1713:
72:
44:
340:
233:. These changes typically occur over a period of 5–10 years. Signs are typically the same as in other dementias, but mainly include cognitive decline and memory impairment of sufficient severity as to interfere with activities of daily living, sometimes with presence of focal neurological signs, and evidence of features consistent with cerebrovascular disease on brain imaging (CT or MRI).
690:
identified 36 studies of prevalent stroke (1.9 million participants) and 12 studies of incident stroke (1.3 million participants). For prevalent stroke, the pooled hazard ratio for all-cause dementia was 1.69; for incident stroke, the pooled risk ratio was 2.18. Study characteristics did not modify
675:
of the illness is 1.5% in
Western countries and approximately 2.2% in Japan. It accounts for 50% of all dementias in Japan, 20% to 40% in Europe and 15% in Latin America. 25% of people with stroke develop new-onset dementia within one year of their stroke. One study found that in the United States,
651:
Many studies have been conducted to determine average survival of people with dementia. The studies were frequently small and limited, which caused contradictory results in the connection of mortality to the type of dementia and the person's gender. One 2015 study found that the one-year mortality
169:. Restricted blood flow due to strokes reduces oxygen and glucose delivery to the brain, causing cell injury and neurological deficits in the affected region. Subtypes of vascular dementia include subcortical vascular dementia, multi-infarct dementia, stroke-related dementia, and mixed dementia.
588:
are irreversible, but the person with vascular dementia can demonstrate periods of stability or even mild improvement. Since stroke is an essential part of vascular dementia, the goal is to prevent new strokes. This is attempted through reduction of stroke risk factors, such as
652:
was three to four times higher in people after their first referral to a day clinic for dementia, when compared to the general population. If the person was hospitalized for dementia, the mortality was even higher than in people hospitalized for
691:
these associations, with the exception of sex, which explained 50.2% of between-study heterogeneity for prevalent stroke. These results confirm that stroke is a strong, independent, and potentially modifiable risk factor for all-cause dementia.
656:. Vascular dementia was found to have either comparable or worse survival rates when compared to Alzheimer's disease; another 2014 study found that the prognosis for people with vascular dementia was worse for male and older people.
326:
Rare genetic disorders that cause vascular lesions in the brain have other presentation patterns. As a rule, they tend to occur earlier in life and have a more aggressive course. In addition, infectious disorders, such as
459:
criteria, Association
Internationale pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement en Neurosciences (NINDS-AIREN) criteria, the Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Center criteria, and the Hachinski Ischemic Score (after
180:. Dementia may occur when neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular pathologies are mixed, as in susceptible elderly people (75 years and older). Cognitive decline can be traced back to occurrence of successive strokes.
371:
are the cause of dementia. A history of stroke increases the risk of developing dementia by around 70%, and recent stroke increases the risk by around 120%. Brain vascular lesions can also be the result of diffuse
568:
is substantially affected, with noticeable atrophy (tissue loss), in addition to calcification of the arteries. Microinfarcts may also be present in the gray matter (cerebral cortex), sometimes in large numbers.
4114:
4099:
4084:
176:
in the brain. Multi-infarct dementia results from a series of small strokes affecting several brain regions. Stroke-related dementia involving successive small strokes causes a more gradual decline in
564:
Gross examination of the brain may reveal noticeable lesions and damage to blood vessels. Accumulation of various substances such as lipid deposits and clotted blood appear on microscopic views. The
1376:"Vascular dementia: Diagnostic criteria and supplementary exams. Recommendations of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology. Part I."
3609:
1726:
Villarejo A, Benito-LeĂłn J, Trincado R, Posada IJ, Puertas-MartĂn V, Boix R, et al. (2011). "Dementia-associated mortality at thirteen years in the NEDICES Cohort Study".
486:
In a person already having dementia, SPECT appears to be superior in differentiating multi-infarct dementia from
Alzheimer's disease, compared to the usual mental testing and
676:
the prevalence of vascular dementia in all people over the age of 71 is 2.43%, and another found that the prevalence of the dementias doubles with every 5.1 years of age.
