3092: 2676:

is the capital town of the province to which it has given its name. The town lies on the

2119: 2092: 2040: 1101: 882: 338: 246: 231: 4078:

Vorderasiatische Knüpfteppiche / Antique Rugs from the Near East, tra. C. G. Ellis, 1970

3626: 3624: 3622: 2901: 2640: 154:

The art and craft of the Anatolian rug underwent serious changes by the introduction of

7465: 7322: 6307: 5969: 5959: 5803: 5757: 5460: 3122: 2096: 2064: 1334: 1004:

for their carpets. The Ushak region, one of the centers of Ottoman "court" production,

475: 402: 388: 349: 241: 155: 4762:] (1st ed.). Wiesbaden, Germany: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag. pp. 87–176. 2905: 1351: 623: 7508: 7503: 7352: 7146: 7005: 6746: 6467: 5941: 5936: 5918: 5333: 5239: 5202: 5118: 5062: 4998: 4973: 4947: 4919: 4891: 4866: 4841: 4813: 4788: 4763: 4734: 4683: 4658: 4657:] (1st ed.). Wiesbaden, Germany: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag. pp. 51–60. 4614: 4574: 4513: 4450: 4404: 4379: 4356: 4316: 4291: 4252: 4163: 4138: 4113: 4081: 3993: 3883: 3815: 3665: 3636: 3619: 3606: 3541: 3080:

were market places for Kurdish kilims, rugs and smaller weavings like cradles, bags (

3031: 2822: 2814: 2557:

in 1891 and expert carpet weavers were brought in from the carpet weaving centers of

2108: 1562:: Tribal Kurdish Cuval, ca. 1880 in traditional design, with harsh synthetic colours. 1484: 1441: 1105: 859: 537: 421: 283: 236: 199: 179: 84: 6371: 3069: 2578: 1511: 71:) is a term of convenience, commonly used today to denote rugs and carpets woven in 7450: 7387: 7327: 7203: 7020: 6965: 6960: 6844: 6809: 6218: 6214: 6054: 5926: 5893: 5813: 5604: 5157: 4505: 4348: 2088: 2080: 2044: 1417: 736: 654: 453: 345: 209: 64: 4490: 3579:(December 1931). "Primitive Rugs of the "Konya" type in the Mosque of Beyshehir". 3488: 7302: 7162: 7015: 6874: 6849: 6834: 6804: 6776: 6539: 6502: 6442: 6245: 6126: 6121: 6116: 5931: 5767: 5734: 5651: 4731:

Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

4489:

Geissler, CA; Brun, TA; Mirbagheri, I; Soheli, A; Naghibi, A; Hedayat, H (1981).

4476: 3424: 3419: 2860: 2710: 2582:

export which is attributed to the Bergama region is the so-called "large pattern

2187: 2048: 2030: 1996: 1724: 1421: 1413: 1240: 1152: 1085: 1057: 946: 740: 638: 467: 443: 435: 412: 356: 322: 170: 112: 4469: 4110:

Anatolian carpets from the collection of the Brukenthal National Museum in Sibiu

3523: 2913:

come very close to those from Hereke and Kum-Kapı. Ürgüp, Avanos and İncesu are

2546: 2330:) in Anatolia, which show designs adapted from the earliest weaving traditions. 1488: 1444:

near Stockholm in Sweden keep important collections of "Transylvanian" carpets.

720:

mention Aksaray as a major rug weaving center in the early-to-mid-14th century.

7488: 7362: 7246: 7187: 7076: 7030: 6995: 6990: 6934: 6909: 6899: 6884: 6824: 6799: 6783: 6729: 6669: 6594: 6574: 6569: 6462: 6427: 6098: 5984: 5860: 5762: 5719: 5714: 5198: 3407: 3382: 3058: 2856: 2840: 2742: 2677: 2605: 2583: 2493: 2181: 2010: 1972: 1945: 1917: 1912: 1864: 1649: 1184: 1121: 1093: 1005: 908: 887: 786: 658: 650: 642: 527: 317: 99: 76: 5629: 4509: 4184: 1713:

experimental re-creation of dyeing recipes and processes, in the early 1980s.

7523: 7297: 7276: 7213: 7025: 6985: 6879: 6869: 6859: 6854: 6819: 6771: 6751: 6714: 6674: 6619: 6584: 6477: 6457: 6111: 5999: 5870: 5850: 5752: 4360: 4215: 3387: 3362: 3045: 2893: 2826:

Central Anatolian double-niche rug (detail), 18th century, auctioned in 2021

2809: 2770: 2734: 2554: 2497: 2026: 1875: 1868: 1764: 1653: 1637: 1626:

together so that the resulting yarn is strong enough to be used for weaving.

1619: 709: 557: 480: 395: 221: 128: 124: 95: 3947:

Denny, Walter (1979). "The origin of the designs of Ottoman court carpets".

3065: 2964: 2302:

Unusual materials like warps made of goat's hair, or camel wool in the pile;

2180:

differs from Anatolian. Kurdish rugs are more often discussed together with

1991:

XVII,350 that the body of Patroklos is covered with a "splendid carpet". In

1867:

into which the pile nodes are knotted, and one or more shoots of horizontal

7440: 7433: 7418: 7413: 7241: 6970: 6944: 6939: 6914: 6904: 6894: 6766: 6709: 6684: 6659: 6634: 6579: 6559: 6359: 6234: 6004: 5707: 5697: 5689: 5526: 4918:(1st ed.). New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 45–. 3429: 3402: 3397: 3073: 3002: 2746: 2705: 2505: 2501: 2283: 2177: 2056: 1983:

There are documentary records of carpets being used by the ancient Greeks.

1960: 1956: 1921: 1824: 1339: 1264: 1143: 1009: 892: 825:

Seljuq carpet, 320 x 240 cm, from Alaeddin Mosque, Konya, 13th century

673: 5371: 4517: 4488: 2621: 2601: 1716:

According to these analyses, natural dyes used in Anatolian rugs include:

1557:, circa 1875; Southwestern Anatolia, with bright but harmonic natural dyes 850:

Early in the thirteenth century, the territory of Anatolia was invaded by

751:

in Konya province by R.M. Riefstahl in 1925. More fragments were found in

679: 30:

This article is about pile-woven Anatolian rugs. For flat-woven rugs, see

7498: 7292: 7256: 7086: 7010: 6761: 6756: 6689: 6649: 6614: 6554: 6534: 6497: 6437: 6076: 5885: 5674: 5668: 5656: 5407: 3928:

Franses, Michael; Bennett, Ian (1988). "The Vakiflar carpet collection".

3503: 3439: 3434: 2921: 2626: 2610: 2338: 2169: 2115: 1964: 1949: 1235: 961: 855: 717: 214: 151:, Cicim, Zili) have attracted the interest of collectors and scientists. 139: 120: 104: 91: 5594: 3035:

weaving has almost vanished, and more specific information may be lost.

2672: 2133:. A prayer rug is characterized by a niche at one end, representing the 1460: 1066: 748: 728: 7460: 7455: 7423: 7367: 7266: 7261: 7172: 6734: 6724: 6719: 6664: 6629: 6599: 6487: 6432: 6365: 5724: 5579: 5564: 5236:

Oriental Rugs: An Illustrated Lexicon of Motifs, Materials, and Origins

3538:

Travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian: the translation of Marsden revised

2914: 2889: 2848: 2287: 2130: 1896: 1859:

A variety of tools are needed in the construction of a handmade rug. A

1662: 1574: 785:, and may be related to Byzantine art. Today, the rugs are kept at the 685: 665: 661: 148: 6349: 4234:, by Jan Vermeer (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 89.15.21, p.71, fig. 101 4106:

Kobierce anatolijskie z kolekcji Muzeum Narodowego Brukenthala w Sibiu

3093:

Patterns of Central Asian origin: cloud band, lotus seat, cloud collar

2960: 1367: 1282: 985: 952:

As the political and economical influence grew of the Ottoman Empire,

7403: 7317: 6741: 6654: 6644: 6624: 6544: 6327: 6062: 5664: 5258:

Encyclopédie méthodique, ou, par ordre de matières, vol.2, Paris 1892

4671: 4249:

Carpets and their datings in Netherlandish paintings : 1540-1700

3483: 2968: 2006: 1968: 1899:

rugs, can be as thick as 12 mm. A special bedding carpet called

1863:, a horizontal or upright framework, is needed to mount the vertical 1756: 1746: 1292: 934: 863: 862:. These were later integrated into the Ottoman Empire by the sultans 646: 634: 610: 48: 4080:(5th ed.). München: Klinkhardt & Biermann. pp. 48–51. 2844: 2685: 2192: 1376: 1348: 997: 7470: 7428: 7357: 7271: 6694: 6609: 6604: 6382: 6332: 6106: 5989: 5979: 5742: 5599: 5142:(1st ed.). Herford: Bussesche Verlagsbuchhandlung. p. 10. 4946:(2 ed.). Munich: Verlag Kunst und Antiquitäten. p. 58 f. 4865:(1st ed.). London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. pp. 273–275. 4491:"The Role of Women and Girls in traditional rug and carpet weaving" 4403:(2 ed.). Munich: Verlag Kunst und Antiquitäten. p. 58 f. 4378:(5th ed.). Munich: Klinkhardt & Biermann. p. 158 ff. 3940: 3882:(1st ed.). Paris: L'Institut du Monde Arabe. 1989. p. 4. 3168: 3152: 2614: 2520: 2162: 2129:

A specific Islamic pattern is the mihrab pattern which defines the

1883: 1738: 1705: 1554: 1200: 1168: 953: 912: 867: 854:. The weakening of Seljuq rule allowed Turkmen tribes known as the 810: 630: 72: 4573:(2nd ed.). Albany, CA: Berkeley Hills Books. pp. 50–59. 4151: 2947: 2758: 2690: 2542: 1588: 7312: 6699: 6549: 6452: 6030: 6009: 5589: 5332:] (in German and English) (1st ed.). Wien: Eigenverlag. 5326:

Das Standardwerk des anatolischen Knüpfteppichs: Zentralanatolien

4967:

Steiner, Elisabeth; Pinkwart, Doris; Ammermann, Eberhart (2014).

