Textile industry - Knowledge

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assumption that the earned wages were ones that should “supplement the family income rather than provide it”, which was typically done by that of the breadwinning father or husband. It was commonly acknowledged that the role of a woman as a textile worker was a "secondary occupation and that a woman's real work was raising children and running the household”. This socially accepted convention was illustrated in the hiring process of female textile workers, employers preferred “hiring women who were young and unmarried: most machine operatives were between the ages of 16 and 25”. This also affected the wage of female textile workers, since it was considered that a women’s wage in the textile industry was one to supplement the family, there was a “belief that women did not merit or require wages as high as those of men”.

1552: 2009:(Catalan: indianes) was produced as an import substitution. The market quickly expanded to the American colonies from where dyes and (later) cotton raw materials could be sourced. Spinning was a late addition to the industry and took off after English spinning technology was introduced at the turn of the 19th century. Industrialisation of the industry occurred in the 1830s after adoption of the factory system, and the removal of restrictions by Britain on the emigration of expert labour (1825) and of machinery (1842). Steam power was introduced but the cost of imported coal and steam engines, led to the extensive use of hydraulic power from the late 1860s. 1576: 1436: 1675: 1236: 1393: 8287: 2164: 1795:. The export trade in woolen goods accounted for more than a quarter of British exports during most of the 18th century, doubling between 1701 and 1770. The British textile industry drove the Industrial Revolution, triggering advancements in technology, stimulating the coal and iron industries, boosting raw material imports, and improving transportation, which made Britain the global leader of industrialization, trade, and scientific innovation. 8311: 4650: 1844: 2087: 2098:. However, this was not the case. It turns out that even in the face of other economic giants, Bangladesh's labor is "cheaper than anywhere else in the world." While some smaller factories were documented making pay cuts and layoffs, most downsizing was essentially speculative – the orders for goods kept coming even after the MFA expired. In fact, Bangladesh's exports increased in value by about $ 500 million in 2006. 8299: 963: 954: 945: 934: 925: 907: 898: 889: 871: 855: 846: 837: 819: 803: 794: 785: 767: 751: 742: 733: 715: 697: 688: 674: 644: 635: 626: 596: 585: 571: 557: 546: 532: 498: 484: 454: 436: 418: 400: 386: 375: 357: 348: 337: 321: 307: 276: 262: 234: 225: 199: 190: 179: 161: 147: 116: 40: 4389: 681: 608: 578: 564: 539: 491: 470: 393: 314: 269: 154: 52: 1040:

sets. Some examples of synthetic fibers are polyester, rayon, acrylic fibers and microfibers. All these fibres will be of great length, often kilometres long. Synthetic fibers are more durable than most natural fibers and will readily pick-up different dyes. Artificial fibres can be processed as long fibres or batched and cut so they can be processed like natural fibre.

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April 2013, at least 1,135 textile workers died in the collapse of their factory. Other fatal accidents due to unsanitary factories have affected Bangladesh: in 2005 a factory collapsed and caused the death of 64 people. In 2006, a series of fires killed 85 people and injured 207 others. In 2010, some 30 people died of asphyxiation and burns in two serious fires.

1318:, that produced a knit and purl stitch. This allowed stockings to be manufactured in silk and later in cotton. In 1768, Hammond modified the stocking frame to weave weft-knitted openworks or nets by crossing over the loops, using a mobile tickler bar – this led in 1781 to Thomas Frost's square net. Cotton had been too coarse for 3505:

Akhtar, Muhammad Furqan; Ashraf, Muhammad; Javeed, Aqeel; Anjum, Aftab Ahmad; Sharif, Ali; Saleem, Mohammad; Mustafa, Ghulam; Ashraf, Moneeb; Saleem, Ammara; Akhtar, Bushra (28 February 2018). "Association of textile industry effluent with mutagenicity and its toxic health implications upon acute and

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The textile industry in India traditionally, after agriculture, is the only industry that has generated huge employment for both skilled and unskilled labour in textiles. The textile industry continues to be the second-largest employment generating sector in India. It offers direct employment to over

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By the late 1980s, the apparel segment was no longer the largest market for fibre products, with industrial and home furnishings together representing a larger proportion of the fibre market. Industry integration and global manufacturing led to many small firms closing for good during the 1970s and

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Women began entering the workforce in the 19th century through textile factories, the industrial and garment assembly jobs done during this time “ point for participation by rural women in the formal economy”. While women began entering the workforce and earning wages for themselves, there was an

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to work the cotton. It shows that these children were housed, clothed, fed and provided with some education. In 1830, the average power of a mill engine was 48 hp, but Quarry Bank mill installed a new 100 hp water wheel. William Fairbairn addressed the problem of line-shafting and was

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The main steps in the production of cloth are producing the fibre, preparing it, converting it to yarn, converting yarn to cloth, and then finishing the cloth. The cloth is then taken to the manufacturer of garments. The preparation of the fibres differs the most, depending on the fibre used. Flax

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into a medium where it hardens. Wet spinning (rayon) uses a coagulating medium. In dry spinning (acetate and triacetate), the polymer is contained in a solvent that evaporates in the heated exit chamber. In melt spinning (nylons and polyesters) the extruded polymer is cooled in gas or air and then

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and chest pain. Respiratory disorder symptoms in textile workers not using personal protective equipment were 1,130 times more likely than their coworkers who used personal protective equipment and other protective measures. The study also found that when the amount of dust in the air was greater

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The cotton industry in Catalonia was the first industry in Spain to industrialise and led, by the mid 19th century, to Catalonia becoming the main industrial region of Spain, a position it maintained until well into the 20th century. Catalonia is the one Mediterranean exception to the tendency of

1949:, receive a monthly salary of 26 dollars per month. These very low wages have led to low productivity, frequent strikes and high turnover. Some factories have replaced all their employees on average every 12 months, according to the 2019 report of the Stern Centre for Business and Human Rights at 1928:

In 2006, tens of thousands of workers mobilized in one of the country's largest strike movements, affecting almost all of the 4,000 factories. The Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) uses police forces to crack down. Three workers were killed, and hundreds more were

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Thirdly, also in 1830, Richard Roberts patented the first self-acting mule. Stalybridge mule spinners strike was in 1824; this stimulated research into the problem of applying power to the winding stroke of the mule. The draw while spinning had been assisted by power, but the push of the wind had

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In the textile industry, textile engineering is an area of engineering that involves the design, production, and distribution of textile products through processes including cultivation, harvesting, spinning, weaving, and finishing of raw materials, encompassing both natural and synthetic fibers.

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Many Western multinationals use labor in Bangladesh, which is one of the cheapest in the world: 30 euros per month compared to 150 or 200 in China. Four days is enough for the CEO of one of the top five global textile brands to earn what a Bangladeshi garment worker will earn in her lifetime. In

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With the Cartwright Loom, the Spinning Mule and the Boulton & Watt steam engine, the pieces were in place to build a mechanised woven fabric textile industry. From this point there were no new inventions, but a continuous improvement in technology as the mill-owner strove to reduce cost and

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The European textile and clothing industry is a highly diversified, innovation and creativity driven industrial sector made up largely of SMEs: firms had an average of 10 employees in 2009, down from 18 employees at the beginning of the decade. In 2011, the sector consisted of more than 185 000

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and a failure to patent the invention until 1770 forced Hargreaves from Blackburn, but his lack of protection of the idea allowed the concept to be exploited by others. As a result, there were more than 20,000 spinning jennies in use by the time of his death. Also in 1764, Thorp Mill, the first

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Sheep, goats, rabbits, silkworms, and other animals, as well as minerals like asbestos, are sources of natural fibers (cotton, flax, sisal). These vegetable fibers can originate from the seed (cotton), the stem (bast fibres: flax, hemp, jute), or the leaf (sisal). All of these sources require a

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Pakistan is the 4th largest producer of cotton with the third largest spinning capacity in Asia. It contributes 5% to the global spinning capacity. At present, there are 1,221 ginning units, 442 spinning units and 124 large spinning units in addition to 425 small units which produce textiles.

