903:
trehalose by using maltose and another disaccharide with two glucose units as substrates. Third, the TreY-TreZ pathway in some bacteria converts starch that contain maltooligosaccharide or glycogen directly into trehalose. Fourth, in primitive bacteria, trehalose glycisyltransferring synthase (TreT) produces trehalose from ADP-glucose and glucose. Fifth, trehalose phosphorylase (TreP) either hydrolyses trehalose into glucose-1-phosphate and glucose or may act reversibly in certain species. Vertebrates do not have the ability to synthesize or store trehalose. Trehalase in humans is found only in specific location such as the intestinal mucosa, renal brush-border, liver and blood. Expression of this enzyme in vertebrates is initially found during the gestation period that is the highest after weaning. Then, the level of trehalase remained constant in the intestine throughout life. Meanwhile, diets consisting of plants and fungi contain trehalose. Moderate amount of trehalose in diet is essential and having low amount of trehalose could result in diarrhea, or other intestinal symptoms.
40:
346:
271:
49:
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31:
531:
828:
In bacterial cell wall, trehalose has a structural role in adaptive responses to stress such as osmotic differences and extreme temperature. Yeast uses trehalose as a carbon source in response to abiotic stresses. In humans, the only known function of trehalose is as a neuroprotective, which it
902:
Five biosynthesis pathways have been reported for trehalose. The most common pathway is TPS/TPP pathway which is used by organisms that synthesize trehalose using the enzyme trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) synthase (TPS). Second, trehalose synthase (TS) in certain types of bacteria could produce
875:
than glucose. Trehalose has about 45% the sweetness of sucrose at concentrations above 22%, but when the concentration is reduced, its sweetness decreases more quickly than that of sucrose, so that a 2.3% solution tastes 6.5 times less sweet as the equivalent sugar solution.
188:
595:) discovered an inexpensive extraction technology from starch. Trehalose has high water retention capabilities, and is used in food, cosmetics and as a drug. A procedure developed in 2017 using trehalose allows sperm storage at room temperatures.
703:, except at high temperatures (>80 °C). Trehalose forms a rhomboid crystal as the dihydrate, and has 90% of the calorific content of sucrose in that form. Anhydrous forms of trehalose readily regain moisture to form the
767:
of trehalose, when acted upon by an insect trehalase, releases two molecules of glucose, which is required for the rapid energy requirements of flight. This is double the efficiency of glucose release from the storage polymer
1173:
Patrick, Jennifer L.; Elliott, Gloria D.; Comizzoli, Pierre (1 November 2017). "Structural integrity and developmental potential of spermatozoa following microwave-assisted drying in the domestic cat model".
2755:
814:(sometimes called the resurrection plant), which grows in desert and mountainous areas, may be cracked and dried out, but will turn green again and revive after rain because of the function of trehalose.
2505:
1547:
Sola-Penna M, Meyer-Fernandes JR (December 1998). "Stabilization against thermal inactivation promoted by sugars on enzyme structure and function: why is trehalose more effective than other sugars?".
2171:"Brush border membrane sucrase-isomaltase, maltase-glucoamylase and trehalase in mammals. Comparative development, effects of glucocorticoids, molecular mechanisms, and phylogenetic implications"
2127:"The Metabolism of α,α-Trehalose**The work cited from the author's laboratory was supported by grants from the Robert A. Welch Foundation and the National Institutes of Health (AI 09402)."
718:, they self-associate in water to form clusters of various sizes. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations showed that concentrations of 1.5–2.2 molar allow trehalose molecular clusters to
2422:
Eyre, David W.; Didelot, Xavier; Buckley, Anthony M.; Freeman, Jane; Moura, Ines B.; Crook, Derrick W.; Peto, Tim E.A.; Walker, A. Sarah; Wilcox, Mark H.; Dingle, Kate E. (2019).
733:
Organisms ranging from bacteria, yeast, fungi, insects, invertebrates, and lower and higher plants have enzymes that can make trehalose. In nature, trehalose can be found in
1438:
Zentella R, Mascorro-Gallardo JO, Van Dijck P, Folch-Mallol J, Bonini B, Van Vaeck C, Gaxiola R, Covarrubias AA, Nieto-Sotelo J, Thevelein JM, Iturriaga G (April 1999).
1330:
Bezrukavnikov S, Mashaghi A, van Wijk RJ, Gu C, Yang LJ, Gao YQ, Tans SJ (October 2014). "Trehalose facilitates DNA melting: a single-molecule optical tweezers study".
2562:
Tillequin F (July 2009). "Le Tréhala, une drogue à la croisée des chemins" [Trehala, a meeting point between zoology, botany, chemistry, and biochemistry].