4787:(1. publ. ed.). London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 7. 4733:(2nd ed.). New York: Yale University Press. pp. 20–24. 4210:

Dimand and Mailey 1973, p 67, illustrating floral Herat rugs in

3738: 3077: 2972: 2880: 2795: 2789: 2777: 2730: 2573: 2138: 2052: 1992: 1906: 1848: 1802: 1701: 1688: 1343: 904: 875: 782: 188: 4937: 4935: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3689:(1st ed.). Herford: Bussesche Verlagshandlung. p. 149. 2757:

carpets are woven in the surrounding of the town today known as

2725: 2446:

wefts doubled back, polychrome, "zipper"-like selvage technique

2305:

high quality wool with long pile (Anatolian and Turkmen nomads);

1475:

By the end of the eighteenth century, the "turkish baroque" or "

1056:: Phoenix and Dragon carpet, 164 x 91 cm, Anatolia, circa 1500, 993: 601: 7218: 7071: 6864: 6639: 6589: 6522: 6413: 6082: 6014: 5964: 5834: 5829: 5808: 5793: 5584: 4909: 4907: 3970:(3rd ed.). Tübingen: Verlag Ernst Wasmuth. pp. 30–32. 3017:

East Anatolian rug (detail), Şarkişla-Sivas region, ca. 1800 AD

3006: 2956: 2885: 2855:

The town of Konya is the old capital of the Seljuq Empire. The

2782: 2753: 2600:

is not a town name, but a label for a carpet type woven in the

2562: 2537: 2525: 2134: 2104: 2034: 1790: 1774: 1669: 1644: 1623: 1598: 1516: 1255: 1133: 1089: 1070: 1044: 942: 938: 930: 752: 732: 606: 5376: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 4812:(1st ed.). London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 170. 4747: 4722: 4449:(2nd ed.). Albany, CA: Berkeley Hills Books. p. 36. 2188:

Social context: Court and town, village and nomadic production

7251: 7208: 6679: 6507: 6072: 6035: 5974: 5788: 5702: 5559: 5357:

Anatolian Carpets and Kilims: The Turkish Cultural Foundation

5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 4932: 4273:"The Anatolian Rugs of Brukenthal National Museum Collection" 3974: 3835:

Briggs, Amy (1940). "Timurid Carpets; I. Geometric carpets".

2997: 2897: 2835: 2765: 2644: 2566: 2558: 2529: 2512: 2456: 2291: 2161:

Large, geometric shapes are considered to be of Caucasian or

2142: 2100: 1988: 1984: 1887: 1852: 1840: 1832: 1734: 1602: 1316:

of 1640 which mentions a "white carpet with leopard design".

1001: 981: 977: 778: 760: 735:, and were dated to the 13th century. These carpets from the 724: 672:. This is regarded as the beginning of the ascendancy of the 619: 144: 80: 31: 4904: 4831: 4829: 4705:"The deipnosophists, or, Banquet of the learned of Athenæus" 2541:

is a coastal town 60 kilometers from Istanbul on the bay of

1388:: Pieter de Hooch: Portrait of a family making music, 1663, 1199:

Type IV large-pattern Holbein carpet, 16th century, Central

1012:

were woven here. Gold-brocaded silk velvet carpets known as

5798: 5574: 5569: 4613:(3rd ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Co. p. 139. 4598:(1st ed.). New York: Near Eastern Art Research Center. 4176: 3872: 3484:

Oriental Rug Review, August/September 1990 (Vol. 10, No. 6)

3040: 2648: 2630: 2224: 1860: 1809: 1709: 1676: 1630: 1593: 1570: 1355:

are well-preserved Holbein, Lotto, and Bird Ushak carpets.

989: 858:

to organize themselves into independent sovereignties, the

40:

Anatolian double-niche rug, Konya region, circa 1750–1800.

5193:

Spuhler, Friedrich; König, Hans; Volkmann, Martin (1978).

5011: 4218:(Metropolitan Museum of Art, 17.190.20), p. 67, fig. 94; 3959: 3904:"Medallion Ushak carpet at the Metropolitan Museum of Art" 3788: 3565:(1 ed.). Vienna: The I. and R. State and Court Print. 708:

Coming from Persia, Polo travelled from Sivas to Kayseri.

5151: 5149: 4879: 4826: 4315:(1st ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 71. 4137:(1st ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 72. 3814:(1st ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 44. 3717: 3076:

has a large Kurdish population. The towns of Hakkâri and

1760: 5221:

Wynn, A., Three Camels to Smyrna, Hali Publications 2008

5061:(Repr. ed.). Woodbridge: Antique Collectors' Club. 4966: 4728: 4251:. Woodbridge: Antique Collectors' Club. pp. 48–51. 4112:] (in Polish and English). Gdańsk: Muzeum Narodowe. 4104:

Ionescu, Stefano; Biedrońska-Słota, Beata, eds. (2013).

2781:

lies on the Turkish south coast, opposite the island of

933:(1520-1566), invaded Persia and forced the Persian Shah 4960: 4729:

Ekthiar, MD; Soucek, PP; Canby, SR; Haidar, NN (2012).

4160:

Altorientalische Teppiche in Siebenbürgen, 2010 reprint

4103: 4050: 3828: 3524:

Evidence for ancient kilim patterns found in Çatalhöyük

3173:"kufic" main border and "infinite repeat" field pattern 3149:"kufic" main border and "infinite repeat" field pattern 2651:. The carpets are of the Bergama type. Since 1981, the 2545:. A weaving workshop was established in 1843 by Sultan 1019: 680:

Seljuq rugs: Travelers' reports and the Konya fragments

52:

Bergama rug, west Anatolia, first half of 18th century.

5146: 5140:

700 Jahre Orienttepich / 700 Years of Oriental Carpets

4890:(German/English ed.). Wesel, Germany: U. Hülsey. 4602: 4025: 3500:Çatalhöyük: Excavations of a Neolithic Anatolian Höyük 2440:

wefts doubled back, mostly red, sometimes more colours

2196:

Cultural interactions in traditional carpet production

1522: 134:

In Europe, Anatolian rugs were frequently depicted in

5330:

Handbook of Anatolian Carpets : Central Anatolia

5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 2350: 1065:: Animal carpet, around 1500, found in Marby Church, 5192: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 3799:(1st ed.). Hamburg: Hauswedell. pp. 19–31. 3352: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 2137:in every mosque, a directional point to direct the 2033:could have been used) remains unknown. The town of 1692:

Naturally dyed wool in a Turkish carpet manufacture

27:

Term commonly used to denote rugs woven in Anatolia

4997:(1st ed.). Pennsylvania, Pa.: Courage Press. 4840:. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. pp. 139–143. 4033:"Ottoman-Cairene carpet in the Met. Museum of Art" 3605:(1937 reprint ed.). Swedish National Museum. 3569: 3245:prayer rug, 18th century, Mevlâna Mausoleum, Konya 3229:prayer rug, Tilavet room, Mevlâna Mausoleum, Konya 5075: 4986: 4941: 4398: 3746:"Animal carpet at the Metropolitan Museum of Art" 3413: 2043:was ruled by the Roman Empire since 133 BCE. The 1396:: "Transylvanian" type prayer rug, 17th century, 1328: 613:motifs. Floral motifs were common in Ottoman art. 7521: 5323: 5300: 5197:(in German and English) (1st ed.). Munich: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 4636:From Konya to Kokand - Rare Oriental Carpets III 3701:"Doris Duke's Shangri La | Ottoman Silk Velvets" 2277: 1978: 1903:may reach a pile thickness of 20 to 25 mm. 1783:by double dyeing with madder red and yellow dye, 1239:Fragment of a Medallion Ushak carpet, ca. 1600. 1096:'s painting "Marriage of the Virgin" (1448–52). 968:were performed in the calligraphy workshops, or 845: 723:The earliest surviving woven rugs were found in 5056: 4099: 4097: 3536:Marsden, William (2010). Wright, Thomas (ed.). 1589:Carpet weaving: Materials, technique, processes 1270:Another small group of Ushak carpets is called 980:became known for its silk cloths and brocades, 837:Animal carpet, dated to the 11th–13th century, 6318:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe 4885: 4417: 4075: 3927: 3526:. Turkishculture.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-27. 3064:regional name. The region around the towns of 2988:), as three columns crowned by double hooks (" 2213: 1907:Origins and traditions of Anatolian rug design 1828:Turkish (roller beam) loom and weavers (1908). 1277: 1187:, carpet with a small-pattern "Holbein" design 7127:Textile Museum (George Washington University) 6398: 5392: 5372:Over 170 pictures from Istanbul carpet museum 5282: 5179: 4376:Vorderasiatische Knüpfteppiche aus alter Zeit 4353:10.1038/scientificamerican09281901-21530asupp 4242: 4240: 4056: 3630: 2715: 2695: 2511:of the rug are often protected by flat weave 2443:wefts doubled back, red, yellow, more colours 2324: 1215:Western Anatolian ‘Lotto’-rug, 16th century, 970: 577: 5229: 5227: 5117:] (in German). München: Prestel Verlag. 4992: 4944:Teppiche der Bauern und Nomaden in Anatolien 4401:Teppiche der Bauern und Nomaden in Anatolien 4094: 3596: 3594: 2148: 1844:Persian (asymmetric) knot, open to the right 1510:The oldest Hereke carpets, now exhibited in 1115: 5108: 4162:(1st ed.). Leipzig: Anton Hiersemann. 3797:The "Lotto" pattern as a fashion in carpets 2515:containing a small ornament woven in pile. 2308:small format fitting for a horizontal loom; 2298:Criteria for a nomadic production include: 1927: 6405: 6391: 6302:Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World 5399: 5385: 5362:Ottoman carpets in the Metropolitan Museum 5324:Butterweck, Georg; Orasch, Dieter (1986). 5267: 4753: 4648: 4279:. Archived from the original on 2012-03-09 4237: 4157: 3847: 3655: 2235:Stylization in Anatolian prayer rug design 1312:, based on an Ottoman official price list 584: 570: 123:. Anatolian rugs are most often tied with 5224: 5057:Zipper, Kurt; Fritzsche, Claudia (1989). 4838:Oriental Rugs - A New Comprehensive Guide 4611:Oriental Rugs - A New Comprehensive Guide 4076:von Bode, Wilhelm; Kühnel, Ernst (1985). 3591: 3575: 3563:A History of Oriental Carpets before 1800 3147:Type I small-pattern Holbein carpet with 2577:is the capital town of a district in the 2392:wool, dyed red, sometimes brown and white 1648:is used primarily in the foundation, the 1573:, non-traditional weaving tools like the 1456:" style, and the Hereke court manufacture 7446:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting 6355:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting 4702: 4633: 4593: 4373: 3880:Tapis - Present de l'orient a l'occident 3855:"Star Ushak, Metropolitan Museum of Art" 3012: 2821: 2813: 2398:wool, mostly brown, sometimes dyed blue 2337: 2191: 2157:Anatolian kilim with a geometric pattern 2152: 2074: 1995:Book VII and X "carpets" are mentioned. 1931: 1847: 1839: 1831: 1823: 1819: 1687: 1592: 1459: 1281: 1234: 600: 47: 35: 6275:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands 5270:Oriental rugs and the stories they tell 5137: 4888:Carpets of the Vakiflar Museum Istanbul 4835: 4677: 4608: 4568: 4549: 4530: 4444: 4310: 4182: 4132: 4012: 3987: 3965: 3809: 3684: 3633:Seven Hundred Years of Oriental Carpets 3535: 3206:17th-century Turkish prayer rug with a 2769:lies on the south-western coast of the 2055:. A Turkish carpet pattern depicted on 1319: 755:, today a suburb of the city of Cairo. 14: 7522: 4886:Balpinar, Belkis; Hirsch, Udo (1988). 4498:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 3834: 3560: 2395:wool, brown, white, dyed red or yellow 813:, Turkey. Seljuq Period, 13th century. 6386: 5380: 5233: 4913: 4782: 4682:(1st ed.). Munich: Ed. Minerva. 4347:(1343supp): 21530–21530. 1901-09-28. 4246: 4192:(1st ed.). Rome: Verduci Editore 3946: 3794: 3517: 3320:Edirne Selimiye Mosque interior with 3087: 2689:lies about 100 km north-east of 2317:inclusion of flat weaves at the ends. 2272:Bergama prayer rug, late 19th century 2079:Bursa prayer rug, late 16th century, 2070: 1167:Type I small-pattern Holbein carpet, 937:(1524–1576) to move his capital from 6412: 4942:Brüggemann, W.; Boehmer, H. (1982). 4860: 4807: 4399:Brüggemann, W.; Boehmer, H. (1982). 4186:Antique Ottoman Rugs in Transylvania 3992:(1st ed.). London: Oguz Press. 3600: 2924:or a triangular protective amulet (" 2639:is a village south of Çanakkale and 2617:descent who migrated into this area. 2382:wool and goat hair, white and brown 2204: 1304:rugs, they form a group of known as 1300:and a very small group of so-called 6282:Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam 5155: 4972:(in German, English, and Turkish). 4552:Oriental Carpet and Textile Studies 4479:. kilims.org. Retrieved 2016-01-27. 4228:National Gallery of Art, Washington 4015:Oriental Carpet and Textile Studies 3990:History of the Early Turkish Carpet 3540:. : Bibliobazaar, Llc. p. 28. 3025: 2803: 2487: 2379:wool, mostly white, sometimes brown 2009:describes luxurious carpets in his 1940:, i.e., do not continue diagonally. 1622:. Several strands of yarn are then 1523:Modern history: Decline and revival 98:can be observed in Anatolian rugs; 24: 5367:Ottoman Silk Velvets at Shangri La 2475:cochineal red, blue, white accents 2351:Regional technical characteristics 1683: 898: 25: 7561: 7092:Museum of Applied Arts (Budapest) 6183:Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem 5350: 3687:Siebenhundert Jahre Orientteppich 2625:lies on the eastern shore of the 2465:kilim, brown, red, blue, striped 684:In the early fourteenth century, 5628: 3355: 3329: 3313: 3298: 3282: 3266: 3250: 3234: 3218: 3199: 3184: 3160: 3140: 3115: 3099: 2282:With the end of the traditional 2265: 2253: 2241: 1540: 1531: 1375: 1366: 1223: 1208: 1192: 1176: 1160: 1043: 1034: 830: 818: 798: 551: 187: 7132:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum 5406: 5291: 5276: 5261: 5252: 5215: 5131: 4854: 4801: 4776: 4696: 4642: 4627: 4587: 4562: 4543: 4524: 4438: 4392: 4367: 4329: 4304: 4204: 4126: 4069: 4006: 3921: 3896: 3803: 3775:National Gallery London NG 1317 3763: 3693: 3678: 3649: 1708:. A variety of other synthetic 791:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum 7409:Early Anatolian animal carpets 7097:Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna 5285:Advances in Carpet Manufacture 3554: 3529: 3477: 3452: 3414:Other related rugs and carpets 2818:Old Anatolian Konya Prayer Rug 2462:kilim, red, yellow, polychrome 1434:Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest) 1026:Early Anatolian Animal carpets 13: 1: 7117:Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin 4470:"Kilim Rugs: Timeless Beauty" 3795:Ellis, Charles Grant (1975). 3445: 3108:"cloud band" border and field 2553:. Carpet production began in 2278:Nomadic and tribal production 1979:Romano-Hellenistic traditions 1737:, several chamomile species ( 1241:Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin 1151:tradition dating back to the 988:were famous for ceramics and 846:Rugs of the Anatolian Beyliks 609:cushion cover, with stylized 6340:Mathematics and architecture 4638:. Munich: Eberhart Herrmann. 