129:
1765:
1597:
3204:
3214:
25:
3229:
2019:
other views of political liberty. The first is the view that liberty consists in collective self-government—i.e. that liberty and democracy are the same. The second is the view that liberty consists in being able to do whatever one wants without constraint. Not only are these latter two not genuine political liberty, he maintains, but they can both be hostile to it.
2111:, which Montesquieu is often credited with more or less inventing. The bulk of the treatise, in fact, concerns how geography and climate interact with particular cultures to produce the spirit of a people. This spirit, in turn, inclines that people toward certain sorts of political and social institutions, and away from others. Later writers often
2196:
De l'Esprit des loix ou du
Rapport que les loix doivent avoir avec la constitution de chaque gouvernement, les moeurs, le climat, la religion, le commerce, &c . à quoi l'auteur a ajouté des recherches nouvelles sur les loix romaines touchant les successions, sur les loix françoises, & sur les
2094:
This book mainly concerns explicit laws, but also pays considerable attention to cultural norms that may support the same goals. "Montesquieu believed the hard architecture of political institutions might be enough to constrain overreaching power — that constitutional design was not unlike an
2051:
is an example of a check that the judicial branch has on the executive branch of government.) In a lengthy discussion of the
English political system, he tries to show how this might be achieved and liberty secured, even in a monarchy. He also notes that liberty cannot be secure where there is no
2018:
concerns political liberty and the best means of preserving it. "Political liberty" is
Montesquieu's concept of what we might call today personal security, especially in so far as this is provided for through a system of dependable and moderate laws. He distinguishes this view of liberty from two
2125:
is much more subtle than these later writers perceive, many of his specific claims lack rigour to modern readers. Nevertheless, his approach to politics from a naturalistic or scientific point of view proved very influential, directly or indirectly inspiring modern fields of political science,
2494:" 2 vols. Originally published anonymously. 1748; Crowder, Wark, and Payne, 1777. Trans. Thomas Nugent (1750). Rev. J. V. Prichard. ("Based on a public domain edition published in 1914 by G. Bell & Sons, Ltd., London. Rendered into HTML and text by Jon Roland of
1740:, covering a huge range of topics including law, social life and the study of anthropology. In this treatise Montesquieu argues that political institutions need, for their success, to reflect the social and geographical aspects of the particular community. He pleads for a
2045:, Montesquieu argues that the executive, legislative, and judicial functions of government should be assigned to different bodies, so that attempts by one branch of government to infringe on political liberty might be restrained by the other branches. (
2022:
Political liberty is not possible in a despotic political system, but it is possible, though not guaranteed, in republics and monarchies. Generally speaking, establishing political liberty on a sound footing requires two things:
2005:
cannot last long if its appropriate principle is lacking. Montesquieu claims, for example, that the
English failed to establish a republic after the Civil War (1642–1651) because the society lacked the requisite love of virtue.
1730:
referenced
Montesquieu's continuing importance when he wrote in his 1827 essay entitled "Machiavelli" that "Montesquieu enjoys, perhaps, a wider celebrity than any political writer of modern Europe"
3065:
2287:. Texte établi et présenté par Jean Brethe de La Gressaye (Paris: Societe Les Belles Lettres, 1950–1961. Takes account of variants in all editions issued between 1748 and 1757.
1948:. As he defines them, Republican political systems vary depending on how broadly they extend citizenship rights—those that extend citizenship relatively broadly are termed
1956:
hinges on whether or not a fixed set of laws exists that can restrain the authority of the ruler: if so, the regime counts as a monarchy; if not, it counts as despotism.
1673:, published in 1748. Originally published anonymously, as was the norm, its influence outside France was aided by its rapid translation into other languages. In 1750
2074:. Pursuant to this requirement to frame civil and criminal laws appropriately to ensure political liberty (i.e., personal security), Montesquieu also argues against
1968:
acts as a spring or motor to motivate behavior on the part of the citizens in ways that will tend to support that regime and make it function smoothly.
1709:
5121:
1830:
Book VII: Consequences of the different principles of the three governments with respect to sumptuary laws, to luxury, and to the condition of women
1807:
Book II: On laws which derive directly from the nature of the government -This book contained a great deal of information about popular sovereignty.