679:, and therefore is stable in solution at high temperatures, even under acidic conditions. The bonding keeps nonreducing sugars in closed-ring form, such that the
1974:
Maruta, Kazuhiko; Mitsuzumi, Hitoshi; Nakada, Tetsuya; Kubota, Michio; Chaen, Hiroto; Fukuda, Shigeharu; Sugimoto, Toshiyuki; Kurimoto, Masashi (1996-12-06).
1127:
2424:"Clostridium difficile trehalose metabolism variants are common and not associated with adverse patient outcomes when variably present in the same lineage"
1976:"Cloning and sequencing of a cluster of genes encoding novel enzymes of trehalose biosynthesis from thermophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius"
2275:"A randomized crossover study comparing trehalose/hyaluronate eyedrops and standard treatment: patient satisfaction in the treatment of dry eye syndrome"
544:
1687:"Enzymatic synthesis of fatty acid esters of trehalose: Process optimization, characterization of the esters and evaluation of their bioactivities"
1151:
623:. Neither of these alternate isomers has been isolated from living organisms, but isotrehalose has been was found in starch hydroisolates.
395:
2480:
725:
Trehalose directly interacts with nucleic acids, facilitates melting of double stranded DNA and stabilizes single-stranded nucleic acids.
2685:"Transcription factor EB: from master coordinator of lysosomal pathways to candidate therapeutic target in degenerative storage diseases"
1780:
369:
InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-3-5(15)7(17)9(19)11(21-3)23-12-10(20)8(18)6(16)4(2-14)22-12/h3-20H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5-,6-,7+,8+,9-,10-,11-,12-/m1/s1
588:. Some bacteria, fungi, plants and invertebrate animals synthesize it as a source of energy, and to survive freezing and lack of water.
379:
InChI=1/C12H22O11/c13-1-3-5(15)7(17)9(19)11(21-3)23-12-10(20)8(18)6(16)4(2-14)22-12/h3-20H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5-,6-,7+,8+,9-,10-,11-,12-/m1/s1
2506:"FDA Accepts Investigational New Drug Application and Grants Fast Track Designation of Trehalose for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Treatment"
1489:"Chemical composition and nutritional value of the most widely appreciated cultivated mushrooms: an inter-species comparative study"
1741:
1440:"A Selaginella lepidophylla trehalose-6-phosphate synthase complements growth and stress-tolerance defects in a yeast tps1 mutant"
2782:
763:
Trehalose is the major carbohydrate energy storage molecule used by insects for flight. One possible reason for this is that the
2072:"Gene expression and molecular characterization of a thermostable trehalose phosphorylase fromThermoanaerobacter tengcongensis"
1843:
1809:
1751:
1092:
1108:
1295:
Sapir L, Harries D (February 2011). "Linking trehalose self-association with binary aqueous solution equation of state".
1488:
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theory, a state that prevents ice formation, or the water displacement theory, whereby water is replaced by trehalose.
1925:
Nishimoto, T.; Nakano, M.; Nakada, T.; Chaen, H.; Fukuda, S.; Sugimoto, T.; Kurimoto, M.; Tsujisaka, Y. (April 1996).
1833:
539:
360:
925:
551:
2023:"TreT, a Novel Trehalose Glycosyltransferring Synthase of the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Thermococcus litoralis*"
2365:
Collins J, Robinson C, Danhof H, Knetsch CW, van
Leeuwen HC, Lawley TD, Auchtung JM, Britton RA (January 2018).
714:
Trehalose aqueous solutions show a concentration-dependent clustering tendency. Owing to their ability to form
79:
2597:
Menzies FM, Fleming A, Rubinsztein DC (June 2015). "Compromised autophagy and neurodegenerative diseases".
303:
266:
228:
2775:
324:
591:
Extracting trehalose was once a difficult and costly process, but around 2000, the
Hayashibara company (
2749:
920:
2126:
1975:
1686:
1257:
880:
1281:
745:, including grasshoppers, locusts, butterflies, and bees, in which trehalose serves as blood-sugar.
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933:
341:
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822:
3547:
3542:
3521:
3329:
2768:
1042:
941:
802:
1927:"Purification and properties of a novel enzyme, trehalose synthase, from Pimelobacter sp. R48"
1799:
3557:
3323:
2070:
Ren, Yuanyuan; Dai, Xiuyu; Zhou, Jian; Liu, Jingfang; Pei, Huadong; Xiang, Hua (2005-05-01).