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Major changes came to the textile industry during the 20th century, with continuing technological innovations in machinery, synthetic fibre, logistics, and globalization of the business. The business model that had dominated the industry for centuries was to change radically. Cotton and wool

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The report states: "Rather than the docile and cheap labour force promoted in Ethiopia, foreign-based suppliers have met employees who are unhappy with their pay and living conditions and who want to protest more and more by stopping work or even quitting. In their eagerness to create a

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The MFA was introduced in 1974 as a short-term measure intended to allow developed countries to adjust to imports from the developing world. Developing countries have a natural advantage in textile production because it is labor-intensive and they have low labor costs. According to a

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which can cause large economic problems. The problem usually occurs when there is no division of ownership rights. This means that the problem of pollution is largely caused because of incomplete information about which company pollutes and at what scale the damage was caused by the

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Behera, Meerambika; Nayak, Jayato; Banerjee, Shirsendu; Chakrabortty, Sankha; Tripathy, Suraj K. (1 August 2021). "A review on the treatment of textile industry waste effluents towards the development of efficient mitigation strategy: An integrated system design approach".

1802:– had grown tenfold during this time, but still accounted for only a tenth of the value of the woolen trade. Before the 17th century, the manufacture of goods was performed on a limited scale by individual workers, usually on their own premises (such as 1389:

responsible for improving the efficiency of the mill. In 1815 he replaced the wooden turning shafts that drove the machines at 50rpm, to wrought iron shafting working at 250 rpm, these were a third of the weight of the previous ones and absorbed less power.

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a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the edges of its branches. These branches were so pliable that they bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungry." This aspect is retained in the name for cotton in many European languages, such as

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been done manually by the spinner, the mule could be operated by semiskilled labor. Before 1830, the spinner would operate a partially powered mule with a maximum of 400 spindles; after, self-acting mules with up to 1300 spindles could be built.

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In 1950, textile manufacturing emerged as the central of Pakistan industrialisation. Between 1947 and 2000, the number of textile Mills increased from 3 to 600. In the same time, spindles increased in number from 177,000 to 805 million.

2882: 1908:'s exports. The industry's contribution in the nation's exports account for 8.5% of the total GDP. Textile exports stood at $ 4.4 billion in 2017–18. The industry employs a large section of the labour force in the country. 2191:, causing "carcinogenic, mutagenic, genotoxic, cytotoxic and allergenic threats to living organisms". The textile industry uses over 8000 chemicals in its supply chain, also polluting the environment with large amounts of 2280:. Other common pain areas reported were upper back, shoulders, and the hips and thighs. Additionally, 69% of the workers reported hard knuckles within the past 12 months, which occurs from scissor induced calluses. 998:

is the world's most important natural fibre. In the year 2007, the global yield was 25 million tons from 35 million hectares cultivated in more than 50 countries. There are five stages of cotton manufacturing:

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When producing textiles, many repetitive physical movements are made by workers. From this, issues and pain can arise, particularly in textile sewing machine operators. Of these operators, many experienced

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Griffiths, Trevor; Hunt, Philip; O'Brien, Patrick. "Scottish, Irish, and imperial connections: Parliament, the three kingdoms, and the mechanization of cotton spinning in eighteenth-century Britain",

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In the European Union, the Textile Regulation (Regulation 1007/2011 on textile fibre names and related labelling and marking of fibre composition of textile products) applies. This replaced earlier

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than the quality standard, workers were at a higher risk of having respiratory disorder symptoms. Fiber dust exposure has also been found to contribute to the risk of cancers, such as lung cancer.

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Report From the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council regarding possible new labelling requirements of textile products and on a study on allergenic substances in textile products

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still exists as a well-preserved museum, having been in use from its construction in 1784 until 1959. It also illustrates how the mill owners exploited child labour, taking orphans from nearby

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For textiles, like for many other products, there are certain national and international standards and regulations that need to be complied with to ensure quality, safety and sustainability.

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provided for the gradual dismantling of the quotas that existed under the MFA. This process was completed on 1 January 2005. However, large tariffs remain in place on many textile products.

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Kishor, Roop; Purchase, Diane; Saratale, Ganesh Dattatraya; Saratale, Rijuta Ganesh; Ferreira, Luiz Fernando Romanholo; Bilal, Muhammad; Chandra, Ram; Bharagava, Ram Naresh (1 April 2021).

2886: 1228:. Resistance by workers to the perceived threat to jobs delayed the widespread introduction of this technology, even though the higher rate of production generated an increased demand for 2125: 3428:

Madhav, Sughosh; Ahamad, Arif; Singh, Pardeep; Mishra, Pradeep Kumar (March 2018). "A review of textile industry: Wet processing, environmental impacts, and effluent treatment methods".

1180:. Spindles or parts of them have been found in archaeological sites and may represent one of the first pieces of technology available. The spinning wheel was most likely invented in the 1053:

is produced. All of these fibers, with the exception of silk, are short, only a few centimeters long, and have a rough surface that allows them to adhere to other like staple fibers.

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Cotton: Origin, History, Technology, and Production By C. Wayne Smith, Joe Tom Cotton. Page viii. Published 1999. John Wiley and Sons. Technology & Industrial Arts. 864 pages.

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1980s in the United States; during those decades, 95% of the looms in North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia shut down, and Alabama and Virginia also saw many factories close.

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improve quality. Developments in the transport infrastructure; that is the canals and after 1831 the railways facilitated the import of raw materials and export of finished cloth.

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that many or most market-driven companies use despite "eco-friendly alternatives". Textile industry wastewater is considered to be one the largest polluters of water and soil

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55 billion, 64% of which services domestic demand. In 2010, there were 2,500 textile weaving factories and 4,135 textile finishing factories in all of India. According to

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were introduced in the 1950s. Polyester became hugely popular in the apparel market, and by the late 1970s, more polyester was sold in the United States than cotton.

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which multiplied the spun thread production capacity of a single worker — initially eightfold and subsequently much further. Others credit the invention to

2949: 1303:, Lancashire, and was used for carding cotton. With the spinning and weaving process now mechanized, cotton mills cropped up all over the North West of England. 3035: 1961:' brand, the government, global brands and foreign manufacturers did not anticipate that the base salary was simply too low for workers to make a living from." 4495: 1721:

and shares 63% of the global textile and garment market. India is second in global textile manufacturing and also second in silk and cotton production. 100%

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Textile production in England peaked in 1926, and as mills were decommissioned, many of the scrapped mules and looms were bought up and reinstated in India.

2258:. Studies of textile workers have shown an increased risk of nasal, bladder and urinary cancers, which are thought to be related to the dyes that are used. 3856: 1774: 1193: 3457:"Ecotoxicological and health concerns of persistent coloring pollutants of textile industry wastewater and treatment approaches for environmental safety" 2246:

occurs when pregnant textile workers are exposed to natural and synthetic fibers. Other diseases can be caused by frequent hazardous chemical exposures.

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wounded by bullets, or imprisoned. In 2010, after a new strike movement, nearly 1,000 people were injured among workers as a result of the repression.

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Pakistan is the third largest consumer of cotton. Exports of $ 3.5 billion were recorded in 2017–18 (6.5% of the total exported cotton on the world).

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The key British industry at the beginning of the 18th century was the production of textiles made with wool from the large sheep-farming areas in the

1718: 1599:, invented in 1935 as in inexpensive silk substitute, and used for products ranging from women's stockings to tooth brushes and military parachutes. 1587:

producers were not the only source for fibres, as chemical companies created new synthetic fibres that had superior qualities for many uses, such as

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Various health effects occur when regularly exposed to dust without protective measures. Common dust related respiratory symptoms include cough,

1150:, which translates as "tree wool". By the end of the 16th century, cotton was cultivated throughout the warmer regions of Asia and the Americas. 1067: 3273: 3693: 3086: 2975: 1559: 7970: 4442: 2911: 5960: 3955:

Yildirim, Ilhami; Kilinc, Metin; Okur, Erdogan; Inanc Tolun, Fatma; Kiliç, M. Akif; Kurutas, Ergul Belge; Ekerbi̇çEr, Hasan Çetin (2007).

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Lectures On The Industrial Revolution In England: Public Addresses, Notes and Other Fragments, together with a Short Memoir by B. Jowett

1706:, the share of textiles in total exports during April–July 2010 was 11.04%. During 2009–2010, the Indian textile industry was pegged at 3210: 3168:

Haider, Mahtab. "Defying predictions, Bangladesh's garment factories thrive". The Christian Science Monitor. 7 Feb 2006. 11 Feb 2007.