1625:
3275:
1727:
1876:
Book XIX: On the laws in the relation they have to the principles that constitute the general spirit, the ways, and the manners of a nation
2194:
2293:, trans. Anne M. Cohler, Basia Carolyn Miller, and Harold Samuel Stone. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Cambridge:
4065:
3706:
1952:
republics, while those that restrict citizenship more narrowly are termed aristocratic republics. The distinction between monarchy and
3242:
2487:
2477:
2467:
5166:
4250:
2507:
4858:
4160:
2548:
1182:
89:
5161:
4279:
326:
61:
4267:
1333:
1273:
5191:
1406:
2274:
Cohler, A. M., Miller, B. C., & Stone, H. S. (1989). Montesquieu: The spirit of the laws. Cambridge
University Press.
1323:
4968:
4878:
2993:
2568:
2041:
1694:
Montesquieu's treatise, already widely disseminated, had an enormous influence on the work of many others, most notably:
1618:
1476:
1102:
793:
68:
4993:
2118:
theory by suggesting that he claimed to explain legal variation simply by the distance of a community from the equator.
128:
3268:
2954:
2062:
Montesquieu intends what modern legal scholars might call the rights to "robust procedural due process", including the
1493:
1303:
763:
42:
2262:
1964:
Driving each classification of political system, according to
Montesquieu, must be what he calls a "principle". This
1583:
1048:
833:
108:
5176:
4938:
3388:
3237:
2904:
1887:
Book XXI: On laws in the relation they have to commerce, considered in the transformations it has seen in the world
1451:
1122:
75:
1363:
5156:
3894:
3745:
2659:
1924:
Book XXX: Theory of feudal laws among the Franks, in the relation they have to the establishment of the monarchy
1853:
Book XIII: On the relations which the levying of tributes and the magnitude of public revenues have with liberty
5095:
4948:
3834:
3023:
1611:
457:
219:
46:
1378:
57:
5201:
5171:
5135:
5008:
4230:
3261:
3165:
3095:
2754:
1927:
Book XXXI: Theory of feudal laws among the Franks, in their relation to the transformations in their monarchy
1674:
748:
2481:
1358:
5033:
5028:
4722:
3760:
3393:
2636:
2150:
1573:
1536:
1456:
1416:
1318:
1313:
5048:
5043:
4828:
3100:
2541:
1819:
Book VI: Consequences of the principles of the various governments with respect to the simplicity of the
1687:
1308:
1776:
3713:
3373:
3207:
2899:
2611:
2294:
1731:
1713:
1411:
1112:
783:
4030:
1677:
published an
English translation, many times revised and reprinted in countless editions. In 1751 the
4077:
4020:
3605:
3232:
1421:
1388:
1288:
1283:
953:
570:
5186:
4918:
3182:
3070:
3055:
3047:
2929:
2495:
2067:
1884:
Book XX: On laws in their relationship with commerce, considered in its nature and its distinctions
1446:
1441:
1436:
1338:
913:
316:
693:
5196:
4898:
4818:
4235:
3824:
3735:
3150:
1471:
1461:
1426:
1142:
788:
379:
291:
35:
4632:
2385:
2254:
1816:
Book V: That the laws made by the legislator must be relative to the principle of the government
4225:
4205:
4055:
3725:
3353:
3075:
2924:
2739:
2591:
2534:
1481:
1466:
998:
933:
482:
472:
409:
82:
4092:
1904:
Book XXV: On laws in their relation with the establishment of religion and its external policy
595:
5206:
4379:
4334:
4145:
3740:
3171:
3160:
2664:
2071:
2063:
1907:
Book XXVI: On laws in the relation they must have with the order of things on which they bear
1901:
Book XXIV: On laws in their relation with religion, considered in its doctrines and in itself
1717:
1678:
1526:
1348:
1162:
1043:
655:
635:
545:
389:
271:
236:
4195:
2246:
1847:
Book XI: On the laws that constitute political freedom in their relation to the constitution
4888:
4768:
4537:
4344:
4185:
4112:
3804:
3765:
3750:
3284:
3120:
3060:
2859:
2764:
2431:
Montesquieu and the
Despotic Ideas of Europe: an interpretation of "The Spirit of the laws"
2027:
1745:
1722:
1511:
1253:
1192:
555:
477:
384:
351:
4359:
8:
5078:
4958:
4928:
4848:
4374:
4314:
3635:
3555:
2694:
2108:
2087:
1695:
1486:
1431:
1353:
1263:
1152:
665:
447:
437:
432:
321:
4122:
2919:
2505:
2345:
Stephen J. Rosow, "Commerce, Power and
Justice: Montesquieu on international politics,"
5181:
5090:
5085:
5068:
5063:
4532:
4040:
3977:
3013:
3003:
2774:
2679:
2521:
2247:
2079:
1870:
Book XVII: How the laws of political servitude are related to the nature of the climate
1567:
1541:
1383:
1373:
1343:
1298:
1243:
1229:
1092:
1033:
808:
723:
442:
4522:
2844:
2734:
2305:
5053:
4998:
4627:
4289:
4215:
4190:
3992:
3794:
3222:
3213:
2834:
2804:
2621:
2601:
2586:
2471:
2258:
2083:
2057:
The appropriate framing of civil and criminal laws so as to ensure personal security.
