Teenage pregnancy - Knowledge

1295:, and family strife in childhood are more likely to become pregnant as teenagers, and the risk of becoming pregnant as a teenager increases with the number of adverse childhood experiences. In a 2004 study, one-third of teenage pregnancies could be prevented by eliminating exposure to abuse, violence, and family strife. The researchers note that "family dysfunction has enduring and unfavorable health consequences for women during the adolescent years, the childbearing years, and beyond." When the family environment does not include adverse childhood experiences, becoming pregnant as an adolescent does not appear to raise the likelihood of long-term, negative psychosocial consequences. A 2001 study suggested that boys raised by mothers who experienced physical abuse, or who experienced domestic violence directly, were more likely to be involved in a teenage pregnancy. 365:(UNFPA), "Pregnancies among girls less than 18 years of age have irreparable consequences. It violates the rights of girls, with life-threatening consequences in terms of sexual and reproductive health, and poses high development costs for communities, particularly in perpetuating the cycle of poverty." Health consequences include not yet being physically ready for pregnancy and childbirth leading to complications and malnutrition as the majority of adolescents tend to come from lower-income households. The risk of maternal death for girls under age 15 in low and middle income countries is higher than for women in their twenties. Teenage pregnancy also affects girls' education and income potential as many are forced to drop out of school which ultimately threatens future opportunities and economic prospects. 40: 1584: 1116:. In most European countries, by contrast, once an adolescent has reached the age of consent, he or she can legally have sexual relations with adults because it is held that in general (although certain limitations may still apply), reaching the age of consent enables a juvenile to consent to sex with any partner who has also reached that age. Therefore, the definition of statutory rape is limited to sex with a person under the minimum age of consent. What constitutes statutory rape ultimately differs by jurisdiction (see 448:

to go on welfare. Many teen parents do not have the intellectual or emotional maturity that is needed to provide for another life. Often, these pregnancies are hidden for months, resulting in a lack of adequate prenatal care and dangerous outcomes for the babies. Factors that determine which mothers are more likely to have closely spaced repeat births, include marriage and education. The likelihood decreases with the level of education of the young woman – or her parents – and increases if she gets married.

1884: 1406: 7881: 1993:, the majority of teenage mothers are not married to the father of their children. In the UK, half of all teenagers with children are lone parents, 40% are cohabitating as a couple, and 10% are married. Teenage parents are frequently in a romantic relationship at the time of birth, but many adolescent fathers do not stay with the mother and this often disrupts their relationship with the child. US surveys tend to under-report the prevalence of teen fatherhood. 9024: 1048:, researchers found that from a comparative perspective, however, teenage pregnancy rates in the US are less nuanced than one might initially assume. "Since timing and levels of sexual activity are quite similar across , the high U.S. rates arise primarily because of less, and possibly less-effective, contraceptive use by sexually active teenagers." Thus, the cause for the discrepancy between rich nations can be traced largely to contraceptive-based issues. 1444:(NFP) is a non-profit organization operating in the United States and the UK designed to serve the needs of young mothers who may have special needs in their first pregnancy. Each mother served is partnered with a registered nurse early in her pregnancy and receives ongoing nurse home visits that continue through her child's second birthday. NFP intervention has been associated with improvements in maternal health, child health, and economic security. 1475: 10076: 293: 1156: 1621:, "In every region of the world – including high-income countries – girls who are poor, poorly educated or living in rural areas are at greater risk of becoming pregnant than those who are wealthier, well-educated or urban. This is true on a global level, as well: 95 percent of the world's births to adolescents (aged 15–19) take place in developing countries. Every year, some 3 million girls in this age bracket resort to 9048: 1508:

to success is that adolescents know where they can go to obtain information and services, can get there easily and are assured of receiving confidential, nonjudgmental care, and that these services and contraceptive supplies are free or cost very little." In addressing high rates of unplanned teen pregnancies, scholars agree that the problem must be confronted from both the biological and cultural contexts.

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present throughout their childhood. Even when the researchers took into account other factors that could have contributed to early sexual activity and pregnancy, such as behavioral problems and life adversity, early father-absent girls were still about five times more likely in the US and three times more likely in New Zealand to become pregnant as adolescents than were father-present girls.

843:. If the younger sisters of teenage parents babysit the children, they have an increased probability of getting pregnant themselves. Once an older daughter has a child, parents often become more accepting as time goes by. A 2011 study in Norway found that the probability of a younger sister having a teenage pregnancy went from 1:5 to 2:5 if the elder sister had a baby as a teenager. 1397:

indicating that an increase in funding, education, or reach could decrease teenage pregnancy even further. Although 3% sounds like a small number, given a teenage girl population of 10 million females aged 15–19 in 2020, and ~190,000 teenage births per year, a 3% reduction would translate to about 6,000 prevented teenage births per year when extrapolated to the whole nation.

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University of Chicago study of youth transitioning out of foster care in Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin found that nearly half of the females had been pregnant by age 19. The Utah Department of Human Services found that girls who had left the foster care system between 1999 and 2004 had a birth rate nearly three times the rate for girls in the general population.

388:, may be more important than the age of the mother at the birth. Many solutions to counteract the more negative findings have been proposed. Teenage parents who can rely on family and community support, social services and child-care support are more likely to continue their education and get higher paying jobs as they progress with their education. 1139:

beaten by their child's father than women over age 18. A UK study found that 70% of women who gave birth in their teens had experienced adolescent domestic violence. Similar results have been found in studies in the US. A Washington State study found 70% of teenage mothers had been beaten by their boyfriends, 51% had experienced attempts of

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older, and almost one in five had partners six or more years older. A 1990 study of births to California teens reported that the younger the mother, the greater the age gap with her male partner. In the UK in 2005, in 72% of jointly registered births to women aged under 20, the father is over 20, with almost 1 in 4 being over 25.

717:. In the United States, teenage pregnancy costs taxpayers between $ 9.4 and $ 28 billion in 2016, due to factors such as foster care and lost tax revenue. A 2014 study estimated that an increase in economic productivity from ending teenage pregnancy in Brazil and India would be worth $ 3.5 billion and $ 7.7 billion respectively. 336:, not by the estimated date of conception. Consequently, the statistics do not include pregnancies that began at age 19, but that ended on or after the woman's 20th birthday. Similarly, statistics on the mother's marital status are determined by whether she is married at the end of the pregnancy, not at the time of conception. 774:, early marriage and pregnancy is more common in traditional rural communities than in cities. Many teenagers are not taught about methods of birth control and how to deal with peers who pressure them into having sex before they are ready. Many pregnant teenagers do not have any cognition of the central facts of sexuality. 2025:

In conclusion, teenage pregnancy is a complex issue that reflects the interplay between individual behavior, societal norms and cultural attitudes. Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive approach that includes education, access to healthcare, and support for young people. By working together,

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in 1999, 87% of women surveyed were married and 53% had given birth to a child before the age of 18. A 2018 study found that socio-cultural factors, economic factors, environmental factors, individual factors, and health service-related factors were responsible for the high rates of teenage pregnancy

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In the United States 2016, 39 states and the District of Columbia out of the 50 states required some form of sex education of HIV education. Out of these 39 states and the District of Columbia, 17 states require that the sexual education provided be medically accurate, and 3 states prohibit a program

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In a study of 379 pregnant or parenting teens and 95 teenage girls without children, 62% of girls aged 11–15 and 56% of girls aged 16–19 reported experiencing domestic violence at the hands of their partners. Moreover, 51% of the girls reported experiencing at least one instance where their boyfriend

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In some countries, sexual intercourse between a minor and an adult is not considered consensual under the law because a minor is believed to lack the maturity and competence to make an informed decision to engage in fully consensual sex with an adult. In those countries, sex with a minor is therefore

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According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, nearly 1 in 4 teen mothers will experience another pregnancy within two years of having their first. Pregnancy and giving birth significantly increases the chance that these mothers will become high school dropouts and as many as half have

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The effects of teenage pregnancy can be far-reaching and long-lasting. Pregnant teenagers are at increased risk of health problems, including complications during pregnancy and childbirth, and are more likely to experience poverty and limited opportunities later in life. Their children are also more

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In 2001, the teenage birth rate in the US was the highest in the developed world, and the teenage abortion rate is also high. In 2005, 57% of teen pregnancies resulted in a live birth, 27% ended in an induced abortion, and 16% in a fetal loss. The US teenage pregnancy rate was at a high in the 1950s

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survey, in 10 out of 12 developed nations with available data, more than two thirds of young people have had sexual intercourse while still in their teens. In Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Norway, the UK and the US, the proportion is over 80%. In Australia, the UK and the US, approximately 25%

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by distributing "funding to a network of public, private, and nonprofit entities services on a sliding scale based on income." Studies indicate that, internationally, success in reducing teen pregnancy rates is directly correlated with the kind of access that Title X provides: "What appears crucial

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showed. The study used federal funded sex education programs as a proxy for sex education, but provided no details about funding levels, the number of students reached, or the amount of time spent on sex education. The reduction of teenage births, not pregnancy, was significant, with a 3% reduction,

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From this data, 11 states currently have no requirement for sexual education for any years of schooling, meaning these 11 states may have no sexual education at all. This could mean these states are allowed to teach sexual education in any way they would like, including in medically inaccurate ways.

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Studies have indicated that adolescent girls are often in abusive relationships at the time of their conceiving. They have also reported that knowledge of their pregnancy has often intensified violent and controlling behaviors on part of their boyfriends. Girls under age 18 are twice as likely to be

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Studies from South Africa have found that 11–20% of pregnancies in teenagers are a direct result of rape. About 60% of teenage mothers had unwanted sexual experiences preceding their pregnancy. Before age 15, a majority of first-intercourse experiences among females are reported to be non-voluntary.

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Teenage pregnancy remains a significant social and cultural issue in many countries around the world. While the rate of teenage pregnancies has declined in recent decades, it continues to be a cause for concern, both from a health perspective and in terms of its impact on the lives of young people.

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In 2022, UNICEF reported that from 2000 to 2022, "the global adolescent birth rate for the age group 10–14 has declined by over 50 percent, from 3.3 to 1.6 per 1,000 adolescent girls aged 10–14", and "for the age group 15–19 has declined by over 30 percent, from 65 to 43 births per 1,000 adolescent

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to prescribe hormonal birth control, an IUD or emergency birth control to women, as long as they comply with prescribed standards in the Prescription infirmière: Guide explicatif conjoint, and are properly trained in providing contraceptives. In 2020, Québec will offer online training to registered

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In a 2012 US study, over 1,000 females were surveyed to find out factors contributing to not using contraception. Of those surveyed, almost half had been involved in unprotected sex within the previous three months. These women gave three main reasons for not using contraceptives: trouble obtaining

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Less than one third of teenage mothers receive any form of child support, vastly increasing the likelihood of turning to the government for assistance. The correlation between earlier childbearing and failure to complete high school reduces career opportunities for many young women. One study found

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Teenage pregnancy, with conceptions normally involving girls between ages 16 and 19, was far more normal in previous centuries, and common in developed countries in the 20th century. Among Norwegian women born in the early 1950s, nearly a quarter became teenage mothers by the early 1970s. The rates

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In 2023, globally, about 41 females per 1,000 gave birth between the ages of 15 and 19, compared with roughly 65 births per 1,000 in 2000. From 2015 to 2021, an estimated 14 percent of adolescent girls and young women globally reported giving birth before age 18. The adolescent birth rate is higher

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Despite these challenges, there are many programs and initiatives aimed at reducing the rate of teenage pregnancy and supporting young people who become pregnant. These efforts include comprehensive sex education programs, access to contraception and family planning services, and support for young

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youth are more likely than their peers to become pregnant as teenagers. The National Casey Alumni Study, which surveyed foster care alumni from 23 communities across the US, found the birth rate for girls in foster care was more than double the rate of their peers outside the foster care system. A

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Adolescents may lack knowledge of, or access to, conventional methods of preventing pregnancy, as they may be too embarrassed or frightened to seek such information. Contraception for teenagers presents a huge challenge for the clinician. In 1998, the government of the UK set a target to halve the

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estimates that the risk of death following pregnancy is twice as high for girls aged 15–19 than for women aged 20–24. The maternal mortality rate can be up to five times higher for girls aged 10–14 than for women aged 20–24. Illegal abortion also holds many risks for teenage girls in areas such as

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A holistic approach is required in order to address teenage pregnancy. This means not focusing on changing the behaviour of girls but addressing the underlying reasons of adolescent pregnancy such as poverty, gender inequality, social pressures and coercion. This approach should include "providing

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The Dutch approach to preventing teenage pregnancy has often been seen as a model by other countries. The curriculum focuses on values, attitudes, communication and negotiation skills, as well as biological aspects of reproduction. The media has encouraged open dialogue and the health-care system

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along with education decreased the rates of teen pregnancies by around 80% and the rate of abortions by more than 75%. Currently there are four federal programs aimed at preventing teenage pregnancy: Teen Pregnancy Prevention (TPP), Personal Responsibility Education Program (PREP), Title V Sexual

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Rates of teenage pregnancies are higher in societies where it is traditional for girls to marry young and where they are encouraged to bear children as soon as they are able. For example, in some sub-Saharan African countries, early pregnancy is often seen as a blessing because it is proof of the

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In 2006, the US teen birth rate rose for the first time in fourteen years. In 2010, it reached a historic low: 34.3 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19. In 2017, the birth rate for girls ages 15–19 was 18.8 per 1,000. Given a teenage girl population of 10 million females, aged 15–19, in 2020, this

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A team of researchers and educators in California have published a list of "best practices" in the prevention of teen pregnancy, which includes, in addition to the previously mentioned concepts, working to "instill a belief in a successful future", male involvement in the prevention process, and

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approved $ 155 million in new funding for comprehensive sex education programs designed to prevent teenage pregnancy. The money is being awarded "to states, non-profit organizations, school districts, universities and others. These grants will support the replication of teen pregnancy prevention

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is a valuable resource that describes what the minimum requirements of sexual education should be across the nation. Giving teenagers the tools that are outlined in that roadmap would have positive effects, as it gives teenagers the resources to make educated decisions. Currently, there is not a

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A 2003 study found that girls whose fathers left the family early in their lives had the highest rates of early sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy. Girls whose fathers left them at a later age had a lower rate of early sexual activity. The lowest rates are found in girls whose fathers were

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Multiple studies have indicated a strong link between early childhood sexual abuse and subsequent teenage pregnancy in industrialized countries. Up to 70% of women who gave birth in their teens were molested as young girls. By contrast, 25% of women who did not give birth as teens were molested.