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Bangladesh was expected to suffer the most from the ending of the MFA, as it was expected to face more competition, particularly from

2411: 1830:, and linen were being eclipsed by cotton, which was becoming the most important textile. This set the foundations for the changes. 4573: 3243: 2080: 1348:

Firstly, the use of water power to drive mills was supplemented by steam driven water pumps, and then superseded completely by the

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or nonbiodegradable. Some textile factory workers handle dangerous chemicals every day, leading to increased occupational risk of

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world of mostly free market dominated socioeconomic systems. Chemically polluted textile wastewater degrades the quality of the

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joined his uncle's firm of textile merchants, and, on taking over the company in 1782, he sought out a site to establish a mill.

5955: 4235: 3133: 2068: 1134:, noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep. 8000: 5895: 4198: 4073: 2985: 2226:

Within the textile industry, more than 8000 different chemicals may be used in the manufacturing process, many of which are

1787:). This was a labour-intensive activity providing employment throughout Britain, with major centres being the West Country; 4685: 3296:"GB Standards - China Certification – CCC mark certificate (3C) for China – Your expert for China Compulsory Certification" 17: 4098:

Conrad Jr., James L. "'Drive That Branch': Samuel Slater, the Power Loom, and the Writing of America's Textile History",

3005: 5192: 4006:"Assessment of Noise Exposure and Hearing Loss Among Workers in Textile Mill (Thamine), Myanmar: A Cross-Sectional Study" 3813:"Prevalence of ergonomic hazards and persistent work-related musculoskeletal pain among textile sewing machine operators" 3456: 3145: 2677: 1814:. Some of the cloth was made into clothes for people living in the same area, and a large amount of cloth was exported. 7975: 6750: 4118: 2440: 1970: 2548:

Great Industries of Great Britain, Volume I, published by Cassell Petter and Galpin, (London, Paris, New York, c1880).

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Nimkar, Ullhas (1 February 2018). "Sustainable chemistry: A solution to the textile industry in a developing world".

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The variety of synthetic fibres used in manufacturing fibre grew steadily throughout the 20th century. In the 1920s,

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This article is about the production of fibres and fabric. For the production of apparel, clothing and garments, see

5329: 3594:"Pollution characteristics and fate of microfibers in the wastewater from textile dyeing wastewater treatment plant" 2720: 1873: 7713: 5683: 4475: 4405: 2950:"Emerging Markets Offer Growth Opportunities for Apparel Retailers Battling Declines in Domestic Consumer Spending" 8343: 5441: 4425: 2383: 1224:

industry. The flying shuttle increased the width of cotton cloth and speed of production of a single weaver at a

1551: 6978: 2747: 2332: 2053:(IMF) study, the system has cost the developing world 27 million jobs and $ 40 billion a year in lost exports. 1869: 1714:'s 'Retail Apparel Index', India was ranked as the fourth most promising market for apparel retailers in 2009. 4004:

Zaw, Aung K.; Myat, Aung M.; Thandar, Mya; Htun, Ye M.; Aung, Than H.; Tun, Kyaw M.; Han, Zaw M. (June 2020).

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Berlian, Alifia; Setiani, Onny; Sulistiyani, Sulistiyani; Raharjo, Mursid; Darundiati, Yusniar (2023-03-01).

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to commit to achieving zero discharges of hazardous chemicals by 2020 (global goal) appears to have failed.

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Tucker, Barbara M., "The Merchant, the Manufacturer, and the Factory Manager: The Case of Samuel Slater",

4086: 3373:"A review on the sustainability of textile industries wastewater with and without treatment methodologies" 3325:

Niinimäki, Kirsi; Peters, Greg; Dahlbo, Helena; Perry, Patsy; Rissanen, Timo; Gwilt, Alison (April 2020).

1424:: although it is self-acting, it has to be stopped to recharge empty shuttles. It was the mainstay of the 8302: 6943: 6801: 6321: 6303: 2309:

High noise exposures have been observed in textile industries across countries, as well as high rates of

2050: 3753:"Impact of chemical substances used in textile industry on the employee's health: Epidemiological study" 2195:

and has been identified in one review as the industry sector producing the largest amount of pollution.

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A Roberts loom in a weaving shed in 1835. Note the wrought iron shafting, fixed to the cast iron columns

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In Roman times, wool, linen and leather clothed the European population, and silk, imported along the

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Griffiths, T., Hunt, P.A., and O'Brien, P. K. "Inventive activity in the British textile industry",

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Social Change in the Industrial Revolution: An Application of Theory to the British Cotton Industry

2076: 1854: 1792: 7938: 7630: 6856: 6740: 6360: 6244: 5770: 4982: 4568: 3812: 3752: 2202: 2018: 1858: 1349: 2918: 2156: 8261: 8241: 8152: 8147: 7565: 7181: 7107: 6613: 6608: 6353: 5883: 5289: 5167: 5162: 2493: 2172: 6166: 5940: 5299: 4583: 2664: 8097: 8012: 7746: 7623: 7337: 7315: 7266: 6816: 6574: 6438: 5212: 5035: 4849: 4595: 4363: 4221: 4210:(1953) pp. 1051–98; with many tables and maps on the worldwide textile industry in 19508 2507: 2199: 2184: 1507: 1495: 1199: 96: 6903: 6523: 5406: 3199: 1986:

companies employing 1.7 million people in Europe and with a total turnover of € 152 billion.

8172: 7604: 7455: 7168: 6663: 6557: 6173: 5873: 5868: 5249: 4695: 3764: 3136:, EC Conference on the Future of Textiles and Clothing after 2004, Brussels, 5–6 May 2003. 2858:

The U.S. textile and apparel industry : a revolution in progress : special report

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The U.S. textile and apparel industry : a revolution in progress : special report

2759: 1703: 1575: 1413: 1036: 5967: 5017: 1435: 1322:, but by 1805 Houldsworths of Manchester were producing reliable 300 count cotton thread. 8: 8314: 8256: 8231: 8114: 7888: 7845: 7805: 7771: 7500: 7467: 7325: 7139: 7119: 6851: 6679: 6658: 6460: 6414: 6146: 5569: 5100: 4671: 4410: 4358: 3751:

Tounsadi, Hanane; Metarfi, Yousra; Taleb, M.; El Rhazi, Karima; Rais, Zakia (July 2020).

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However, the Arrangement was not negative for all developing countries. For example, the

1978: 1950: 1803: 1674: 1564: 1229: 1169: 1159: 1139: 1123: 613: 5514: 3768: 2763: 2515: 2060:(EU) imposed no restrictions or duties on imports from the very poor countries, such as 8209: 8204: 8017: 7850: 7372: 7350: 7345: 7303: 7276: 7236: 6690: 6584: 6538: 6450: 6409: 6392: 6275: 6270: 5991: 5972: 5785: 5709: 5473: 5274: 5269: 4963: 4547: 4525: 4515: 4038: 4005: 3932: 3897: 3832: 3788: 3675: 3631: 3539: 3487: 3410: 3235: 2812: 2771: 2700: 2486: 2030: 1742: 1738: 1519: 1173: 7510: 6745: 4992: 3170: 1111:

fiber in the manufacturing of cloth in Northern Europe dates back to Neolithic times.

8077: 7893: 7867: 7855: 7840: 7751: 7599: 7421: 7320: 7251: 6933: 6928: 6868: 6861: 6826: 6589: 6404: 6312: 6060: 6013: 5890: 5750: 5740: 5705: 5695: 5663: 5606: 5601: 5504: 4792: 4750: 4605: 4540: 4535: 4490: 4194: 4152: 4114: 4069: 4043: 4025: 3986: 3978: 3937: 3919: 3878: 3836: 3792: 3780: 3679: 3667: 3623: 3615: 3574: 3531: 3523: 3491: 3479: 3402: 3394: 3346: 3295: 3106: 3067:"En Ethiopie, les petites mains de H&M ou Calvin Klein gagnent 23 euros par mois" 2981: 2861: 2834: 2804: 2657: 2637: 2468: 2436: 2176: 2038: 1958: 1822:. In the early 18th century, artisans were inventing ways to become more productive. 1546: 1432:(invented in 1894, with an automatic weft replenishment function) gained ascendancy. 1291: 1272: 1244: 1097: 1081: 1050: 1028: 31: 5007: 4876: 4827: 3635: 3414: 3326: 2793:"Global Women's Work: Historical Perspectives on the Textile and Garment Industries" 8179: 8107: 8102: 7670: 7648: 7608: 7584: 7543: 7515: 7495: 7443: 7288: 7228: 7023: 6806: 6774: 6762: 6643: 6528: 6445: 6387: 6023: 6018: 5982: 5821: 5564: 5526: 5499: 5070: 5042: 4866: 4837: 4812: 4787: 4770: 4505: 4458: 4368: 4142: 4033: 4017: 3968: 3927: 3909: 3868: 3824: 3772: 3659: 3605: 3566: 3543: 3515: 3471: 3437: 3384: 3338: 2767: 2692: 2198:

A campaign of big clothing brands like Nike, Adidas and Puma to voluntarily reform

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Xu, Xia; Hou, Qingtong; Xue, Yingang; Jian, Yun; Wang, LiPing (20 November 2018).

