627:
639:
866:
651:
599:
287:
615:
100:
51:
75:
904:) ate the berries fresh, boiled and left them in an earthen oven for 2 to 3 days, roasted them, or made them into a cider. Pulverized flowers were steeped into hot water to make tea which could be used to ease gynecological ailments. For stomach pains, bark and leaves are steeped in hot water to make tea. The same tea can serve as a seasonal tonic and ease other body pains. Also, applying mashed
1176:
Heteromeles arbutifolia is found in Oregon and the location southwest of Pappas Flat is not the northernmost site in the
Pacific Northwest. Additionally, this site is adjacent to Highway 199 and will not be affected by the proposed actions, and is outside the geographic scope of the
924:
Toyon can be grown in domestic gardens in well-drained soil, and is cultivated as an ornamental plant as far north as
Southern England. It can survive temperatures as low as -12 °C. In winter, the bright red pomes (which birds often eat voraciously) are showy.
826:. Characterized by shorter, broader, significantly larger leaves with revolute margins and little teeth, and floriferous inflorescences with larger fruits (8 to 10 mm). It is more susceptible to fungal infections of Spilocaea than the common toyon.
889:. The pomes also can be made into a jelly. Native Americans also made a tea from the leaves as a stomach remedy. Most were dried and stored, then later cooked into porridge or pancakes. Later settlers added sugar to make
650:
1609:
November 11, 1921 Santa Ana
Register, "Holly Trees of County to be saved by Vandals" State Legislature enacts law prohibiting the mutilation or sale of California Holly taken from public lands.
2538:
1640:
999:
passed a law forbidding collecting on public land or on any land not owned by the person picking any plant without the landowner's written permission (CA Penal Code § 384a).
2568:
851:
on digestion. This is removed by mild cooking. Most fruits from plants in the family
Rosaceae, including apples, apricots, peaches, cherries, and plums, contain cyanide.
674:
and recent research has found a number of active compounds that are potentially beneficial to
Alzheimer's treatment. These include icariside compounds, which protect the
1511:
2543:
2558:
2553:
1593:
2518:
857:
A 2016 study found 5g of the dried berries (used as a treatment for
Alzheimer's) to be safe. The study also found no cyanogenic compounds in the plant.
598:
2563:
2548:
1429:
de la Luz, J. L. L., Rebman, J. P., & Oberbauer, T. (2003). On the urgency of conservation on
Guadalupe Island, Mexico: is it a lost paradise?.
2398:
1903:
2207:
1929:
1764:
2478:
789:– Representative of the yellow fruiting specimens of the plant. Sporadic in distribution, and not accepted by most taxonomical authorities.
592:, 5–10 mm across, bright red and berry-like, produced in large quantities, maturing in the fall and persisting well into the winter.
2256:
1965:
626:
1637:
940:. It survives on little water, making it suitable for xeriscape gardening, and is less of a fire hazard than some chaparral plants.
2116:
1851:
2523:
2411:
2359:
2168:
2129:
1916:
1864:
1707:
1698:
1171:
656:
In habitat Miwok Trail in the Los
Vaqueros Watershed of the Los Vaqueros Reservoir, a park in Contra Costa County, California.
2498:
874:
2416:
638:
557:
Toyon typically grows from 2–5 m (rarely up to 10 m in shaded conditions) and has a rounded to irregular top. Its
2173:
1921:
1489:
1527:
1038:
2533:
2513:
1521:
819:
2493:
854:
Some pomes, though mealy, astringent and acidic when raw, were eaten fresh, or mashed into water to make a beverage.
1002:
Toyon was adopted as the official native plant of the city of Los
Angeles by the LA City Council on April 17, 2012.
2488:
671:
2212:
1934:
2385:
2155:
1890:
1084:
2429:
1983:
2051:
865:
2274:
1755:
1703:
1656:
2503:
1126:
897:. The plants were also often cooked over a fire to remove the slightly bitter taste by Californian tribes.
811:
2072:
1742:
1565:
1465:
2134:
1689:
1620:
1230:
1063:
99:
2424:
2364:
2269:
1978:
1160:
2483:
2222:
2108:
1944:
1869:
1297:"Heteromeles Arbutifolia, a Traditional Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease, Phytochemistry and Safety"
514:
2508:
1737:
1039:
IUCN SSC Global Tree
Specialist Group.; Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). (2020).