2022:
1378:"Comparative transcriptomics suggest unique molecular adaptations within tardigrade lineages"
1268:
61:
3462:
2696:
2378:
1339:
798:
312:
840:
Trehalose has also been reported for anti-bacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-inflammatory (
248:
163:
8:
2272:
1187:
979:. In 2017, research was published showing that trehalose induces autophagy by activating
957:
834:
817:
The two prevalent theories as to how trehalose works within the organism in the state of
794:
145:
2700:
2653:
2382:
1343:
345:
270:
208:
155:
2717:
2684:
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2423:
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2301:
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2107:
1722:
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1637:
1610:
1583:
1529:
1412:
1377:
1065:
39:
2640:
Sharma J, di Ronza A, Lotfi P, Sardiello M (July 2018). "Lysosomes and Brain Health".
2250:
2217:
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1991:
1884:
1867:
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2003:
1995:
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1312:
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891:
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plants, and sea algae. Within the fungi, it is prevalent in some mushrooms, such as
48:
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2712:
2704:
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2435:
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1987:
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1503:
1459:
1451:
1407:
1389:
1347:
1304:
1229:
1183:
1057:
937:
916:
772:, for which cleavage of one glycosidic linkage releases only one glucose molecule.
488:
418:
940:
status for an injectable form of trehalose (SLS-005) as a potential treatment for
568:
3364:
3310:
3290:
3181:
2273:
Pinto-Bonilla JC, Del Olmo-Jimeno A, Llovet-Osuna F, Hernández-Galilea E (2015).
1702:
1376:
Kamilari, Maria; Jørgensen, Aslak; Schiøtt, Morten; Møbjerg, Nadja (2019-07-24).
1112:
929:
were initially associated with trehalose, but this finding was disputed in 2019.
912:
848:) activities, upon its esterification with fatty acids of varying chain lengths.
764:
292:
2439:
3351:
3148:
2905:
2882:
2862:
2342:
2325:
2233:
1016:
1001:
738:
711:
forms of trehalose can show interesting physical properties when heat-treated.
653:
522:
1507:
1437:
1394:
1152:"JAPAN: Cargill, Hayashibara to Introduce Trehalose Sweetener to the Americas"
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2095:
2048:
1999:
1952:
1903:
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1403:
1021:
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871:
of omnivores (including humans) and herbivores. It causes less of a spike in
715:
656:
formed from two glucose units joined by a 1–1 alpha bond, giving it the name
509:
475:
259:
1234:
1217:
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632:
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457:
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2150:
2007:
1960:
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1455:
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3487:
3359:
3270:
3018:
3013:
2953:
2760:
1781:"Has an Alternative to Table Sugar Contributed to the C. Diff. Epidemic?"
1600:
1131:
879:
It is commonly used in prepared frozen foods, like ice cream, because it
872:
781:
719:
636:
17:
2390:
2367:"Dietary trehalose enhances virulence of epidemic Clostridium difficile"
2291:
1894:
3275:
3217:
3212:
3085:
3038:
2708:
2125:
Elbein, Alan D. (1974-01-01), Tipson, R. Stuart; Horton, Derek (eds.),
2087:
1943:
1926:
1351:
1128:"Cargill, Hayashibara to Introduce Trehalose Sweetener to the Americas"
810:
757:
753:
676:
499:
441:
239:
1685:
Marathe, Sandesh J.; Shah, Nirali N.; Singhal, Rekha S. (2020-01-01).
1516:
1308:
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3298:
3280:
3232:
3053:
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2071:
996:
972:
860:
830:
746:
708:
696:
2610:
2532:
2175:
Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry
521:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
3450:
3411:
3396:
3369:
3318:
3252:
3125:
3120:
3105:
3090:
3006:
3001:
2821:
2816:
1638:"Over the counter (OTC) artificial tear drops for dry eye syndrome"
984:
786:
776:
692:
680:
124:)-3,4, 5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol
187:
3492:
3472:
3440:
3415:
3405:
3401:
3379:
3242:
3237:
3227:
3137:
3100:
3095:
3073:
3058:
3048:
2965:
2943:
2927:
742:
704:
700:
592:
577:
513:
505:
465:
279:
1582:
Iturriaga, Gabriel; Suárez, Ramón; Nova-Franco, Barbara (2009).
3482:
3477:
3467:
3444:
3421:
3389:
3176:
3171:
3115:
3078:
3063:
3043:
3030:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2894:
2847:
2837:
2811:
2806:
2744:
1375:
1329:
1087:(87 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 3–534.
965:
887:
857:
769:
734:
688:
684:
219:
3068:
2871:
983:, a protein that acts as a master regulator of the autophagy-
953:
741:. In animals, trehalose is prevalent in shrimp, and also in
607:
bond between two α-glucose units. It is found in nature as a
199:
177:
2639:
2364:
329:
30:
1973:
1487:
Reis FS, Barros L, Martins A, Ferreira IC (February 2012).