3995:
3990:
4007:
3985:
467:
The recommended investigations for cognitive impairment include: blood tests (for anemia, vitamin deficiency, thyrotoxicosis, infection, among others), chest xray,
3158:
2357:
456:
448:
1630:"Aggressive LDL-C Lowering and the Brain: Impact on Risk for Dementia and Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association"
303:, the frontal lobes are often affected. Consequently, people with vascular dementia tend to perform worse than their Alzheimer's disease counterparts in
435:
plaques in the walls of the cerebral arteries, leading to breakdown and rupture of the vessels. Since amyloid plaques are a characteristic feature of
1763:"Mortality risk after dementia diagnosis by dementia type and underlying factors: a cohort of 15,209 patients based on the Swedish Dementia Registry"
3354:
471:, and neuroimaging, preferably a scan with a functional or metabolic sensitivity beyond a simple CT or MRI. When available as a diagnostic tool,
3349:
4220:
541:
Differentiating dementia syndromes can be challenging, due to the frequently overlapping clinical features and related underlying pathology.
3151:
2829:
2785:
1888:
472:
389:
3977:
2644:
2261:
2074:
452:
3967:
3144:
2054:
1539:
609:
3947:
3620:
2380:
3972:
3604:
1557:
1039:
659:
Vascular dementia may be a direct cause of death due to the possibility of a fatal interruption in the brain's blood supply.
3810:
3798:
3260:
635:
drugs was ineffective in treating or preventing stroke or dementia in people without a history of cerebrovascular disease.
479:(PET) neuroimaging may be used to confirm a diagnosis of multi-infarct dementia in conjunction with evaluations involving
2841:
1989:
315:(lack of will or initiative), problems with attention, orientation, and urinary incontinence. They tend to exhibit more
4029:
3962:
3517:
2091:
2066:
1901:
621:
1672:"Prognosis of patients with dementia: results from a prospective nationwide registry linkage study in the Netherlands"
3732:
3535:
2877:
2697:
2595:
576:
of the major cerebral arteries is typical in vascular dementia, smaller vessels and arterioles are mainly affected.
2969:
2206:
2177:
2118:
3851:
2211:
2006:
1931:
1803:
319:
behavior. People with vascular dementia may also present with general slowing of processing ability, difficulty
4215:
3366:
3342:
3172:
2864:
2649:
2620:
1881:
506:
1055:
584:
Early detection and accurate diagnosis are important, as vascular dementia is at least partially preventable.
4045:
3930:
3846:
3788:
3558:
3337:
2390:
2108:
2084:
1507:
323:, and impairment in abstract thinking. Apathy early in the disease is more suggestive of vascular dementia.
4205:
4014:
3388:
3053:
2590:
2123:
1968:
679:
The incidence peaks between the fourth and the seventh decades of life and 80% of people have a history of
476:
106:
Conditions that impair blood vessels in the brain and therefore interfere with oxygen delivery to the brain
3524:
2298:
2096:
1628:
Goldstein LB, Toth PP, Dearborn-Tomazos JL, Giugliano RP, Hirsh BJ, Peña JM, et al. (October 2023).
643:
As of 2024, there are no medications used specifically for prevention or treatment of vascular dementia.
428:
320:
3111:
229:. Signs and symptoms are cognitive, motor, behavioral, and for a significant proportion of people, also
4002:
3552:
3224:
3048:
1963:
608:
Medications for high blood pressure are used to prevent pre-stroke dementia. These medications include
556:
and cerebrovascular disease, either clinically or based on neuro-imaging evidence of ischemic lesions.
394:
3952:
3920:
3894:
3872:
3721:
3300:
3058:
3027:
2405:
2288:
1874:
480:
211:
1712:
1629:
1374:
Engelhardt E, Tocquer C, André C, Moreira DM, Okamoto IH, Cavalcanti J, et al. (October 2011).
782:
Iadecola C, Duering M, Hachinski V, Joutel A, Pendlebury ST, Schneider JA, et al. (July 2019).
4129:
4019:
3793:
3207:
3106:
3022:
3017:
2714:
2677:
2669:
2487:
2456:
2197:
2182:
352:
71:
4024:
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3713:
3531:
3383:
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3217:
3043:
2550:
2400:
2395:
2352:
2169:
700:
617:
418:
414:
373:
265:
93:
3136:
1031:
1025:
843:. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health. 28 September 2022
3889:
3881:
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2410:
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1213:
668:
653:
553:
546:
502:
436:
410:
277:
131:
4169:
4093:
447:
Several specific diagnostic criteria can be used to diagnose vascular dementia, including the
3904:
3778:
3596:
3574:
3489:
3412:
3322:
3309:
3234:
3116:
2849:
2729:
2636:
2615:
625:
377:
1080:
3841:
3658:
3547:
2941:
2854:
2610:
2430:
2031:
2011:
1422:
Custodio N, Montesinos R, Lira D, Herrera-PĂ©rez E, Bardales Y, Valeriano-Lorenzo L (2017).