1011:
569:, and are 5–10 cm in length and 2–4 cm wide. In the early summer it produces small white
2199:
1970:
1391:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants: Appendices II-VIII (Appendix III)
2261:
1714:
1251:
675:
535:
2403:
2186:
1778:
667:
1908:
1446:
Raabe, R. D., & Gardner, M. W. (1972). Scab of Pyracantha, loquat, toyon, and kageneckia.
2297:
1816:
1017:
256:
17:
2235:
1957:
614:
1264:
1040:
908:
to sores eases pain. Infected wounds are washed using an infusion of bark and leaves. The
8:
1405:
815:
64:
1389:
1190:
2450:
2004:
1323:
1296:
840:
527:
299:
94:
31:
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1548:
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2080:
1952:
1825:
1517:
1328:
731:
715:
277:
230:
286:
2455:
2338:
2085:
2009:
1594:"Ask The Naturalist: How Important Are Red Toyon Berries To the Winter Food Chain?"
1490:"Ethnobotany of southern California native plants: Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia)"
1370:
1318:
1308:
1058:
848:
823:
774:
566:
450:
362:
1830:
2528:
2324:
2036:
1644:
886:
878:
719:
499:
137:
2243:
1801:
1723:
1168:
Smith River National Recreation Area Restoration and Motorize Travel Management
960:
743:
735:
124:
1235:
M. Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 100, 105. 1847. [name conserved]"
710:
have historically been variously combined by different taxonomists. The genus
2472:
2181:
1580:
1350:
1313:
1049:
968:
964:
882:
193:
84:
79:
1566:
Austin Hagan, Edward Sikora, William Gazaway, Nancy Kokalis- Burelle, 2004.
50:
2442:
2287:
1996:
1332:
605:
273:
2062:
1750:
1728:
2372:
2194:
2142:
2045:
1877:
1810:
1513:
Temalpakh (from the Earth): Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants
956:
937:
706:
1100:
2121:
1856:
1406:"Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Baja California, Mexico"
1375:
996:
700:
510:
2377:
2346:
2147:
2093:
1882:
1838:
992:
948:
944:
844:
562:
531:
2390:
1895:
1772:
2437:
2318:
2282:
2030:
1991:
1795:
929:
909:
688:
183:
150:
30:"Photinia arbutifolia" redirects here. For the red chokeberry, see
2351:
2160:
2098:
1843:
890:
538:
213:
173:
976:
972:
933:
694:
678:
and prevent infiltration of inflammatory cells into the brain.
574:
570:
506:
203:
163:
1729:
University of Michigan: Dearborn—Native American Ethnobotany (
1466:"Toyon – California's Own Christmas Berry Can Be Toxic |"
483:
480:
398:
392:
585:
581:
502:
111:
415:
406:
980:
952:
894:
836:
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558:
465:
459:
439:
436:
430:
383:
371:
474:
2539:
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
1131:(Lindley) M. Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 105. 1847"
421:
377:
936:, toyon includes some cultivars that are susceptible to
1621:"California Holly Adds Color to Trail Up Mt. Hollywood"
1413:
Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History
1290:
1288:
1286:
1353:(2009), "(1884–1885) Proposals to conserve the names
916:. They often consumed the fruit both raw and cooked.
486:
453:
427:
409:
401:
365:
1283:
471:
462:
433:
418:
412:
395:
380:
374:
2569:
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
1294:
1161:"Final Environmental Impact Statement - Appendices"
1064:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T156822115A156822117.en
995:became so popular in Los Angeles that the State of
477:
468:
456:
424:
389:
386:
368:
1592:Kaplan, Alan; Hawkes, Alison (December 22, 2016),
530:plant community, and is a part of drought-adapted
2470:
1568:Fire Blight on Fruit Trees and Woody Ornamentals
1510:Bean, John Bean; Saubel, Katherine Siva (1969).
1403:
1191:"Toyon Joins the List of Oregon's Native Shrubs"
1295:Wang; Dubois; Young; Lien; Adams (7 Jul 2016).
1228:
1124:
810:) – A very rare insular variety limited to the
2544:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
1198:Bulletin of the Native Plant Society of Oregon
2559:Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
2554:Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
746:, and the name is therefore often written as
494:by Californian botanists), commonly known as
1591:
1505:
1503:
1404:Rebman, J. P.; Gibson, J.; Rich, K. (2016).