1959:
1578:
1551:
1328:
1268:
1248:
903:
813:
565:
462:
250:
4107:
2839:
2699:
848:
306:
5058:
4988:
4758:
4677:
4672:
4597:
4572:
4517:
4507:
4497:
4467:
4447:
4437:
4304:
4299:
4257:
4200:
3997:
3680:
3675:
3650:
3595:
3570:
3085:
2729:
2626:
2443:
2002:
1662:
1561:
1521:
1238:
1072:
978:
878:
863:
773:
703:
610:
605:
580:
487:
467:
452:
311:
4662:
2311:
1983:—the willingness to put the interests of the community ahead of private interests.
1936:
In his classification of political systems, Montesquieu defines three main kinds:
1850:
Book XII: On laws that constitute political liberty in its relation to the citizen
1736:
Montesquieu spent about ten years (and a life of thought) researching and writing
893:
803:
5115:
4788:
4707:
4667:
4637:
4622:
4587:
4582:
4552:
4527:
4512:
4487:
4472:
4407:
4384:
4369:
4354:
4339:
4210:
4165:
4150:
4140:
3962:
3957:
3814:
3809:
3789:
3777:
3177:
3033:
2973:
2963:
2864:
2829:
2824:
2684:
2669:
2596:
2511:
2242:
2135:
1918:
Book XXVIII: On the origin and transformations of the civil laws among the French
1749:
1666:
1601:
1293:
1278:
918:
798:
758:
733:
713:
660:
645:
497:
492:
361:
356:
346:
301:
276:
2361:
Montesquieu’s Philosophy of Liberalism: a commentary on "The Spirit of the Laws"
698:
525:
5105:
5013:
5003:
4732:
4607:
4592:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4502:
4477:
4432:
4412:
4274:
4245:
4220:
4175:
4155:
4117:
4072:
3952:
3942:
3799:
3630:
3443:
3115:
3080:
2939:
2849:
2799:
2794:
2769:
2704:
2674:
2649:
2354:
Montesquieu’s Comparative Politics and the Spirit of American Constitutionalism
2160:
1813:
Book IV: That laws on education must relate to the principles of the government
1531:
1258:
1224:
1023:
1013:
968:
928:
923:
868:
858:
853:
838:
768:
753:
738:
728:
640:
540:
530:
520:
2819:
1915:
Book XXVII: On the origin and transformations of the Roman laws on successions
1867:
Book XVI: How the laws of domestic slavery relate to the nature of the climate
823:
5150:
5038:
4868:
4778:
4727:
4697:
4687:
4617:
4612:
4602:
4462:
4452:
4442:
4417:
4284:
4262:
4180:
4087:
4060:
4045:
3987:
3670:
3090:
2934:
2879:
2779:
2759:
2749:
2719:
2709:
2616:
2557:
2491:
2424:
The Politics of Place: Montesquieu, particularism, and the pursuit of liberty
2145:
2047:
1368:
1202:
1172:
1082:
988:
983:
958:
938:
778:
650:
625:
600:
585:
575:
560:
515:
281:
257:
5018:
4702:
4692:
4682:
4547:
4542:
4482:
4457:
4427:
4422:
4329:
4324:
4170:
4050:
3784:
3720:
3590:
3580:
3575:
3494:
3484:
3428:
3318:
3188:
3144:
2909:
2854:
2724:
2644:
2578:
1824:
1741:
1038:
1018:
1003:
963:
948:
908:
843:
828:
718:
620:
286:
1864:
Book XV: How the laws of civil slavery relate to the nature of the climate
4717:
4712:
4647:
4642:
4492:
4364:
4319:
4309:
4102:
4097:
4035:
3972:
3755:
3730:
3655:
3615:
3585:
3560:
3540:
3519:
3499:
3479:
3469:
3438:
3303:
3110:
3105:
2884:
2814:
2789:
2784:
2714:
2689:
2606:
2155:
2115:
2112:
1973:
1941:
1820:
1670:
1516:
1053:
993:
943:
888:
683:
615:
341:
336:
145:
1764:
1596:
5100:
4908:
4808:
4657:
4577:
4349:
4240:
4082:
4025:
4002:
3967:
3916:
3906:
3874:
3819:
3645:
3625:
3550:
3514:
3418:
3403:
3328:
3253:
3217:
2914:
2874:
2869:
2036:
1833:
Book VIII: On the corruption of the principles of the three governments
1720:, who applied Montesquieu's methods to a study of American society, in
1556:
1546:
1008:
973:
898:
883:
818:
743:
688:
590:
535:
414:
399:
225:
1873:
Book XVIII: On laws in their relationship to the nature of the terrain
1775: with: summaries of chapters (perhaps in groups). You can help by
4798:
4737:
4294:
3937:
3864:
3849:
3770:
3690:
3685:
3610:
3565:
3545:
3524:
3509:
3489:
3474:
3338:
3298:
2944:
2809:
2654:
2408:, Cham (Switzerland): Springer, 2018. (Translation by Julia Weiss of
2140:
1953:
1949:
1028:
708:
404:
296:
1861:
Book XIV: On the laws in their relation to the nature of the climate
24:
5073:
4652:
4389:
3982:
3947:
3921:
3901:
3854:
3665:
3620:
3504:
3408:
3398:
3363:
3333:
2889:
2397:
Andrea Radasanu, "Montesquieu on Moderation, Monarchy and Reform,"
1945:
1937:
1658:
873:
630:
394:
331:
2375:
Montesquieu’s Science of Politics: essays on "The Spirit of Laws",
1960:
Principles that motivate citizen behavior according to Montesquieu
1893:
Book XXIII: On laws in their relation to the number of inhabitants
5110:
5023:
3911:
3879:
3869:
3640:
3600:
3433:
3358:
3343:
3323:
3155:
2744:
2181:
The Spirit of the Laws: A Compendium of the First English Edition
2075:
2526:
2373:
David W. Carrithers, Michael A. Mosher, and Paul A. Rahe, eds.,
3859:
3660:
3448:
3423:
3413:
3383:
3368:
3137:
2366:
David W. Carrithers, "Montesquieu’s philosophy of punishment,"
2200:. Vol. I (1 ed.). A Genève, chez Barrillot & fils
1979:
550:
2453:
Vickie V. Sullivan, "Montesquieu on Slavery," in K. Callanan,
2438:
Montesquieu’s Liberalism and the Problem of Universal Politics
1972:
For democratic republics (and to a somewhat lesser extent for
1841:
Book IX: On the laws in their relations to the defensive force
3889:
3378:
3313:
2386:
http://www.law.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/ECM_PRO_060042.pdf
1827:, the form of judgments, and the establishment of punishments
1700:
2410:
Una geografia politica della diversitĂ : studi su Montesquieu
1890:
Book XXII: On the laws in their relation to the use of money
3884:
3308:
2894:
2232:
Cohler, et al., "Introduction" to the 1989 Cambridge UP ed.
1844:
Book X: On the laws in their relation to offensive strength
3453:
3348:
2380:
Robert Howse, "Montesquieu on Commerce, War, and Peace,"
2253:(Nook e-book, first ed.). Crown Publishing. p.
2009:
2095:
engineering problem," as Levitsky and Ziblatt put it.
1230:
2179:
Montesquieu (1977). David Wallace Carrithers (ed.).
1810:
Book III: On the principles of the three governments
2406:
Studies on Montesquieu: mapping political diversity
2306:
http://montesquieu.ens-lyon.fr/spip.php?rubrique186
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2426:, Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2017.
2377:Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001.
2342:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.
1990:—the desire to attain greater rank and privilege.