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Pregnancies are the sum of births, abortions and miscarriages. Please note that in these tables, "age" refers to the woman's age when the pregnancy ended. Consequently, actual numbers of pregnancies that occurred among teenagers are higher than those reported here, because most of the women who

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In many cases, "teenage father" may be a misnomer. Studies in the 1990s found that about two-thirds of births to teenage girls in the US are fathered by adult men aged over 20. In 1995, the Guttmacher Institute reported that over 40% of mothers aged 15–17 had sexual partners three to five years

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Without a nationwide mandate for medically accurate programs, teenagers in the United States are at risk for missing out on valuable information that can protect them. It is unfair to expect teenagers to make educated decisions about sex that can lead to teen pregnancy when they have never been

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84 percent of pregnant adolescents aged 15-19 attended at least one antenatal care visit as compared to 88 percent of all women and girls aged 15-49. Fewer adolescent girls received skilled delivery care as compared to all women and girls (77 to 84 percent). Additionally, fewer adolescent girls

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Poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and limited opportunities for education and employment can also contribute to the high rate of teenage pregnancy. These factors can make it difficult for young people to make informed choices about their sexual health and can limit their ability to access

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The causes of teenage pregnancy are complex and multi-faceted, reflecting the interplay between individual behavior, societal norms and cultural attitudes. In many cultures, there is a lack of comprehensive sexual education, which contributes to a lack of understanding about contraception and

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teenage birth rate steadily declined for both younger (15–17) and older (18–19) teens. It dropped from 20.1 per 1,000 women in 2000, to 8.4 in 2020. In Canada, the stability of familial structure significantly influences the risk of teenage pregnancy. In a 2018 study, experiencing one or more

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study of US teenagers, 29% of teens reported feeling pressure to have sex, 33% of sexually active teens reported "being in a relationship where they felt things were moving too fast sexually", and 24% had "done something sexual they didn't really want to do". Several polls have indicated

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of 1996 included the objective of reducing the number of young Black and Latina single mothers on welfare, which became the foundation for teenage pregnancy prevention in the United States and the founding of the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, now known as Power to Decide.

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In most countries, most males experience sexual intercourse for the first time before their 20th birthday. Males in Western developed countries have sex for the first time sooner than in undeveloped and culturally conservative countries such as sub-Saharan Africa and much of Asia.

995:, often affect choice. Missing up to three pills a month is common, and in this age group the figure is likely to be higher. Restarting after the pill-free week, having to hide pills, drug interactions and difficulty getting repeat prescriptions can all lead to method failure. 1282:

There is little evidence to support the common belief that teenage mothers become pregnant to get benefits, welfare, and council housing. Most knew little about housing or financial aid before they got pregnant, and what they thought they knew often turned out to be wrong.

1002:, sexually active adolescent women wishing to avoid pregnancy were less likely than older women to use contraceptives (18% of 15–19-year-olds used no contraceptives, versus 10.7% for women aged 15–44). More than 80% of teen pregnancies are unintended. Over half of 791:

methods (or their inconsistent and/or incorrect use; the use of a method with a high failure rate is also a problem) may be factors in teen pregnancy. Most teenage pregnancies in the developed world appear to be unplanned. Many Western countries have instituted

396:, sexual violence and coercion, building gender-equitable societies by empowering girls and engaging men and boys and ensuring adolescents' access to sexual and reproductive health information as well as services that welcome them and facilitate their choices". 1668:, where women tend to marry at an early age. In 2023, in Western and Central Africa, and Eastern and Southern Africa, over 25% of adolescent girls and young women gave birth before age 18. In these regions, this amounts to an estimated 11 million young women. 460:

of the infant. The children of teen mothers are more likely to be born prematurely with a low birth weight, predisposing them to many other lifelong conditions. Children of teen mothers are at higher risk of intellectual, language, and socio-emotional delays.

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Theuri, Joseph and Nzioka, David (2021). Alcohol and drug abuse as ecological predictors of risk taking behaviour among secondary school students in Kajiado North Sub-County, Kajiado County, Kenya. African Journal of Empirical Research, 2 (1), 50-55. DOI:

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was high, with 62 pregnant teens out of every 1,000 women. India is fast approaching to be the most populous country in the world by 2050 and increasing teenage pregnancy, an important factor for the population rise, is likely to aggravate the problems.

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of 15-year-olds and 50% of 17-year-olds have had sex. In 2004, approximately 15 million girls under the age of 20 in the world had a child each year. Estimates were that 20–60% of these pregnancies in developing countries are mistimed or unwanted.

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In the United States one third of high school students reported being sexually active. In 2011–2013, 79% of females reported using birth control. Teenage pregnancy puts young women at risk for health issues, economic, social and financial issues.

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Young women often think of contraception either as 'the pill' or condoms and have little knowledge about other methods. They are heavily influenced by negative, second-hand stories about methods of contraception from their friends and the media.

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is higher among adolescent mothers. In a rural hospital in West Bengal, teenage mothers between 15 and 19 years old were more likely to have anemia, preterm delivery, and a baby with a lower birth weight than mothers between 20 and 24 years old.

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than women aged 20 or older. There are additional concerns for those under the age of 15 as they are less likely to be physically developed to sustain a healthy pregnancy or to give birth. For girls aged 15–19, risks are associated more with

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nurses, provided by the Ordre des infirmières et infirmiers du Québec (OIIQ). Nurses that do not have training in the areas of sexually transmitted and blood borne infections may have to take additional online courses provided by the INSPQ.

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average of 6.9. However, the UK birth rate has fallen by almost a third (32.3%) since 2004 compared with a fall of 15.6% in the EU. In 2004, the UK rate was 13.6 births per 1,000 women aged 15–17 compared with an EU average rate of 7.7.

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Young mothers who are given high-quality maternity care have significantly healthier babies than those who do not. Many of the health-issues associated with teenage mothers appear to result from lack of access to adequate medical care.

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may possibly encourage unintended sexual activity. If so, it is unknown if the drugs themselves directly influence teenagers to engage in riskier behavior, or whether teenagers who engage in drug use are more likely to engage in sex.

1826:. In 2015, Bulgaria had a birth rate of 37 per 1,000 women aged 15–19. Romania had a birth rate of 34 per 1,000 women aged 15–19. The teen birth rate of these two countries is even higher than that of underdeveloped countries like 516:

in the children of teenage mothers has also been noted, with many of the children being held back a grade level, scoring lower on standardized tests, and/or failing to graduate from secondary school. Daughters born to adolescent

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The Guttmacher Institute found that 60% of girls who had sex before age 15 were coerced by males, who on average were six years their senior. In 2003, one in five teenage fathers admitted to forcing girls to have sex with them.

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In 2003, worldwide teenage pregnancy rates ranged from 143 per 1,000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1,000 in South Korea. In the US in 2013, 82% of pregnancies in those between 15 and 19 were unplanned. Among

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in lower- and middle-income countries (LMIC), compared to higher- income countries. In the developing world, approximately 2.5 million females aged 15 to 19 years old have children each year. Another 3.9 million have

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shows. This compares with 6,279 in the same period in 2013 and 7,083 for the June quarter the year before that. Historically, the UK has had one of the highest teenage pregnancy and abortion rates in Western Europe.

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sexually transmitted infections. There is also a cultural stigma attached to discussing sexual health and relationships, which makes it difficult for young people to access the information and support they need.

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programs that have been shown to be effective through rigorous research as well as the testing of new, innovative approaches to combating teen pregnancy." Of the total of $ 150 million, $ 55 million is funded by

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from promoting sexual education in a religious way. These three states include California, Colorado, and Louisiana. 19 of those 39 states stress the importance of only having sex when in a committed marriage.

8890: 5428:"Does the UK government's teenage pregnancy strategy deal with the correct risk factors? Findings from a secondary analysis of data from a randomised trial of sex education and their implications for policy" 1380:

This point is also valid for those 22 states that do not require sexual education to be medically accurate. Comprehensive sexual education has been proven to work to reduce the risk of teen pregnancies.

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The agency noted regional disparities, noting that in West and Central Africa, "48 percent of newborns to adolescent mothers had a postnatal contact as compared to 52 percent of newborns to all mothers".

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under-18 pregnancy rate by 2010. The Teenage Pregnancy Strategy (TPS) was established to achieve this. The pregnancy rate in this group, although falling, rose slightly in 2007, to 41.7 per 1,000 women.

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Teen pregnancy cost the US over $ 9.1 billion in 2004, including $ 1.9 billion for health care, $ 2.3 billion for child welfare, $ 2.1 billion for incarceration, and $ 2.9 billion in lower tax revenue.

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have steadily declined throughout the developed world since that 20th-century peak. Among those born in Norway in the late 1970s, less than 10% became teenage mothers, and rates have fallen since then.

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In the UK in 2001, around half of all pregnancies to those under 18 were concentrated among the 30% most deprived population, with only 14% occurring among the 30% least deprived. For example, in

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expectations have been pinpointed as a risk factor. A girl is more likely to become a teenage parent if her mother or older sister gave birth in her teens. A majority of respondents in a 1988

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when compared to comprehensive sex education. It does not decrease the sexual activity rates of students, when compared to students who undertake comprehensive sexual education classes.

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The teen pregnancy rate in England and Wales was 23.3 per 1,000 women aged 15 to 17. There were 5,740 pregnancies in girls aged under 18 in the three months to June 2014, data from the

1037:. 36.2% of Hispanics said they never used contraception during intercourse, compared to 23.3% of Black teens and 17.0% of White teens who did not use contraceptives during intercourse. 1978:

In some cases, the father of the child is the husband of the teenage girl. The conception may occur within wedlock, or the pregnancy itself may precipitate the marriage, the so-called

1089:, published in 2004, there has been an increased effort to provide contraception to adolescents via family planning services and school-based health, such as HIV prevention education. 7285:

James, E. A.; Rashid, M (2013). ""Welfare queens" and "teen moms": How the social construction of fertile women impacts unintended pregnancy prevention policy in the United States".

2046:, a former teacher and graduate from Seton Hall University used his knowledge of issues concerning young students at his school which included teenage pregnancy to compose the song, 1461:'s Institut national de santé publique (INSPQ) began implementing adjustments to the Protocole de contraception du Québec (Québec Contraception Protocol). The new protocol allows 2034:

Some politicians condemn pregnancy in unmarried teenagers as a drain on taxpayers, if the mothers and children receive welfare payments and social housing from the government.

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as a factor in encouraging both girls and boys to have sex. The increased sexual activity among adolescents is manifested in increased teenage pregnancies and an increase in

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Girls who mature early (precocious puberty) are more likely to engage in sexual intercourse at a younger age, which in turn puts them at greater risk of teenage pregnancy.

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Kohler, Pamela; Lafferty, William; Manhart, Lisa (April 2008). "Abstinence-Only and Comprehensive Sex Education and the Initiation of Sexual Activity and Teen Pregnancy".

1487: 253:. Teenage pregnancy in developing countries often occurs within marriage and approximately half are planned. However, in these societies, early pregnancy may combine with 5322:

Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Chapman DP, Croft JB, Williamson DF, Santelli J, Dietz PM, Marks JS (2001). "Abused boys, battered mothers, and male involvement in teen pregnancy".

1082:), which prevent pregnancy for months or years at a time, are more effective in women who have trouble remembering to take pills or using barrier methods consistently. 9592: 815:

Teen pregnancy and motherhood can influence younger siblings. One study found that the younger sisters of teen mothers were less likely to emphasize the importance of

800:. Countries with low levels of teenagers giving birth accept sexual relationships among teenagers and provide comprehensive and balanced information about sexuality. 6716: 1847: 166:

Worldwide, pregnancy complications are the leading cause of death for women and girls 15 to 19 years old. The definition of teenage pregnancy includes those who are

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Underhill, K; Operario, D; Montgomery, P (17 October 2007). Operario, Don (ed.). "Abstinence-only programs for HIV infection prevention in high-income countries".

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There are no comparable rates for conceptions across Europe, but the under-18 birth rate suggests England is closing the gap. The under-18 birth rate in 2012 in

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In the developing world, programs of reproductive health aimed at teenagers are often small scale and not centrally coordinated, although some countries such as

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result in the deaths of an estimated 70,000 teen girls in developing countries each year. Young mothers and their babies are also at greater risk of contracting

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also influence the decision to have children. In societies where children are set to work at an early age, it is economically attractive to have many children.

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through the Personal Responsibility Education Program, which requires states receiving funding to incorporate lessons about both abstinence and contraception.

683:. For mothers who are older than fifteen, age is not a risk factor, and poor outcomes are associated more with socioeconomic factors rather than with biology. 6945: 6479: 6042: 1512: 570:

reports that one-third of pregnant teens receive insufficient prenatal care and that their children are more likely to have health issues in childhood or be

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East, P. L. (1998). "Impact of Adolescent Childbearing on Families and Younger Sibling: Effects that Increase Younger Siblings' Risk for Early Pregnancy".