4594:McMullan, Joseph V. (1965). 2847:, Keçimuslu, Ladik, Innice, 2656:prayer rug designs are rare. 2459:, red, or polychrome stripes 1612: 1409:Portrait of Abraham Grapheus 688:wrote in the account of his 7: 7102:Museum of Islamic Art, Doha 5283:Goswami, K.K., ed. (2017). 4916:How to Read Islamic carpets 4836:Eilland, Murray L. (1981). 4754:Brüggemann, Werner (2007). 4649:Brüggemann, Werner (2007). 4634:Herrmann, Eberhart (1982). 4609:Eilland, Murray L. (1981). 4311:Spuhler, Friedrich (2012). 4133:Spuhler, Friedrich (2012). 3810:Spuhler, Friedrich (2012). 3725:"Dragon and Phoenix Carpet" 3656:Brüggemann, Werner (2007). 3348: 3125:double-niche carpet with a 2709:is the capital town of the 2214:Town and village production 2091:moved from Central Asia to 1278:White ground (Selendi) rugs 1102:Chinese cultural revolution 839:Museum of Islamic Art, Doha 664:defeated the Roman Emperor 227:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 10: 7566: 7142:Victoria and Albert Museum 7082:Metropolitan Museum of Art 7062:Brukenthal National Museum 7057:Dar al Athar al Islamiyyah 4374:von Bode, Wilhelm (1902). 4313:Carpets from Islamic Lands 4277:Brukenthal National Museum 4135:Carpets from Islamic Lands 3812:Carpets from Islamic Lands 2807: 2491: 2333: 1467:, Pink Hall, with typical 1438:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1430:Brukenthal National Museum 1332: 1267:the "pattern revolution". 1138:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1023: 1020:15th century "animal" rugs 881:Literary sources like the 596: 29: 7545:Oriental rugs and carpets 7479: 7396: 7343: 7285: 7237:Ghiordes and Senneh knots 7227: 7196: 7183:Truckmount carpet cleaner 7155: 7112:Museum of Textiles (Lyon) 7039: 6953: 6792: 6420: 6323:Influences on Western art 6291: 6259: 6135: 6097: 6053: 6023: 5950: 5917: 5908: 5843: 5822: 5781: 5733: 5688: 5644: 5637: 5626: 5550: 5423: 5414: 5268:Gregoriann, A.T. (1977). 4993:O'Bannon, George (1995). 4914:Denny, Walter B. (2014). 4709:The Literature collection 4703:of Naucratis, Athenaeus. 4296:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4183:Ionescu, Stefano (2005). 4158:Schmutzler, Emil (1933). 3771:"National Gallery London" 3371:Carpet weaving in Isparta 2149:Other cultural influences 1959:, which he dated back to 1944:The early history of the 1250:pseudo-kufic characters. 1116:Holbein and Lotto carpets 1073:. Wool, 160 cm x 112 cm, 949:was agreed upon in 1555. 7550:Turkish rugs and carpets 7303:Madder (Rubia tinctorum) 7047:Azerbaijan Carpet Museum 5234:Stone, Peter F. (2013). 5109:Iten-Maritz, J. (1975). 4785:Islamic geometric design 4569:Eilland, Emmett (2003). 4445:Eilland, Emmett (2003). 3376: 3084:) and tent decorations. 2478:no cochineal red, yellow 2107:in 651 AD/19 AH and the 2013:, written about 230 AD. 1957:the art of Buddhist Asia 1928:Central Asian traditions 1836:Turkish (symmetric) knot 1725:Madder (Rubia tinctorum) 927:Suleiman the Magnificent 917:Sultanate of the Mamluks 7373:DOBAG Carpet Initiative 5111:Der Anatolische Teppich 4510:10.1093/ajcn/34.12.2776 3705:www.shangrilahawaii.org 3577:Riefstahl, Rudolf Meyer 3212:National Museum, Warsaw 2524:is the largest city of 2112:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan 1733:from plants, including 1432:in Sibiu, Romania, the 1398:National Museum, Warsaw 1390:Cleveland Museum of Art 737:Anatolian Seljuq Period 161:DOBAG Carpet Initiative 131:, naturally-dyed wool. 7383:Savonnerie manufactory 7378:A & M Karagheusian 7122:Saint Louis Art Museum 6313:Indo-Saracenic Revival 5165:www.transsylvanian rug 5138:Erdmann, Kurt (1966). 4863:Oriental Carpet Design 4810:Oriental Carpet Design 4678:Beselin, Anna (2011). 4425:"TCF Natural Dyes Lab" 4337:"Oriental Rug-Weaving" 4232:Woman with a Water Jug 4224:Philippe de Champaigne 4220:Portrait of Omer Talon 4212:A Visit to the Nursery 3988:Erdmann, Kurt (1977). 3966:Erdmann, Kurt (1965). 3685:Erdmann, Kurt (1966). 3631:Erdmann, Kurt (1970). 3393:Konya Carpets and Rugs 3177:Saint Louis Art Museum 3110:, Mecidi period design 3018: 2827: 2819: 2716: 2696: 2343: 2325: 2197: 2158: 2084: 2045:East Roman (Byzantine) 2023: 2007:Athenaeus of Naucratis 1941: 1856: 1845: 1837: 1829: 1808:With modern synthetic 1773:by double dyeing with 1693: 1605: 1491:(1839–1861) built the 1472: 1287: 1243: 1217:Saint Louis Art Museum 1075:Swedish History Museum 971: 919:was overthrown in the 743:in Konya, four in the 706: 614: 279:Constitutional history 53: 45: 7137:Turkmen Carpet Museum 7052:Carpet Museum of Iran 6268:Empire of the Sultans 5158:"Transsylvanian Tale" 4861:Ford, P.R.J. (1981). 4808:Ford, P.R.J. (1981). 3561:Martin, F.R. (1908). 3016: 2825: 2817: 2808:Further information: 2492:Further information: 2341: 2195: 2156: 2078: 2015: 1935: 1851: 1843: 1835: 1827: 1820:Weaving and finishing 1743:Matricaria chamomilla 1691: 1596: 1495:, modelled after the 1463: 1285: 1238: 789:in Konya, and at the 714:Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi 694: 605:17th-century Ottoman 604: 136:Renaissance paintings 51: 39: 7308:Indigofera tinctoria 7178:Hot water extraction 6966:Sir Francis Crossley 6231:Arab World Institute 6041:Ottoman illumination 5115:The Anatolian Carpet 4783:Broug, Eric (2013). 4247:Ydema, Onno (1991). 3193:"kufic" inner border 3171:‘Lotto carpet’ with 3106:Ushak carpet with a 1795:Indigofera tinctoria 1698:William Henry Perkin 1497:Palace of Versailles 1329:"Transylvanian" rugs 1320:Ottoman Cairene rugs 872:Mehmed the Conqueror 506:World Heritage Sites 111:Within the group of 7494:Armenian Orphan Rug 7168:Dry carpet cleaning 7107:Museo Poldi Pezzoli 6981:Arshag Karagheusian 6976:Arthur T. Gregorian 4760:The Oriental Carpet 4655:The Oriental Carpet 4571:Oriental Rugs Today 4533:Oriental Rug Review 4447:Oriental Rugs Today 4341:Scientific American 3662:The Oriental Carpet 3601:Lamm, C.J. (1985). 3496:"Mission Statement" 3338:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 2120:Islamic calligraphy 1876:Turkish double knot 1735:onion (Allium cepa) 1700:invented the first 1306:"white ground rugs" 1272:Double-niche Ushaks 907:, they founded the 895:in repeating rows. 883:Book of Dede Korkut 486:Olympic appearances 415:and performing arts 232:History of Anatolia 7540:Turkish inventions 7480:Notable individual 7466:Transylvanian rugs 7397:Carpets in culture 7335:Dyes in Uzbekistan 7323:Armenian cochineal 6308:Aniconism in Islam 6246:Toronto (Aga Khan) 6203:Khalili Collection 6068:Geometric patterns 5476:Bahmani and Deccan 5156:Ionescu, Stefano. 4475:2020-08-09 at the 4230:, p.70, fig. 98); 3343:prayer rug (saph). 3289:Central Anatolian 3088:Thematic galleries 3044:is the capital of 3019: 2828: 2820: 2643:near the ruins of 2344: 2260:Turkish prayer rug 2198: 2178:Kurdish rug design 2159: 2085: 2071:Islamic traditions 1961:Yuan dynasty China 1942: 1857: 1846: 1838: 1830: 1694: 1606: 1473: 1335:Transylvanian rugs 1288: 1244: 1136:in Paris, and the 966:miniature painting 921:Ottoman–Mamluk war 805:Rug fragment from 615: 274:Diplomatic history 54: 46: 7535:Culture of Turkey 7517: 7516: 7509:Coronation Carpet 7388:Ziegler & Co. 7353:Axminster Carpets 7031:Charles T. Yerkes 7006:Arthur Upham Pope 6380: 6379: 6049: 6048: 5904: 5903: 5876:Hardstone carving 5773:Chinese influence 5624: 5623: 5610:Stucco decoration 4925:978-1-58839-540-5 4769:978-3-89500-563-3 4756:Der Orientteppich 4740:978-1-58839-434-7 4689:978-3-938832-80-6 4664:978-3-89500-563-3 4651:Der Orientteppich 4504:(12): 2776–2783. 