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indirect. It was a burden for Ammon to ask
Theodorus questions, since both the inquiry and response had to pass through Theodorus the Alexandrian, and as such most of his descriptions involve observable actions rather than speech. Furthermore, the stories and miracles he chronicles hearing from his brothers could not have come directly to them from an Egyptian brother, and must have filtered to them through Theodorus the Alexandrian. Since little is known or recorded about the intention of the Greek Theodorus, it is impossible to judge how his position as head translator may have affected information received by the community he headed, or how accurately they understood the words of Pachomius and the Egyptian Theodorus.
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from
Theodorus' hand, is a set of three instructions. These instructions consist of several small lessons and rules, which Theodorus presumably taught to the brothers, and while segments of each are incomprehensible because the original texts are mutilated and the reconstruction is conjectural, many segments remain intact. A variety of subjects are covered in these texts, though few passages offer any insight beyond the well-known facts that Theodorus greatly admired Pachomius and endorsed a very ascetic lifestyle for the brothers whom he guided. Scripture is cited liberally, though there is ultimately little to distinguish these texts from the writings of other early Christians under the
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as the housemaster for the strangers who were also coming to become monks with him in Phbow, and gave him full authority over those who spoke Greek. Theodorus the
Alexandrian eventually learned Coptic and was able to communicate with Pachomius and serve as the official translator of the Koinonia, but the community he administered always remained semi-autonomous from the main population of the monastery. Greek monks were forced to rely on Theodorus to communicate with anyone outside their small circle, and a distinct language barrier manifested itself. As the sources indicate, Ammon and the brothers he interacted with were on the side of this barrier opposite Theodorus.
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after his arrival, Theodorus was the new de facto leader, though he claimed to be only acting on behalf of
Horsiesios. For eighteen years Theodorus administered from Pachomius’ old headquarters in Phbow, using techniques far more assertive than his predecessors, such as constantly shuffling the offices and locations of the most ambitious monks. Yet in spite of this somewhat unstable shifting, the Koinonia was ruled peacefully for nearly two decades, at which point Theodorus predicted he would soon die. Within a few months his prediction came true, and Apa Horsiesios once more took his place as the head of the communities in both title and authority.
159:, Pachomius gave Theodorus complete control over Tabennese, though recalled him from the position after witnessing several monks under Theodorus’ watch violating the monastic rules without reprimand. Having failed to prove his governing ability and once more in a position no higher than when he had entered the monastery, Theodorus became a personal assistant to Pachomius and remained relatively quiet for some years. Despite his clear potential and popularity, Pachomius refused to grant Theodorus any kind of authority; though the old man's failing health soon changed things forever.
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sickly man died. Despite the assertion that
Theodorus apparently did not want the rank of a father or this world's glory, he consented. Unfortunately for the would-be leader, Pachomius recovered, and upon hearing of Theodorus’ decision, exiled the ambitious young man. After living a life of constant weeping and prayer in solitude, Pachomius forgave Theodorus and allowed him to live among the brothers once more. Normalcy returned, though never again would Pachomius fully trust his former protégé.