980:
976:
749:
1924:
1581:
2596:
2421:
1546:
1486:
1215:
2021:
Qu, Qiuhao; Lee, Sung-Jae; Boos, Winfried (2004-11-12).
1584:"Trehalose Metabolism: From Osmoprotection to Signaling"
1216:
Elbein AD, Pan YT, Pastuszak I, Carroll D (April 2003).
894:, where it is present in only 10–15% of the population.
1218:"New insights on trehalose: a multifunctional molecule"
1172:
1980:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
1125:
856:
Trehalose is rapidly broken down into glucose by the
851:
675:. The bonding makes trehalose very resistant to acid
631:
At least three biological pathways support trehalose
1109:"Trehalose | Definition of Trehalose by Lexico"
2533:"Untersuchung über das Mutterkorn, Secale cornutum"
2481:"Trehalose Fast Tracked for Spinocerebellar Ataxia"
2131:
1433:
1431:
952:In 1832, H.A.L. Wiggers discovered trehalose in an
572:– a sugar derived from insect cocoons + -ose) is a
1797:
1684:
635:. An industrial process can derive trehalose from
611:and also as a monomer in some polymers. Two other
775:In plants, trehalose is seen in sunflower seeds,
760:found worldwide in diverse extreme environments.
480:203 °C (397 °F; 476 K) (anhydrous)
3534:
1428:
1263:. Food and Drug Administration. May 3, 2000: 10.
291:
2218:"Regulation of trehalose mobilization in fungi"
1635:
1043:"Novel functions and applications of trehalose"
162:
154:
1636:Pucker AD, Ng SM, Nichols JJ (February 2016).
1631:
1629:
2776:
2069:
1258:"GRAS Notification for Hayashibara Trehalose"
2317:
1294:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1931:Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry
1865:
1642:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1626:
1588:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1371:
1369:
1040:
2790:
2783:
2769:
2689:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1774:
1772:
1770:
1739:
722:and form large and continuous aggregates.
344:
269:
247:
2716:
2682:
2561:
2472:
2455:
2398:
2341:
2300:
2290:
2279:Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
2249:
2215:
2038:
2020:
1942:
1893:
1883:
1868:"The biosynthesis of trehalose phosphate"
1831:
1661:
1609:
1599:
1515:
1463:
1411:
1393:
1233:
1202:
494:68.9 g per 100 g at 20 °C
311:
2076:Science in China Series C: Life Sciences
1366:
603:Trehalose is a disaccharide formed by a
2530:
2498:
2323:
1804:(4th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
1778:
1767:
1746:. Gaithersburg, Md.: Aspen Publishers.
1549:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
911:Trehalose is an ingredient, along with
695:residues of proteins (a process called
340:
3535:
2168:
2124:
448:378.33 g/mol (dihydrate)
260:
2764:
1126:Cargill, Incorporated (30 May 2011).
372:Key: HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-LIZSDCNHSA-N
227:
207:
2478:
2415:
2326:"Pathogens boosted by food additive"
1188:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.07.037
1144:
1082:
971:Trehalose has long been known as an
890:is unusual in humans, except in the
2654:10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061804
1872:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1297:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
1076:
975:inducer that acts independently of
699:). Trehalose is less soluble than
382:Key: HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-LIZSDCNHBN
282:
13:
852:Nutritional and dietary properties
615:exist: α,β-trehalose, also called
14:
3569:
2737:
1866:Cabib, E.; Leloir, L. F. (1958).
1798:O'Brien-Nabors, Lyn, ed. (2012).
1085:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
619:, and β,β-trehalose, also called
403:OC1(O)(O)(O)(O1)O2(O)(O)(O)(O2)CO
3517:
3516:
2743:
2564:Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie
529:
47:
38:
29:
2756:Trehalose in sperm preservation
2676:
2633:
2590:
2555:
2524:
2479:Park, Brian (8 November 2021).
2358:
2266:
2209:
2162:
2118:
2063:
2027:Journal of Biological Chemistry
2014:
1967:
1918:
1859:
1825:
1791:
1743:Food packaging and preservation
1733:
1678:
1575:
1540:
1480:
1323:
808:Even within the plant kingdom,
576:consisting of two molecules of
525:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1654:10.1002/14651858.CD009729.pub2
1288:
1250:
1166:
1119:
1101:
1034:
936:(IND) application and granted
906:
687:end groups do not bind to the
1:
2642:Annual Review of Neuroscience
2216:Thevelein, J M (March 1984).
2143:10.1016/S0065-2318(08)60266-8
1992:10.1016/S0304-4165(96)00082-7
1885:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)77303-7
1027:
942:spinocerebellar ataxia type 3
932:In 2021, the FDA accepted an
897:
728:
642:
2599:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
2187:10.1016/0305-0491(89)90002-3
1779:Collins F (9 January 2018).