4322:978-0-500-97043-0 4144:978-0-500-97043-0 3821:978-0-500-97043-0 3671:978-3-89500-563-3 3658:Der Orientteppich 3324:prayer rug (saph) 3307:multiplied niches 3127:central medallion 3032:Armenian genocide 2659:The area between 2551:Dolmabahçe Palace 2485: 2484: 2366:Eastern Anatolia 2342:Regions of Turkey 2284:nomadic lifestyle 2205:Court manufacture 2065:Khirbat al-Mafjar 1493:Dolmabahçe Palace 1485:Aubusson tapestry 1465:Dolmabahçe Palace 1442:Skokloster Castle 1342:, in present-day 1106:Gregorio di Cecco 874:(1451-1481), and 594: 593: 558:Turkey portal 237:History of Thrace 180:Culture of Turkey 125:symmetrical knots 85:Culture of Turkey 16:(Redirected from 7557: 7451:Pictorial carpet 7328:Polish cochineal 7230:and installation 7021:Wilhelm von Bode 6961:James F. Ballard 6414:Rugs and carpets 6407: 6400: 6393: 6384: 6383: 6219:Majorelle Garden 5915: 5914: 5748:Hispano-Moresque 5642: 5641: 5632: 5441:Anatolian Seljuk 5421: 5420: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5378: 5377: 5344: 5343: 5321: 5298: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5265: 5259: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5231: 5222: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5190: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5162: 5153: 5144: 5143: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5106: 5073: 5072: 5054: 5009: 5008: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4939: 4930: 4929: 4911: 4902: 4901: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4833: 4824: 4823: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4495: 4486: 4480: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4295: 4287: 4285: 4284: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4244: 4235: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4191: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4101: 4092: 4091: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3985: 3972: 3971: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3628: 3617: 3616: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3581:The Art Bulletin 3573: 3567: 3566: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3502:. Archived from 3492: 3486: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3471: 3466:. 30 August 2021 3456: 3365: 3360: 3359: 3358: 3333: 3317: 3305:Prayer rug with 3302: 3286: 3270: 3254: 3238: 3222: 3203: 3188: 3175:, 16th century, 3164: 3144: 3119: 3103: 3026:Eastern Anatolia 2865:Eşrefoğlu Mosque 2804:Central Anatolia 2719: 2699: 2604:province in the 2488:Western Anatolia 2363:Central Anatolia 2360:Western Anatolia 2355: 2354: 2328: 2269: 2257: 2245: 2225:charitable gifts 2105:Uthman Ibn Affan 2081:James F. Ballard 1544: 1535: 1422:Pieter de Hoochs 1418:Thomas de Keyser 1379: 1370: 1212: 1196: 1183:The Harem Room, 1180: 1164: 1047: 1038: 974: 911:in northwestern 834: 822: 807:Eşrefoğlu Mosque 802: 745:Eşrefoğlu Mosque 655:Byzantine Empire 643:Ancient Persians 586: 579: 572: 556: 555: 554: 284:Cultural history 269:Military history 264:Economic history 210:Turkic migration 191: 182: 166: 165: 113:oriental carpets 96:Byzantine design 21: 7565: 7564: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7513: 7481: 7475: 7392: 7339: 7281: 7229: 7223: 7192: 7163:Carpet cleaning 7151: 7035: 7016:Friedrich Sarre 7001:George H. Myers 6949: 6788: 6777:Uzbek Napramach 6416: 6411: 6381: 6376: 6345:Moorish Revival 6293: 6287: 6255: 6172:Calligraphy Art 6138: 6131: 6093: 6045: 6019: 5946: 5910: 5900: 5866:Enamelled glass 5839: 5818: 5777: 5729: 5684: 5645:Regional styles 5633: 5620: 5546: 5517:Sudano-Sahelian 5424:Regional styles 5410: 5405: 5353: 5348: 5347: 5340: 5322: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5281: 5277: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5246: 5232: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5191: 5180: 5170: 5168: 5160: 5154: 5147: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5107: 5076: 5069: 5055: 5012: 5005: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4884: 4880: 4873: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4727: 4723: 4713: 4711: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4647: 4643: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4607: 4603: 4596:Islamic Carpets 4592: 4588: 4581: 4567: 4563: 4548: 4544: 4529: 4525: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4477:Wayback Machine 4468: 4464: 4457: 4443: 4439: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4372: 4368: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4309: 4305: 4289: 4288: 4282: 4280: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4245: 4238: 4209: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4074: 4070: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3986: 3975: 3964: 3960: 3945: 3941: 3926: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3808: 3804: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3709: 3707: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3629: 3620: 3613: 3599: 3592: 3574: 3570: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3509: 3507: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3478: 3469: 3467: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3425:Armenian carpet 3420:Oriental carpet 3416: 3379: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3344: 3334: 3325: 3318: 3309: 3303: 3294: 3287: 3278: 3271: 3262: 3255: 3246: 3239: 3230: 3223: 3214: 3204: 3195: 3191:Urgup rug with 3189: 3180: 3165: 3156: 3155:, 16th century. 3145: 3136: 3129: 3123:"Transylvanian" 3120: 3111: 3104: 3095: 3090: 3028: 2812: 2806: 2711:Manisa Province 2589:The village of 2508: 2490: 2420:Warp depression 2404:Number of wefts 2353: 2336: 2280: 2273: 2270: 2261: 2258: 2249: 2246: 2216: 2207: 2190: 2182:Persian carpets 2151: 2089:Turkic migrants 2073: 2061:"Paele Madonna" 2018: 1997:Pliny the Elder 1981: 1930: 1909: 1855:end and fringes 1822: 1777:and yellow dye, 1765:Tanner's sumach 1686: 1684:Dyes and dyeing 1629: 1615: 1591: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1537: 1536: 1525: 1458: 1452:19th century: " 1414:Cornelis de Vos 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1392: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1372: 1371: 1337: 1331: 1322: 1280: 1247:Medallion Ushak 1226: 1219: 1213: 1204: 1197: 1188: 1181: 1172: 1171:, 16th century. 1165: 1132:in Vienna, the 1122:Holbein carpets 1118: 1086:Pergamon Museum 1081: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1061: 1058:Pergamon Museum 1050: 1049: 1048: 1040: 1039: 1028: 1022: 947:Peace of Amasya 901: 899:Ottoman carpets 848: 841: 835: 826: 823: 814: 803: 741:Alaeddin Mosque 682: 599: 590: 552: 550: 543: 542: 533:National anthem 523: 522: 511: 510: 501: 500: 491: 490: 471: 470: 459: 458: 439: 438: 427: 426: 417: 416: 383: 382: 373:Public holidays 368: 367: 333: 332: 313: 312: 301: 300: 299: 298: 289:Genetic history 203: 202: 178: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7563: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7489:Ardabil Carpet 7485: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7363:Cormar Carpets 7360: 7355: 7349: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7233: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7200: 7198: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7190: 7188:Vacuum cleaner 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7077:Mevlana Museum 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6996:William Morris 6993: 6991:Julius Lessing 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6410: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6387: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6372:Topkapı Scroll 6369: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6297: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6227: 6222: 6211: 6206: 6195:British Museum 6191: 6186: 6179:Islamic Museum 6175: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6143: 6141: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6085: 6080: 6070: 6065: 6059: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5956: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5923: 5921: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5890:Stained glass 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5861:Damascus steel 5858: 5853: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5739: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5700: 5694: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5672: 5654: 5648: 5646: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5556: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5404: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5352: 5351:External links 5349: 5346: 5345: 5338: 5299: 5290: 5275: 5260: 5251: 5244: 5223: 5214: 5207: 5199:Callwey Verlag 5178: 5167:. HALI 137, 53 5145: 5130: 5123: 5074: 5067: 5010: 5003: 4985: 4978: 4959: 4952: 4931: 4924: 4903: 4896: 4878: 4871: 4853: 4846: 4825: 4818: 4800: 4793: 4775: 4768: 4746: 4739: 4721: 4695: 4688: 4670: 4663: 4641: 4626: 4619: 4601: 4586: 4579: 4561: 4542: 4523: 4481: 4462: 4455: 4437: 4416: 4409: 4391: 4384: 4366: 4328: 4321: 4303: 4264: 4257: 4236: 4203: 4175: 4169:978-3777210155 4168: 4150: 4143: 4125: 4118: 4093: 4086: 4068: 4049: 4024: 4005: 3999:978-0905820026 3998: 3973: 3958: 3939: 3920: 3895: 3888: 3871: 3846: 3827: 3820: 3802: 3787: 3762: 3737: 3716: 3692: 3677: 3670: 3648: 3641: 3618: 3612:978-9171002914 3611: 3590: 3568: 3553: 3547:978-1142126261 3546: 3528: 3516: 3487: 3476: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3383:Bergama