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Pachomius relocated there around 336. Most of the letter consists of sayings Ammon heard from brothers who had personally interacted with
Pachomius and Theodorus, much of which is praise for the two men with little real substance. Although Ammon was a diligent man who would later become a well-known bishop, his knowledge of the workings of the Koinonia was limited by his inability to understand Coptic. Pachomius and Theodorus were native Egyptians, and spoke the native Egyptian language known as
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Tabennese for several years, despite never being given a position of power in the monastic hierarchy. Finally, Pachomius called on him to preach to the brothers despite his youth, and eventually appointed him steward of
Tabennese after several new monasteries had been built. Retiring to the monastery of
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The monastic chronicle of the
Pachomian federation is by far the most detailed source that mentions Theodorus. The chronicle was completed sometime after the deaths of Pachomius and Theodorus, who are presented as the two centermost figures in the history of the Koinonia. Versions of this chronicle
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The letter of Ammon is the only firsthand description of what it was like to be within a monastery during the time in which
Theodorus was in charge of the Koinonia. Ammon spent three years living with Theodorus in the monastery of Phbow, which served as the headquarters of the Koinonia starting when
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All accounts of
Theodorus’ sayings reported in Ammon's letters are described only as they were translated to him. Ammon acknowledges that when Theodorus spoke to him, he did so in the Egyptian language, while Theodorus the Alexandrian translated into Greek, and that all his communications were thus
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Like those of Pachomius and the other leaders of the Koinonia, Theodorus’ sermons were recorded by his followers and some chronicles of his correspondence with contemporary Christian figures have survived intact. The most substantial of these documents, which are in Coptic and believed to have come
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referred a Greek convert who had served him in Alexandria to Pachomius. This Greek man, who was known as Theodorus the Alexandrian, sought an ascetic life, and quickly impressed Pachomius with his piety. Although Pachomius was unable to easily communicate with him, he appointed this new Theodorus
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as his successor rather than the clearly qualified Theodorus. The death of Petronios later that year would leave Apa Horsiesios in charge, and the popular Theodorus would retreat to the distant monastery of Phnoum. Although it seems Theodorus practiced complete submission to the new leader of the
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that viewed Horsiesios as a weak leader. Refusing to work or communicate and demanding a new leader, many of the elder monks completely abandoned any notion of obedience to Horsiesios. The federation of monasteries was falling apart, and Theodorus rushed to Tabennese to placate the rebels. Soon
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After Theodorus had been assisting Pachomius at Tabennese for several years following his demotion, Pachomius became very ill and seemed to be on the verge of death. Pachomius had not named a successor, and several brothers pleaded with Theodorus to assert himself as head of the Koinonia when the
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upon his return to Sne. Praying and weeping, Theodorus became determined that his destiny lay with Pachomius. Although initially denied passage to Tabennese by a Pachomian monk due to his wealthy background, Theodorus opted to follow the visiting monk, and his persistence (and lack of obedience)
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Quickly becoming a favorite of Pachomius, Theodorus lived an enviably ascetic life in the monastery, and took on the title of the "brothers’ comforter". Theodorus asserted his influence openly (which resulted in reprimands from Pachomius) and generally maintained himself as a prominent figure at
142:, Theodorus was born into a wealthy Christian family and was well educated from a young age. Early in life he denied the excesses of his parents, and at the age of fourteen joined a monastery in the diocese of Sne, near the modern town of
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and vigilance against sin. Certainly these texts all offer insight into the values of the Pachomian monastic system as a whole and early Christianity itself, but little is intrinsically evident about the man who penned them.
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sphere of influence. The same can be said for the two short letters Theodorus composed to the other monasteries of the federation that he inherited from Pachomius, which deal with the topics of
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version has become the most frequently consulted. This is because it is by far the most detailed and comprehensible version, and written in a language more similar to the
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version. It can be estimated that the chronicle composed sometime between 368, when the last of the recorded events is believed to have transpired, and 404, when
250:. Many questions remain about the origins of this text, but since it is the only substantial biography about Theodorus, it remains a fundamental source.
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Coptic, as did a vast majority of the brothers who came to them. However, individuals who spoke other languages began to be accepted after
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paid off. He was welcomed by Pachomius upon his arrival, and quickly integrated into the community at Tabennese around 328.
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146:. A brother from Theodorus’ monastery stayed with Pachomius in Tabennese while traveling and preached of the virtues of the
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has been found in several different translations and pieced together from fragments but the
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339:. Trans. Armand Veilleux. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications, 1981.
327:. Trans. Armand Veilleux. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications, 1980.
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monastic federation from collapsing after the death of its founder.
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is known to have translated a version of the chronicles into
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351:. Trans. James E. Goehring. New York: W. de Gruyter, 1986.