1740:Mathlouthi, M., ed. (1999).
1703:10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103460
1496:Food and Chemical Toxicology
626:
598:
7:
2440:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.04.038
2324:Ballard JD (January 2018).
2137:, Academic Press: 227–256,
1154:. just-food.com. 2000-05-31
990:
647:
10:
3574:
2343:10.1038/d41586-017-08775-4
2234:10.1128/mr.48.1.42-59.1984
947:
863:, which is present in the
15:
3512:
3350:
3307:
3289:
3261:
3203:
3196:
3164:
3136:
3029:
2964:
2926:
2893:
2870:
2861:
2830:
2799:
1508:10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.056
1395:10.1186/s12864-019-5912-x
881:lowers the freezing point
829:accomplishes by inducing
519:
446:342.296 g/mol (anhydrous)
411:
391:
356:
138:
130:
104:)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2
78:
60:
55:
46:
37:
28:
2843:Cyclohexane conformation
2683:Sardiello M (May 2016).
2576:10.3406/pharm.2009.22043
2549:10.1002/jlac.18320010202
1838:. Burlington: Elsevier.
968:and named it trehalose.
934:Investigational New Drug
886:Deficiency of trehalase
69:-glucopyranosyl-(1→1)-α-
16:Not to be confused with
3336:Isomaltooligosaccharide
2222:Microbiological Reviews
1083:Lide, David R. (1998).
1062:10.1351/pac200274071263
580:. It is also known as
3330:Galactooligosaccharide
2040:10.1074/jbc.M404955200
1801:Alternative sweeteners
1561:10.1006/abbi.1998.0906
1276:Cite journal requires
1041:Higashiyama T (2002).
964:, a substance made by
919:product used to treat
3324:Fructooligosaccharide
2537:Annalen der Pharmacie
1456:10.1104/pp.119.4.1473
1235:10.1093/glycob/cwg047
1115:on February 26, 2022.
956:of rye, and in 1859
926:Clostridium difficile
833:and thereby clearing
80:Systematic IUPAC name
2752:at Wikimedia Commons
1832:Kohlmeier M (2003).
1691:Bioorganic Chemistry
1601:10.3390/ijms10093793
504:Slightly soluble in
2701:2016NYASA1371....3S
2531:Wiggers HA (1832).
2510:Practical Neurology
2391:10.1038/nature25178
2383:2018Natur.553..291C
2292:10.2147/TCRM.S77091
2169:Galand, G. (1989).
2033:(46): 47890–47897.
1835:Nutrient Metabolism
1785:NIH Director's Blog
1344:2014SMat...10.7269B
958:Marcellin Berthelot
489:Solubility in water
470:1.58 g/cm at 24 °C
25:
2709:10.1111/nyas.13131
2512:. 12 November 2021
2088:10.1007/BF03183615
1944:10.1271/bbb.60.640
1352:10.1039/C4SM01532K
835:protein aggregates
765:glycosidic linkage
756:, the microscopic
667:pyranosyl-(1→1)-α-
552:Infobox references
482:97 °C (dihydrate)
436:(anhydride)
23:
3530:
3529:
3508:
3507:
3192:
3191:
2748:Media related to
2377:(7688): 291–294.
2336:(7688): 285–286.
1845:978-0-08-053789-4
1811:978-1-4398-4614-8
1753:978-0-8342-1349-4
1309:10.1021/jp109780n
1094:978-0-8493-0594-8
960:isolated it from
892:Greenlandic Inuit
869:intestinal mucosa
654:nonreducing sugar
560:Chemical compound
558:
557:
325:CompTox Dashboard
189:Interactive image
167: (dihydrate)
159: (anhydrous)
72:
68:
3565:
3520:
3519:
3311:oligosaccharides
3291:Tetrasaccharides
3201:
3200:
2916:Dihydroxyacetone
2868:
2867:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2747:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2402:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2294:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2042:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1946:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1897:
1887:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1776:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1603:
1594:(9): 3793–3810.
1579:
1573:
1572:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1519:
1493:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1444:Plant Physiology
1435:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1397:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1213:
1200:
1199:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1111:. Archived from
1105:
1099:
1098:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1056:(7): 1263–1269.
1047:
1038:
917:artificial tears
791:Lentinula edodes
673:pyranoside
672:
670:
664:
662:
606:
542:
536:
533:
532:
419:Chemical formula
349:
348:
333:
331:
315:
295:
284:
273:
262:
251:
231:
211:
191:
166:
158:
73:-glucopyranoside
70:
66:
51:
42:
33:
26:
22:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3504:
3365:Oat beta-glucan
3352:Polysaccharides
3346:
3309:
3303:
3285:
3257:
3188:
3182:Neuraminic acid
3160:
3132:
3025:
2960:
2922:
2889:
2863:Monosaccharides
2857:
2826:
2795:
2789:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2681:
2677:
2638:
2634:
2611:10.1038/nrn3961
2595:
2591:
2570:(362): 163–72.