8236: 8184: 7815: 7678: 7528: 7438: 7428: 7416: 7395: 7271: 7256: 7038: 7033: 6873: 6784: 6668: 6653: 6648: 6429: 6343: 6124: 5947: 5918: 5653: 5478: 5197: 5130: 4906: 4854: 4817: 4654: 4500: 4415: 4146: 3776: 3100: 3039: 2724: 2511: 2183:. The pollution comes from the type of conduct of chemical treatments used e.g., 2180: 1746: 1615: 1417: 1311: 1252: 1235: 1203: 1144: 1135: 6506: 5140: 5002: 3570: 3371:

Pattnaik, Punyasloka; Dangayach, G. S.; Bhardwaj, Awadhesh Kumar (1 June 2018).

3266:"REACH Regulations - How they apply to Textile and Leather articles (hktdc.com)" 2860:. United States Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1987. pp. 31–2. 2433:

Engineering Textiles: Integrating the Design and Manufacture of Textile Products

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introduced an attachment for the frame which produced what became known as the

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The industry began in the early 18th century in Barcelona, when printed cloth

1220:— one of the first of a series of inventions associated with the cotton 1138:, writing in 1350, stated as fact the now-preposterous belief: "There grew in 8332: 8251: 7761: 7391: 7201: 7018: 7013: 6878: 6715: 6699: 6567: 6553: 6434: 6397: 6328: 6260: 6254: 6239: 6134: 6119: 6027: 5678: 5531: 5494: 5468: 5309: 5254: 5105: 5090: 4916: 4760: 4510: 4468: 4323: 4029: 3982: 3973: 3923: 3882: 3671: 3619: 3578: 3527: 3483: 3398: 3350: 2833:. United States Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1987. p. 39. 2808: 2273: 2239: 2192: 2072: 1619: 1511: 1429: 1338: 1181: 514: 507: 6888: 5324: 5120: 3389: 3372: 2492:(First MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. pp. 2026: 1392: 8194: 8129: 8082: 7778: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7643: 7638: 7298: 7156: 6883: 6838: 6708: 6704: 6672: 6562: 6484: 6455: 6380: 6375: 6365: 6265: 6183: 6114: 6069: 5800: 5780: 5765: 5729: 5724: 5700: 5616: 5509: 5386: 5207: 5177: 5095: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5047: 4958: 4859: 4244: 4047: 3990: 3941: 3784: 3627: 3535: 3406: 3089:, COM(2013) 656 final, published 25 September 2013, accessed 21 August 2023 2231: 1946: 1722: 1603: 1409: 1361: 1287: 1256: 1221: 1073: 6893: 5416: 5411: 5401: 5364: 5354: 5294: 5227: 4740: 2883:"India overtakes Germany and Italy, is new world No. 2 in textile exports" 2377: 2075:, it was decided to bring the textile trade under the jurisdiction of the 8246: 8226: 8199: 8025: 7783: 7683: 7376: 7365: 7360: 7308: 7186: 7176: 7045: 6501: 6470: 6465: 6424: 6333: 6109: 6084: 6079: 6048: 5805: 5760: 5668: 5648: 5381: 5304: 5264: 5172: 5152: 4896: 4881: 4871: 4807: 4727: 4183:

Samuel Slater and the Origins of the American Textile Industry, 1790-1860

3957:"The Effects of Noise on Hearing and Oxidative Stress in Textile Workers" 3610: 3593: 2717: 2243: 2208: 2131: 1770: 1683: 1579: 1515: 1373: 1353: 1296: 1049:

number of steps, each of which has a distinct name, before a clean, even

4258: 2816: 2792: 2727:

by Julie Lorenzen, Central Michigan University. Retrieved November 2006.

1761:

are some of the foreign textile companies invested or working in India.

1337:

For further details of the operation and history of spinning mules, see

1130:. Without any knowledge of what it came from, other than that it was a 8189: 8119: 8089: 8072: 8050: 7860: 7730: 7725: 7433: 7381: 7206: 7129: 7028: 6923: 6601: 6511: 6496: 6479: 6475: 6232: 6001: 5735: 5631: 5611: 5542: 5376: 5157: 5026: 5022: 4911: 4755: 4348: 4318: 4278: 4176: 4103: 3441: 2704: 2235: 2061: 2046: 1799: 1711: 1654: 1611: 1527: 1499: 1425: 1421: 1385: 1331: 1268: 1264: 71:

is primarily concerned with the design, production and distribution of

44: 5396: 5359: 4901: 4308: 2962: 2435:(2nd ed.). Sawston, Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. p. 462. 2254:

With increased exposure to toxic chemicals comes an increased risk of

2163: 1937:

Employees of Ethiopian garment factories, who work for brands such as

1271:

resulted, in 1775, in the commercial production of the more efficient

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Industry related to design, production and distribution of textiles.

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The textile industry also creates a lot of pollution that leads to

2022: 1905: 1679: 1658: 1523: 1381: 1369: 1115: 84: 3053:"Au Bangladesh, une ouvrière du textile meurt tous les deux jours" 1783:

and across the country (created as a result of land-clearance and

8057: 8040: 7820: 7688: 7618: 7594: 7488: 7124: 7050: 6685: 6625: 6618: 6533: 6491: 6338: 6317: 6298: 6280: 6222: 6161: 6129: 6074: 5790: 5714: 5574: 5554: 5483: 5145: 5052: 4970: 4933: 4921: 4649: 4373: 4283: 4268: 3694:"Destination Zero: seven years of Detoxing the clothing industry" 2242:

when not using protective measures. Additionally, an increase of

2086: 1827: 1788: 1650: 1627: 1607: 1582:

warp yarns being prepared for weaving in a modern textile factory

1568: 1503: 1248: 1198:

The woven fabric portion of the textile industry grew out of the

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There are some indications that weaving was already known in the

1032: 916: 366: 285: 80: 72: 56: 3854: 8142: 7523: 7406: 7246: 7055: 6998: 6908: 6348: 5977: 5636: 5626: 5589: 5579: 5559: 5371: 5222: 4483: 4353: 4333: 4273: 4213: 3719:"Greenpeace Calls Out Nike, Adidas and Puma for Toxic Clothing" 3648: 2323: 2297: 2289: 2034: 2006: 2002:

early industrialisation to be concentrated in northern Europe.

1942: 1750: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1592: 1518:. The geographical focus of textile manufacture in Britain was 1330:

For further details of the operation and history of looms, see

1300: 1127: 1119: 995: 463: 3454: 3102:

A distinctive industrialisation. Cotton in Barcelona 1728-1832

39: 8062: 8035: 7589: 7355: 7218: 7082: 6990: 6596: 6213: 4842: 4832: 4797: 4388: 4293: 3954: 2912:"A brief history of Textile Industry in India, January, 2010" 2113: 2095: 1938: 1819: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1596: 1588: 1365: 1131: 1093: 962: 953: 944: 933: 924: 906: 897: 888: 870: 854: 845: 836: 818: 802: 793: 784: 766: 750: 741: 732: 714: 696: 687: 673: 643: 634: 625: 595: 584: 570: 556: 545: 531: 497: 483: 453: 435: 417: 399: 385: 374: 356: 347: 336: 320: 306: 275: 261: 233: 224: 198: 189: 178: 160: 146: 115: 4433:

Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution

3750: 3171:"Defying predictions, Bangladesh's garment factories thrive" 2171:

The textile industry is one of the largest polluters in the

51: 7741: 7553: 7241: 7144: 7097: 6516: 6227: 5594: 5584: 5259: 4782: 4378: 4343: 4303: 4288: 2185:

in pretreatment, dyeing, printing, and finishing operations

2119: 1823: 1319: 1225: 1158:

and dressing, while wool requires carding and washing. The

1108: 680: 607: 577: 563: 538: 490: 469: 392: 313: 268: 153: 76: 4148:

Power from Steam: A History of the Stationary Steam Engine

3324: 2167:

Indigo color water pollution in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 2005

2109:

The following standards amongst others apply to textiles:

2090:

Women work in a textile factory outside Dhaka, Bangladesh.