27:Genus of plants (AKA toyon; perennial shrub)
1738:Los Angeles City Clerk—Council Files: Toyon
1348:
843:, and contain a small amount of cyanogenic
666:The plant has been used as a treatment for
2519:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
1509:
1120:
1118:
285:
73:
49:
1570:, Alabama A&M and Auburn Universities
1500:
1463:
1374:
1322:
1312:
1271:. Regents of the University of California
1062:
565:, alternate, sharply toothed, have short
2564:Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
2549:Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
1618:
1344:
1342:
864:
573:6–10 mm diameter in dense terminal
1708:United States Department of Agriculture
1699:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1257:
1172:United States Department of Agriculture
1115:
991:In 1921, collecting toyon branches for
951:-like scent. The fruit are consumed by
541:. It is also known by the common names
14:
2471:
1541:
1021:- midge induced galls on toyon berries
734:(superfluous) because it included the
526:Toyon is a prominent component of the
517:. It is the sole species in the genus
1777:
1776:
1339:
1224:
1222:
1220:
2223:43a655dd-8ea7-415e-82d9-962c231d8429
1945:8d20ebf9-7846-4088-a525-dd27df22213a
1188:
1089:, University of California, Berkeley
2479:IUCN Red List least concern species
1724:Photos of Toyon in flower and fruit
1619:McKINNEY, JOHN (December 6, 1986).
1050:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
742:. This has since been corrected by
730:(Lindl.) M. Roem, but the name was
24:
2430:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30222858-2
1984:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30276198-2
1638:California Penal Code Section 384a
1397:
1217:
873:The pomes provided food for local
822:and the Mexican Pacific island of
608:, Contra Costa County, California.
25:
2580:
1682:
983:also eat and disperse the pomes.
900:The Tongva (who called the plant
661:
2275:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:725490-1
649:
637:
625:
613:
597:
449:
361:
98:
1649:
1631:
1612:
1603:
1585:
1574:
1559:
1482:
1457:
1440:
1431:Biodiversity & Conservation
1423:
1382:
1245:
1189:Wood, Wendell (February 2008).
672:indigenous people of California
2524:Garden plants of North America
1751:The Living Wild Project: Toyon
1717:Toyon: Heteromeles arbutifolia
1464:Jim Moore (21 November 2017).
1208:
1182:
1153:
1141:
1093:
1078:
1032:
928:Like many other genera in the
919:
552:
13:
1:
1704:Agricultural Research Service
1357:, with a conserved type, and
1025:
2499:Flora of Baja California Sur
1085:Jepson Flora Project (1993)
757:
505:native to extreme southwest
7:
1664:Journal/Council Proceedings
1148:Sunset Western Garden Book,
1005:
830:
714:as originally published by
681:
577:. Flowering peaks in June.
10:
2585:
1269:, in Jepson Flora Project"
1057:: e.T156822115A156822117.
986:
29:
2534:Monotypic Rosaceae genera
2514:Flora of Guadalupe Island
2308:
2020:
1785:
515:Baja California Peninsula
305:
298:
293:
284:
262:
255:
95:Scientific classification
93:
71:
62:
57:
48:
41:
2494:Flora of Baja California
1756:USDA Plants Profile for
1715:C. Michael Hogan (2008)
1470:mountainvalleyliving.com
1314:10.3390/medicines3030017
1229:James B. Phipps (2015),
1125:James B. Phipps (2015),
1012:California native plants
847:, which break down into
2489:Drought-tolerant plants
2022:Heteromeles arbutifolia
1766:Heteromeles arbutifolia
1758:Heteromeles arbutifolia
1745:Heteromeles arbutifolia
1731:Heteromeles arbutifolia
1692:Heteromeles salicifolia
1553:Tongva Medicinal Plants
1267:Heteromeles arbutifolia
1252:Heteromeles arbutifolia
1129:Heteromeles arbutifolia
1087:Heteromeles arbutifolia
1043:Heteromeles arbutifolia
860:
793:Heteromeles arbutifolia
780:Heteromeles arbutifolia
764:Heteromeles arbutifolia
356:Heteromeles arbutifolia
334:Heteromeles salicifolia
326:Heteromeles fremontiana
266:Heteromeles arbutifolia
1516:. Malki Museum Press.
1239:Flora of North America
1174:: 192. December 2016.