5148:
2474:" (Free – The Internet Archive, High Resolution)
2356:, Lawrence KS: University Press of Kansas, 1988.
2312:Baron de Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat
2241:
2321:, Paris: Gallimard, "Folio Biographies", 2017.
3269:
2542:
2520:. Trans. Philip Stewart, 2018. Open access: "
2440:, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
2363:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
2325:
2072:proportionality in the severity of punishment
1619:
3775:
217:
3711:
2178:
3276:
3262:
2549:
2535:
2488:de Secondat, Charles, Baron de Montesquieu
2478:de Secondat, Charles, Baron de Montesquieu
2468:de Secondat, Charles, Baron de Montesquieu
2382:Brookings Journal of International Law 31,
2028:The separation of the powers of government
1921:Book XXIX: On the manner of composing laws
1626:
1612:
127:
2226:
2172:
2052:separation of powers, even in a republic.
2035:Building on and revising a discussion in
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3283:
3066:Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law
1931:
4859:Reflections on the Revolution in France
2394:New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.
2314:", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
1997:—the fear of consequences to authority.
1993:Finally, for despotisms, the spring is
1183:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
5149:
2455:The Cambridge Companion to Montesquieu
2098:
3257:
2530:
2504:, Société Montesquieu, open access: "
2419:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
2392:Montesquieu and the Logic of Liberty,
2245:; Ziblatt, Daniel (16 January 2018).
1334:1946 Italian institutional referendum
1274:Spanish American wars of independence
2484:", 1793 (Free – Librivox, Audiobook)
2433:, University of Chicago Press, 2017.
2335:, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1975.
2010:Liberty and the separation of powers
1759:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
4969:The End of History and the Last Man
4879:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
3228:
2994:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
2450:, Cambridge University Press, 2021.
2291:Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws
1748:, the preservation of legality and
1742:constitutional system of government
1103:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
13:
1665:, as well as a pioneering work in
14:
5218:
2556:
2461:
4939:The Open Society and Its Enemies
3227:
3212:
3203:
3202:
2103:The third major contribution of
1763:
1595:
1123:Discourses Concerning Government
23:
5167:Modern philosophical literature
3746:Family as a model for the state
2417:Montesquieu’s Political Economy
2349:46, no. 3 (July 1984): 346–366.
2304:, trans. Philip Stewart, 2018.
2220:Mes pensées, nos. 1872 and 1920
1691:("List of Prohibited Books").
1389:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
34:needs additional citations for
5096:Separation of church and state
4994:Collectivism and individualism
4949:The Origins of Totalitarianism
3024:Natural Law and Natural Rights
2518:Montesquieu: The Spirit of Law
2448:The Rule of Law in Montesquieu
2340:Montesquieu and the Old Regime
2235:
2212:
2187:
1986:For monarchies, the spring is
1324:1935 Greek coup d'Ă©tat attempt
1304:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1:
5162:Books in political philosophy
5136:Category:Political philosophy
5009:Critique of political economy
2482:The Spirit of Laws: Volume 1
2457:, New York, 2023, p. 182-197.
2401:31, no. 2 (2010), p. 283–307.
2333:Montesquieu’s Idea of Justice
2277:
2126:sociology, and anthropology.
2042:Second Treatise of Government
5034:Institutional discrimination
5029:History of political thought
3761:Negative and positive rights
2399:History of Political Thought
2368:History of Political Thought
2317:Volpilhac-Auger, Catherine,
2151:Letter and spirit of the law
1755:
1651:), also known in English as
1574:Republic without republicans
1319:11 September 1922 Revolution
1314:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
7:
5192:Works published anonymously
5044:Justification for the state
4829:Two Treatises of Government
3101:Libertarian theories of law
2498:.") Accessed May 16, 2007.
2183:. Berkeley: U California P.
2129:
1976:republics), this spring is
1688:Index Librorum Prohibitorum
1309:Turkish War of Independence
1231:
10:
5223:
3714:Bellum omnium contra omnes
2612:International legal theory
2326:Further reading in English
1804:Book I: On law in general:
1714:United States Constitution
1364:1970 Cambodian coup d'Ă©tat
1113:The Commonwealth of Oceana
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2412:, Naples, Liguori, 2015.)