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Pachomian Koinonia I: The Life of Our Father Pachomius
123:and played a crucial role in preventing the first
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111:(c. 314 – 368), also known as
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1102:Theban Legion
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1097:Sidhom Bishay
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295:
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278:
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275:Coptic saints
273:
271:
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261:
258:
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251:
249:
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138:According to
131:
129:
126:
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77:
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56:
52:
47:
40:
35:
28:
19:
1896:Habib Girgis
1868:Other saints
1789:
1675:Mother Irini
1440:Macarius III
1335:Alexander II
1295:Theodosius I
1285:Dioscorus II
1260:Theophilus I
1245:Athanasius I
348:
344:
336:
332:
324:
320:
308:. Retrieved
304:
294:
244:Saint Jerome
228:
219:
206:
188:
165:
161:
153:
137:
116:
112:
108:
107:
1425:Gabriel VII
1415:Macarius II
1385:Michael III
1290:Timothy III
1270:Dioscorus I
1240:Alexander I
1210:Demetrius I
1067:Nag Hammadi
806:Evangelists
673:Bartholomew
192:Alexandrian
144:Esna, Egypt
140:hagiography
1956:Categories
1891:Euphrosyne
1833:Paphnutius
1805:Anchorites
1665:Horsiesius
1395:Cosmas III
1375:Michael II
1340:Theodore I
1320:Benjamin I
1315:Andronicus
1310:Anastasius
1275:Timothy II
1200:Agrippinus
1082:Philotheos
977:Gallicanus
912:Chiaffredo
867:Abaskhiron
397:Patriarchs
286:References
265:Horsiesius
214:Athanasius
180:Literature
1828:Onuphrius
1760:Petronius
1670:Hospitius
1655:Bashnouna
1420:Matthew I
1405:Zacharias
1390:Gabriel I
1380:Cosmas II
1365:Simeon II
1345:Michael I
1280:Peter III
1255:Timothy I
1220:Dionysius
1190:Markianos
1077:Philomena
957:Epimachus
917:Colluthus
902:Catherine
892:Bashnouna
882:Apollonia
738:Disciples
645:Sarathiel
567:Theotokos
522:Zechariah
512:Zephaniah
168:Petronios
134:Biography
128:cenobitic
125:Christian
121:Pachomius
1901:Candidus
1848:Shenouda
1740:Patapios
1660:Hilarion
1445:Cyril VI
1430:John XIV
1410:Cyril II
1370:Joseph I
1330:Simeon I
1300:Peter IV
1250:Peter II
1215:Heraclas
1195:Celadion
1137:Wadamoun
1132:Veronica
1112:Theoclia
947:Dorothea
776:Silvanus
766:Philemon
751:Barnabas
703:Matthias
660:Apostles
640:Zedekiel
537:Jeremiah
507:Habakkuk
439:Prophets
254:See also
232:Bohairic
196:Passover
148:Koinonia
1876:Ambrose
1858:Zosimas
1735:Parsoma
1455:Bishops
1435:Cyril V
1400:Abraham
1355:Mark II
1350:John IV
1325:Agathon
1265:Cyril I
1235:Peter I
1225:Theonas
1185:Eumenes
1170:Avilius
1165:Anianus
1057:Mohrael
1042:Maurice
942:Demiana
887:Barbara
877:Arianus
862:Abanoub
839:Martyrs
814:Matthew
786:Timothy
781:Stephen
746:Apollos
698:Matthew
650:Ananiel
630:Raphael
625:Gabriel
620:Michael
600:Zeitoun
585:Belarus
547:Ezekiel
527:Malachi
487:Obadiah
405:Abraham
310:23 July
236:Sahidic
210:Sahidic
1921:Verena
1853:Thomas
1843:Pijimi
1823:Misael
1770:Poemen
1765:Pishoy
1305:Damian
1205:Julian
1180:Justus
1175:Kedron
1160:Mark I
1107:Thecla
1072:Otimus
1047:Memnon
1027:Malati
997:Gereon
982:George
857:Abāmūn
852:Abāmūn
728:Thomas
718:Philip
668:Andrew
635:Suriel
595:Warraq
590:Poland
580:Assiut
552:Daniel
542:Baruch
532:Isaiah
517:Haggai
457:Samuel
420:Joseph
102:May 16
59:Esna,
1813:Karas
1730:Pambo
1650:Awgin
1608:Monks
1360:James
1152:Popes
1142:Wanas
1127:Varus
1092:Sarah
1062:Moura
1052:Menas
937:Dasya
791:Titus
723:Simon
713:Peter
497:Nahum
492:Jonah
477:Micah
467:Hosea
462:David
447:Moses
415:Jacob
410:Isaac
248:Latin
240:Greek
157:Phbow
98:Feast
73:Egypt
61:Egypt
1838:Paul
1818:Mary
1640:Amun
1612:nuns
1610:and
1087:Rais
829:John
824:Luke
819:Mark
708:Paul
693:Jude
688:John
502:Noah
482:Joel
472:Amos
312:2023
115:and
67:Died
54:Born
452:Job
70:368
57:314
1958::
303:.
381:e
374:t
367:v
314:.
20:)
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