2560:
2556:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2477:
2473:
2420:
2416:
2363:
2359:
2322:
2318:
2271:
2267:
2214:
2210:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2153:
2123:
2119:
2068:
2064:
2019:
2015:
1972:
1968:
1923:
1919:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1796:
1792:
1777:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1738:
1734:
1683:
1679:
1648:(2): CD009729.
1634:
1627:
1580:
1576:
1545:
1541:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1436:
1429:
1374:
1367:
1338:(37): 7269–77.
1328:
1324:
1293:
1289:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1214:
1203:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1134:
1124:
1120:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1081:
1077:
1050:Pure Appl. Chem
1045:
1039:
1035:
1030:
993:
950:
923:. Outbreaks of
913:hyaluronic acid
909:
900:
854:
731:
668:
666:
660:
658:
652:Trehalose is a
650:
645:
629:
604:
601:
561:
554:
549:
548:
547: ?)
538:
534:
530:
526:
508:, insoluble in
491:
481:
447:
435:
431:
427:
421:
407:
404:
399:
398:
387:
384:
383:
380:
374:
373:
370:
364:
363:
352:
334:
327:
318:
298:
285:
254:
234:
214:
194:
181:
170:
148:
134:
126:
125:
74:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3571:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3553:Types of sugar
3550:
3545:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3463:Levan beta 2→6
3460:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3437:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3408:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3356:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3263:Trisaccharides
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3149:Mannoheptulose
3142:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3035:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2932:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2906:Glyceraldehyde
2899:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2883:Glycolaldehyde
2876:
2874:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2739:
2738:External links
2736:
2733:
2732:
2675:
2632:
2589:
2554:
2543:(2): 129–182.
2523:
2497:
2471:
2414:
2357:
2316:
2265:
2208:
2161:
2117:
2082:(3): 221–227.
2062:
2013:
1986:(3): 177–181.
1966:
1937:(4): 640–644.
1917:
1878:(1): 259–275.
1858:
1844:
1824:
1810:
1790:
1766:
1752:
1732:
1677:
1625:
1574:
1539:
1479:
1450:(4): 1473–82.
1427:
1365:
1322:
1287:
1278:|journal=
1249:
1228:(4): 17R–27R.
1201:
1176:Theriogenology
1165:
1143:
1118:
1100:
1093:
1075:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1017:Lentztrehalose
1014:
1009:
1004:
1002:Cryoprotectant
999:
992:
989:
949:
946:
908:
905:
899:
896:
853:
850:
739:microorganisms
730:
727:
716:hydrogen bonds
674:
649:
646:
644:
641:
628:
625:
605:1,1-glycosidic
600:
597:
593:Okayama, Japan
566:(from Turkish
559:
556:
555:
550:
528:
527:
523:standard state
520:
517:
516:
502:
496:
495:
492:
487:
484:
483:
478:
472:
471:
468:
462:
461:
454:
450:
449:
444:
438:
437:
433:
429:
425:
422:
417:
414:
413:
409:
408:
406:
405:
402:
394:
393:
392:
389:
388:
386:
385:
381:
378:
377:
375:
371:
368:
367:
359:
358:
357:
354:
353:
351:
350:
337:
335:
323:
320:
319:
317:
316:
308:
306:
300:
299:
297:
296:
288:
286:
278:
275:
274:
264:
256:
255:
253:
252:
244:
242:
236:
235:
233:
232:
224:
222:
216:
215:
213:
212:
204:
202:
196:
195:
193:
192:
184:
182:
175:
172:
171:
169:
168:
160:
151:
149:
144:
141:
140:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
83:
82:
76:
75:
64:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3570:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Disaccharides
3546:
3544:
3543:Carbohydrates
3541:
3540:
3538:
3523:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3458:Hemicellulose
3456:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3205:Disaccharides
3202:
3199:
3195:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3154:Sedoheptulose
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:Ketoheptoses
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:Deoxy sugars
3111:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:Ketopentoses
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:Aldopentoses
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:Aldotetroses
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2793:carbohydrates
2786:
2781:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2605:(6): 345–57.
2604:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2566:(in French).
2565:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:(4): 624–34.