1104:
Cannistraro RJ, Badi M, Eidelman BH, Dickson DW, Middlebrooks EH, Meschia JF (2019-06-11).
498:
402:
173:
8:
4118:
3770:
3417:
3272:
3212:
2991:
2973:
2936:
2926:
2780:
2682:
2659:
2507:
2499:
2278:
2256:
1984:
1549:
598:
236:
The neurological signs localizing to certain areas of the brain that can be observed are
230:
3940:
3925:
3913:
3663:
3614:
3451:
3314:
3202:
2654:
2251:
2103:
1761:
Garcia-Ptacek S, Farahmand B, KĂĄreholt I, Religa D, Cuadrado ML, Eriksdotter M (2014).
1696:
1671:
1605:
1580:
1520:
1456:
1423:
1399:
1375:
1351:
1294:
1269:
1189:
1162:
1138:
1105:
1001:
976:
808:
783:
723:
510:
461:
281:
257:
222:
80:
4123:
1596:
268:. People have patchy deficits in terms of cognitive testing. They tend to have better
98:
Heart disease, loss of ability to care for self,loss of ability to interact, pneumonia
4210:
4140:
3703:
3669:
3641:
3632:
3540:
3407:
3255:
2900:
2415:
2347:
2273:
2157:
1852:
1784:
1743:
1701:
1649:
1610:
1553:
1538:
Erkinjuntti T (February 2012). Gelder M, Andreasen N, Lopez-Ibor J, Geddes J (eds.).
1512:
1461:
1443:
1439:
1404:
1390:
1356:
1338:
1318:
1299:
1268:
KuĹşma E, Lourida I, Moore SF, Levine DA, Ukoumunne OC, Llewellyn DJ (November 2018).
1241:
1233:
1194:
1143:
1125:
1035:
1006:
933:
840:
813:
602:
406:
207:
121:
85:
56:
1866:
1524:
4180:
3826:
3697:
3692:
3477:
3472:
2770:
2724:
2692:
2540:
2518:
2483:
2246:
2128:
2079:
2026:
2001:
1996:
1953:
1941:
1842:
1774:
1735:
1691:
1683:
1641:
1600:
1592:
1545:
1502:
1492:
1451:
1435:
1394:
1386:
1346:
1330:
1289:
1281:
1225:
1184:
1174:
1133:
1117:
996:
988:
803:
795:
494:
2899:
883:
4134:
3748:
3439:
2946:
2904:
2775:
2762:
2709:
2704:
2687:
2567:
2362:
2334:
2135:
1958:
1897:
1645:
1121:
992:
487:
360:
300:
285:
218:
4183:
2996:
1687:
1285:
1163:"Vascular dementia and crosstalk between the complement and coagulation systems"
929:
3805:
3754:
3582:
3291:
3168:
2931:
2872:
2796:
2605:
2572:
2555:
2545:
1847:
1830:
1229:
799:
594:
585:
542:
331:, can cause arterial damage, strokes, and bacterial inflammation of the brain.
249:
4145:
4108:
4199:
3831:
3783:
3653:
3422:
3378:
3229:
2965:
2916:
2234:
1447:
1342:
1237:
1179:
1129:
687:
356:
316:
273:
245:
1739:
1670:
van de Vorst IE, Vaartjes I, Geerlings MI, Bots ML, Koek HL (October 2015).
3327:
3197:
3180:
2819:
2600:
2152:
1856:
1788:
1747:
1705:
1653:
1614:
1516:
1465:
1408:
1360:
1303:
1245:
1198:
1147:
1030:(5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. pp.