6898: 6217: 6139: 4987: 3370: 2563: 2488:

Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History

2116:, e.g. Standard for the Flammability of Clothing Textiles 3811:

Okareh, O.T.; Solomon, O.E.; Olawoyin, R. (April 2021).

2064:, leading to a massive expansion of the industry there. 3504: 3427: 2141:

73/44/EC, 96/73/EC and 2008/121/EC, which had required

4083:

The cotton manufacturing industry of the United States

2551: 1310:

invented in 1589 for silk became viable when in 1759,

3810: 3686: 1172:

evolved from twisting the fibers by hand, to using a

3200:"Standard for the Flammability of Clothing Textiles" 1775:

Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution

1194:

Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution

1166:

processes are very similar between fibers, however.

4208:

World Population and Production Trends and Outlooks

1798:Exports by the cotton industry – centered in 4003: 3559:Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 3132:Presentation by H.E. K.M. Chandrasekhar, Chairman 3029:Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living: 2485: 1107:from China, was an extravagant luxury. The use of 3006:"Textile Manufacturing | Boundless World History" 2654:Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England 2580: 2578: 8330: 4175:Vol. 55, No. 3 (Autumn, 1981), pp. 297–313 1806:). Goods were transported around the country by 1206:of yarn and cloth became a mainstream industry. 4438:Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods 3902:Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 3896:Singh, Zorawar; Chadha, Pooja (December 2016). 2145:into national law, with effect from 8 May 2012. 1637:The largest exporters of textiles in 2013 were 1068:Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods 4188: 4093:Samuel Slater, Father of American Manufactures 2614: 2608: 2575: 2536: 2506: 2025:and garments from 1974 through 2004, imposing 1439:Roberts self-acting mule with quadrant gearing 4679: 4229: 4102:Vol. 36, No. 1 (January 1995), pp. 1–28 3652:Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 3464:Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2852: 2850: 2523:, London: Longmans, Green and co., p. 51 1818:were constructed, and some contour-following 1810:who visited the village with their trains of 1506:The three key drivers in these changes were 4443:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology 3591: 2675: 1702:35 million in the country. According to the 1325: 4151:, Cambridge University Press, p. 244, 3895: 1997:History of the cotton industry in Catalonia 1872:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1247:connected Manchester to the coal fields of 4686: 4672: 4236: 4222: 3898:"Textile industry and occupational cancer" 2847: 2678:"Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution" 2379:Cotton and textiles — the challenges ahead 2012: 1977:'s textile industry has been noted by the 4037: 3972: 3931: 3913: 3872: 3609: 3388: 3327:"The environmental price of fast fashion" 2430: 1892:Learn how and when to remove this message 1428:cotton industry for a century, until the 1400:Secondly, in 1830, using an 1822 patent, 1267:. His partnership with Scottish engineer 4108: 2718:Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution 2569: 2557: 2396: 2216: 2162: 2085: 2081:Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) 1733:, Soktas, Zambiati, Bilsar, Monti, CMT, 1673: 1574: 1558: 1555:Textile factory workers in Poland, 1950s 1550: 1434: 1391: 1234: 1187: 50: 43:An old textile factory ("Cvernovka") in 38: 4206:Woytinsky, W. S., and E. S. Woytinsky. 4063: 3508:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 3098: 2973: 2790: 2634:The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848 2455: 2431:Elmogahzy, Yehia E. (August 15, 2019). 2149: 2101: 1904:The textile sector accounts for 70% of 1725:via automatic route in textile sector. 1376:, but installed steam engines in 1810. 101: 14: 8331: 7712: 3757:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 3556: 3331:Nature Reviews Earth & Environment 3082: 3080: 2936:"Wearing Apparel Manufacturing Report" 2906: 2904: 2532: 2530: 2410:, Manchester City Council: Libraries, 2375: 2069:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 7926: 7711: 6976: 5440: 5439: 4706: 4667: 4217: 4141: 4138:Aug 2008, Vol. 61 Issue 3, pp 625–650 3850: 3848: 3846: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3031:The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics 2745: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2620: 2596: 2584: 2483: 2386:from the original on January 23, 2009 2369: 2221: 8298: 4693: 3306:from the original on 13 January 2018 2461: 2266: 1870:adding citations to reliable sources 1837: 1414:James Bullough and William Kenworthy 3216:from the original on 8 January 2013 3077: 2928: 2901: 2880: 2874: 2748:"The Mechanization of Women's Work" 2527: 2261: 1404:manufactured the first loom with a 1023: 90: 24: 6977: 4707: 4496:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 4387: 4191:Cotton Mills of Greater Manchester 3889: 3843: 3799: 3737: 3276:from the original on 30 April 2018 3246:from the original on 30 April 2018 3042:, Library of Economics and Liberty 2784: 2772:10.1038/scientificamerican0982-166 2746:Scott, Joan Wallach (1982-09-01). 2730: 2021:(MFA) governed the world trade in 1092:excavations in Switzerland and at 25: 8360: 4085:(Harvard University Press, 1912) 3861:Journal of Ecological Engineering 2636:, Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd. 2157:Chemical waste § Textile industry 1964: 1275:which used a separate condenser. 1043: 8309: 8297: 8286: 8285: 4648: 4243: 3430:Environmental Quality Management 2885:. Times of India. Archived from 2797:Journal of International Affairs 2283: 2155:This section is an excerpt from 2041:. It expired on 1 January 2005. 1842: 1764: 1372:. It was initially powered by a 1299:in the world was constructed at 1061: 961: 952: 943: 932: 923: 905: 896: 887: 869: 853: 844: 835: 817: 801: 792: 783: 765: 749: 740: 731: 713: 695: 686: 679: 672: 642: 633: 624: 606: 594: 583: 576: 569: 562: 555: 544: 537: 530: 496: 489: 482: 468: 452: 434: 416: 398: 391: 384: 373: 355: 346: 335: 319: 312: 305: 274: 267: 260: 232: 223: 197: 188: 177: 159: 152: 145: 114: 8310: 5840:Outdoors & sports equipment 4189:Williams, Mike; Farnie (1992), 4111:Lace Machines and Machine Laces 4068:, Pergamon Press, p. 258, 3997: 3948: 3711: 3642: 3585: 3550: 3498: 3448: 3421: 3377:Reviews on Environmental Health 3364: 3318: 3288: 3258: 3228: 3192: 3181:from the original on 2007-09-30 3162: 3151:from the original on 2008-12-21 3126: 3092: 3059: 3045: 3022: 2998: 2967: 2956: 2942: 2823: 2711: 2669: 2646: 2626: 2602: 2590: 2542: 2414:from the original on 2008-10-23 2249: 1540: 1282:is credited as inventor of the 1096:at a site which dates to about 107:Cotton manufacturing processes 8349:Occupational safety and health 3105:. Cambridge University Press. 2656:, Cambridge University Press. 2517:The Skilled Labourer 1760–1832 2500: 2477: 2449: 2424: 2376:Majeed, A (January 19, 2009), 2345: 2333:Textile industry in Bangladesh 13: 1: 5844:Personal protective equipment 2382:, Dawn-the Internet edition, 2358: 1919: 1080:impression has been found at 60: 4574:Conservation and restoration 4131:52 (1992), pp. 881–906. 4129:Journal of Economic History, 3777:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110594 3598:Water Science and Technology 2363: 1990: 1971:small and medium enterprises 1664: 1606:was invented; in the 1940s, 7: 7927: 4637:Textile manufacturing terms 3571:10.1016/j.cogsc.2017.11.002 2685:The Economic History Review 2351:includes Knitting processes 2317: 2051:International Monetary Fund 1932: 1833: 1522:and the small towns of the 1245:Duke of Bridgewater's canal 1031:can be made by extruding a 1015:Finishing — giving textiles 10: 8365: 4601:Mathematics and fiber arts 4095:(1960) scholarly biography 4057: 4022:10.1016/j.shaw.2020.04.002 3829:10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105159 3664:10.1016/j.jece.2021.105277 3476:10.1016/j.jece.2020.105012 2609:Williams & Farnie 1992 2537:Williams & Farnie 1992 2154: 1994: 1768: 1694: 1688: 1544: 1448:Number of looms in the UK 1336: 1329: 1191: 1065: 1056: 1003:Cultivating and harvesting 94: 29: 8280: 8128: 8011: 7937: 7933: 7922: 7881: 7831: 7724: 7720: 7707: 7574: 7509: 7466: 7336: 7227: 7167: 7071: 6989: 6985: 6972: 6837: 6728: 6634: 6291: 6059: 5859: 5459: 5452: 5448: 5435: 5242: 5063: 4949: 4726: 4719: 4715: 4702: 4645: 4619: 4561: 4451: 4398: 4385: 4251: 4081:Copeland, Melvin Thomas. 4010:Safety and Health at Work 3915:10.1186/s12995-016-0128-3 3520:10.1007/s10661-018-6569-7 3343:10.1038/s43017-020-0039-9 3175:Christian Science Monitor 3139:"後遺症が残りそうな交通事故で気をつけるポイント" 3010:courses.lumenlearning.com 2938:. AnythingResearch India. 2311:occupational hearing loss 2240:ophthalmological symptoms 1717:India is first in global 1697:Economic history of India 1691:Textile industry in India 1326:19th-century developments 976: 133: 129: 124: 8158:Mergers and acquisitions 7899:Research and development 6259:Chemical & hormonal 5914:Communications equipment 4173:Business History Review, 4136:Economic History Review, 4064:Collier, Ann M. (1970), 3974:10.2486/indhealth.45.743 3874:10.12911/22998993/157389 3099:Thomson, J.K.J. (1992). 