carpet 3378: 3375: 3374: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3341:multiple-niche 3335: 3328: 3326: 3322:multiple-niche 3319: 3312: 3310: 3304: 3297: 3295: 3288: 3281: 3279: 3272: 3265: 3263: 3256: 3249: 3247: 3240: 3233: 3231: 3224: 3217: 3215: 3205: 3198: 3196: 3190: 3183: 3181: 3166: 3159: 3157: 3146: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3121: 3114: 3112: 3105: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3051: 3050: 3027: 3024: 3011: 3010: 2977: 2976: 2910: 2909: 2857:Mevlana Museum 2853: 2852: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2800: 2786: 2774: 2762: 2750: 2729:lies north of 2722: 2702: 2682: 2669: 2657: 2618: 2595: 2587: 2579:İzmir Province 2570: 2534: 2494:Bergama carpet 2489: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2481:cochineal red 2479: 2476: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2352: 2349: 2335: 2332: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2240: 2215: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2189: 2186: 2150: 2147: 2072: 2069: 2011:Deipnosophists 1980: 1977: 1946:Turkic peoples 1929: 1926: 1913:Turkic peoples 1908: 1905: 1821: 1818: 1799: 1798: 1784: 1778: 1768: 1750: 1728: 1685: 1682: 1614: 1611: 1590: 1587: 1549: 1548: 1539: 1538: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1457: 1450: 1384: 1383: 1374: 1373: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1333:Main article: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1279: 1276: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1207: 1205: 1198: 1191: 1189: 1185:Topkapi Palace 1182: 1175: 1173: 1166: 1159: 1153:Timurid period 1117: 1114: 1094:Sano di Pietro 1052: 1051: 1042: 1041: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1021: 1018: 909:Ottoman Empire 900: 897: 847: 844: 843: 842: 836: 829: 827: 824: 817: 815: 804: 797: 787:Mevlana Museum 768:animal carpets 681: 678: 651:Ancient Greeks 622:come from the 598: 595: 592: 591: 589: 588: 581: 574: 566: 563: 562: 561: 560: 545: 544: 541: 540: 535: 530: 524: 518: 517: 516: 513: 512: 509: 508: 502: 498: 497: 496: 493: 492: 489: 488: 483: 478: 472: 466: 465: 464: 461: 460: 457: 456: 451: 446: 440: 434: 433: 432: 429: 428: 425: 424: 418: 411: 410: 409: 406: 405: 399: 398: 392: 391: 385: 384: 381: 380: 375: 369: 365: 364: 363: 360: 359: 353: 352: 342: 341: 335: 334: 331: 330: 325: 320: 318:Turkish people 314: 308: 307: 306: 303: 302: 297: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 260: 259: 254: 249: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 218: 217: 206: 205: 204: 198: 197: 196: 193: 192: 184: 183: 175: 174: 156:synthetic dyes 100:Turkic peoples 77:Ottoman Empire 61:Turkish carpet 26: 18:Turkish carpet 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7562: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7504:Bahar-e Kasra 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7421: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7345:Manufacturers 7342: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7298:Synthetic dye 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7278: 7277:Warp and weft 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7226: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7067:Kidderminster 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7038: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7026:Thomas Whitty 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6986:Latif Karimov 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6782: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6772:Uzbek Julkhyr 6770: 6769: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6715:Shahsevan rug 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6518:Shabalyt-Buta 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6408: 6403: 6401: 6396: 6394: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5907: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5881:Ivory carving 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5402: 5397: 5395: 5390: 5388: 5383: 5382: 5379: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5341: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5294: 5286: 5279: 5271: 5264: 5255: 5247: 5245:9780804843737 5241: 5237: 5230: 5228: 5218: 5210: 5208:9783766703637 5204: 5200: 5196: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5150: 5141: 5134: 5126: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5059:Oriental rugs 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5006: 5004:9781561385287 5000: 4996: 4989: 4981: 4979:9783000446191 4975: 4971: 4963: 4955: 4953:3-921811-20-1 4949: 4945: 4938: 4936: 4927: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4908: 4899: 4897:9783923185047 4893: 4889: 4882: 4874: 4872:9780500276648 4868: 4864: 4857: 4849: 4847:0-8212-1127-7 4843: 4839: 4832: 4830: 4821: 4819:9780500276648 4815: 4811: 4804: 4796: 4794:9780500516959 4790: 4786: 4779: 4771: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4742: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4691: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4637: 4630: 4622: 4620:0-8212-1127-7 4616: 4612: 4605: 4597: 4590: 4582: 4580:1-893163-46-6 4576: 4572: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4466: 4458: 4456:1-893163-46-6 4452: 4448: 4441: 4426: 4420: 4412: 4410:3-921811-20-1 4406: 4402: 4395: 4387: 4385:3-7814-0247-9 4381: 4377: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4324: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4299: 4293: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4216:Gabriel Metsu 4213: 4207: 4188: 4187: 4179: 4171: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4146: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4121: 4119:9788363185640 4115: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4098: 4089: 4087:3-7814-0247-9 4083: 4079: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4021:. London: 58. 4020: 4016: 4009: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3969: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3891: 3889:9782906062283 3885: 3881: 3875: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3823: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3798: 3791: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3726: 3720: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3688: 3681: 3673: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3644: 3642:9780520018167 3638: 3634: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3614: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3595: 3587:(4): 177–220. 3586: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3520: 3506:on 2016-01-01 3505: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3480: 3465: 3464:johschool.com 3461: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3388:Hereke carpet 3386: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3363:Turkey portal 3353: 3342: 3339: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3311: 3308: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3194: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3138: 3137: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3097: 3096: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3047: 3046:Kars Province 3043: 3042: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3023: 3015: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2841:Konya-Derbent 2838: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2824: 2816: 2811: 2810:Konya carpets 2797: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2771:Aegean Region 2768: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2748: 2747:Lotto carpets 2744: 2740: 2736: 2735:Aegean Region 2732: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2632: 2629:near ancient 2628: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2498:Hereke carpet 2495: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2356: 2348: 2340: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2268: 2263: 2256: 2251: 2244: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2220: 2211: 2202: 2201:stylization. 