1010:
937:
817:
680:
590:
565:
526:
522:
432:
398:
307:
tasks, such as verbal fluency, and may present with frontal lobe problems:
304:
261:
241:
1481:"White matter degeneration in vascular and other ageing-related dementias"
4164:
3286:
3247:
3189:
2804:
2535:
2266:
2016:
364:
280:. In the more severely affected people, or those affected by infarcts in
269:
237:
111:
43:
3397:
3267:
3121:
2814:
2719:
2420:
2145:
2140:
1936:
1779:
1762:
672:
339:
289:
61:
4076:
1627:
1497:
1480:
1334:
4175:
3507:
3458:
3446:
3429:
3361:
3074:
3006:
2824:
2283:
2021:
1946:
1214:"Molecular mechanisms of cognitive impairment associated with stroke"
177:
65:
1760:
1081:"Vascular Dementia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes"
116:
High blood pressure, high cholesterol, atrial fibrillation, diabetes
3982:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
3687:
3679:
3645:
3499:
3402:
2809:
2479:
2446:
2372:
1581:"Hypertension, neurovascular dysfunction, and cognitive impairment"
1421:
667:
Vascular dementia is the second-most-common form of dementia after
613:
573:
514:
421:
368:
328:
162:
1725:
1027:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5
3166:
1669:
1270:"Stroke and dementia risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
348:
293:
1023:
390:
Brain health and pollution § Cognitive decline and dementia
4103:
4088:
3726:
3467:
3434:
2527:
2342:
632:
530:
417:. Other risk factors include lifestyle, geographic origin, and
343:
Risk factors and clinical characteristics for vascular dementia
312:
308:
253:
226:
183:
166:
152:
15-30% of dementia cases in the United States, Europe, and Asia
1103:
781:
2964:
2305:
1373:
545:, involving two types of dementia, can occur. In particular,
191:
1578:
2478:
518:
347:
Vascular dementia can be caused by ischemic or hemorrhagic
1665:
1663:
1478:
1160:
552:
Mixed dementia is diagnosed when people have evidence of
468:
1579:
Santisteban MM, Iadecola C, Carnevale D (January 2023).
2751:
1267:
457:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
206:
People with vascular dementia present with progressive
126:
Lab test, neuroimaging test, neuropsychological testing
1660:
1896:
449:
4066:
1319:"Dementia: timely diagnosis and early intervention"
1914:
1835:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
1634:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
1316:
928:Sanders AE, Schoo C, Kalish VB (22 October 2023).
927:
1508:20.500.11820/780992bd-e933-4715-8099-c4d463070a58
1479:Hase Y, Horsburgh K, Ihara M, Kalaria RN (2018).
724:"ICD-11: Dementia due to cerebrovascular disease"
214:, frequently step-wise, after multiple strokes.
4197:
2323:
517:serology, calcium serum level, fasting glucose,
439:, vascular dementia may occur as a consequence.
427:Vascular dementia can sometimes be triggered by
144:There is no cure (however, symptoms are managed)
1841:(8). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol: 1542–1549.
1544:(2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1056:"ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics"
932:. StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine.
886:. MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine.
3096:
1804:"Good Practice Series No 11- MEs and Dementia"
1317:Robinson L, Tang E, Taylor JP (16 June 2015).
397:for vascular dementia include increasing age,
351:affecting multiple brain areas, including the
288:areas, specific problems with speaking called
196:major or mild vascular neurocognitive disorder
3152:
1882:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1106:"CNS small vessel disease: A clinical review"
788:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1828:
1531:
1161:Mossanen Parsi M, Duval C, Ariëns R (2021).
977:"Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia"
784:"Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia"
493:The screening blood tests typically include
3871:
1537:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
3159:
3145:
2786:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
2053:
1889:
1875:
1424:"Mixed dementia: A review of the evidence"
1252:
1211:
1078:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
473:single photon emission computed tomography
172:Subcortical vascular dementia occurs from
70:
1846:
1801:
1778:
1695:
1621:
1604:
1506:
1496:
1455:
1398:
1350:
1293:
1188:
1178:
1137:
1024:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
1000:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
807:
536:
3049:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
2645:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
974:
610:angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
549:often co-occurs with vascular dementia.
453:International Classification of Diseases
451:, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria, the
338:
35:Dementia due to cerebrovascular disease;
738:
718:
716:
455:, Tenth Edition (ICD-10) criteria, the
188:dementia due to cerebrovascular disease
4198:
3948:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
3621:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
890:
878:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
631:A 2023 review found that therapy with
3140:
3095:
2963:
2898:
2750:
2477:
2322:
2232:
2052:
1913:
1870:
1048:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
201:
4221:Mental disorders due to brain damage
3799:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
3188:
2233:
1572:
1212:Kaur M, Sharma S (1 February 2022).