1135:Flora of North America
912:also called the plant
870:
804:Island Christmas berry
58:Toyon bush in habitat
1018:Asphondylia photiniae
868:
317:Crataegus arbutifolia
2310:Photinia arbutifolia
2052:Photinia arbutifolia
943:They are visited by
877:tribes, such as the
724:Photinia arbutifolia
342:Photinia salicifolia
309:Photinia arbutifolia
2504:Flora of California
1768:—U.C. Photo gallery
1743:CalFlora database:
947:, and have a mild,
676:blood-brain barrier
248:H. arbutifolia
65:Conservation status
1643:2009-06-27 at the
1376:10.1002/tax.581041
1349:Nesom, G.L. &
871:
787:(Jeps.) A.E.Murray
726:Lindl. (1820), as
604:Plant fruiting on
528:coastal sage scrub
32:Aronia arbutifolia
2466:
2465:
2231:Open Tree of Life
1953:Open Tree of Life
1779:Taxon identifiers
1666:. LA City Council
1625:Los Angeles Times
801:
788:
772:
716:Max Joseph Roemer
584:are rounded. The
352:
351:
346:
338:
330:
321:
313:
237:
88:
16:(Redirected from
2576:
2484:Bird food plants
2459:
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1526:. Archived from
1507:
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1214:C.M. Hogan, 2008
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1071:
1066:
1036:
849:hydrocyanic acid
835:Toyon pomes are
799:
786:
771:(Lindl.) M.Roem.
770:
653:
641:
629:
617:
601:
547:California holly
493:
492:
489:
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482:
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476:
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461:
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447:; more commonly
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337:(C.Presl) Abrams
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82:
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53:
39:
38:
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2509:Flora of Oregon
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1657:"Item No. (28)"
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1645:Wayback Machine
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1437:(5), 1073-1082.
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989:
969:hermit thrushes
961:American robins
922:
875:Native American
863:
833:
812:Channel Islands
760:
684:
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2456:wfo-0001013136
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1719:, iGoTerra.com
1712:
1684:
1683:External links
1681:
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1540:
1523:978-0939046249
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1499:
1494:EthnoHerbalist
1481:
1456:
1448:Phytopathology
1439:
1422:
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1381:
1369:(1): 310–311,
1338:
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1254:at iNaturalist
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965:cedar waxwings
921:
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910:ʔívil̃uqaletem
862:
859:
832:
829:
828:
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820:Santa Catalina
790:
777:
759:
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728:H. arbutifolia
683:
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662:Phytochemistry
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1627:. p. 12.
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1581:Dave's Garden
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1530:on 2023-05-21
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1361:(Rosaceae)",
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888:
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876:
869:Toyon berries
867:
858:
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846:
842:
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821:
817:
813:
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798:
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785:
781:
778:
776:
769:
765:
762:
761:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:of the genus
737:
733:
729:
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721:
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713:
709:
708:
703:
702:
697:
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691:
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310:
307:
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288:
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279:
275:
269:
267:
261:
258:
257:Binomial name
254:
250:
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241:
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232:
227:
226:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
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194:Amygdaloideae
192:
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159:
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125:Tracheophytes
123:
120:
117:
116:
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110:
107:
106:
101:
96:
92:
86:
81:
80:Least Concern
70:
66:
61:
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2309:
2021:
1786:
1765:
1757:
1744:
1730:
1716:
1697:
1691:
1668:. Retrieved
1663:
1651:
1633:
1624:
1614:
1605:
1597:
1587:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1532:. Retrieved
1528:the original
1512:
1493:
1484:
1473:. Retrieved
1469:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1399:
1390:
1384:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1304:
1300:
1273:. Retrieved
1266:
1259:
1247:
1238:
1232:
1210:
1204:(2): 11, 18.
1201:
1197:
1184:
1175:
1167:
1155:
1150:1995:606–607
1147:
1143:
1134:
1128:
1106:, retrieved
1102:Tropicos.org
1101:
1095:
1086:
1080:
1070:23 September
1068:. Retrieved
1054:
1048:
1042:
1034:
1016:
1001:
990:
957:mockingbirds
955:, including
942:
927:
923:
913:
905:
901:
899:
872:
856:
853:
834:
816:San Clemente
808:island toyon
807:
803:
796:
792:
783:
779:
767:
763:
751:
747:
744:conservation
739:
732:illegitimate
727:
723:
722:, including
720:monospecific
711:
705:
699:
693:
687:
685:
665:
606:Mount Diablo
579:
556:
546:
542:
536:oak woodland
525:
519:
518:
495:
355:
354:
353:
341:
333:
325:
316:
308:
265:
263:
247:
246:
233:
224:
223:
157:
144:
131:
118:
42:
36:
2373:iNaturalist
2195:NatureServe
2143:iNaturalist
2046:Wikispecies
1878:iNaturalist
1817:Heteromeles
1811:Wikispecies
1787:Heteromeles
1670:23 November
1359:Heteromeles
1275:14 November
1233:Heteromeles
1108:11 November
945:butterflies
920:Cultivation
800:(Munz) Munz
768:arbutifolia
748:Heteromeles
712:Heteromeles
707:Stranvaesia
686:The genera
668:Alzheimer's
588:is a small
553:Description
520:Heteromeles
322:nom. illeg.