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A 2006 study found that adolescents who were more exposed to sexuality in the media were more likely to engage in sexual activity themselves. According to

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Secura, Gina M.; Madden, Tessa; McNicholas, Colleen; Mullersman, Jennifer; Buckel, Christina M.; Zhao, Qiuhong; Peipert, Jeffrey F. (2 October 2014).

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Loto OM, Ezechi OC, Kalu BK, Loto A, Ezechi L, Ogunniyi SO (2004). "Poor obstetric performance of teenagers: Is it age- or quality of care-related?".

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Biggs, M. A.; Karasek, D; Foster, D. G. (2012). "Unprotected intercourse among women wanting to avoid pregnancy: Attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs".

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Pregnancies, births, and abortions among adolescents and young women in the United States, 2013: National and state trends by age, race and ethnicity

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by the time a girl is 16, as they are not observed in births to older teens after controlling for other risk factors, such as access to high-quality

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Pregnant teenagers face many of the same pregnancy-related issues as older women. Teenagers are more likely to experience pregnancy complications or

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California Resident Live Births, 1990, by Age of Father, by Age of Mother, California Vital Statistics Section, Department of Health Services, 1992.

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Deardorff, J; Gonzales, NA; Christopher, FS; Roosa, MW; Millsap, RE (2005). "Early puberty and adolescent pregnancy: the influence of alcohol use".

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Among teens in the UK seeking an abortion, a 2007 study found that the rate of contraceptive use was roughly the same for teens as for older women.

6465: 6160: 2825: 1030: 349: 5305: 5409: 2969: 1307: 7121:"FSRH Clinical Guideline: Contraceptive Choices for Young People (March 2010, amended May 2019) - Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare" 4814:

Speidel, J. J.; Harper, C. C.; Shields, W. C. (2008). "The potential of long-acting reversible contraception to decrease unintended pregnancy".

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Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Mathews, T.J. (7 January 2009).

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Sterling, Sandra P. (2009). "Contraceptive Use Among Adolescent Latinas Living in the United States: The Impact of Culture and Acculturation".

1775:, an increase in the age at which women experience their first birth, and a decrease in the number of births among teenagers. Most continental 1591:

In reporting teenage pregnancy rates, the number of pregnancies per 1,000 females aged 15 to 19,. when the pregnancy ends, is generally used.

6696:

Dryburgh, H. (2002). Teenage pregnancy. Health Reports, 12 (1), 9–18; Statistics Canada . (2005). Health Indicators, 2005, 2. Retrieved from

5540: 5055:

Saewyc, E. M.; Magee, L. L.; Pettingell, S. E. (2004). "Teenage pregnancy and associated risk behaviors among sexually abused adolescents".

2675: 444:. A 2009 study found that teenage girls who are pregnant or are mothers are seven times more likely to commit suicide than other teenagers. 6798: 6578:"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011) Health Disparities and Inequality Report – United States, MMWR, Jan 14, 2011 volume 60" 6577: 1751:

was 11.9 births per 1,000 women. The rate has fallen from 55.5 births per 1,000 women in 1971, probably due to ease of access to effective

9655: 9640: 7870: 4477: 4250: 3145: 1533: 5187: 5092: 4546: 9493: 8946: 6028: 5203: 4533: 4201: 4097: 3543:

Furstenberg FF, Levine JA, Brooks-Gunn J (1990). "The children of teenage mothers: patterns of early childbearing in two generations".

2208: 1517: 7186:"Perspectives on Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Strategies in the United States: Looking Back, Looking Forward [Corrigendum]" 6075: 3609:

Scholl TO, Hediger ML, Belsky DH (1994). "Prenatal care and maternal health during adolescent pregnancy: A review and meta-analysis".

9419: 4064: 7352: 7333: 2844: 9582: 9005: 6595: 3306:

Kalmuss DS, Namerow PB (1994). "Subsequent childbearing among teenage mothers: the determinants of a closely spaced second birth".

2851: 1041:

birth control (the most frequent reason), lack of intention to have sex, and the misconception that they "could not get pregnant".

5494:

A Joint Project of The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy and UCAN (Uhlich Children’s Advantage Network) 16 February 2006

4701: 1425:. Evidence does not support the effectiveness of abstinence-only sex education. It has been found to be ineffective in decreasing 9739: 9605: 9079: 9052: 8928: 7287: 1644:

found that, annually, 13 million children are born to women aged under 20 worldwide, with more than 90% in developing countries.

7120: 5254: 5020:

Saewyc EM, Magee LL, Pettingell SE (2004). "Teenage pregnancy and associated risk behaviors among sexually abused adolescents".

5007: 47:

A US government poster on teen pregnancy. Over 1,100 teenagers, mostly aged 18 or 19, give birth every day in the United States.

9617: 8966: 1878: 380:

impact of pregnancy and parenthood in teens. Life outcomes for teenage mothers and their children vary. Other factors, such as

3396: 7702: 7681: 7658: 7639: 7618: 7597: 7576: 7557: 7538: 7519: 7498: 7073: 3698: 2757: 6451: 3217: 10049: 9612: 1359: 892: 7275:

Dorothy. Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty. New York: Pantheon Books, 1997. Chapter 3

6720: 5235: 3497:

Crockenberg S (1987). "Predictors and correlates of anger toward and punitive control of toddlers by adolescent mothers".

1171:

Teenage pregnancy has been defined predominantly within the research field and among social agencies as a social problem.

713:

caused by teenage pregnancy in different countries varies, from 1% to 30% of the annual GDP, with 30% being the figure in

9455: 8900: 2490:

Jeha, D.; Usta, I.; Ghulmiyyah, L.; Nassar, A. (2015). "A review of the risks and consequences of adolescent pregnancy".

1895:

The teenage pregnancy rate decreased significantly in the 1990s. This decline was across all racial groups. Teenagers of

1713:

The rates of early marriage and pregnancy in some Asian countries are high. In the 2000s, the rates decreased sharply in

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Oringanje, Chioma; Meremikwu, Martin M; Eko, Hokehe; Esu, Ekpereonne; Meremikwu, Anne; Ehiri, John E (3 February 2016).

5504:

L'Engle, KL; Brown, JD; Kenneavy, K (2006). "The mass media are an important context for adolescents' sexual behavior".

2322:

Oringanje, Chioma; Meremikwu, Martin M; Eko, Hokehe; Esu, Ekpereonne; Meremikwu, Anne; Ehiri, John E (3 February 2016).

1887:

The US teen pregnancy rate 15 to 19 year olds, per 1,000, 1973 to 2011, including Black, Hispanic, and White populations

9622: 9072: 9040: 9010: 6888: 6102: 5160: 3397:

American Academy Of Pediatrics. Committee On Adolescence Committee On Early Childhood Adoption, Dependent Care (2001).

2253: 7416: 7397: 3107: 469:

issues are increased in children born to teen mothers. One study suggested that adolescent mothers are less likely to

9972: 9349: 8905: 8053: 7649:

Rhode, Deborah L. (2007). "Politics and Pregnancy: Adolescent Mothers and Public Policy". In Nancy Ehrenreich (ed.).

6251: 4169: 3590: 1079: 938:

have significantly reduced rates of conception compared to their peers who do not use opioids, and peers who do use

4789: 1970:

episodes of poverty before the age of 13 made young Canadian girls 75% to 90% more vulnerable to teenage pregnancy.

10061: 10044: 9597: 9286: 9271: 8238: 6483: 3068: 1722: 1059: 999: 581:

who become pregnant face barriers to receiving healthcare because they are the least insured group in the country.

276:

In 2021, 13.3 million babies, or about 10 percent of the total worldwide, were born to mothers under 20 years old.

7460: 6049: 5852: 4029:

Coley RL, Chase-Lansdale PL (1998). "Adolescent pregnancy and parenthood. Recent evidence and future directions".

2470: 392:

age-appropriate comprehensive sexuality education for all young people, investing in girls' education, preventing

8607: 8430: 8204: 7863: 7803: 4504: 1578: 39: 2880:

conceived at age 19 had their births or abortions after they turned 20 and, thus, were not counted as teenagers.

1532:

have a systematic policy framework for teaching about sex within schools. Non-governmental agencies such as the

1033:

surveyed 1,027 students in the US in grades 7–12 to compare the use of contraceptives among Whites, Blacks, and

9539: 9321: 9095: 7893: 6953:

Note: 24% of births to women under 20 were solo registrations where the age of the father cannot be determined.

6697: 4636: 4098:"Adolescents in Changing Times: Issues and Perspectives for Adolescent Reproductive Health in The ESCAP Region" 1853: 1738: 1384:

properly educated about the issue. A program developed by experts in public health and sexual education titled

797: 521:

are more likely to become teen mothers themselves. Sons born to teenage mothers are three times more likely to

362: 5109:

Rosen D (2004). ""I Just Let Him Have His Way" Partner Violence in the Lives of Low-Income, Teenage Mothers".

2054:. Radio stations became involved in trying to get the message across. It ended up being a national hit on the 2026:

we can help to reduce the rate of teenage pregnancy and improve the lives of young people and their families.

1637:

girls aged 15–19". UNICEF noted that these declines were "tied to improvements in almost all regional rates".

10120: 10105: 9932: 8988: 8956: 8854: 7822: 5757: 5482: 1422: 1012: 871: 2872:"U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions: National and State Trends and Trends by Race and Ethnicity" 783:

In societies where adolescent marriage is less common, such as many developed countries, young age at first

9519: 9404: 9394: 8933: 8849: 8187: 7370: 6810: 4960:"Sexual violence and reproductive health outcomes among South African female youths: A contextual analysis" 1066:

are higher for teenagers, particularly poor ones, than for older users. Long-acting contraceptives such as

6684: 1355:

appear to reduce unplanned teenage pregnancy. It is unclear which type of intervention is most effective.

1010:, most of the rest are due to inconsistent or incorrect use. 23% of sexually active young women in a 1996 9962: 9732: 9587: 9529: 8462: 8405: 7969: 1311: 258: 194:). In healthy, well-nourished girls, the first period usually takes place between the ages of 12 and 13. 111: 7832: 6967: 5728: 5252:

Teen Births Cost U.S. Government $ 9.1B In 2004 Despite Drop In Teen Birth, Pregnancy Rates, Report Says

2773: 2293: 1583: 10100: 10056: 9838: 9488: 9136: 9028: 8993: 8983: 8023: 7905: 7856: 6003: 5302: 3831:

Sanchez PA, Idrisa A, Bobzom DN, Airede A, Hollis BW, Liston DE, Jones DD, Dasgupta A, Glew RH (1997).

1645: 1537: 1491: 632: 7054:"Chapter 8. Advocacy Strategies for Young People's Sexual and Reproductive Health: Using UN Processes" 6632: 5406: 5359:"Does father absence place daughters at special risk for early sexual activity and teenage pregnancy?" 2240: 1054:

In other cases, contraception is used, but proves to be inadequate. Inexperienced adolescents may use

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health is of particular concern among teens who are pregnant or parenting. The worldwide incidence of

10039: 10029: 9769: 9169: 9131: 9126: 8786: 8656: 8614: 8475: 2422:"Menstrual cycle among adolescents: Girls' awareness and influence of age at menarche and overweight" 1258: 1244: 840: 696:

received postnatal care for themselves as compared to all women and girls (66 percent vs 69 percent).

640: 322: 171: 6544: 4662: 4595: 4123:

MacLeod, C. (1999). "The 'Causes' of Teenage Pregnancy: Review of South African Research – Part 2".

3446:

Hofferth SL, Reid L (2002). "Early Childbearing and Children's Achievement And Behavior over Time".

3081: 305: 10079: 9572: 9261: 9116: 8998: 8522: 8338: 8305: 8197: 7784: 7382: 6243: 5089: 1441: 1231: 862: 462: 457: 425: 7842: 7184:

Brindis, Claire D; Decker, Martha J; Gutmann-Gonzalez, Abigail; Berglas, Nancy F (December 2022).

6564:"U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions, 2011: National Trends by Age, Race and Ethnicity" 6563: 10034: 9650: 9577: 9503: 9294: 9187: 8951: 8805: 8597: 8290: 5548: 3174:

Hofferth SL, Reid L, Mott FL (2001). "The effects of early childbearing on schooling over time".

3146:"Not Just Another Single Issue: Teen Pregnancy Prevention's Link to Other Critical Social Issues" 2987: 908: 726: 725:

at the time of giving birth. A 2002 study found that nearly 50% of all adolescent mothers sought

624: 77: 6263: 3938: 2803: 2374: 9899: 9848: 9818: 9725: 9299: 9281: 9236: 9121: 8864: 8732: 8722: 8587: 8310: 8243: 8218: 8154: 8028: 6136: 4657: 4590: 4248:

Teenage Mothers: Decisions and Outcomes – Provides a unique review of how teenage mothers think

2534:"Pregnancy and childbirth are leading causes of death in teenage girls in developing countries" 1393: 1140: 433: 7744: 6436: 6101:

Fe Moncloa; Marilyn Johns; Elizabeth J. Gong; Stephen Russell; Faye Lee; Estella West (2003).

5216: 4472: 4247: 3152: 1482:

In the US, one policy initiative that has been used to increase rates of contraceptive use is

10020: 9894: 9889: 9813: 9796: 9478: 9465: 9141: 8844: 8646: 8450: 8125: 5184: 4889:"Teenage Sexual and Reproductive Behavior in Developed Countries: Can More Progress Be Made?" 4282:"Attitude and practice of family planning methods among Roma women living in northern Turkey" 4267: 2165: 2155: 1892:

and has decreased since then, although there has been an increase in births out of wedlock.