2194: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2155: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2077: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2027:Tyrian purple 2022: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2002: 2001:nat. VIII, 48 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1934: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1879: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1834: 1826: 1817: 1813: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1690: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1610: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1586: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1543: 1534: 1520: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1471:-style carpet 1470: 1466: 1462: 1455: 1449: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1378: 1369: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1326: 1317: 1315: 1314:(narh defter) 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1284: 1275: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1260: 1257: 1251: 1248: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1224:Ushak carpets 1218: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1163: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1154: 1148: 1145: 1144:Lotto carpets 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1046: 1037: 1027: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1010:Lotto carpets 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 973: 967: 963: 959: 955: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 896: 894: 889: 884: 879: 878:(1512-1520). 877: 873: 870:(1421-1481), 869: 866:(1389-1402), 865: 861: 857: 853: 840: 833: 828: 821: 816: 812: 808: 801: 796: 795: 794: 793:in Istanbul. 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 771: 769: 764: 762: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 719: 715: 711: 705: 703: 698: 693: 691: 687: 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 627: 625: 621: 612: 608: 603: 587: 582: 580: 575: 573: 568: 567: 565: 564: 559: 549: 548: 547: 546: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 525: 521: 515: 514: 507: 504: 503: 495: 494: 487: 484: 482: 481:Oil wrestling 479: 477: 474: 473: 469: 463: 462: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 441: 437: 431: 430: 423: 420: 419: 414: 408: 407: 404: 401: 400: 397: 394: 393: 390: 387: 386: 379: 376: 374: 371: 370: 362: 361: 358: 355: 354: 351: 347: 344: 343: 340: 337: 336: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 315: 311: 305: 304: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 244: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 222:Turkification 220: 216: 213: 212: 211: 208: 207: 201: 195: 194: 190: 186: 185: 181: 177: 176: 172: 168: 167: 164: 162: 157: 152: 150: 146: 141: 137: 132: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 109: 106: 101: 97: 93: 88: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 57:Anatolian rug 50: 43: 38: 33: 19: 7441:Magic carpet 7434:Tree of life 7419:Kilim motifs 7242:Knot density 6971:Kurt Erdmann 6747:Scandinavian 6493:Gasimushaghi 6364: 6360:Pseudo-Kufic 6300: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6189:Kuala Lumpur 6087: 5614: 5466:Indo-Islamic 5456:Great Seljuk 5416:Architecture 5329: 5325: 5293: 5284: 5278: 5272:. Scribners. 5269: 5263: 5254: 5235: 5217: 5194: 5169:. Retrieved 5164: 5139: 5133: 5114: 5110: 5058: 4994: 4988: 4968: 4962: 4943: 4915: 4887: 4881: 4862: 4856: 4837: 4809: 4803: 4784: 4778: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4730: 4724: 4714:13 September 4712:. Retrieved 4708: 4698: 4679: 4673: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4635: 4629: 4610: 4604: 4595: 4589: 4570: 4564: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4501: 4497: 4484: 4465: 4446: 4440: 4428:. Retrieved 4419: 4400: 4394: 4375: 4369: 4344: 4340: 4331: 4312: 4306: 4281:. Retrieved 4276: 4267: 4248: 4231: 4219: 4211: 4206: 4194:. Retrieved 4185: 4178: 4159: 4153: 4134: 4128: 4109: 4105: 4077: 4071: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4040:. Retrieved 4036: 4027: 4018: 4014: 4008: 3989: 3967: 3961: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3911:. Retrieved 3907: 3898: 3879: 3874: 3862:. Retrieved 3858: 3849: 3840: 3837:Ars Islamica 3836: 3830: 3811: 3805: 3796: 3790: 3778:. Retrieved 3774: 3765: 3753:. Retrieved 3749: 3740: 3728:. Retrieved 3719: 3708:. Retrieved 3704: 3695: 3686: 3680: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3632: 3602: 3584: 3580: 3571: 3562: 3556: 3537: 3531: 3519: 3508:. Retrieved 3504:the original 3499: 3490: 3479: 3468:. Retrieved 3463: 3454: 3430:Kurdish rugs 3403:Ushak carpet 3398:Milas carpet 3340: 3321: 3306: 3291:double-niche 3290: 3275:double-niche 3274: 3259:single niche 3258: 3243:single niche 3242: 3227:single niche 3226: 3208:single niche 3207: 3192: 3172: 3148: 3126: 3107: 3081: 3074:Van province 3059: 3054: 3052: 3039: 3029: 3020: 2996: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2946: 2939: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2925: 2919: 2911: 2879: 2872: 2869: 2854: 2834: 2829: 2788: 2776: 2764: 2752: 2724: 2714: 2704: 2694: 2684: 2671: 2664: 2660: 2634: 2620: 2597: 2590: 2584:Holbein Type 2572: 2547:Abdülmecid I 2536: 2519: 2509: 2506:Ushak carpet 2502:Milas carpet 2470: 2451: 2435: 2419: 2414:2-4 or more 2403: 2387: 2371: 2345: 2323: 2320: 2297: 2281: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2208: 2199: 2174: 2170:Yörük nomads 2167: 2160: 2128: 2124: 2086: 2057:Jan van Eyck 2039: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2005: 1982: 1954: 1943: 1937: 1910: 1900: 1893: 1880: 1873: 1858: 1814: 1807: 1800: 1793:gained from 1786: 1780: 1770: 1752: 1730: 1720: 1715: 1695: 1675: 1674: 1667: 1659: 1643: 1642: 1638:spun by hand 1632:Sheep's wool 1631: 1628: 1616: 1607: 1579: 1567: 1559: 1550: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1489:Abdülmecid I 1476: 1474: 1468: 1453: 1446: 1426: 1407: 1404: 1393: 1385: 1357: 1352:Black Church 1340:Transylvania 1338: 1323: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1289: 1271: 1269: 1265:Kurt Erdmann 1261: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1228: 1227: 1149: 1142: 1119: 1110: 1098: 1082: 1062: 1053: 1013: 969: 957: 951: 945:, until the 929:, the tenth 925: 902: 880: 849: 772: 765: 757: 722: 707: 701: 696: 695: 683: 674:Seljuq Turks 668:Diogenes at 628: 616: 323:Ethnic Kurds 294:LGBT history 252:Christianity 153: 133: 121:natural dyes 116: 110: 89: 68: 60: 56: 55: 7530:Turkish art 7499:Badding Rug 7293:Natural dye 7257:Rug hooking 7228:Manufacture 7087:Miho Museum 7011:Alois Riegl 6830:Bessarabian 6530:Bessarabian 6483:Demirchilar 6443:Azerbaijani 6292:Principles, 6260:Exhibitions 6213:Marrakech ( 6209:Los Angeles 6177:Jerusalem ( 6139:collections 6090:Calligraphy 5970:Indo-Muslim 5952:Calligraphy 5886:Mosque lamp 5844:Other media 5763:Mina'i ware 5652:Bangladeshi 5408:Islamic art 4065:(1): 39–40. 3440:Turkmen rug 3435:Persian rug 2922:Mosque lamp 2915:Cappadocian 2739:Renaissance 2627:Dardanelles 2411:2-4 or more 2408:2-4 or more 2376:wool, white 2116:Islamic art 1965:Han dynasty 1950:Han dynasty 1582:Initiatives 1560:Right image 1394:Right image 1077:, Stockholm 1063:Right image 962:Calligraphy 958:Ehl-i Hiref 856:Oghuz Turks 718:Ibn Battuta 215:Oghuz Turks 105:Islamic art 92:Pazyryk rug 69:Türk Halısı 7524:Categories 7461:Red carpet 7456:Prayer rug 7424:Elibelinde 7368:Dilmaghani 7267:Tack strip 7262:Rug making 7173:Floorcloth 6845:Chiprovtsi 6366:Stilfragen 6294:influences 6166:Istanbul ( 6099:The garden 6055:Decoration 6024:Other arts 5919:Miniatures 5804:Embroidery 5758:Lustreware 5617:Decoration 5580:Mashrabiya 5488:Indonesian 5339:3900548005 5124:3791303651 5068:1851490914 4283:2012-01-27 4258:1851491511 3955:(I): 9–10. 3710:2016-12-18 3510:2012-01-27 3470:2024-05-20 3446:References 3293:prayer rug 3277:prayer rug 3273:Gaziantep 3261:prayer rug 3072:, and the 3066:Diyarbakır 2965:Yeşilhisar 2884:(Kayseri, 2611:Circassian 2598:Yagcibedir 2139:worshipper 2131:Prayer rug 2097:prohibited 2083:collection 2031:madder red 1987:writes in 1971:) and the 1938:unresolved 1761:Oak acorns 1757:Oak apples 1663:knot count 1601:weaver in 1575:power loom 1551:Left image 1481:Savonnerie 1440:, and the 1386:Left image 1263:termed by 1229:Star Ushak 1126:arabesques 1054:Left image 1024:See also: 972:nakkaşhane 710:Abu'l-Fida 686:Marco Polo 666:Romanos IV 662:Alp Arslan 653:, and the 624:Çatalhöyük 449:Television 403:Literature 328:Minorities 7404:Eagle rug 7318:Cochineal 6840:Caucasian 6810:Axminster 6625:Bakshaish 6620:Bakhtiari 6585:Pakistani 6540:Catalogne 6473:Caucasian 6458:Arraiolos 6328:Grotesque 6241:Singapore 6225:Melbourne 6063:Arabesque 5492:Malaysian 4361:0036-8733 3408:Yürük rug 3241:Kirşehir 3225:Kirşehir 3169:Anatolian 2969:Karapinar 2959:, Maden, 2665:Eskisehir 2661:Balikesir 2622:Çanakkale 2602:Balıkesir 2427:sometimes 2114:reforms, 1969:Fenghuang 1747:Euphorbia 1613:Materials 1487:. Sultan 1293:Cintamani 864:Bayezid I 712:, citing 670:Manzikert 647:Armenians 639:Assyrians 635:Phrygians 611:carnation 499:Monuments 378:Festivals 366:Festivals 346:Mythology 339:Languages 129:hand-spun 44:M.2004.32 7471:War rugs 7429:Evil eye 7358:Brintons 7272:Underlay 7156:Cleaning 6875:Karabakh 6850:Crivelli 6835:Bradford 6805:Armenian 6752:Seychour 6710:Seraband 6660:Karadagh 6635:Borujerd 6580:Oriental 6560:Kashmiri 6503:Karabakh 6468:Borchaly 6448:Absheron 6333:Moresque 6193:London ( 6137:Museums, 6122:Paradise 6107:Charbagh 6088:See also 5990:Nastaliq 5980:Muhaqqaq 5911:the book 5823:Woodwork 5782:Textiles 5743:Fritware 5615:See also 5600:Muqarnas 5595:Mocárabe 5552:Elements 4473:Archived 4292:cite web 4226:, 1649 ( 3843:: 20–54. 