1167:Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
713:
363:. On rare occasion, infarcts in the
51:Brain atrophy from vascular dementia
2752:Physiological and physical behavior
1831:"Epidemiology of Vascular Dementia"
1795:
1017:
951:
824:
622:angiotensin II receptor antagonists
217:The disease is described as both a
13:
4030:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
2698:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
2092:Emotional and behavioral disorders
1550:10.1093/med/9780199696758.001.0001
855:
194:lists vascular dementia as either
14:
4232:
3733:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
3536:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
2878:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
1808:The Royal College of Pathologists
1597:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.18085
1541:New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry
726:. World Health Organization. 2024
431:, which involves accumulation of
276:when compared with people having
3753:For more detailed coverage, see
3731:For more detailed coverage, see
3702:For more detailed coverage, see
3668:For more detailed coverage, see
3619:For more detailed coverage, see
2178:X-linked intellectual disability
1711:
1440:10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-040005
1391:10.1590/S1980-57642011DN05040003
620:, sympathetic nerve inhibitors,
42:
2007:Intermittent explosive disorder
1932:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
1822:
1754:
1719:
1472:
1428:Dementia & Neuropsychologia
1415:
1379:Dementia & Neuropsychologia
1367:
1310:
1205:
1154:
1097:
662:
383:
210:, acutely or sub-acutely as in
2650:Dissociative identity disorder
1915:Adult personality and behavior
1767:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
1728:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
1072:
975:Wong CE, Chui CH (June 2022).
507:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
16:Dementia resulting from stroke
1:
4046:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
3931:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
3789:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
1829:Wolters FJ, Ikram MA (2019).
706:
586:Ischemic changes in the brain
579:
174:damage to small blood vessels
37:Vascular cognitive impairment
4015:Progressive muscular atrophy
3054:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
2591:Generalized anxiety disorder
2324:Neurological and symptomatic
1969:Sexual relationship disorder
1646:10.1161/ATV.0000000000000164
1122:10.1212/WNL.0000000000007654
993:10.1212/CON.0000000000001124
646:
638:
559:
477:positron emission tomography
442:
7:
3525:Primary progressive aphasia
2830:REM sleep behavior disorder
2299:Seasonal affective disorder
2097:Separation anxiety disorder
1688:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008897
1286:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.3061
694:
429:cerebral amyloid angiopathy
186:lists vascular dementia as
10:
4237:
3847:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
3553:Posterior cortical atrophy
3374:Striatonigral degeneration
3225:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
3097:Symptoms and uncategorized
2198:developmental disabilities
1964:Sexual maturation disorder
1848:10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.311908
1274:Alzheimer's & Dementia
1230:10.1007/s11011-022-00901-0
800:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.04.034
387:
4155:
4070:
3953:Spinal muscular atrophies
3921:Primary lateral sclerosis
3903:
3880:
3864:
3819:
3779:Intracranial hypertension
3769:
3741:
3712:
3678:
3640:
3629:
3595:
3573:
3559:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
3498:
3308:
3299:
3285:
3245:
3179:
3102:
3091:
3067:
3059:Simple-type schizophrenia
3036:
3028:Schizophreniform disorder
3005:
2984:
2980:
2959:
2912:
2894:
2863:
2840:
2794:
2761:
2757:
2746:
2668:
2635:
2583:
2526:
2517:
2498:
2494:
2473:
2439:
2406:Mild cognitive impairment
2391:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2371:
2333:
2329:
2318:
2289:Major depressive disorder
2242:
2228:
2194:Psychological development
2193:
2168:
2065:
2061:
2048:
1977:
1924:
1920:
1909:
1802:Fletcher, A (June 2023).