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and educational prospects have led to an increase in the age at first birth in areas such as

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is associated with increased rates of teenage pregnancy. Economically poor countries such as

1071: 935: 824: 6799:

Do most teens who choose to raise the child get married when they find out they're pregnant?

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Speizer, I. S.; Pettifor, A; Cummings, S; MacPhail, C; Kleinschmidt, I; Rees, H. V. (2009).

4208: 4101: 2437: 2400: 1026:

poll claimed it was embarrassing to buy birth control or request information from a doctor.

9979: 9764: 9699: 9544: 9379: 9111: 8859: 8810: 8130: 8120: 8048: 8043: 8018: 8003: 7998: 6620: 6450:

Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of (13 December 2017).

5795: 5692: 4941: 3872:

Peña E, Sánchez A, Solano L (2003). "Profile of nutritional risk in pregnant adolescents".

2744: 2049: 1912: 1772: 1315: 1133: 1045: 1003: 852: 567: 513: 478: 90: 6634: 6452:"Media Release – September most common month for babies born in Australia (Media Release)" 651:

Risks for medical complications are greater for girls aged under 15, as an underdeveloped

8: 10115: 9994: 9879: 9843: 9399: 9339: 9256: 9103: 8363: 8320: 8285: 8192: 8172: 7773: 6040: 4474:

In Their Own Right: Addressing the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs of Men Worldwide.

3964: 3010: 2674:

Raatikainen, Kaisa; Heiskanen, Nonna; Verkasalo, Pia K.; Heinonen, Seppo (1 April 2006).

2043: 1990: 1838:

populations, who have an occurrence of teenage pregnancies well above the local average.

1685: 1599: 1430: 1067: 771: 490: 421: 7817: 6993: 6599: 5799: 5275:

Smith, Carolyn (1996). "The link between childhood maltreatment and teenage pregnancy".

4827: 4777: 4100:. United Nations Social and Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Archived from 3905: 2848: 1721:, although it remains relatively high in Indonesia. In the industrialized Asian nations 9967: 9939: 9884: 9823: 9645: 9534: 9440: 9241: 9164: 8961: 8690: 8544: 8315: 8300: 7312: 7220: 7185: 6903: 6852: 6827: 6775: 6742: 6424: 6397: 6372:

Kumar A, Singh T, Basu S, Pandey S, Bhargava V (2007). "Outcome of teenage pregnancy".

6328: 6315: 6288: 6100: 5985: 5906: 5881: 5826: 5783: 5640: 5615: 5591: 5566: 5452: 5427: 5383: 5358: 5194:. Florida State University Center for Prevention & Early Intervention Policy (2005) 5126: 4984: 4959: 4683: 4401: 4376: 4346: 4306: 4281: 4140: 3917: 3849: 3832: 3672: 3645: 3560: 3514: 3479: 3463: 3428: 3371: 3350: 3323: 3283: 3258: 3191: 2950: 2656: 2605: 2475: 2446: 2421: 2348: 2323: 2150: 1796: 1665: 959: 784: 777: 645: 628: 179: 64: 6717:"Adolescent fertility rates, 2000 to 2020 – the Health of Canada's Children and Youth" 5357:

Ellis BJ, Bates JE, Dodge KA, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Pettit GS, Woodward L (2003).

4604: 4280:

Avci, Ilknur Aydin; Cavusoglu, Figen; Aydin, Mesiya; Altay, Birsen (17 January 2018).

3259:"Body Size and Intelligence in 6-year-olds: Are Offspring of Teenage Mothers at Risk?" 2746:

International technical guidance on sexuality education: An evidence-informed approach

2558: 2533: 9984: 9944: 9927: 9334: 8781: 8700: 8624: 8602: 8115: 8033: 7884: 7698: 7692: 7677: 7669: 7654: 7635: 7629: 7614: 7608: 7593: 7587: 7572: 7553: 7534: 7515: 7494: 7304: 7225: 7207: 7166: 7069: 7005: 6857: 6780: 6762: 6459: 6432: 6389: 6320: 6247: 6226: 6185: 5977: 5973: 5942: 5911: 5831: 5813: 5645: 5596: 5521: 5517: 5457: 5388: 5339: 5251: 5072: 5037: 4989: 4866: 4831: 4781: 4675: 4632: 4608: 4406: 4354: 4329:

East PL (1996). "Do adolescent pregnancy and childbearing affect younger siblings?".

4311: 4165: 4144: 4046: 3988: 3881: 3854: 3813: 3778: 3737: 3677: 3626: 3622: 3568: 3522: 3471: 3420: 3376: 3362: 3331: 3288: 3199: 2909: 2901: 2820: 2753: 2705: 2697: 2648: 2613: 2563: 2507: 2451: 2353: 2249: 2212: 2170: 1930:

In 2009, the Latina teenage pregnancy rate was 75% higher than the national average.

1916: 1904: 1861: 1641: 1292: 1160: 1022: 932: 672: 664: 660: 52: 7778: 7316: 7147:"The social costs of child poverty: a systematic review of the qualitative evidence" 7026: 6659: 6428: 6401: 6332: 5989: 5130: 4687: 3921: 3483: 3432: 3082:"Few teens use the most effective types of birth control| CDC Online Newsroom | CDC" 2660: 2200: 667:. In developing regions where medical services might be unavailable, it can lead to 10125: 9872: 9786: 9676: 9671: 9567: 9551: 8343: 8110: 8105: 7296: 7252: 7215: 7197: 7158: 7061: 7016: 6847: 6839: 6770: 6754: 6526: 6416: 6381: 6310: 6300: 6216: 5969: 5938: 5934: 5901: 5893: 5821: 5803: 5784:"More comprehensive sex education reduced teen births: Quasi-experimental evidence" 5635: 5627: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5513: 5447: 5439: 5378: 5370: 5331: 5284: 5118: 5064: 5029: 4979: 4971: 4888: 4858: 4823: 4773: 4667: 4600: 4433: 4396: 4388: 4338: 4301: 4293: 4132: 4038: 3844: 3805: 3768: 3729: 3667: 3657: 3618: 3552: 3506: 3455: 3410: 3366: 3358: 3315: 3278: 3270: 3183: 2940: 2687: 2640: 2597: 2553: 2545: 2499: 2441: 2433: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2160: 2084: 2018:

likely to experience health and developmental problems, and to grow up in poverty.

1896: 1776: 1500: 1462: 767: 710: 676: 593: 207: 6339: 5426:

Allen E, Bonell C, Strange V, Copas A, Stephenson J, Johnson AM, Oakley A (2007).

3809: 3695: 2201:"Birth Rates for U.S. Teenagers Reach Historic Lows for All Age and Ethnic Groups" 1779:

countries have very low teenage birth rates. This is varyingly attributed to good

987:

are extremely difficult to overcome. Over concern about side-effects, for example

301: 10001: 9914: 9833: 9756: 9498: 9435: 9369: 9329: 9311: 9179: 9064: 8839: 8695: 8559: 8517: 8378: 8353: 8277: 8167: 8149: 8095: 7979: 7789: 7509: 6704: 6289:"Determinants of adolescent pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review" 6221: 6204: 5897: 5413: 5309: 5258: 5239: 5191: 4481: 4254: 3702: 3594: 3221: 2855: 2644: 1979: 1756: 1622: 1335: 900: 563: 547: 211: 167: 7848: 7613:. New Haven, CT: Yale Child Study Center: Distributed by Yale University Press. 5232: 4913: 4297: 3733: 2871: 2549: 1183:

have far more teenage mothers compared with economically rich countries such as

10110: 10016: 10006: 9922: 8882: 8709: 8685: 8629: 8507: 8502: 8492: 8480: 8358: 8142: 8013: 7959: 7053: 6043:"Policy Brief: Title X Plays a Critical Role in Preventing Unplanned Pregnancy" 4437: 4392: 4136: 4042: 3399:"American Academy of Pediatrics: Care of adolescent parents and their children" 2821: 2132: 1908: 1541: 1117: 1113: 1007: 939: 896: 887: 733: 680: 571: 522: 498: 385: 369: 223: 198: 8891:

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

7763: 7065: 6843: 6385: 6305: 4862: 4377:"The younger siblings of teenage mothers: a follow-up of their pregnancy risk" 3274: 1474: 895:. The drugs with the strongest evidence linking them to teenage pregnancy are 332:

The mother's age is determined by the easily verified date when the pregnancy

10094: 9808: 9781: 9748: 9694: 9409: 9228: 9196: 9191: 9159: 8920: 8834: 8795: 8771: 8680: 8564: 8497: 8368: 8272: 8233: 8090: 7925: 7552:(1st Illinois paperback ed.). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. 7300: 7211: 7170: 7095: 7009: 6766: 6698:

Facts and Statistics: Sexual Health and Canadian Youth – Teen Pregnancy Rates

6505: 5817: 5443: 5122: 5096: 4975: 4451: 3257:

Cornelius MD, Goldschmidt L, Willford JA, Leech SL, Larkby C, Day NL (2008).

3043: 2905: 2701: 2175: 2127: 2117: 1950: 1946: 1920: 1835: 1800: 1784: 1780: 1752: 1352: 1348: 1207: 1199: 973: 911:. The drugs with the least evidence to support a link to early pregnancy are 867: 804: 796:

programs, the main objective of which is to reduce unplanned pregnancies and

793: 788: 559: 262: 250: 234: 227: 219: 203: 116: 95: 7759: 5808: 5374: 4232: 3773: 3756: 3662: 3029: 2945: 2928: 2893: 2692: 420:. A 2001 study found that women who gave birth during their teens completed 178:

as the period between the ages of 10 and 19 years. Pregnancy can occur with

9954: 9904: 9867: 9706: 9689: 8749: 8744: 8485: 8385: 8330: 8058: 7937: 7932: 7308: 7244: 7229: 6861: 6784: 6393: 6324: 6230: 6189: 6114: 5981: 5946: 5915: 5835: 5649: 5600: 5525: 5461: 5392: 5343: 5335: 5288: 5076: 5041: 4993: 4870: 4835: 4785: 4679: 4671: 4612: 4581:

Besharov, D. J.; Gardiner, K. N. (1997). "Trends in Teen Sexual Behavior".

4410: 4315: 3885: 3782: 3741: 3681: 3475: 3424: 3415: 3398: 3380: 3351:"The impact of early age at first childbirth on maternal and infant health" 3292: 3242:"Statistics on Teen Pregnancy". National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy 3203: 2913: 2709: 2652: 2567: 2511: 2455: 2357: 2216: 2112: 2096: 2090: 1697: 1310:

survey attributed the occurrence of adolescent pregnancy to a breakdown of

1129: 1098: 1075: 836: 741: 652: 609: 551: 441: 413: 254: 7674:

Children, Families, and Government: Preparing for the Twenty-First Century

7491:

Handbook of Social Work Practice with Vulnerable and Resilient Populations

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Armstrong, Bruce (2001). "Adolescent Pregnancy". In Alex Gitterman (ed.).

7256: 6073: 5664: 5631: 4534:

What the Polling Data Tell Us: A Summary of Past Surveys on Teen Pregnancy

4358: 4050: 3858: 3833:"Calcium and vitamin D status of pregnant teenagers in Maiduguri, Nigeria" 3817: 3630: 3587: 3572: 3526: 3335: 2726: 2617: 1405: 835:

at younger ages. Younger brothers, too, were found to be more tolerant of

257:

and poor health care to cause medical problems. When used in combination,

9828: 9524: 9483: 9450: 9218: 9211: 8739: 8675: 8512: 8455: 8395: 8390: 8228: 8177: 8038: 7845:, a special issue from the Journal of Applied Research on Children (2011) 7202: 6420: 5217:

Teenage Conceptions By Small Area Deprivation In England and Wales 2001-2

2503: 2080: 1934: 1903:

descent retain a higher rate of teen pregnancy, in comparison to that of

1883: 1812: 1792: 1788: 1611: 1603: 1392:

Teen pregnancy can be reduced by sex education, as a 2022 study in 55 US

1321: 1203: 1184: 1063: 988: 947: 597: 486: 470: 417: 326: 238: 7880: 4235:, US Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 25 January 2007. 4233:

Beginning Too Soon: Adolescent Sexual Behavior, Pregnancy And Parenthood

2954: 2087:, was born to a 17-year-old mother as the result of a teenage pregnancy. 9803: 9684: 9384: 9374: 9306: 8137: 8077: 8008: 7837: 6758: 5616:"Provision of No-Cost, Long-Acting Contraception and Teenage Pregnancy" 5567:"Interventions for preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents" 4564: 4350: 3564: 3518: 3467: 3327: 3195: 2609: 2405: 2324:"Interventions for preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents" 2198: 2076: 1938: 1744: 1649: 1211: 1180: 883: 820: 656: 613: 506: 494: 437: 377: 121: 57: 7727: 7589:

Not Our Kind of Girl: Unraveling the Myths of Black Teenage Motherhood

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Page 29 CASH BOX CHARTS, TOP R&B SINGLES, 14 BABIES HAVING BABIES

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Page 13 CASH BOX CHARTS, TOP R&B SINGLES, 14 BABIES HAVING BABIES

6527:"Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15–19) – Data" 5476:"Fostering Hope: Preventing Teen Pregnancy Among Youth in Foster Care" 2804:"Early childbearing can have severe consequences for adolescent girls" 1020:

with a partner who did not use a condom, while 70% of girls in a 1997

300:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

9855: 9473: 9361: 9201: 8527: 8400: 8260: 8250: 8085: 8063: 7990: 7550:

When Children want Children: The Urban Crisis of Teenage Childbearing

7146: 6743:"Family Histories and Teen Pregnancy in the United States and Canada" 5303:

Teenage pregnancy risk rises with childhood exposure to family strife

3754: 2673: 2122: 1966: 1748: 1726: 1714: 1553: 1540:

provide contraceptive advice for young women worldwide. Laws against

1529: 1503:) provides family planning services for those who do not qualify for 1413:, promoting abstinence for the prevention of unplanned pregnancy and 1303: 984: 924: 828: 816: 763: 668: 617: 474: 409: 270: 183: 156: 85: 69: 7183: 7162: 6901: 5959: 5068: 5033: 4342: 4257:

Policy Studies Institute, University of Westminster, 30 October 1998

3757:"Good outcome of teenage pregnancies in high-quality maternity care" 3556: 3510: 3459: 3319: 3187: 2676:"Good outcome of teenage pregnancies in high-quality maternity care" 2601: 9860: 9776: 9445: 9389: 9246: 9206: 8910: 8727: 8641: 8619: 8539: 8440: 8348: 8255: 8182: 8100: 7920: 6741:

Smith, Chelsea; Strohschein, Lisa; Crosnoe, Robert (October 2018).