225:Heteromeles
190:Subfamily:
138:Angiosperms
43:Heteromeles
2473:Categories
2391:30222858-2
2244:Plant List
2070:Calflora:
1896:30276198-2
1598:Bay Nature
1534:2021-02-19
1475:2021-12-27
1454:, 914-916.
1351:Gandhi, K.
1026:References
997:California
975:including
938:fireblight
845:glycosides
841:astringent
797:macrocarpa
752:nom. cons.
701:Pourthiaea
534:and mixed
513:, and the
511:California
234:nom. cons.
210:Subtribe:
2325:Q50849279
2249:rjp-24374
2187:156822115
2037:Q21546397
1549:"Ashuwet"
1307:(3): 17.
1301:Medicines
993:Christmas
824:Guadalupe
758:Varieties
750:M. Roem.
580:The five
563:evergreen
532:chaparral
500:perennial
320:W.T.Aiton
242:Species:
108:Kingdom:
2443:50051854
2438:Tropicos
2404:10187895
2319:Wikidata
2288:27800909
2283:Tropicos
2200:2.146331
2161:725491-1
2060:BioLib:
2031:Wikidata
1997:40025127
1992:Tropicos
1802:Q2655434
1796:Wikidata
1641:Archived
1355:Photinia
1333:28930127
1177:project.
1006:See also
949:hawthorn
930:Rosaceae
887:Tataviam
831:Toxicity
754:(1847).
740:Photinia
689:Photinia
682:Taxonomy
567:petioles
539:habitats
329:Decaisne
300:Synonyms
184:Rosaceae
180:Family:
151:Eudicots
85:IUCN 3.1
2298:5864955
2122:5370154
1909:1260061
1857:3025170
1760:(toyon)
1324:5456246
987:Culture
977:coyotes
973:Mammals
906:ashuwet
902:ashuwet
891:custard
879:Chumash
775:Autonym
632:Flowers
575:corymbs
571:flowers
345:C.Presl
278:M.Roem.
231:M.Roem.
220:Genus:
214:Malinae
200:Tribe:
174:Rosales
170:Order:
112:Plantae
83: (
2529:Maleae
2417:518982
2378:591956
2295:uBio:
2257:PLANTS
2236:153973
2220:NZOR:
2135:104480
2109:hetarb
2106:FEIS:
2063:203755
1971:HETER5
1966:PLANTS
1958:941742
1942:NZOR:
1520:
1419:: 245.
1331:
1321:
934:Maleae
932:tribe
914:ashwet
885:, and
883:Tongva
837:acidic
784:cerina
704:, and
695:Aronia
620:Leaves
582:petals
559:leaves
507:Oregon
312:Lindl.
274:Lindl.
204:Maleae
164:Rosids
2399:IRMNG
2365:28071
2352:PHNAR
2339:4GSKL
2262:HEAR5
2213:36612
2174:25174
2148:53405
2099:HTEAR
2086:6M55X
1935:36611
1922:25173
1904:IRMNG
1883:53408
1844:1HTEG
1660:(PDF)
1409:(PDF)
1363:Taxon
1194:(PDF)
1164:(PDF)
981:bears
953:birds
795:var.
782:var.
766:var.
644:Fruit
586:fruit
503:shrub
496:toyon
158:Clade
145:Clade
132:Clade
119:Clade
18:Toyon
2425:POWO
2412:ITIS
2386:IPNI
2360:GRIN
2347:EPPO
2270:POWO
2208:NCBI
2182:IUCN
2169:ITIS
2156:IPNI
2130:GRIN
2117:GBIF
2094:EPPO
2073:4140
1979:POWO
1930:NCBI
1917:ITIS
1891:IPNI
1870:5623
1865:GRIN
1852:GBIF
1839:EPPO
1831:4WJ5
1672:2013
1518:ISBN
1329:PMID
1277:2013
1110:2016
1072:2021
1055:2020
979:and
967:and
895:wine
893:and
861:Uses
839:and
818:and
736:type
718:was
590:pome
561:are
545:and
236:1847
2451:WFO
2334:CoL
2081:CoL
2005:WFO
1826:CoL
1371:doi
1319:PMC
1309:doi
1059:doi
814:of
806:or
670:by
416:juː
407:ɑːr
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