1485:Journal of Neurochemistry
481:mental status examination
334:
212:mild cognitive impairment
148:
140:
130:
120:
110:
102:
92:
79:
55:
50:
41:
31:
26:
4020:Progressive bulbar palsy
3811:Intracranial hypotension
3794:Choroid plexus papilloma
3208:Herpesviral encephalitis
3107:Impulse-control disorder
3023:Schizoaffective disorder
3018:Brief reactive psychosis
2715:Mass psychogenic illness
2678:Body dysmorphic disorder
2457:Post-concussion syndrome
2067:Emotional and behavioral
1180:10.3389/fcvm.2021.803169
618:calcium channel blockers
353:anterior cerebral artery
88:, short term memory loss
3532:Frontotemporal dementia
3218:Encephalitis lethargica
3044:Childhood schizophrenia
2396:Frontotemporal dementia
2353:High-functioning autism
2170:Intellectual disability
1740:10.3233/JAD-2011-110443
1218:Metabolic Brain Disease
595:high blood lipid levels
415:cerebrovascular disease
374:cerebrovascular disease
266:swallowing difficulties
3837:Hepatic encephalopathy
2561:Specific social phobia
2452:Organic brain syndrome
2294:Melancholic depression
2055:Childhood and learning
1085:emedicine.medscape.com
654:cardiovascular disease
626:adrenergic antagonists
537:Differential diagnosis
503:thyroid function tests
411:cardiovascular disease
344:
165:caused by a series of
132:Differential diagnosis
4216:Learning disabilities
3895:Ataxia–telangiectasia
3852:Static encephalopathy
3575:Mitochondrial disease
3413:Spasmodic torticollis
3323:Basal ganglia disease
3117:Psychomotor agitation
2907:and substance-related
2850:Postpartum depression
2730:Somatization disorder
2616:Acute stress reaction
2381:AIDS dementia complex
671:in older adults. The
342:
3842:Toxic encephalopathy
3548:Lewy bodies dementia
3112:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
2942:Substance dependence
2855:Postpartum psychosis
2401:Huntington's disease
2183:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
2032:Personality disorder
701:Binswanger's disease
499:liver function tests
403:hypercholesterolemia
378:small vessel disease
301:small vessel disease
208:cognitive impairment
86:Cognitive impairment
4206:Cognitive disorders
3890:Friedreich's ataxia
3273:Meningoencephalitis
3213:Limbic encephalitis
2992:Delusional disorder
2937:Stimulant psychosis
2927:Physical dependence
2781:Rumination syndrome
2683:Conversion disorder
2660:Psychogenic amnesia
2510:with depressed mood
2508:Adjustment disorder
2411:Parkinson's disease
2386:Alzheimer's disease
2279:Atypical depression
2115:Social functioning
1990:Munchausen syndrome
1985:Factitious disorder
930:"Vascular dementia"
884:"Vascular dementia"
841:"Vascular dementia"
669:Alzheimer's disease
599:atrial fibrillation
591:high blood pressure
554:Alzheimer's disease
547:Alzheimer's disease
437:Alzheimer's disease
278:Alzheimer's disease
223:behavioral disorder
4156:External resources
3926:Pseudobulbar palsy
3664:Status epilepticus
3615:Multiple sclerosis
3452:Myoclonic epilepsy
3315:movement disorders
3261:Acute disseminated
3203:Viral encephalitis
3011:schizophrenia-like
2655:Dissociative fugue
2104:Movement disorders
1780:10.3233/JAD-131856
1079:Alagiakrishnan K.
511:C reactive protein
462:Vladimir Hachinski
345:
258:pseudobulbar palsy
202:Signs and symptoms
4193:
4192:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4055:
3860:
3859:
3765:
3764:
3704:Template:Headache
3670:Template:Epilepsy
3591:
3590:
3565:Vascular dementia
3408:Status dystonicus
3281:
3280:
3256:Encephalomyelitis
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
2955:
2954:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2631:
2630:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2426:Vascular dementia
2348:Asperger syndrome
2314:
2313:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2158:Tourette syndrome
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
1640:(10): e404–e442.
1559:978-0-19-969675-8
1498:10.1111/jnc.14271
1335:10.1136/bmj.h3029
1280:(11): 1416–1426.
1116:(24): 1146–1156.
1041:978-0-89042-554-1
794:(25): 3326–3344.