6103:"Best Practices in Teen Pregnancy Prevention Practitioner Handbook" 4626: 3796:

Gutierrez Y, King JC (1993). "Nutrition during teenage pregnancy".

2588:

Makinson C (1985). "The health consequences of teenage fertility".

1942: 1900: 1819: 1718: 1689: 1545: 1504: 1414: 1155: 1143:

within the last year, and 21% experienced school or work sabotage.

1034: 1017: 920: 832: 770:

are common experience higher levels of teenage pregnancies. In the

748:, with nearly half in the bottom fifth of the income distribution. 543: 466: 373: 246: 187: 7021: 7019: 6415:

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Teenage pregnancy rate in the United States by age group in 2013.

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it is 10.0 per 1,000. Similarly, in the US in 2001, sociologist

1062:, or fail to use the contraceptives they had previously chosen. 9791: 9251: 8667: 8549: 8373: 8295: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7754: 7739: 6041:

The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy.

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Risk Avoidance Education, and Sexual Risk Avoidance Education.

1210:

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1055: 928: 927:, of which a well-known effect is the significant reduction of 916: 737: 714: 526: 518: 408:

Being a young mother in a first world country can affect one's

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1389:

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Raatikainen K, Heiskanen N, Verkasalo PK, Heinonen S (2005).

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In 2012, the states with the highest teenage birthrates were

1808: 1804: 1701: 1693: 1672: 1653: 1618: 1607: 1410: 1195: 1188: 1176: 502: 482: 6994:"Impact of Social and Cultural Factors on Teenage Pregnancy" 6076:"HHS Awards Evidence-based Teen Pregnancy Prevention Grants" 5407:

Father's Absence Increases Daughter's Risk of Teen Pregnancy

3542: 3236: 1729:, teenage birth rates remain among the lowest in the world. 1488:

Family Planning Services and Population Research Act of 1970

1429:

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9989: 8634: 6264:"Early childbearing and teenage pregnancy rates by country" 4887:

Darroch, Jacqueline E.; Jennifer J. Frost; Susheela Singh.

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On the other hand, the teen birth rate is very high in

7631:

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regions where the rate is much higher than it is in

729:within the first five years of their child's life. 7694:

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6904:"Advance Report of Final Natality Statistics, 1991" 6516: 6348:"Teen pregnancies higher in India than even UK, US" 5662: 4754: 4752: 4028: 3708: 3608: 2827:

World Population Prospects 2022. Summary of Results

329:as the period between the ages of 10 and 19 years. 9094: 7569:Latina Adolescent Childbearing in East Los Angeles 5663:Fernandes-Alcantara, Adrienne L. (30 April 2018). 5090:Study Links Childhood Sexual Abuse, Teen Pregnancy 4848: 4202:"A League Table of Teenage Births in Rich Nations" 2630: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2419: 1606:had the highest level of teenage pregnancy, while 1492: 1159:A young poverty-stricken girl clutches her child. 627:is an even more marked problem among teenagers in 428:14–29% as often as women who waited until age 30. 7878: 6687:. CBS News (10 April 2012). Retrieved 2013-09-26. 6593: 6562:Kost, Kathryn; Maddow-Zimet, Isaac (April 2016). 6137:"Adolescent birth rate in women aged 10-19 years" 5541:"Sex on TV Increases Teen Pregnancy, Says Report" 4937: 4935: 4095: 3871: 2869: 1314:between parents and child and also to inadequate 134:23 million per year in the developed world, 2018. 10092: 7592:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 6561: 6244:A League Table of Teenage Births in Rich Nations 6202: 6074:U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 5672:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service 4749: 4580: 3173: 3108:"American Teens' Sexual and Reproductive Health" 1198:in 2001, the teenage birth rate in the well-off 1031:National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health 350:Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act 6927:Family Planning Perspectives, July/August 1995. 6874: 5788:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4539: 3933: 3931: 2980: 2891: 2518: 1308:Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies 877: 273:. It is more common in rural than urban areas. 16:Childbirth in human females under the age of 20 7371:Terry Tate by Terry Tate, Babies Having Babies 6992:Akella, Devi; Jordan, Melissa (1 April 2015). 5922: 5880:Ott, Mary A; Santelli, John S (October 2007). 5274: 5102: 5057:Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 5022:Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 4932: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 3538: 3536: 3448:Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 3305: 2248:. World Health Organization. 2004. p. 5. 659:. Obstructed labour is normally dealt with by 9733: 9080: 7864: 7245:"Teenage pregnancy and parenthood in England" 3795: 3496: 2824:. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2798: 2796: 2794: 2014:contraception and other forms of protection. 1927:would translate to ~190,000 births per year. 596:common in adolescence, including attempts to 7676:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 7251:, Bristol University Press, pp. 67–88, 7190:Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics 6991: 6464:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6286: 5886:Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 4759: 4374: 3928: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3445: 3024: 3022: 3020: 2721: 2719: 1400: 1360:long acting form of reversible birth control 732:A 1999 study of 100 teenaged mothers in the 9656:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation 9641:Birth control movement in the United States 7697:. New York, NY: New York University Press. 7690: 7653:. New York, NY: New York University Press. 7634:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 7284: 6962: 6960: 6690: 6685:U.S. teen birth rates fall to historic lows 6545:"Silence Makes Babies – Transitions Online" 6480:"Teenage pregnancy – Better Health Channel" 6175: 5879: 5684: 5666:Teen Pregnancy: Federal Prevention Programs 5185:Violence, Abuse and Adolescent Childbearing 5143: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4519: 4370: 4368: 4260: 3837:Journal of the National Medical Association 3533: 3252: 3250: 3248: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2420:Marques, P.; Madeira, T.; Gama, A. (2022). 1534:International Planned Parenthood Federation 1202:is only 3.3 per 1,000, while in the poorer 721:that, in 1988, 60% of teenage mothers were 265:can reduce unintended teenage pregnancies. 10075: 9740: 9726: 9494:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 9087: 9073: 8947:International Center for Research on Women 7871: 7857: 6449: 5882:"Abstinence and abstinence-only education" 5690: 4809: 4807: 4228: 4226: 3342: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 2791: 2587: 2209:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2194: 2192: 2070: 1513:US Department of Health and Human Services 38: 7838:Teenage pregnancies and obstetric outcome 7571:. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 7528: 7511:Teenage Pregnancy and Reproductive Health 7488: 7461:"15 Celebs Who Were Born To Teen Parents" 7219: 7201: 6851: 6774: 6314: 6304: 6220: 5953: 5905: 5875: 5873: 5825: 5807: 5639: 5590: 5451: 5416:Health Behavior News Service, 27 May 2003 5382: 4983: 4694: 4661: 4594: 4492: 4490: 4400: 4305: 4286:International Journal of Nursing Sciences 4017:Pregnancy, Poverty, School and Employment 3892: 3848: 3772: 3671: 3661: 3414: 3370: 3282: 3017: 2967: 2944: 2926: 2716: 2691: 2557: 2445: 2347: 2317: 2315: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2235: 2233: 7566: 7529:Checkland, David and James Wong (1999). 7381:rareandobscuremusic, 12 December 1989 - 7288:Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice 6957: 6596:"The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy" 6171: 6169: 5853:"U.S. population by age and gender 2019" 5197: 4569: 4467: 4465: 4365: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4019:. moappp.org. Retrieved 3 December 2011. 3958: 3956: 3719: 3245: 2574: 1882: 1582: 1473: 1404: 1286: 1154: 1150: 1074:, and contraceptive injections (such as 967: 7051: 6178:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 5931:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5571:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5233:America’s Pointless "Teen Sex" Squabble 5108: 4804: 4328: 4223: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4122: 3991:"Negative Impacts of Teen Childbearing" 3963:United Nations Population Fund (2014). 3694:Guttmacher Institute. (September 1999). 3126: 2865: 2863: 2633:Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2531: 2328:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2189: 1915:attributed about 25% of the decline to 1523: 1386:National Sexuality Education Standards, 1167:by George Carter Needham, Boston, 1884. 810: 744:. Most British teenage mothers live in 10093: 7833:WHO fact sheet on adolescent pregnancy 7606: 7585: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7144: 6203:Marnach ML, Long ME, Casey PM (2013). 5870: 5847: 5845: 5781: 5560: 5558: 4882: 4880: 4487: 4243: 4241: 3874:Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion 3392: 3390: 2492:Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine 2398: 2369: 2367: 2312: 2269: 2230: 1879:Teenage pregnancy in the United States 1656:among women aged 15–19 in such areas. 505:toward their children or to rely upon 9721: 9068: 8666: 7852: 7667: 7648: 7627: 7507: 6414: 6345: 6166: 5221:Health Statistics Quarterly Volume 33 4462: 4082: 3953: 3903: 3761:The European Journal of Public Health 2468: 1973: 1659: 1016:magazine poll admitted to having had 803:Teenage pregnancies are common among 9035: 8929:Office of Research on Women's Health 7670:"Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenting" 7547: 7351:, 14–27 August 1989 Vol. 3 No. 11 - 7332:, 14–27 August 1989 Vol. 3 No. 11 - 7242: 7058:Reproductive Health and Human Rights 7052:Shepard, Bonnie (31 December 2009), 6346:Dawan, Himanshi (28 November 2008). 6094: 5538: 4760:Trussell J, Wynn LL (January 2008). 4565:https://doi.org/10.51867/ajer.v2i1.9 4423: 4178: 4070: 3650:Indian Journal of Community Medicine 2870:Kost K, Henshaw S, Carlin L (2010). 2860: 893:Correlation does not imply causation 286: 33:Teen pregnancy, adolescent pregnancy 9047: 8967:Society for Women's Health Research 8901:International Day of the Girl Child 7434: 6594:Boonstra, Heather (February 2002). 6506:"Teen pregnancy rate 'lower still'" 6472: 5842: 5555: 4877: 4828:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.06.001 4778:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.09.001 4452:"Teenage pregnancy is 'contagious'" 4238: 4157: 4125:South African Journal of Psychology 3982: 3387: 2752:. Paris: UNESCO. 2018. p. 18. 2364: 2001:Intersection of society and culture 1834:. Many of the teen births occur in 1625:, risking their lives and health." 588:Many pregnant teens are at risk of 233:Teenage pregnancies are related to 13: 9011:Birth control in the United States 7481: 5010:. www.csa.za.org. 23 November 2003 5008:Teen mothers often forced into sex 4914:"Teenage pregnancy myth dismissed" 4583:Children and Youth Services Review 3585:Maynard, Rebecca A. (Ed.). (1996). 2927:Lappegård, Trude (15 March 2000). 2898:National Health Statistics Reports 2469:Nolen, Stephanie (July 18, 2022). 2399:Hirsch, Larissa (September 2016). 1872: 1700:areas. In 2008, teen pregnancy in 1497:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 1328: 1123: 412:. Teen mothers are more likely to 14: 10137: 9747: 9350:self-report sexual risk behaviors 8906:Commission on the Status of Women 7916:External female genitalia (vulva) 7713: 6946:FM1 Birth statistics no.34 (2005) 6877:"The United States at Mid-Decade" 6642:National Vital Statistics Reports 6205:"Current Issues in Contraception" 4964:American Journal of Public Health 4758:National Surveys of Family Growth 4702:Britain: Sex Education Under Fire 4536:. teenpregnancy.org (April 1997). 3263:Maternal and Child Health Journal 2680:European Journal of Public Health 2438:10.1590/1984-0462/2022/40/2020494 2093:was born to a 19-year-old mother. 2065: 1841: 1771:since 1970 has been a decreasing 1080:combined injectable contraceptive 998:In the US, according to the 2002 686: 10074: 9420:Precocious puberty and pregnancy 9046: 9034: 9023: 9022: 8239:Assisted reproductive technology 7879: 7425: 7406: 7387: 7375: 7360: 7342: 7323: 7278: 7269: 7236: 7177: 7138: 7113: 7088: 7045: 6985: 6939: 6930: 6921: 6895: 6875:De Vita; Carol J. (March 1996). 6868: 6819: 6803: 6791: 6734: 6709: 6678: 6652: 6626: 6614: 6587: 6570: 6555: 6537: 6498: 6443: 6408: 6365: 6280: 6256: 6237: 6196: 6154: 6129: 6067: 6034: 6021: 5996: 5974:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.026 5775: 5656: 5607: 5532: 5518:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.03.020 5497: 5468: 5419: 5399: 5350: 5315: 5295: 5268: 4631:. Doubleday books, p. 128, 3722:Journal of Pediatric Health Care 3611:The Journal of Adolescent Health 3363:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01290.x 2929:"New fertility trends in Norway" 1919:and 75% to the effective use of 1469: 1447: 1000:National Survey of Family Growth 953: 574:than those born to older women. 537: 456:Early motherhood can affect the 291: 9540:Sexually transmitted infections 8205:Breastfeeding and mental health 6911:Monthly Vital Statistics Report 5620:New England Journal of Medicine 5539:Park, Alice (3 November 2008). 5245: 5225: 5209: 5178: 5137: 5083: 5048: 5013: 5000: 4951: 4906: 4894:. The Alan Guttmacher Institute 4842: 4730: 4711: 4641: 4619: 4556: 4444: 4417: 4322: 4273: 4151: 4116: 4063:Social Exclusion Unit. (1999). 4057: 4022: 4015:O’Halloran, Peggy (April 1998) 4009: 3865: 3824: 3789: 3748: 3688: 3637: 3602: 3579: 3490: 3439: 3299: 3210: 3167: 3100: 3074: 3069:Teen Pregnancy: The Tangled Web 3061: 3036: 2992:clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov 2961: 2920: 2885: 2837: 2814: 2766: 2737: 2667: 2624: 1579:Prevalence of teenage pregnancy 1092: 751: 740:, while the remaining 89% were 736:found that only 11% received a 249:and is often associated with a 9096:Sexual and reproductive health 7651:The Reproductive Rights Reader 7100:United Nations Population Fund 6949:Office For National Statistics 6815:Office For National Statistics 6747:Journal of Marriage and Family 6161:Teenage pregnancy –Definitions 5939:10.1002/14651858.CD005421.pub2 5583:10.1002/14651858.CD005215.pub3 4946:Encyclopedia of Women's Health 4545:Allen, Colin. (22 May 2003). " 4266:Guttmacher Institute. (2005). 3969:United Nations Population Fund 3048:United Nations Population Fund 2483: 2462: 2413: 2392: 2340:10.1002/14651858.cd005215.pub3 1854:Office for National Statistics 1755:, rather than any decrease in 1739:Teenage pregnancy in Australia 1165:Street Arabs and Gutter Snipes 1087:Encyclopedia of Women's Health 577:In the United States, teenage 363:United Nations Population Fund 186:, which can happen before the 1: 8855:Social determinants of health 6811:Census 2001 People aged 16–29 6635:"Births: Final Data for 2006" 4605:10.1016/S0190-7409(97)00022-4 4426:Applied Developmental Science 4375:East PL, Jacobson LJ (2001). 3810:10.3928/0090-4481-19930201-07 2426:Revista Paulista de Pediatria 2182: 1572: 1436: 1423:abstinence-only sex education 1342: 872:sexually transmitted diseases 279: 9520:Disorders of sex development 8850:Gender disparities in health 8188:Mother-to-child transmission 7823:Resources in other libraries 7691:Silverstein, Helena (2007). 7586:Kaplan, Elaine Bell (1997). 7567:Erickson, Pamela I. (1998). 7249:When children become parents 7027:"About Teen Pregnancy | CDC" 6660:"About Teen Pregnancy | CDC" 6374:Indian Journal of Pediatrics 6222:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.01.007 5962:Journal of Adolescent Health 5898:10.1097/GCO.0b013e3282efdc0b 5506:Journal of Adolescent Health 5432:J Epidemiol Community Health 5265:. Retrieved 3 December 2011. 4471:Guttmacher Institute (2003) 4331:Family Planning Perspectives 4158:Fog, A. (28 February 1999). 3623:10.1016/1054-139X(94)90491-K 3176:Family Planning Perspectives 2645:10.1080/01443610410001685529 2590:Family Planning Perspectives 1732: 1602:in 2001, the US, the UK and 1366: 1274:* per 1,000 women aged 15–19 1058:incorrectly, forget to take 878:Role of drug and alcohol use 846: 807:because they marry earlier. 704: 691:In 2022, UNICEF noted that: 655:can lead to difficulties in 424:10–12% as often and pursued 7: 9963:Child-on-child sexual abuse 9530:Reproductive system disease 8463:Pelvic inflammatory disease 8406:Hormone replacement therapy 7970:Reproductive system disease 5144:Quinlivan J (Winter 2006). 4298:10.1016/j.ijnss.2018.01.002 3734:10.1016/j.pedhc.2008.02.004 2550:10.1136/bmj.328.7449.1152-a 2143: 2029: 1965:Between 1992 and 2002, the 1960: 1478:US statistics in April 2015 1358:In the US free access to a 1064:Contraceptive failure rates 403: 112:Comprehensive sex education 10: 10142: 9489:Obstetrics and gynaecology 8957:Black Women's Health Study 8024:Complications of pregnancy 7607:Harris, Irving B. (1996). 7431:Robinson (2010), pp. 14–15 6004:"Nurse-Family Partnership" 4547:Peer Pressure and Teen Sex 4498:"U.S.Teen Sexual Activity" 4438:10.1207/s1532480xads0202_1 4393:10.1037/0012-1649.37.2.254 4270:. Retrieved 8 August 2006. 4137:10.1177/008124639902900102 4079:. everychildmatters.gov.uk 4043:10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.152 3357:. 26 Suppl 1 (1): 259–84. 3355:Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2968:Alex Hern (23 June 2015). 1876: 1864:was 9.2, compared with an 1845: 1811:) or both (in the case of 1736: 1646:Complications of pregnancy 1576: 1556:, and the Indian state of 1538:Marie Stopes International 1127: 1096: 971: 957: 931:– it appears that teenage 850: 823:and more likely to accept 756: 633:Complications of pregnancy 625:nutrition during pregnancy 562:, often seeking it in the 532: 463:Developmental disabilities 368:Studies have examined the 356: 348:In the United States, the 339: 10070: 10015: 9953: 9913: 9755: 9664: 9633: 9560: 9512: 9464: 9428: 9405:Pregnant patients' rights 9360: 9320: 9270: 9227: 9178: 9170:Pre-conception counseling 9152: 9127:Abortion-rights movements 9102: 9018: 8975: 8934:Women's Health Initiative 8919: 8881: 8872: 8821: 8787:Major depressive disorder 8655: 8615:Intimate partner violence 8577: 8476:Female genital mutilation 8471: 8420: 8329: 8271: 8217: 8163: 8076: 7989: 7978: 7904: 7891: 7818:Resources in your library 7721: 7066:10.9783/9780812206104.110 6844:10.1007/s13524-011-0073-9 6703:30 September 2011 at the 6623:." Retrieved 7 July 2006. 6386:10.1007/s12098-007-0171-2 6306:10.1186/s12978-018-0460-4 6008:Social Programs that Work 5190:27 September 2013 at the 5159:(2): 25–6. Archived from 4863:10.1016/j.whi.2012.03.003 4480:27 September 2013 at the 4031:The American Psychologist 3275:10.1007/s10995-008-0399-0 2379:World Health Organization 2298:World Health Organization 1762: 1652:are the leading cause of 1452: 1401:Abstinence only education 641:World Health Organization 501:were less likely to show 422:secondary-level schooling 323:World Health Organization 259:educational interventions 172:World Health Organization 168:legally considered adults 138: 130: 104: 76: 63: 51: 46: 37: 29: 24: 9291:Gamete Cryopreservation 9137:Circumcision controversy 9117:Compulsory sterilization 8523:Gynaecological disorders 8339:Culture and menstruation 8306:Contraceptive prevalence 8198:Compulsory sterilization 7668:Seitz, Victoria (1996). 7301:10.1177/1527154413510408 5691:Valk, Guus (July 2000). 5444:10.1136/jech.2005.040865 5412:6 September 2015 at the 5123:10.1177/1077801203256069 4976:10.2105/AJPH.2008.136606 4220:. Retrieved 7 July 2006. 4067:. Retrieved 29 May 2006. 3965:"Population and poverty" 3705:. Retrieved 29 May 2006. 3593:26 November 2005 at the 3164:. Retrieved 27 May 2006. 2854:11 November 2021 at the 2037: 1787:use (in the case of the 1679: 1563: 1442:Nurse-Family Partnership 1291:Girls exposed to abuse, 1044:In a 2011 study for the 1006:were to women not using 909:substituted amphetamines 863:Kaiser Family Foundation 590:nutritional deficiencies 458:psychosocial development 451: 426:post-secondary education 9651:Social hygiene movement 9504:Transgender health care 8806:Urinary tract infection 8598:Abuse during childbirth 7628:Luker, Kristin (1996). 7145:Attree, Pamela (2006). 6566:. Guttmacher Institute. 6209:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 5809:10.1073/pnas.2113144119 5729:"Sex and HIV Education" 5375:10.1111/1467-8624.00569 5308:4 November 2007 at the 5238:13 October 2018 at the 4739:General Practice Update 4720:General Practice Update 4553:Retrieved 14 July 2006. 3904:Locoh, Thérèse (1999). 3663:10.4103/0970-0218.55289 2946:10.4054/DemRes.2000.2.3 2071:Born to teenage mothers 1982:. In countries such as 1747:among teenage women in 1708: 1676:in Sub-Saharan Africa. 