2974:Toynbee, Arnold (1884). 2338: 2128:Regulations for Textiles 2077:World Trade Organization 1793:West Riding of Yorkshire 1669: 1591:, invented in 1910, and 1012:Weaving — giving fabrics 864:Sizing/slashing/dressing 131: 127: 122: 6944:Painting and decorating 5968:Medical imaging systems 5901:Parts & peripherals 4193:, Carnegie Publishing, 4100:Technology and Culture, 3506:sub-chronic exposure". 3390:10.1515/reveh-2018-0013 3300:china-certification.com 2980:. London: Rivington's. 2963:Sectors – Make In India 2484:Pacey, Arnold (1991) . 2019:Multi Fibre Arrangement 2013:Commerce and regulation 1202:in the 18th century as 1088:textiles were found in 47:, Slovakia (1901–2004). 8344:Industries (economics) 8262:State-owned enterprise 8242:Nonprofit organization 8153:Horizontal integration 5961:Scientific instruments 5924:Network infrastructure 4392: 4109:Earnshaw, Pat (1986). 4066:A Handbook of Textiles 2791:English, Beth (2013). 2168: 2132:China Product Standard 2091: 1988: 1791:and environs; and the 1686: 1583: 1572: 1556: 1498:changed the nature of 1440: 1397: 1240: 1009:Spinning — giving yarn 64: 48: 7605:Private investigation 4476:Australian Aboriginal 4406:Clothing and textiles 4391: 4181:Tucker, Barbara M.,, 4143:Hills, Richard Leslie 2676:Berg, Maxine (1992). 2217:Worker Health Impacts 2166: 2089: 1983: 1695:Further information: 1677: 1578: 1562: 1554: 1508:textile manufacturing 1496:industrial revolution 1438: 1395: 1259:engineering works in 1238: 1200:Industrial Revolution 1188:Industrial Revolution 1184:by the 11th century. 1006:Preparatory processes 97:Textile manufacturing 54: 42: 8173:Vertical integration 6174:Speciality chemicals 6014:Electrical equipment 5931:Consumer electronics 4611:Units of measurement 3611:10.2166/wst.2018.476 2150:Environmental impact 2102:Regulatory standards 2031:developing countries 1866:improve this section 1704:Ministry of Textiles 1614:, metal fibres, and 1037:spinneret (polymers) 102:Cotton manufacturing 18:Textile manufacturer 8257:Sole proprietorship 8232:Joint-stock company 7501:Veterinary medicine 7326:Property management 7120:Passenger transport 6147:Commodity chemicals 5973:Optical instruments 5941:Video game consoles 5834:Musical instruments 5675:Media reproduction 4655:Clothing portal 4452:Regional and ethnic 4426:Indian subcontinent 4091:Cameron, Edward H. 3769:2020EcoES.19710594T 3236:"Textile Standards" 2881:TNN (3 June 2014). 2764:1982SciAm.247c.166S 2752:Scientific American 2294:shortness of breath 2256:occupational cancer 2200:their manufacturing 2039:developed countries 1979:European Commission 1951:New York University 1743:Marks & Spencer 1678:Textile workers in 1657:($ 28 billion) and 1563:Textile workers at 1449: 108: 8205:Putting-out system 7714:Information sector 7635:Personal services 7237:Financial services 6709:offshore platforms 6558:advanced materials 6539:Ready-mix concrete 5992:Laser construction 5952:Clocks and watches 5786:Injection moulding 5757:Other fabrication 5710:household hardware 4584:wearable fiber art 4393: 4164:Smelser; Neil J., 3442:10.1002/tqem.21538 3038:2008-02-21 at the 2723:2006-11-09 at the 2652:Joseph E Inikori. 2404:"Machin processes" 2222:Chemical Exposures 2169: 2092: 1973:(SMEs) within the 1969:The prominence of 1687: 1584: 1573: 1557: 1447: 1441: 1420:, a semiautomatic 1398: 1241: 243:Finishing scutcher 106: 65: 49: 8326: 8325: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8103:Natural resources 7948:Production-based 7918: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7856:Vocational school 7703: 7702: 7699: 7698: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6929:Electrical wiring 6915:Specialty trades 6869:Civil engineering 6724: 6723: 6398:Vulcanized rubber 6194:Cleaning products 6034:Electric lighting 5751:Surface finishing 5741:Powder metallurgy 5696:Metal fabrication 5442:Industrial sector 5431: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5330:Rare-earth metals 5238: 5237: 4661: 4660: 4200:978-0-948789-89-2 4075:978-0-08-018057-1 3961:Industrial Health 3604:(10): 2046–2054. 2987:978-1-4191-2952-0 2572:, pp. 24–26. 2267:Ergonomic Hazards 2232:hearing disorders 2122:Textile Standards 1902: 1901: 1894: 1816:River navigations 1804:weavers' cottages 1641:($ 274 billion), 1571:, Finland in 1951 1565:Finlayson factory 1547:Clothing industry 1492: 1491: 1360:was built on the 1292:Industrial unrest 1273:Watt steam engine 1029:Artificial fibres 993: 992: 55:Textile factory ( 32:Clothing industry 16:(Redirected from 8356: 8339:Textile industry 8313: 8312: 8301: 8300: 8289: 8288: 8185:Enforced breakup 8180:Decentralization 8108:Physical capital 7935: 7934: 7924: 7923: 7722: 7721: 7709: 7708: 7585:Customer service 7496:Residential care 7444:Public relations 7252:Financial advice 7229:Asset management 7024:Department store 6987: 6986: 6974: 6973: 6954:Site preparation 6802:Telecom networks 6770:Waste management 6746:Gas distribution 6430:Synthetic fibers 6157:Industrial gases 5896:Computer systems 5830:Medical supplies 5457: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5437: 5436: 4867:Animal husbandry 4838:Medicinal plants 4724: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4704: 4703: 4688: 4681: 4674: 4665: 4664: 4653: 4652: 4369:Textile printing 4238: 4231: 4224: 4215: 4214: 4203: 4161: 4124: 4078: 4052: 4051: 4041: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3976: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3935: 3917: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3876: 3852: 3841: 3840: 3808: 3797: 3796: 3748: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3698: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3613: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3461: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3392: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3215: 3204: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3186: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3156: 3150: 3143: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3049: 3043: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3016: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2990:. Archived from 2971: 2965: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2917:. Archived from 2916: 2908: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2854: 2845: 2844: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2778: 2743: 2728: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2682: 2673: 2667: 2650: 2644: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2512:Hammond, Barbara 2504: 2498: 2497: 2491: 2481: 2475: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2408:Spinning the Web 2400: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2373: 2352: 2349: 2262:Physical Hazards 1959:made in Ethiopia 1897: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1877: 1846: 1838: 1709: 1661:($ 27 Billion). 1653:($ 35 billion), 1649:($ 36 billion), 1645:($ 40 billion), 1618:were developed; 1450: 1446: 1378:Quarry Bank Mill 1358:Quarry Bank Mill 1280:James Hargreaves 1211:Bury, Lancashire 1114:During the late 1076:. An indistinct 1024:Synthetic fibres 965: 956: 947: 936: 927: 909: 900: 891: 873: 857: 848: 839: 821: 805: 796: 787: 769: 753: 744: 735: 717: 699: 690: 683: 676: 646: 637: 628: 610: 598: 587: 580: 573: 566: 559: 548: 541: 534: 500: 493: 486: 472: 456: 438: 420: 402: 395: 388: 377: 359: 350: 339: 323: 316: 309: 278: 271: 264: 236: 227: 201: 192: 181: 163: 156: 149: 118: 109: 91:Industry process 69:textile industry 62: 21: 8364: 8363: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8329: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8321: 8268: 8237:Nationalization 8124: 8094:Primary inputs 8015: 8007: 7940: 7939:Classification 7929: 7910: 7877: 7827: 7811:Social networks 7728: 7716: 7695: 7679:Business travel 7581:Administrative 7570: 7549:Amusement parks 7513: 7505: 7479:Dentist offices 7462: 7332: 7299:Pension funding 7272:Risk management 7257:Holding company 7223: 7163: 7075: 7067: 7039:Specialty store 7034:Online shopping 6981: 6960: 6833: 6720: 6630: 6287: 6245:Pharmaceuticals 6189:Aroma compounds 6125:Petroleum jelly 6055: 6044:Home appliances 6039:Electric motors 5987:spotting scopes 5948:Instrumentation 5861: 5855: 5837:Office supplies 5444: 5423: 5407:Dimension stone 5341:Other minerals 5286:Mining of ores 5234: 5059: 4945: 4892:Other livestock 4778:Permanent crops 4711: 4698: 4692: 4662: 4657: 4647: 4641: 4615: 4557: 4447: 4394: 4383: 4247: 4242: 4201: 4159: 4121: 4076: 4060: 4055: 4002: 3998: 3953: 3949: 3894: 3890: 3853: 3844: 3809: 3800: 3749: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3725:. 9 August 2011 3717: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3647: 3643: 3590: 3586: 3555: 3551: 3503: 3499: 3459: 3453: 3449: 3426: 3422: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3184: 3182: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3078: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3040:Wayback Machine 3027: 3023: 3014: 3012: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2988: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2924:on 22 May 2012. 