1537:The Emperor's New Clothes
1289:5 October 1910 revolution
1284:French Revolution of 1848
307:Liberty as non-domination
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4919:The Revolt of the Masses
3183:Rational-legal authority
3071:German historical school
3056:Analytical jurisprudence
2502:A Montesquieu Dictionary
2496:The Constitution Society
2166:
2068:presumption of innocence
2014:A second major theme in
1379:1987 Fijian coups d'Ă©tat
1339:1952 Egyptian revolution
317:Political representation
5177:Books about sovereignty
4899:The Communist Manifesto
3825:Tyranny of the majority
3736:Consent of the governed
3151:Judicial interpretation
2384:no. 3 (2006): 693–708.
2078:and for the freedom of
1359:1969 Libyan coup d'Ă©tat
1143:Discourse on Inequality
292:Consent of the governed
136:, 1st edn 1748, 2 vols.
5157:1748 non-fiction books
3776:
3726:Clash of civilizations
3712:
3238:WikiProject Philosophy
2592:Critical legal studies
2370:19 (1998), p. 213-240.
2121:While the analysis in
218:
3741:Divine right of kings
3161:Law without the state
2064:right to a fair trial
1995:the fear of the ruler
1932:Constitutional theory
1718:Alexis de Tocqueville
1679:Roman Catholic Church
1647:, originally spelled
1527:Criticism of monarchy
1349:North Yemen civil war
1163:The Federalist Papers
458:Federal parliamentary
5202:Separation of powers
5172:Works by Montesquieu
4889:Democracy in America
4268:political philosophy
4251:political philosophy
4066:political philosophy
3895:political philosophy
3805:Separation of powers
3766:Night-watchman state
3751:Monopoly on violence
3285:Political philosophy
3121:Virtue jurisprudence
3061:Deontological ethics
2429:Vickie B. Sullivan,
2415:Andrew Scott Bibby,
2208:– via Gallica.
2107:was to the field of
1746:separation of powers
1738:De l'esprit des lois
1723:Democracy in America
1683:De l'esprit des lois
1649:De l'esprit des loix
1645:De l'esprit des lois
1512:Classical radicalism
1254:Republic of Florence
1193:Democracy in America
352:Separation of powers
327:Public participation
134:De l'esprit des loix
43:improve this article
5079:Right-wing politics
4959:A Theory of Justice
4929:The Road to Serfdom
4849:The Social Contract
3556:Christian democracy
2249:How Democracies Die
2109:political sociology
2099:Political sociology
1696:Catherine the Great
1654:The Spirit of Laws
1602:Politics portal
1407:Antigua and Barbuda
1354:Zanzibar Revolution
1264:American Revolution
1153:The Social Contract
322:Popular sovereignty
123:
58:"The Spirit of Law"
16:Book by Montesquieu
5091:Political violence
5086:Political theology
5069:Left-wing politics
5064:Political spectrum
3014:The Concept of Law
3004:Pure Theory of Law
2510:2022-02-27 at the
2492:The Spirit of Laws
2472:The Spirit of Laws
2359:Thomas L. Pangle,
2347:Review of Politics
1568:Primus inter pares
1384:Nepalese Civil War
1374:Iranian Revolution
1344:14 July Revolution
1299:Russian Revolution
1294:Chinese Revolution
1244:Republic of Venice
1093:Discourses on Livy
122:The Spirit of Law
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2602:Economic analysis
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2436:Keegan Callanan,
2302:The Spirit of Law
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2123:The Spirit of Law
2105:The Spirit of Law
2016:The Spirit of Law
1988:the love of honor
1793:
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1579:Republican empire
1552:List of republics
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254:
253:
242:
241:
233:
229:
228:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
132:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5219:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5039:Jurisprudence
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4870:
4869:Rights of Man
4866:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4780:
4779:De re publica
4776:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4399:20th and 21st
4397:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4132:18th and 19th
4130:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3988:Nizam al-Mulk
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3671:Republicanism
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:Legal realism
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:Legal history
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2558:Jurisprudence
2552:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2300:Montesquieu:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:Montesquieu,
2282:
2281:
2275:
2266:
2264:9781524762957
2260:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2229:
2221:
2215:
2199:
2198:
2197:loix féodales
2190:
2182:
2175:
2171:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:Doux commerce
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2116:Montesquieu's
2114:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2048:Habeas corpus
2044:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2007:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1825:criminal laws