1511:In September 2010, the 9479:Genitourinary medicine 9282:In vitro fertilization 9237:Hormonal contraception 9122:Contraceptive security 8723:Cardiovascular disease 8311:Contraceptive security 8244:In vitro fertilization 8155:Postpartum confinement 8029:Hyperemesis gravidarum 7508:Baker, Philip (2007). 7151:Children & Society 7096:"Adolescent pregnancy" 6968:"Adolescent pregnancy" 5336:10.1542/peds.107.2.e19 5111:Violence Against Women 4708:Retrieved 7 July 2006. 4700:Slater, Jon. (2000). " 4672:10.1542/peds.2005-0542 3696:Teen Sex and Pregnancy 3599:Retrieved 27 May 2006. 3416:10.1542/peds.107.2.429 3044:"Adolescent pregnancy" 3011:"Adolescent Pregnancy" 2774:"Adolescent pregnancy" 2294:"Adolescent pregnancy" 1888: 1588: 1479: 1418: 1168: 1141:birth control sabotage 1072:contraceptive implants 1004:unintended pregnancies 698: 665:industrialized nations 475:affectionate behaviors 434:industrialized country 188:first menstrual period 170:in their country. The 163:under the age of 20. 9895:Sex-positive movement 9890:Sex-positive feminism 9814:Obesity and sexuality 9142:Intersex human rights 8845:Healthcare inequality 8647:Gender discrimination 8451:Human papilloma virus 8126:Vesicovaginal fistula 7257:10.2307/j.ctt9qgncm.9 5758:"Sexuality Education" 5632:10.1056/NEJMoa1400506 5488:on 28 September 2007. 4851:Women's Health Issues 4268:Sex and Relationships 4253:24 March 2017 at the 3774:10.1093/eurpub/cki158 3158:on 28 September 2007. 2693:10.1093/eurpub/cki158 2166:Reproductive coercion 2156:Pregnancy over age 50 1886: 1801:social stigmatization 1767:The overall trend in 1586: 1477: 1421:Some schools provide 1408: 1287:Childhood environment 1158: 1151:Socioeconomic factors 968:Lack of contraception 825:human sexual behavior 693: 616:, and consumption of 473:their infant through 222:are not connected to 10121:Pediatric gynecology 10106:Adolescent sexuality 9980:Cybersex trafficking 9765:Adolescent sexuality 9700:tax on childlessness 9456:Genital modification 9380:Unintended pregnancy 9112:Reproductive Justice 8952:Nurses' Health Study 8860:Reproductive justice 8811:Urinary incontinence 8431:Sexually transmitted 8286:Intrauterine devices 8131:Rectovaginal fistula 8121:Obstetrical fistulae 8049:Gestational diabetes 8044:Obstetrical bleeding 8019:Adolescent pregnancy 8004:Gravidity and parity 7999:Unintended pregnancy 7415:, 14 October 1989 - 7203:10.2147/ahmt.s402218 6486:on 23 September 2015 6421:10.2139/ssrn.1716533 6107:Journal of Extension 5733:Guttmacher Institute 5405:Quigley, Ann (2003) 5289:10.1093/swr/20.3.131 5277:Social Work Research 4970:(Suppl 2): S425–31. 4625:Sax, Leonard (2005) 4510:on 16 February 2008. 3939:"Early childbearing" 3701:3 April 2005 at the 3112:Guttmacher Institute 2933:Demographic Research 2504:10.3233/NPM-15814038 2242:Adolescent Pregnancy 2050:Babies Having Babies 1913:Guttmacher Institute 1773:total fertility rate 1524:Developing countries 1316:parental supervision 1134:Teen dating violence 1068:intrauterine devices 1046:Guttmacher Institute 882:Inhibition-reducing 853:Adolescent sexuality 811:Other family members 629:developing countries 568:Guttmacher Institute 514:academic performance 487:verbal communication 153:adolescent pregnancy 91:postpartum infection 9900:Sex workers' rights 9880:Reproductive rights 9400:Pregnancy from rape 9257:Intrauterine device 8865:Women's empowerment 8733:Alzheimer's disease 8364:Cloth menstrual pad 8321:Fertility awareness 8291:Oral contraceptives 8173:Perinatal mortality 7548:Dash, Leon (1989). 7396:, 7 October 1989 - 7355:MAJOR MARKET MOVERS 6887:(4). Archived from 6881:Population Bulletin 6512:. 25 February 2014. 6293:Reproductive Health 6113:(2). Archived from 5800:2022PNAS..11913144M 5762:Advocates for Youth 5551:on 6 November 2008. 5301:Tamkins, T. (2004) 5257:12 May 2011 at the 5231:Males, Mike (2001) 5146:"Teenage pregnancy" 4104:on 11 February 2012 3910:African Environment 2733:. 25 February 2014. 2375:"Adolescent health" 1783:and high levels of 1723:such as South Korea 1686:Indian subcontinent 1600:developed countries 1518:Affordable Care Act 1431:unplanned pregnancy 1060:oral contraceptives 841:high-risk behaviors 787:and lack of use of 778:Economic incentives 772:Indian subcontinent 182:after the start of 72:under the age of 20 9968:Child sexual abuse 9940:Child prostitution 9885:Right to sexuality 9646:History of condoms 9535:Sexual dysfunction 9441:Sexual orientation 9395:Options counseling 9242:Male contraception 9165:Genetic counseling 8962:Cartwright Inquiry 8873:Politics, research 8691:Endometrial cancer 8545:Sexual intercourse 8316:Planned parenthood 8301:Male contraceptive 7349:The R&B Report 7330:The R&B Report 7033:. 15 November 2021 6917:(3, Supplement 9). 6759:10.1111/jomf.12512 6531:data.worldbank.org 6352:The Economic times 6082:on 10 January 2011 5794:(8): e2113144119. 5700:The UNESCO Courier 5263:Medical News Today 4706:The UNESCO Courier 4628:Why Gender Matters 4161:Cultural Selection 3545:Fam Plann Perspect 3314:(4): 149–53, 159. 3308:Fam Plann Perspect 3224:on 16 January 2009 2476:The New York Times 2300:. 23 February 2018 2151:Precocious puberty 1974:Teenage fatherhood 1905:European-Americans 1889: 1797:traditional values 1666:sub-Saharan Africa 1660:Sub-Saharan Africa 1589: 1480: 1419: 1169: 1163:illustration from 960:Precocious puberty 766:. Countries where 646:sub-Saharan Africa 237:, including lower 180:sexual intercourse 10101:Teenage pregnancy 10088: 10087: 9945:Child sex tourism 9928:Child pornography 9715: 9714: 9415:Teenage pregnancy 9132:Genital integrity 9062: 9061: 8942: 8941: 8767: 8766: 8718: 8717: 8701:Papanicolaou test 8657:Non-communicable 8625:Sexual harassment 8603:Domestic violence 8573: 8572: 8416: 8415: 8213: 8212: 8116:Retained placenta 8034:Ectopic pregnancy 7809:Teenage pregnancy 7804:Library resources 7799: 7798: 7704:978-0-8147-4031-6 7683:978-0-521-24219-6 7660:978-0-8147-2230-5 7641:978-0-674-21702-7 7620:978-0-300-06892-4 7599:978-0-520-08736-1 7578:978-0-292-72093-0 7559:978-0-252-07123-2 7540:978-0-8020-4215-6 7521:978-1-904752-38-7 7500:978-0-231-11396-0 7420: 7401: 7075:978-0-8122-4152-5 6666:. 28 October 2020 6246:. unicef-irc.org 6184:(47): 2320–2325. 6141:Our World in Data 5693:"The Dutch Model" 5626:(14): 1316–1323. 5363:Child Development 4920:. 22 January 2007 4792:on 19 August 2018 4551:Psychology Today. 4077:Teenage pregnancy 4065:Teenage Pregnancy 3067:Stepp, G. (2009) 2759:978-92-3-100259-5 2171:Sexual abstinence 1862:England and Wales 1642:Save the Children 1617:According to the 1614:had the lowest. 1486:. Title X of the 1463:registered nurses 1293:domestic violence 1275: 1271: 1270: 768:teenage marriages 727:social assistance 673:obstetric fistula 661:caesarean section 566:, if at all. The 361:According to the 313: 312: 149:Teenage pregnancy 146: 145: 25:Teenage pregnancy 19:Medical condition 10133: 10078: 10077: 9742: 9735: 9728: 9719: 9718: 9677:Two-child policy 9672:One-child policy 9552:Gender dysphoria 9089: 9082: 9075: 9066: 9065: 9050: 9049: 9038: 9037: 9026: 9025: 8879: 8878: 8664: 8663: 8584: 8583: 8578:Non-reproductive 8427: 8426: 8344:Feminine hygiene 8111:Cesarian section 8106:Obstructed labor 7987: 7986: 7902: 7901: 7883: 7873: 7866: 7859: 7850: 7849: 7719: 7718: 7708: 7687: 7664: 7645: 7624: 7603: 7582: 7563: 7544: 7525: 7504: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7457: 7432: 7429: 7423: 7421:Terry Tate 14 13 7418: 7410: 7404: 7402:Terry Tate 16 12 7399: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7364: 7358: 7346: 7340: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7282: 7276: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7243:Daguerre, Anne, 7240: 7234: 7233: 7223: 7205: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7023: 7014: 7013: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6964: 6955: 6943: 6937: 6934: 6928: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6908: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6891:on 24 July 2008. 6872: 6866: 6865: 6855: 6823: 6817: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6778: 6753:(5): 1244–1258. 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6719:. 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December 2022. 2800: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2751: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2723: 2714: 2713: 2695: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2585: 2572: 2571: 2561: 2532:Mayor S (2004). 2529: 2516: 2515: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2449: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2371: 2362: 2361: 2351: 2319: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2290: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2247: 2237: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2196: 2161:Pregnancy school 2062:charts in 1989. 2042:In 1989, singer 1897:African-American 1803:(in the case of 1777:Western European 1623:unsafe abortions 1498: 1494: 1273: 1217: 1216: 946:, cannabis, and 711:opportunity cost 677:infant mortality 552:low birth weight 430:Young motherhood 295: 294: 287: 208:low birth weight 151:, also known as 42: 22: 21: 10141: 10140: 10136: 10135: 10134: 10132: 10131: 10130: 10091: 10090: 10089: 10084: 10080:Topical outline 10066: 10011: 10002:Sex trafficking 9949: 9915:Child sexuality 9909: 9819:Objectification 9757:Human sexuality 9751: 9746: 9716: 9711: 9660: 9629: 9602:United Kingdom 9556: 9508: 9499:Sexual medicine 9460: 9436:Gender identity 9424: 9370:Maternal health 9356: 9316: 9312:fertility fraud 9273: 9266: 9223: 9174: 9148: 9098: 9093: 9063: 9058: 9014: 8999:Family planning 8977: 8971: 8938: 8915: 8874: 8868: 8840:Gender equality 8823: 8817: 8763: 8714: 8696:Cervical cancer 8658: 8651: 8589: 8579: 8569: 8560:Sex differences 8518:Forced marriage 8467: 8432: 8422: 8412: 8354:Menstrual cycle 8325: 8278:Family planning 8276: 8267: 8220: 8209: 8168:Maternal deaths 8159: 8150:Postpartum care 8096:Multiple births 8072: 7981: 7974: 7907: 7898: 7895: 7887: 7877: 7829: 7828: 7827: 7812: 7811: 7807: 7800: 7795: 7794: 7730: 7716: 7711: 7705: 7684: 7661: 7642: 7621: 7600: 7579: 7560: 7541: 7522: 7501: 7484: 7482:Further reading 7479: 7478: 7469: 7467: 7459: 7458: 7435: 7430: 7426: 7411: 7407: 7392: 7388: 7380: 7376: 7365: 7361: 7347: 7343: 7328: 7324: 7295:(3–4): 125–32. 7283: 7279: 7274: 7270: 7261: 7259: 7241: 7237: 7182: 7178: 7163:10.1002/chi.854 7143: 7139: 7129: 7127: 7119: 7118: 7114: 7104: 7102: 7094: 7093: 7089: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7050: 7046: 7036: 7034: 7025: 7024: 7017: 6990: 6986: 6976: 6974: 6966: 6965: 6958: 6944: 6940: 6935: 6931: 6926: 6922: 6906: 6900: 6896: 6873: 6869: 6824: 6820: 6808: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6739: 6735: 6726: 6724: 6715: 6714: 6710: 6705:Wayback Machine 6695: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6669: 6667: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6637: 6631: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6605: 6603: 6592: 6588: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6560: 6556: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6525: 6524: 6517: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6489: 6487: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6457: 6456: 6448: 6444: 6413: 6409: 6380:(10): 927–931. 6370: 6366: 6356: 6354: 6344: 6340: 6285: 6281: 6272: 6270: 6262: 6261: 6257: 6242: 6238: 6201: 6197: 6174: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6145: 6143: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6120: 6118: 6099: 6095: 6085: 6083: 6072: 6068: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6045: 6039: 6035: 6026: 6022: 6012: 6010: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5958: 5954: 5933:(4): CD005421. 5927: 5923: 5878: 5871: 5861: 5859: 5851: 5850: 5843: 5780: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5756: 5755: 5748: 5738: 5736: 5735:. 14 March 2016 5727: 5726: 5719: 5709: 5707: 5695: 5689: 5685: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5612: 5608: 5577:(2): CD005215. 5563: 5556: 5537: 5533: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5485: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5424: 5420: 5414:Wayback Machine 5404: 5400: 5355: 5351: 5320: 5316: 5310:Wayback Machine 5300: 5296: 5273: 5269: 5259:Wayback Machine 5250: 5246: 5240:Wayback Machine 5230: 5226: 5219:" (Spring 2007) 5214: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5192:Wayback Machine 5183: 5179: 5169: 5167: 5166:on 20 July 2008 5163: 5148: 5142: 5138: 5107: 5103: 5088: 5084: 5069:10.1363/3609804 5053: 5049: 5034:10.1363/3609804 5018: 5014: 5005: 5001: 4956: 4952: 4940: 4933: 4923: 4921: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4878: 4847: 4843: 4812: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4757: 4750: 4735: 4731: 4716: 4712: 4699: 4695: 4663:10.1.1.558.9628 4646: 4642: 4624: 4620: 4596:10.1.1.673.5213 4579: 4570: 4561: 4557: 4544: 4540: 4531: 4520: 4513: 4507: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4488: 4482:Wayback Machine 4470: 4463: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4422: 4418: 4373: 4366: 4343:10.2307/2136190 4327: 4323: 4278: 4274: 4265: 4261: 4255:Wayback Machine 4246: 4239: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4211: 4204: 4200: 4199:UNICEF. (2001). 4198: 4179: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4094: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4062: 4058: 4027: 4023: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3961: 3954: 3937: 3936: 3929: 3902: 3893: 3870: 3866: 3843:(12): 805–811. 3829: 3825: 3794: 3790: 3753: 3749: 3718: 3709: 3703:Wayback Machine 3693: 3689: 3642: 3638: 3607: 3603: 3595:Wayback Machine 3584: 3580: 3557:10.2307/2135509 3541: 3534: 3511:10.2307/1130537 3495: 3491: 3460:10.2307/3030231 3444: 3440: 3395: 3388: 3347: 3343: 3320:10.2307/2136238 3304: 3300: 3255: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3188:10.2307/3030193 3172: 3168: 3161: 3155: 3148: 3144: 3142: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3028: 3027: 3018: 3009: 3008: 2999: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2966: 2962: 2925: 2921: 2890: 2886: 2874: 2868: 2861: 2856:Wayback Machine 2849:ChildTrends.org 2842: 2838: 2830: 2819: 2815: 2802: 2801: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2725: 2724: 2717: 2672: 2668: 2629: 2625: 2602:10.2307/2135024 2586: 2575: 2530: 2519: 2488: 2484: 2467: 2463: 2418: 2414: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2373: 2372: 2365: 2334:(2): CD005215. 2320: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2292: 2291: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2205:NCHS Data Brief 2197: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2146: 2083:and founder of 2073: 2068: 2040: 2032: 2003: 1980:shotgun wedding 1976: 1963: 1911:. In 2006, the 1909:Asian-Americans 1881: 1875: 1850: 1844: 1765: 1757:sexual activity 1741: 1735: 1711: 1682: 1662: 1581: 1575: 1566: 1526: 1496: 1472: 1455: 1450: 1439: 1403: 1369: 1345: 1331: 1329:Media influence 1289: 1200:central regions 1153: 1136: 1126: 1124:Dating violence 1101: 1095: 1070:, subcutaneous 1018:unprotected sex 976: 970: 962: 956: 880: 855: 849: 813: 759: 754: 707: 689: 564:third trimester 548:premature birth 540: 535: 454: 406: 359: 342: 319: 318: 317: 314: 309: 296: 292: 282: 212:premature labor 126: 100: 20: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10139: 10129: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10082: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10053: 10052: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10026: 10024: 10017:Age of consent 10013: 10012: 10010: 10009: 10007:Sexual slavery 10004: 9999: 9998: 9997: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9976: 9975: 9965: 9959: 9957: 9951: 9950: 9948: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9936: 9935: 9925: 9923:Child marriage 9919: 9917: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9853: 9852: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9800: 9799: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9773: 9772: 9761: 9759: 9753: 9752: 9745: 9744: 9737: 9730: 9722: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9709: 9704: 9703: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9679: 9674: 9668: 9666: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9637: 9635: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9627: 9626: 9625: 9620: 9618:teen pregnancy 9610: 9609: 9608: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9564: 9562: 9558: 9557: 9555: 9554: 9549: 9548: 9547: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9516: 9514: 9510: 9509: 9507: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9470: 9468: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9432: 9430: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9366: 9364: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9354: 9353: 9352: 9344: 9343: 9342: 9332: 9326: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9303: 9302: 9297: 9289: 9284: 9278: 9276: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9233: 9231: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9221: 9216: 9215: 9214: 9209: 9199: 9194: 9184: 9182: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9156: 9154: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9146: 9145: 9144: 9139: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9108: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9092: 9091: 9084: 9077: 9069: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9056: 9044: 9032: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9008: 9003: 9002: 9001: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8979: 8976:Women's health 8973: 8972: 8970: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8936: 8931: 8925: 8923: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8887: 8885: 8883:United Nations 8876: 8875:& advocacy 8870: 8869: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8825: 8822:Sociocultural 8819: 8818: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8793: 8792: 8791: 8790: 8789: 8779: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8761: 8756: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8752: 8737: 8736: 8735: 8725: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8712: 8710:Ovarian cancer 8707: 8706: 8705: 8704: 8703: 8693: 8686:Uterine cancer 8683: 8678: 8672: 8670: 8661: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8638: 8637: 8630:Sexual assault 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8611: 8610: 8600: 8594: 8592: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8508:Child marriage 8505: 8503:Breast ironing 8500: 8495: 8493:Breast binding 8490: 8489: 8488: 8483: 8481:Clitoridectomy 8472: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8465: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8448: 8443: 8437: 8435: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8359:Menstrual aids 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8335: 8333: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8282: 8280: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8258: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8225: 8223: 8215: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8201: 8200: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8164: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8143:Husband stitch 8135: 8134: 8133: 8128: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8082: 8080: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8061: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8021: 8016: 8014:Antenatal care 8011: 8006: 8001: 7995: 7993: 7984: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7960:Fallopian tube 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7941: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7912: 7910: 7906:Reproductive 7899: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7885:Women's health 7876: 7875: 7868: 7861: 7853: 7847: 7846: 7843:Teen Pregnancy 7840: 7835: 7826: 7825: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7802: 7801: 7797: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7781: 7766: 7747: 7731: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7722:Classification 7715: 7714:External links 7712: 7710: 7709: 7703: 7688: 7682: 7665: 7659: 7646: 7640: 7625: 7619: 7604: 7598: 7583: 7577: 7564: 7558: 7545: 7539: 7526: 7520: 7505: 7499: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7433: 7424: 7405: 7386: 7374: 7359: 7341: 7322: 7277: 7268: 7235: 7176: 7137: 7112: 7087: 7074: 7044: 7015: 6984: 6956: 6938: 6929: 6920: 6894: 6867: 6838:(1): 101–124. 