2921: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2889:on 30 June 2016 2879: 2875: 2868: 2856: 2855: 2848: 2841: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2789: 2785: 2776: 2774: 2744: 2731: 2725:Wayback Machine 2716: 2712: 2697:10.2307/2598327 2680: 2674: 2670: 2651: 2647: 2632:Eric Hobsbawm, 2631: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2535: 2528: 2520: 2505: 2501: 2482: 2478: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2429: 2425: 2417: 2415: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2387: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2328:cloth merchants 2320: 2315: 2286: 2269: 2264: 2252: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2213: 2160: 2152: 2104: 2079:(WTO). The WTO 2015: 1999: 1993: 1967: 1935: 1922: 1898: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1863: 1847: 1836: 1777: 1769:Main articles: 1767: 1729:, Trutzschler, 1719:jute production 1707: 1699: 1693: 1672: 1667: 1549: 1543: 1418:Lancashire Loom 1402:Richard Roberts 1352:. For example, 1342: 1335: 1328: 1312:Jedediah Strutt 1253:Matthew Boulton 1204:mass production 1196: 1190: 1136:John Mandeville 1094:El Fayum, Egypt 1070: 1064: 1059: 1046: 1026: 104: 99: 93: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8362: 8352: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8324: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8307: 8295: 8282: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8266: 8265: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8215:Temporary work 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8177: 8176: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8138:Centralization 8134: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8092: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8060: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8022: 8020: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8005: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7985: 7984: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7954: 7945: 7943: 7931: 7930: 7920: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7906: 7904:Basic research 7896: 7891: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7858: 7848: 7843: 7837: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7825: 7824: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7735: 7733: 7718: 7717: 7705: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7673: 7668: 7667: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7633: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7568: 7566:Tabletop games 7563: 7562: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7538: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7520: 7518: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7472: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7458: 7448: 7447: 7446: 7441: 7431: 7429:Legal services 7426: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7404: 7403: 7402: 7400:system testing 7389: 7384: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7342: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7262:Money transfer 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7233: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7173: 7171: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7135:Passenger rail 7132: 7127: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7103:Moving company 7100: 7095: 7090: 7079: 7077: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7009:Consumer goods 7006: 7004:Car dealership 6995: 6993: 6983: 6982: 6979:Service sector 6970: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6843: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6734: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6702: 6697: 6682: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6640: 6638: 6636:Heavy industry 6632: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6575:Metal refining 6572: 6571: 6570: 6568:Synthetic gems 6565: 6560: 6551: 6545:Other mineral 6543: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6482: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6435:Thermoplastics 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6315: 6310: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6261:contraceptives 6257: 6255:Blood products 6252: 6242: 6240:Fine chemicals 6237: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6120:Petrochemicals 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6065: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6021: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5980: 5970: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5903: 5898: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5884:Semiconductors 5881: 5879:Circuit boards 5876: 5865: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5827: 5824: 5819: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5746:Prefabrication 5743: 5738: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5703: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5679:Cassette tapes 5673: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5529: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5515:Vegetable oils 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5489: 5488:Dairy products 5486: 5481: 5476: 5465: 5463: 5461:Light industry 5454: 5446: 5445: 5433: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5043:Wild mushrooms 5040: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5020: 5018:Natural rubber 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4985: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4955: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4803:Tropical fruit 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4736:Arable farming 4732: 4730: 4721: 4713: 4712: 4709:Natural sector 4700: 4699: 4691: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4668: 4659: 4658: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4576: 4571: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4493: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4478: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4413: 4408: 4402: 4400: 4399:History of ... 4396: 4395: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4241: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4204: 4199: 4186: 4179: 4169: 4162: 4157: 4139: 4132: 4125: 4120:978-0713446845 4119: 4106: 4096: 4089: 4079: 4074: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4016:(2): 199–206. 3996: 3967:(6): 743–749. 3947: 3888: 3842: 3817:Safety Science 3798: 3736: 3710: 3685: 3641: 3584: 3549: 3497: 3447: 3420: 3383:(2): 163–203. 3363: 3337:(4): 189–200. 3317: 3287: 3270:info.hktdc.com 3257: 3227: 3191: 3177:. 2006-02-07. 3161: 3125: 3111: 3091: 3076: 3058: 3055:. 15 May 2013. 3044: 3021: 2997: 2994:on 2016-03-03. 2986: 2966: 2955: 2941: 2927: 2900: 2873: 2866: 2846: 2839: 2822: 2783: 2758:(3): 166–187. 2729: 2710: 2668: 2645: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2574: 2562: 2550: 2541: 2526: 2499: 2476: 2460: 2448: 2442:978-0081024881 2441: 2423: 2395: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2319: 2316: 2305:Noise exposure 2285: 2282: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2251: 2248: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2161: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2103: 2100: 2058:European Union 2029:on the amount 2014: 2011: 1995:Main article: 1992: 1989: 1975:European Union 1966: 1965:European Union 1963: 1934: 1931: 1921: 1918: 1900: 1899: 1850: 1848: 1841: 1835: 1832: 1766: 1763: 1723:FDI is allowed 1689:Main article: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1542: 1539: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1327: 1324: 1308:stocking frame 1295:water-powered 1284:spinning jenny 1218:flying shuttle 1192:Main article: 1189: 1186: 1178:spinning wheel 1126:into Northern 1090:pile dwellings 1066:Main article: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1045: 1044:Natural fibres 1042: 1025: 1022: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 991: 990: 985: 983: 975: 970: 967: 966: 959: 957: 950: 948: 941: 938: 937: 930: 928: 921: 919: 914: 911: 910: 903: 901: 894: 892: 885: 882: 881: 879: 876: 874: 867: 865: 862: 859: 858: 851: 849: 842: 840: 833: 830: 829: 827: 824: 822: 815: 813: 810: 807: 806: 799: 797: 790: 788: 781: 778: 777: 775: 772: 770: 763: 761: 758: 755: 754: 747: 745: 738: 736: 729: 726: 725: 723: 720: 718: 711: 709: 704: 701: 700: 693: 691: 684: 677: 670: 667: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 648: 647: 640: 638: 631: 629: 622: 619: 618: 616: 611: 604: 601: 599: 592: 589: 588: 581: 574: 567: 560: 553: 550: 549: 542: 535: 528: 525: 524: 519: 517: 512: 510: 505: 502: 501: 494: 487: 480: 477: 476: 473: 466: 461: 458: 457: 450: 447: 446: 443: 440: 439: 432: 429: 428: 425: 422: 421: 414: 411: 410: 407: 404: 403: 396: 389: 382: 379: 378: 371: 369: 364: 361: 360: 353: 351: 344: 341: 340: 333: 331: 328: 325: 324: 317: 310: 303: 300: 299: 294: 292: 290: 288: 283: 280: 279: 272: 265: 258: 255: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 238: 237: 230: 228: 221: 218: 217: 214: 212: 206: 203: 202: 195: 193: 186: 183: 182: 175: 173: 168: 165: 164: 157: 150: 143: 140: 139: 137: 132: 130: 128: 126: 123: 120: 119: 112: 103: 100: 95:Main