1822:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1778:
1774:
1771:This section
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:Thomas Nugent
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1494:United States
1492:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1369:Metapolitefsi
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1204:
1203:On Revolution
1200:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1173:Rights of Man
1170:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1083:De re publica
1080:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
889:Jones (Lynne)
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
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4093:Machiavelli
3973:Ibn Khaldun
3938:Alpharabius
3931:Middle Ages
3756:Natural law
3731:Common good
3656:Nationalism
3616:Imperialism
3586:Corporatism
3561:Colonialism
3541:Agrarianism
3520:Technocracy
3500:Meritocracy
3480:Bureaucracy
3470:Aristocracy
3111:Paternalism
3106:Natural law
2968:(c. 355 BC)
2815:Montesquieu
2607:Legal norms
2319:Montesquieu
2156:Rule of law
2113:caricatured
1942:monarchical
1706:Instruction
1671:Montesquieu
1517:Common good
1457:New Zealand
1452:Netherlands
1197:(1835–1840)
1167:(1787–1788)
1077:(c. 375 BC)
999:Robespierre
774:Etherington
709:Benn (Tony)
678:Politicians
656:Tocqueville
616:Montesquieu
596:Machiavelli
342:Rule of law
337:Res publica
232:Translation
171:non-fiction
146:Montesquieu
5151:Categories
5101:Separatism
4909:On Liberty
4809:The Prince
4538:Huntington
4041:Campanella
3968:al-Ghazali
3917:Thucydides
3875:Lactantius
3820:Statolatry
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3404:Propaganda
3354:Legitimacy
3329:Government
3218:Law portal
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2835:Pashukanis
2830:Olivecrona
2765:Hägerström
2680:Blackstone
2278:References
2037:John Locke
1950:democratic
1938:republican
1557:Monarchism
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1542:Jacobinism
1232:Gaṇasaṅgha
1087:(54–51 BC)
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226:Wikisource
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2795:Llewellyn
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2141:Democracy
1966:principle
1954:despotism
1857:Part III
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2865:Radbruch
2840:Perelman
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2770:Jellinek
2735:Habermas
2730:Gurvitch
2700:Durkheim
2670:Beccaria
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2130:See also
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2070:and the
1946:despotic
1911:Part VI
1880:Part IV
1837:Part II
1784:May 2021
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1659:treatise
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1422:Barbados
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332:Republic
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152:Language
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5024:Elitism
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4783:(51 BC)
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4683:Schmitt
4673:Russell
4593:Michels
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4543:Kautsky
4513:Gramsci
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3998:Plethon
3943:Aquinas
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1800:Part I
1796:Preface
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2988:(1748)
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2920:Suárez
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2850:Posner
2820:MĂĽller
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2760:Hobbes
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4325:Paine
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4083:Locke
4073:James
4026:Bodin
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3953:Bruni
3907:Shang
3890:Plato
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3394:Power
3379:Peace
3314:Elite
3292:Terms
2955:Works
2945:Weber
2930:Unger
2925:Stahl
2915:Shang
2870:Rawls
2855:Pound
2790:Leoni
2755:Hegel
2645:Alexy
2569:Index
2167:Notes
1821:civil
1744:with
1701:Nakaz
1487:Wales
1467:Spain
1442:Japan
1029:Smith
1004:Sayed
984:Pound
979:Nehru
974:Nandy
944:Magid
924:Lucas
914:Lewis
824:Grévy
819:Greer
719:Black
699:Azaña
621:Paine
591:Locke
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536:Bodin
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76:books
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4340:Sade
4320:Owen
4305:Mill
4295:Marx
4263:Kant
4241:Hume
4103:More
4003:Wang
3885:Mozi
3309:Duty
2964:Laws
2895:Rumi
2890:Ross
2810:Marx
2780:Kant
2750:Hart
2690:Bork
2490:, "
2259:ISBN
2206:2016
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1823:and
1054:Wood
899:Kane
611:Mill
586:Kant
199:1750
181:1748
62:news
4718:Sun
4578:Mao
3454:War
3349:Law
2875:Raz
2745:Han
2480:, "
2470:, "
2255:166
2039:'s
1779:.
1669:by
1661:on
874:Jay
163:law
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2446:,
2257:.
2082:,
2001:A
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