6818: 6802: 6790: 6733: 6708: 6689: 6677: 6651: 6625: 6613: 6586: 6569: 6554: 6551:. 6 July 2010. 6536: 6515: 6497: 6471: 6442: 6407: 6364: 6338: 6279: 6255: 6236: 6215:(3): 295–299. 6195: 6165: 6153: 6128: 6093: 6066: 6033: 6020: 5995: 5968:(4): 344–351. 5952: 5921: 5892:(5): 446–452. 5869: 5841: 5774: 5746: 5717: 5683: 5655: 5606: 5554: 5531: 5512:(3): 186–192. 5496: 5492:(42.1 KB) 5467: 5418: 5398: 5369:(3): 801–821. 5349: 5314: 5294: 5283:(3): 131–141. 5267: 5244: 5224: 5208: 5196: 5177: 5136: 5101: 5082: 5047: 5012: 4999: 4950: 4931: 4905: 4876: 4841: 4822:(3): 197–200. 4803: 4748: 4729: 4710: 4693: 4640: 4618: 4568: 4555: 4538: 4518: 4486: 4461: 4443: 4416: 4364: 4337:(4): 148–153. 4321: 4272: 4259: 4237: 4222: 4177: 4170: 4150: 4115: 4081: 4069: 4056: 4037:(2): 152–166. 4021: 4008: 3981: 3952: 3927: 3891: 3880:(2): 141–149. 3864: 3823: 3788: 3767:(2): 157–161. 3747: 3707: 3687: 3656:(3): 227–231. 3636: 3617:(6): 444–456. 3601: 3578: 3532: 3489: 3438: 3386: 3341: 3298: 3269:(6): 847–856. 3244: 3235: 3209: 3182:(6): 259–267. 3166: 3125: 3099: 3088:. 7 April 2015 3073: 3060: 3035: 3016: 3013:. UNFPA. 2013. 2997: 2979: 2960: 2919: 2884: 2859: 2836: 2822:United Nations 2813: 2790: 2765: 2758: 2736: 2715: 2686:(2): 157–161. 2666: 2639:(4): 395–398. 2623: 2596:(3): 132–139. 2573: 2544:(7449): 1152. 2517: 2482: 2461: 2412: 2391: 2363: 2311: 2268: 2255:978-9241591454 2254: 2229: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2133:Jack Nicholson 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2066:Notable people 2064: 2039: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2002: 1999: 1989:In the US and 1975: 1972: 1962: 1959: 1921:contraceptives 1877:Main article: 1874: 1871: 1846:Main article: 1843: 1842:United Kingdom 1840: 1764: 1761: 1737:Main article: 1734: 1731: 1710: 1707: 1681: 1678: 1661: 1658: 1577:Main article: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1542:child marriage 1525: 1522: 1471: 1468: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1438: 1435: 1402: 1399: 1368: 1365: 1351:and access to 1347:Comprehensive 1344: 1341: 1330: 1327: 1288: 1285: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1152: 1149: 1125: 1122: 1118:age of consent 1114:statutory rape 1094: 1091: 1008:contraceptives 972:Main article: 969: 966: 958:Main article: 955: 952: 879: 876: 848: 845: 812: 809: 762:young woman's 758: 755: 753: 750: 706: 703: 688: 687:Antenatal care 685: 681:maternal death 606:skipping meals 539: 536: 534: 531: 499:social support 453: 450: 405: 402: 394:child marriage 386:social support 358: 355: 341: 338: 315: 311: 310: 299: 297: 290: 285: 284: 283: 281: 278: 261:and access to 224:biological age 199:maternal death 144: 143: 140: 136: 135: 132: 128: 127: 125: 124: 119: 114: 108: 106: 102: 101: 99: 98: 93: 88: 82: 80: 74: 73: 67: 61: 60: 55: 49: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 31: 27: 26: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10138: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10081: 10073: 10072: 10069: 10063: 10062:South America 10060: 10058: 10055: 10051: 10050:United States 10048: 10047: 10046: 10045:North America 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10018: 10014: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9996: 9993: 9992: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9952: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9934: 9931: 9930: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9912: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9869: 9866: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9854: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9809:Miscegenation 9807: 9805: 9802: 9798: 9795: 9794: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9771: 9770:Rainbow party 9768: 9767: 9766: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9749:Sexual ethics 9743: 9738: 9736: 9731: 9729: 9724: 9723: 9720: 9708: 9705: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9695:child benefit 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9663: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9632: 9624: 9623:birth control 9621: 9619: 9616: 9615: 9614: 9613:United States 9611: 9607: 9604: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9563: 9559: 9553: 9550: 9546: 9543: 9542: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9517: 9515: 9511: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9463: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9410:Prenatal care 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9359: 9351: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9319: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9269: 9263: 9262:Sterilization 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9229:Contraception 9226: 9220: 9217: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9197:Birth spacing 9195: 9193: 9192:childlessness 9189: 9188:Childfreeness 9186: 9185: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9160:Sex education 9158: 9157: 9155: 9151: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9134: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9090: 9085: 9083: 9078: 9076: 9071: 9070: 9067: 9055: 9054: 9045: 9043: 9042: 9033: 9031: 9030: 9021: 9020: 9017: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8974: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8921:United States 8918: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8880: 8877: 8871: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8835:Disadvantaged 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8820: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8796:Urinary tract 8794: 8788: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8772:Mental health 8770: 8769: 8760: 8757: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8741: 8738: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8711: 8708: 8702: 8699: 8698: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8681:Breast cancer 8679: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8654: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8636: 8633: 8632: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8609: 8606: 8605: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8590:against women 8585: 8582: 8576: 8566: 8565:Sex education 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8529: 8526: 8525: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8498:Breast health 8496: 8494: 8491: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8470: 8464: 8461: 8457: 8454: 8453: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8428: 8425: 8419: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8369:Menstrual cup 8367: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8328: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8274: 8273:Contraception 8270: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8249: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8234:Childlessness 8232: 8231: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8219:Reproductive 8216: 8206: 8203: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8194: 8193:Sterilization 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8162: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8091:Preterm birth 8089: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8075: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7977: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7927: 7926:Clitoral hood 7924: 7923: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7903: 7900: 7897: 7894:Reproductive 7890: 7886: 7882: 7874: 7869: 7867: 7862: 7860: 7855: 7854: 7851: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7791: 7787: 7786: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7732: 7729: 7724: 7720: 7706: 7700: 7696: 7695: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7666: 7662: 7656: 7652: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7633: 7632: 7626: 7622: 7616: 7612: 7611: 7605: 7601: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7584: 7580: 7574: 7570: 7565: 7561: 7555: 7551: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7532: 7527: 7523: 7517: 7513: 7512: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7492: 7487: 7486: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7428: 7422: 7419:(Trumpet 166) 7414: 7409: 7403: 7400:(Trumpet 166) 7395: 7390: 7384: 7378: 7372: 7368: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7350: 7345: 7339: 7338:, BACKGROUND: 7337: 7331: 7326: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7289: 7281: 7272: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7239: 7231: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7180: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7141: 7126: 7122: 7116: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7077: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7048: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7020: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6988: 6973: 6969: 6963: 6961: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6942: 6933: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6871: 6863: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6822: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6737: 6723:on 2022-01-04 6722: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6693: 6686: 6681: 6665: 6661: 6655: 6647: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6617: 6601: 6597: 6590: 6579: 6573: 6565: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6520: 6511: 6507: 6501: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6467: 6461: 6453: 6446: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6283: 6269: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6252:88-85401-75-9 6249: 6245: 6240: 6232: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6172: 6170: 6162: 6157: 6142: 6138: 6132: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6081: 6077: 6070: 6051: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6024: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5874: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5846: 5837: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5751: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5668: 5667: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5561: 5559: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5484: 5477: 5471: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5402: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5248: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5205: 5200: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5181: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5097:archive.today 5094: 5091: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5063:(3): 98–105. 5062: 5058: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5028:(3): 98–105. 5027: 5023: 5016: 5009: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4943: 4938: 4936: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4890: 4883: 4881: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4857:(3): e311–8. 4856: 4852: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4816:Contraception 4810: 4808: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4766:Contraception 4763: 4755: 4753: 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3944: 3940: 3934: 3932: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3804:(2): 99–108. 3803: 3799: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3537: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3505:(4): 964–75. 3504: 3500: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3409:(2): 429–34. 3408: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3391: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3239: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3162:(147 KB) 3154: 3147: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3114:. 1 June 2016 3113: 3109: 3103: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3070: 3064: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3031: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3012: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2873: 2866: 2864: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2761: 2755: 2748: 2747: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2720: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2395: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2368: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 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2015, the 1740: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1677: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1592: 1585: 1580: 1570: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1495: 1489: 1485: 1476: 1470:United States 1467: 1464: 1460: 1448:Public policy 1445: 1443: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1398: 1395: 1390: 1387: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1364: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1353:birth control 1350: 1349:sex education 1340: 1338: 1337: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1312:communication 1309: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1259:Tulare County 1257: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1247:(Caucasians) 1246: 1245:Tulare County 1243: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1223:Poverty rate 1222: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1208:Mike A. Males 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1135: 1131: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1090: 1088: 1085:According to 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1029:In 1995, the 1027: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 986: 980: 975: 974:Birth control 965: 961: 954:Early puberty 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 889: 885: 875: 873: 869: 868:peer pressure 864: 859: 854: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 808: 806: 805:Romani people 801: 799: 795: 794:sex education 790: 789:contraceptive 786: 781: 779: 775: 773: 769: 765: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 730: 728: 724: 718: 716: 712: 709:The lifetime 702: 697: 692: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 649: 647: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 594:eating habits 591: 586: 582: 580: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 560:prenatal care 556: 553: 549: 545: 542:Maternal and 538:Prenatal care 530: 528: 524: 520: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 459: 449: 445: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 401: 397: 395: 389: 387: 383: 379: 378:psychological 375: 371: 370:socioeconomic 366: 364: 354: 351: 346: 337: 335: 330: 328: 324: 307: 306:MediaWiki.org 303: 298: 289: 288: 277: 274: 272: 266: 264: 263:birth control 260: 256: 252: 251:social stigma 248: 244: 240: 236: 235:social issues 231: 229: 228:prenatal care 225: 221: 220:pre-eclampsia 217: 213: 209: 205: 204:socioeconomic 200: 195: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 164: 162: 158: 154: 150: 141: 137: 133: 129: 123: 120: 118: 117:birth control 115: 113: 110: 109: 107: 103: 97: 96:preterm birth 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 83: 81: 79: 78:Complications 75: 71: 68: 66: 62: 59: 56: 54: 50: 45: 41: 36: 32: 28: 23: 9955:Sexual abuse 9905:Survival sex 9868:Prostitution 9707:Abortion law 9690:bachelor tax 9414: 9340:vulvovaginal 9274:reproduction 9051: 9039: 9027: 8750:Hip fracture 8745:Osteoporosis 8486:Infibulation 8386:Dysmenorrhea 8379:Sanitary pad 8331:Menstruation 8059:Preeclampsia 8054:Hypertension 7938:Labia majora 7933:Labia minora 7808: 7783: 7768: 7749: 7734: 7693: 7673: 7650: 7630: 7609: 7588: 7568: 7549: 7530: 7510: 7490: 7468:. 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Retrieved 3047: 3038: 2991: 2982: 2974:The Guardian 2973: 2963: 2936: 2932: 2922: 2900:(55): 1–28. 2897: 2887: 2878: 2839: 2826: 2816: 2783:13 September 2781:. Retrieved 2777: 2768: 2745: 2739: 2730: 2683: 2679: 2669: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2593: 2589: 2541: 2537: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2474: 2464: 2432:: e2020494. 2429: 2425: 2415: 2404: 2394: 2382:. Retrieved 2378: 2331: 2327: 2302:. Retrieved 2297: 2259:. Retrieved 2241: 2220:. 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