1302:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1153:
1147:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1022:Trehalosamine
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1012:Freeze drying
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
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994:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
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962:Trehala manna
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928:
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838:
836:
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826:
824:
823:vitrification
820:
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803:golden needle
800:
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792:
788:
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778:
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613:stereoisomers
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583:
579:
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511:
510:diethyl ether
507:
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476:Melting point
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342:DTXSID3048102
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263:
261:ECHA InfoCard
258:
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229:ChEMBL1236395
226:
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137:
133:α,α‐Trehalose
129:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
81:
77:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
19:
3558:Orphan drugs
3439:
3428:
3410:
3342:Maltodextrin
3247:
3223:Isomaltulose
3014:Deoxy sugars
2950:Ketotetrose
2853:Mutarotation
2692:
2688:
2678:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2514:. Retrieved
2509:
2500:
2488:. Retrieved
2484:
2474:
2431:
2428:eBioMedicine
2427:
2417:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2228:(1): 42–59.
2225:
2221:
2211:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2154:, retrieved
2134:
2130:
2120:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2030:
2026:
2016:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1895:11336/135983
1875:
1871:
1861:
1849:. Retrieved
1834:
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1800:
1793:
1784:
1757:. Retrieved
1742:
1735:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1645:
1641:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1502:(2): 191–7.
1499:
1495:
1482:
1447:
1443:
1385:
1382:BMC Genomics
1381:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1269:cite journal
1252:
1225:
1222:Glycobiology
1221:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1146:
1135:. Retrieved
1121:
1113:the original
1103:
1084:
1078:
1053:
1049:
1036:
1007:Cryptobiosis
970:
961:
951:
931:
924:
910:
901:
885:
878:
865:brush border
855:
845:
841:
839:
827:
819:cryptobiosis
816:
809:
807:
790:
780:
774:
762:
732:
724:
713:
651:
633:biosynthesis
630:
621:isotrehalose
620:
617:neotrehalose
616:
609:disaccharide
602:
590:
585:
581:
567:
563:
562:
458:orthorhombic
139:Identifiers
131:Other names
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
3500:Xanthan gum
3488:Amylopectin
3360:Beta-glucan
3271:Maltotriose
3086:Ketohexoses
3039:Aldohexoses
3019:Deoxyribose
2954:Erythrulose
2912:Ketotriose
2902:Aldotriose
2695:(1): 3–14.
2648:: 255–276.
2516:14 November
2490:14 November
2434:: 347–355.
2285:: 595–603.
2181:(1): 1–11.
1555:(1): 10–4.
1332:Soft Matter
1132:PR Newswire
907:Medical use
873:blood sugar
811:Selaginella
799:king oyster
782:Selaginella
758:ecdysozoans
754:tardigrades
637:corn starch
453:Appearance
412:Properties
267:100.002.490
209:CHEBI:16551
18:Trehalulose
3537:Categories
3276:Melezitose
3218:Isomaltose
3213:Cellobiose
2879:Aldodiose
2156:2021-11-30
1697:: 103460.
1517:10198/7341
1388:(1): 607.
1158:2 February
1137:2011-07-31
1028:References
938:fast track
898:Metabolism
883:of foods.
729:Biological
677:hydrolysis
643:Properties
500:Solubility
442:Molar mass
313:B8WCK70T7I
240:ChemSpider
176:3D model (
146:CAS Number
62:IUPAC name
24:Trehalose
3430:Galactose
3385:Cellulose
3375:Sizofiran
3299:Stachyose
3281:Raffinose
3248:Trehalose
3233:Lactulose
3054:Galactose
2977:Arabinose
2939:Erythrose
2791:Types of
2750:Trehalose
2670:207581692
2448:2352-3964
2242:0146-0749
2195:0305-0491
2096:1862-2798
2049:0021-9258
2000:0304-4165
1953:0916-8451
1904:0021-9258
1727:208610507
1711:0045-2068
1404:1471-2164
1182:: 36–43.
997:Biostasis
987:pathway.
973:autophagy
861:trehalase
831:autophagy
747:Trehalase
720:percolate
709:Anhydrous
705:dihydrate
697:glycation
627:Synthesis
599:Structure
586:tremalose
564:Trehalose
460:crystals
164:6138-23-4
3522:Category
3451:Glycogen
3434:Galactan
3412:Fructose
3397:Chitosan
3370:Lentinan
3319:Acarbose
3253:Turanose
3197:Multiple
3138:Heptoses
3126:Rhamnose
3121:Fuculose
3106:Tagatose
3091:Fructose
3007:Xylulose
3002:Ribulose
2966:Pentoses
2928:Tetroses
2831:Geometry
2822:Pyranose
2817:Furanose
2727:27299292
2662:29661037
2627:19272817
2619:25991442
2584:20027793
2466:31036529
2409:29310122
2352:29345660
2311:25926736
2112:23443429
2104:16092754
2057:15364950
1912:13538966
1719:31791682
1672:26905373
1620:19865519
1534:23997767
1526:22056333
1474:10198107
1422:31340759
1360:25096217
1317:21186829
1244:12626396
1196:28772113
1070:28311022
991:See also
985:lysosome
944:(SCA3).