3349:See also 3167:Western 3153:Anatolia 3001:(Sivas, 2953:Taşpınar 2951:(Niğde, 2936:mazarlik 2894:Kırşehir 2861:Alaeddin 2839:(Konya, 2796:anilines 2717:mazarlik 2673:Bandırma 2594:designs. 2521:Istanbul 2436:Selvages 2141:towards 2093:Anatolia 2049:Sasanian 2041:Anatolia 1891:market. 1884:selvages 1739:Anthemis 1706:mauveine 1668:Wool-on- 1597:Turkish 1555:Pile rug 1469:"mecidi" 1302:scorpion 1201:Anatolia 1169:Anatolia 1067:Jämtland 1060:, Berlin 954:Istanbul 913:Anatolia 868:Murad II 811:Beysehir 749:Beyşehir 729:Beyşehir 702:Turquans 631:Hittites 476:Football 389:Religion 350:folklore 242:Religion 171:a series 169:Part of 140:oriental 73:Anatolia 7482:carpets 7313:Carmine 7197:Fabrics 6935:Turkish 6930:Swedish 6910:Persian 6900:Memling 6890:Lilihan 6885:Holbein 6825:Bergama 6815:Bellini 6800:Arabian 6793:Carpets 6762:Turkmen 6757:Tibetan 6730:Varamin 6690:Mashhad 6685:Kurdish 6670:Kashmar 6650:Isfahan 6615:Ardabil 6595:Persian 6565:Lilihan 6555:Flokati 6550:Dhurrie 6535:Braided 6453:Aghajly 6438:Alcaraz 6428:Arabian 6350:Mudéjar 6251:Tripoli 6229:Paris ( 6199:V&A 6127:Persian 6117:Ottoman 6031:Muraqqa 6010:Thuluth 5995:Persian 5942:Persian 5937:Ottoman 5909:Arts of 5894:Shabaka 5768:Persian 5735:Pottery 5720:Turkish 5715:Persian 5690:Carpets 5679:Ottoman 5675:Turkish 5669:Safavid 5657:Persian 5590:Minaret 5565:Banna'i 5537:Umayyad 5532:Timurid 5522:Swahili 5512:Ottoman 5507:Moorish 5497:Iranian 5471:Bengali 5451:Fatimid 5446:Chinese 5436:Ayyubid 5431:Abbasid 5171:22 June 4539:(9): 2. 4518:7315779 4196:12 July 4042:12 July 4037:The MET 3913:11 July 3908:The MET 3864:11 July 3859:The MET 3780:12 July 3755:12 July 3750:The MET 3730:10 July 3078:Erzurum 3070:Hakkâri 3055:Kurdish 2990:kotchak 2973:Karaman 2961:Yahyalı 2917:towns. 2902:Ortaköy 2881:Kayseri 2790:Isparta 2743:Holbein 2733:in the 2731:Denizli 2697:sobokli 2678:Marmara 2636:Ayvacık 2615:Turkmen 2606:Marmara 2574:Bergama 2533:indigo. 2530:Quranic 2471:Colours 2334:Regions 2163:Turkmen 2109:Umayyad 2053:Antioch 1999:wrote ( 1993:Odyssey 1918:Bergama 1803:mordant 1745:), and 1702:aniline 1512:Topkapı 1344:Romania 1310:Selendi 1006:Holbein 986:Kütahya 935:Tahmasp 905:Osman I 876:Selim I 860:Beyliks 852:Mongols 783:Erzurum 775:Divriği 690:travels 597:History 538:Emblems 520:Symbols 422:Theatre 357:Cuisine 257:Judaism 200:History 65:Turkish 7219:Soumak 7204:Frieze 7147:Wilton 7072:Louvre 7040:Places 6954:People 6925:Sarouk 6870:Hereke 6865:Gabbeh 6860:Fitted 6855:Ersari 6820:Berber 6735:Zanjan 6725:Tabriz 6720:Shiraz 6705:Sarouk 6675:Kerman 6665:Kashan 6640:Gabbeh 6630:Bidjar 6600:Abadeh 6590:Petate 6575:Navajo 6570:Mughal 6523:Shedde 6433:Afghan 6235:Louvre 6215:Museum 6162:Ghazni 6147:Berlin 6112:Mughal 6083:Zellij 6015:Tughra 5965:Diwani 5960:Arabic 5932:Mughal 5927:Arabic 5835:Minbar 5830:Khatam 5814:Suzani 5809:Soumak 5794:Damask 5725:Prayer 5708:Motifs 5605:Sitara 5585:Mihrab 5542:Yemeni 5502:Mamluk 5481:Mughal 5336: 5242: 5205: 5121: 5065: 5001: 4976: 4950: 4922: 4894: 4869: 4844: 4816: 4791: 4766: 4737: 4686: 4661: 4617: 4577: 4516: 4453: 4430:9 July 4407: 4382: 4359: 4319: 4255: 4166: 4141: 4116: 4084: 3996: 3886: 3818: 3668: 3639: 3609: 3544: 3257:Konya 3007:Kangal 2986:"ensi" 2957:Fertek 2940:"saph" 2906:İncesu 2886:Avanos 2845:Selçuk 2783:Rhodes 2754:Smyrna 2686:Gördes 2563:Manisa 2555:Hereke 2538:Hereke 2526:Turkey 2513:kilims 2504:, and 2326:yastik 2135:mihrab 2035:Sardis 1973:dragon 1791:Indigo 1781:Orange 1775:Indigo 1731:Yellow 1727:roots, 1670:cotton 1645:Cotton 1517:mihrab 1477:mecidi 1454:Mecidi 1436:, the 1416:, and 1349:Brașov 1256:Tabriz 1134:Louvre 1090:Fostat 1071:Sweden 1000:, and 998:Gördes 943:Qazvin 939:Tabriz 931:Sultan 781:, and 753:Fostat 733:Fostat 659:Seljuq 649:, the 645:, the 641:, the 637:, the 633:, the 620:kilims 607:velvet 454:Cinema 310:People 173:on the 149:Soumak 117:yastik 7252:Rubia 7209:Jajim 6945:Yomut 6940:Ushak 6915:Pirot 6905:Milas 6895:Lotto 6880:Konya 6784:Yürük 6767:Uzbek 6680:Kilim 6655:Jozan 6645:Heriz 6545:Chobi 6508:Kilim 6488:Ganja 6463:Arran 6152:Cairo 6077:tiles 6073:Girih 6036:Hilya 6005:Taliq 5985:Naskh 5975:Kufic 5871:Glass 5856:Brass 5851:Music 5789:Batik 5753:Iznik 5703:Kilim 5665:Qajar 5661:Early 5560:Ablaq 5527:Tatar 5461:Hausa 5328:[ 5161:(PDF) 5113:[ 4758:[ 4653:[ 4494:(PDF) 4222:, by 4190:(PDF) 4108:[ 3936:: 41. 3660:[ 3377:Types 3082:heybe 3060:Yürük 2998:Sivas 2948:Niğde 2926:mosca 2898:Mucur 2890:Ürgüp 2873:sinek 2849:Obruk 2836:Konya 2778:Megri 2766:Milas 2759:İzmir 2691:İzmir 2653:DOBAG 2645:Assos 2641:Ezine 2591:Kozak 2567:Ladik 2559:Sivas 2543:İzmit 2457:kilim 2430:none 2388:Wefts 2372:Warps 2292:Kurds 2288:Yürük 2143:Mecca 2101:Quran 2087:When 1989:Ilias 1985:Homer 1922:Konya 1901:yatak 1897:Yürük 1888:kilim 1869:wefts 1865:warps 1853:Kilim 1771:Green 1753:Black 1723:from 1704:dye, 1654:wefts 1650:warps 1624:plied 1603:Konya 1014:Çatma 1002:Ladik 990:tiles 982:Iznik 978:Bursa 888:Tekke 779:Sivas 761:kufic 725:Konya 468:Sport 444:Radio 436:Media 413:Music 247:Islam 145:Kilim 81:kilim 42:LACMA 32:Kilim 7286:Dyes 7247:Pile 7214:Shag 6920:Quba 6695:Nain 6610:Arak 6605:Ahar 6513:Quba 6478:Chul 6421:Rugs 6168:Arts 6157:Doha 6000:Sini 5799:Ikat 5638:Arts 5575:Jali 5570:Iwan 5334:ISBN 5240:ISBN 5203:ISBN 5173:2015 5119:ISBN 5063:ISBN 4999:ISBN 4974:ISBN 4970:2007 4948:ISBN 4920:ISBN 4892:ISBN 4867:ISBN 4842:ISBN 4814:ISBN 4789:ISBN 4764:ISBN 4735:ISBN 4716:2015 4684:ISBN 4659:ISBN 4615:ISBN 4575:ISBN 4514:PMID 4451:ISBN 4432:2015 4405:ISBN 4380:ISBN 4357:ISSN 4317:ISBN 4298:link 4253:ISBN 4198:2015 4164:ISBN 4139:ISBN 4114:ISBN 4082:ISBN 4059:Hali 4044:2015 3994:ISBN 3949:Hali 3930:Hali 3915:2015 3884:ISBN 3866:2015 3816:ISBN 3782:2015 3757:2015 3732:2015 3666:ISBN 3637:ISBN 3607:ISBN 3542:ISBN 3336:The 3057:and 3041:Kars 3003:Zara 2863:and 2745:and 2726:Uşak 2706:Kula 2663:and 2649:Troy 2647:and 2631:Troy 2613:and 2565:and 2452:Ends 2424:none 2047:and 1920:and 1861:loom 1810:dyes 1787:Blue 1710:dyes 1677:Silk 1652:and 1620:hand 1571:dyes 1483:and 1298:bird 1008:and 994:Uşak 984:and 964:and 893:guls 731:and 528:Flag 348:and 7414:Gul 6742:Rya 6700:Qom 6498:Jek 5698:Gul 4506:doi 4349:doi 4214:by 2290:or 2103:by 2059:'s 2029:or 1721:Red 1599:rug 1412:by 1130:MAK 960:). 941:to 747:in 700:as 697:... 396:Art 59:or 7526:: 6233:, 6217:, 6201:, 6197:, 6181:, 6170:, 5667:, 5663:, 5490:/ 5302:^ 5238:. 5226:^ 5201:. 5181:^ 5163:. 5148:^ 5077:^ 5013:^ 4934:^ 4906:^ 4828:^ 4707:. 4554:. 4535:. 4512:. 4502:34 4500:. 4496:. 4355:. 4345:52 4343:. 4339:. 4294:}} 4290:{{ 4275:. 4239:^ 4096:^ 4063:IV 4061:. 4035:. 4019:II 4017:. 3976:^ 3953:II 3951:. 3934:38 3932:. 3906:. 3857:. 3839:. 3773:. 3748:. 3703:. 3621:^ 3593:^ 3585:13 3583:. 3498:. 3462:. 3210:; 3151:, 3068:, 3005:, 2971:, 2967:, 2963:, 2955:, 2942:. 2904:, 2900:, 2896:, 2892:, 2888:, 2843:, 2561:, 2500:, 2496:, 2184:. 1975:. 1952:. 1789:: 1763:, 1759:, 1755:: 1741:, 1553:: 1499:. 1155:. 1140:. 1069:, 996:, 992:, 923:. 809:, 777:, 727:, 692:: 676:. 147:, 67:: 6406:e 6399:t 6392:v 6237:) 6221:) 6205:) 6185:) 6174:) 6079:) 6075:( 5681:) 5677:( 5671:) 5659:( 5400:e 5393:t 5386:v 5342:. 5287:. 5248:. 5211:. 5175:. 5127:. 5071:. 5007:. 4982:. 4956:. 4928:. 4900:. 4875:. 4850:. 4822:. 4797:. 4772:. 4743:. 4718:. 4692:. 4667:. 4623:. 4583:. 4558:. 4556:4 4537:3 4520:. 4508:: 4459:. 4434:. 4413:. 4388:. 4363:. 4351:: 4325:. 4300:) 4286:. 4261:. 4200:. 4172:. 4147:. 4122:. 4090:. 4046:. 4002:. 3917:. 3892:. 3868:. 3841:7 3824:. 3784:. 3759:. 3734:. 3713:. 3674:. 3645:. 3615:. 3550:. 3513:. 3473:. 3179:. 3009:) 2984:( 2975:) 2908:) 2851:) 2749:. 2322:( 1797:. 1767:, 1749:, 1203:. 585:e 578:t 571:v 143:( 63:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index