article: 92: 89: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8361: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8318: 8317: 8308: 8306: 8305: 8296: 8294: 8293: 8284: 8283: 8279: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8252:Privatization 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8220: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8181: 8178: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8026:Externalities 8024: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8014: 8010: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7987:Market-based 7986: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7921: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7799: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7758:Audio-visual 7757: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7710: 7706: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7573: 7567: 7564: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7512: 7511:Entertainment 7508: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7465: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7449: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7374: 7371: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7267:Payment cards 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7220: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7202:Food delivery 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7182:Drink service 7180: 7179: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7076:& Storage 7074: 7070: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7019:Grocery store 7017: 7015: 7014:General store 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6975: 6971: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6700:Rail vehicles 6698: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6673:wind turbines 6670: 6667: 6665: 6664:Machine tools 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6554:Carbon fibers 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6271:Illegal drugs 6269: 6267: 6266:Generic drugs 6264: 6262: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6184:Agrochemicals 6182: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6168: 6167:Pure elements 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6135:Synthetic oil 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5997:Lens grinding 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5919:Mobile phones 5917: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5908: 5907:storage media 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862:& optical 5858: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5690: 5689:Optical discs 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5532:Bottled water 5530: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5453:Manufacturing 5451: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5434: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5213:Sea cucumbers 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4877:Dairy farming 4875: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4783:Apples et al. 4781: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4684: 4682: 4677: 4675: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4656: 4651: 4644: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4596:Manufacturing 4594: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4324:Passementerie 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4234: 4232: 4227: 4225: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4158:9780521458344 4154: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4061: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3695: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3658:(4): 105277. 3657: 3653: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3470:(2): 105012. 3469: 3465: 3458: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3195: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3129: 3114: 3112:0-521-39482-1 3108: 3104: 3103: 3095: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3073:. 8 May 2019. 3072: 3068: 3062: 3054: 3048: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3025: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2970: 2964: 2959: 2951: 2945: 2937: 2931: 2920: 2913: 2907: 2905: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2869: 2867:9781428922945 2863: 2859: 2853: 2851: 2842: 2840:9781428922945 2836: 2832: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2662:0-521-01079-9 2659: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2642:0-349-10484-0 2639: 2635: 2629: 2623:, p. 117 2622: 2617: 2610: 2605: 2599:, p. 118 2598: 2593: 2587:, p. 113 2586: 2581: 2579: 2571: 2570:Earnshaw 1986 2566: 2560:, p. 17. 2559: 2558:Earnshaw 1986 2554: 2545: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2519: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2508:Hammond, J.L. 2503: 2495: 2490: 2489: 2480: 2474: 2473:0-471-18045-9 2470: 2464: 2457: 2452: 2444: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2399: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2348: 2344: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2314: 2312: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2284:Dust Exposure 2281: 2279: 2275: 2259: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2210: 2209:externalities 2206: 2204: 2203:supply chains 2201: 2196: 2194: 2193:microplastics 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2165: 2158: 2144: 2143:transposition 2140: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2099: 2097: 2088: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2073:Uruguay Round 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2010: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1962: 1960: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1930: 1926: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1896: 1893: 1885: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1851:This section 1849: 1845: 1840: 1839: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1776: 1772: 1765:Great Britain 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1705: 1698: 1692: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1581: 1577: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1553: 1548: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526:and southern 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1512:iron founding 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1445: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1430:Northrop Loom 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1350:steam engines 1346: 1340: 1339:Spinning mule 1333: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1251:and in 1762, 1250: 1246: 1243:In 1761, the 1237: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1216:invented the 1215: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1195: 1185: 1183: 1182:Islamic world 1179: 1176:, to using a 1175: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1069: 1062:Cottage stage 1054: 1052: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1021: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000: 997: 989: 988:Sewing thread 986: 984: 982: 979: 978:Yarn (cheese) 974: 971: 969: 968: 964: 960: 958: 955: 951: 949: 946: 942: 940: 939: 935: 931: 929: 926: 922: 920: 918: 915: 913: 912: 908: 904: 902: 899: 895: 893: 890: 886: 884: 883: 880: 877: 875: 872: 868: 866: 863: 861: 860: 856: 852: 850: 847: 843: 841: 838: 834: 832: 831: 828: 825: 823: 820: 816: 814: 811: 809: 808: 804: 800: 798: 795: 791: 789: 786: 782: 780: 779: 776: 773: 771: 768: 764: 762: 759: 757: 756: 752: 748: 746: 743: 739: 737: 734: 730: 728: 727: 724: 721: 719: 716: 712: 710: 708: 705: 703: 702: 698: 694: 692: 689: 685: 682: 678: 675: 671: 669: 668: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 649: 645: 641: 639: 636: 632: 630: 627: 623: 621: 620: 617: 615: 612: 609: 605: 602: 600: 597: 593: 591: 590: 586: 582: 579: 575: 572: 568: 565: 561: 558: 554: 552: 551: 547: 543: 540: 536: 533: 529: 527: 526: 523: 520: 518: 516: 515:Ring spinning 513: 511: 509: 508:Mule spinning 506: 504: 503: 499: 495: 492: 488: 485: 481: 479: 478: 474: 471: 467: 465: 462: 460: 459: 455: 451: 449: 448: 445:Intermediate 444: 442: 441: 437: 433: 431: 430: 426: 424: 423: 419: 415: 413: 412: 408: 406: 405: 401: 397: 394: 390: 387: 383: 381: 380: 376: 372: 370: 368: 365: 363: 362: 358: 354: 352: 349: 345: 343: 342: 338: 334: 332: 329: 327: 326: 322: 318: 315: 311: 308: 304: 302: 301: 298: 295: 293: 291: 289: 287: 284: 282: 281: 277: 273: 270: 266: 263: 259: 257: 256: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 239: 235: 231: 229: 226: 222: 220: 219: 215: 213: 211: 207: 205: 204: 200: 196: 194: 191: 187: 185: 184: 180: 176: 174: 172: 169: 167: 166: 162: 158: 155: 151: 148: 144: 142: 141: 138: 136: 121: 117: 113: 111: 110: 98: 88: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 58: 53: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8315: 8303: 8291: 8210:Spinning-off 8195:Homesteading 8148:Conglomerate 8130:Organization 8083:Raw material 8078:Intermediate 7957: 7956: 7779:Broadcasting 7684:Cruise lines 7654:Maid service 7644:Dry cleaning 7615:Maintenance 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