915:, in an
842:in vitro
821:are the
787:shiitake
777:moonwort
693:arginine
681:aldehyde
648:Chemical
3493:Amylose
3441:Glucose
3416:Fructan
3406:Dextran
3402:Dextrin
3380:Zymosan
3243:Sucrose
3238:Maltose
3228:Lactose
3177:Nonoses
3172:Octoses
3165:Above 7
3101:Sorbose
3096:Psicose
3074:Mannose
3059:Glucose
3049:Altrose
3031:Hexoses
2944:Threose
2895:Trioses
2800:General
2718:5032832
2697:Bibcode
2457:6558026
2400:5984069
2379:Bibcode
2302:4403513
2260:6325857
2203:2513162
2151:4377836
2008:8980629
1961:8829531
1851:25 June
1817:25 June
1759:25 June
1663:5045033
1611:2769160
1569:9826423
1413:6652013
1340:Bibcode
966:weevils
948:History
921:dry eye
867:of the
846:in vivo
743:insects
701:sucrose
578:glucose
545:what is
543: (
514:benzene
506:ethanol
466:Density
280:PubChem
156:99-20-7
3483:Starch
3478:Pectin
3473:Mannan
3468:Lignin
3445:Glucan
3422:Inulin
3390:Chitin
3116:Fucose
3079:Talose
3064:Gulose
3044:Allose
2992:Xylose
2987:Ribose
2982:Lyxose
2872:Dioses
2848:Epimer
2838:Anomer
2812:Ketose
2807:Aldose
2725:
2715:
2668:
2660:
2625:
2617:
2582:
2464:
2454:
2446:
2407:
2397:
2371:Nature
2350:
2330:Nature
2309:
2299:
2258:
2251:373002
2248:
2240:
2201:
2193:
2149:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2055:
2047:
2006:
1998:
1959:
1951:
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1842:
1808:
1750:
1725:
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1709:
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1567:
1532:
1524:
1472:
1462:
1420:
1410:
1402:
1358:
1315:
1242:
1194:
1091:
1068:
888:enzyme
858:enzyme
801:, and
795:oyster
770:starch
737:, and
735:plants
689:lysine
685:ketone
671:-gluco
665:
663:-gluco
582:mycose
569:tıgala
540:verify
537:
456:White
396:SMILES
220:ChEMBL
56:Names
3338:(IMO)
3332:(GOS)
3326:(FOS)
3308:Other
3069:Idose
2666:S2CID
2623:S2CID
2108:S2CID
1723:S2CID
1530:S2CID
1492:(PDF)
1465:32033
1261:(PDF)
1066:S2CID
1046:(PDF)
954:ergot
750:genes
574:sugar
361:InChI
200:ChEBI
178:JSmol
2723:PMID
2693:1371
2658:PMID
2615:PMID
2580:PMID
2518:2023
2492:2023
2462:PMID
2444:ISSN
2405:PMID
2348:PMID
2307:PMID
2256:PMID
2238:ISSN
2199:PMID
2191:ISSN
2147:PMID
2100:PMID
2092:ISSN
2053:PMID
2045:ISSN
2004:PMID
1996:ISSN
1984:1291
1957:PMID
1949:ISSN
1908:PMID
1900:ISSN
1853:2014
1840:ISBN
1819:2014
1806:ISBN
1761:2014
1748:ISBN
1715:PMID
1707:ISSN
1668:PMID
1646:2016
1616:PMID
1565:PMID
1522:PMID
1470:PMID
1418:PMID
1400:ISSN
1356:PMID
1313:PMID
1282:help
1240:PMID
1192:PMID
1160:2013
1089:ISBN
981:TFEB
977:mTOR
844:and
512:and
304:UNII
293:7427
249:7149
2713:PMC
2705:doi
2650:doi
2607:doi
2572:doi
2545:doi
2485:MPR
2452:PMC
2436:doi
2395:PMC
2387:doi
2375:553
2338:doi
2334:553
2297:PMC
2287:doi
2246:PMC
2230:doi
2183:doi
2139:doi
2084:doi
2035:doi
2031:279
1988:doi
1939:doi
1890:hdl
1880:doi
1876:231
1699:doi
1658:PMC
1650:doi
1606:PMC
1596:doi
1557:doi
1553:360
1512:hdl
1504:doi
1460:PMC
1452:doi
1448:119
1408:PMC
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1348:doi
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1301:115
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1184:doi
1180:103
1058:doi
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691:or
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330:EPA
283:CID
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