603:diabetes mellitus
505:, lipid profile,
407:diabetes mellitus
274:recall intrusions
159:Vascular dementia
156:
155:
136:Alzheimer disease
122:Diagnostic method
27:Vascular dementia
21:Medical condition
4228:
4068:
4067:
3878:
3877:
3869:
3868:
3827:Brain herniation
3638:
3637:
3478:Intention tremor
3473:Essential tremor
3338:Postencephalitic
3306:
3305:
3297:
3296:
3186:
3185:
3167:Diseases of the
3161:
3154:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3093:
3092:
2982:
2981:
2961:
2960:
2896:
2895:
2771:Anorexia nervosa
2759:
2758:
2748:
2747:
2725:Psychogenic pain
2693:Globus pharyngis
2541:Childhood phobia
2524:
2523:
2496:
2495:
2475:
2474:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2319:
2230:
2229:
2129:Selective mutism
2080:Conduct disorder
2063:
2062:
2050:
2049:
2027:Trichotillomania
2002:Gender dysphoria
1997:Fear of intimacy
1954:Sexual anhedonia
1922:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1898:Mental disorders
1891:
1884:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1699:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1608:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1510:
1500:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1265:
1250:
1249:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1004:
972:
949:
948:
946:
944:
925:
888:
887:
880:
853:
852:
850:
848:
837:
822:
821:
811:
779:
736:
735:
733:
731:
720:
495:full blood count
296:may be present.
250:plantar reflexes
75:
74:
46:
24:
23:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4151:
4150:
4079:
4065:
4052:
3978:Congenital DSMA
3899:
3856:
3815:
3761:
3749:Sleep disorders
3737:
3714:Cerebrovascular
3708:
3674:
3631:
3625:
3587:
3569:
3494:
3440:Choreoathetosis
3313:
3290:
3277:
3241:
3175:
3165:
3135:
3126:
3098:
3079:
3063:
3032:
3010:
3001:
2976:
2951:
2908:
2905:substance abuse
2882:
2859:
2836:
2790:
2776:Bulimia nervosa
2753:
2734:
2710:Hypochondriasis
2705:False pregnancy
2688:Ganser syndrome
2670:Somatic symptom
2664:
2627:
2579:
2568:Specific phobia
2513:
2490:
2461:
2435:
2367:
2363:Savant syndrome
2335:Autism spectrum
2325:
2310:
2238:
2216:
2195:
2189:
2164:
2057:
2036:
2012:Dermatillomania
1973:
1959:Sexual anorexia
1916:
1905:
1895:
1865:
1864:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1800:
1796:
1759:
1755:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1682:(10): e008897.
1668:
1661:
1626:
1622:
1577:
1573:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1536:
1532:
1477:
1473:
1420:
1416:
1372:
1368:
1315:
1311:
1266:
1253:
1210:
1206:
1159:
1155:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1022:
1018:
973:
952:
942:
940:
926:
891:
882:
881:
856:
846:
844:
839:
838:
825:
780:
739:
729:
727:
722:
721:
714:
709:
697:
665:
649:
641:
582:
562:
539:
488:medical history
445:
392:
386:
361:cingulate gyrus
355:territory, the
337:
204:
69:
36:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4234:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4172:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4137:
4126:
4111:
4096:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:Classification
4062:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4017:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3950:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3909:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3875:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3806:Cerebral edema
3803:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3755:Template:Sleep
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3635:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3583:Leigh syndrome
3579:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3319:
3317:
3310:Extrapyramidal
3303:
3294:
3292:encephalopathy
3283:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3252:
3250:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3194:
3192:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3169:nervous system
3164:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2978:
2977:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2932:Rebound effect
2929:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2873:Hypersexuality
2869:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2608:
2606:Panic disorder
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2573:Claustrophobia
2565:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2556:Anthropophobia
2548:
2546:Social anxiety
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2416:Pick's disease
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2327:
2326:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2059:
2058:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1906:
1902:Classification
1894:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1862:
1821:
1794:
1753:
1718:
1659:
1620:
1571:
1558:
1530:
1491:(5): 617–633.
1471:
1434:(4): 364–370.
1414:
1385:(4): 251–263.
1366:
1309:
1251:
1224:(2): 279–287.
1204:
1153:
1096:
1071:
1047:
1040:
1016:
987:(3): 750–780.
950:
889:
854:
823:
737:
711:
710:
708:
705:
704:
703:
696:
693:
664:
661:
648:
645:
640:
637:
581:
578:
561:
558:
543:Mixed dementia
538:
535:
444:
441:
385:
382:
357:parietal lobes
336:
333:
203:
200:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
134:
128:
127:
124:
118:
117:
114:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
96:
90:
89:
83:
77:
76:
59:
53:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
33:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4233:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3832:Reye syndrome
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:Hydrocephalus
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3597:Demyelinating
3594:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3485:Restless legs
3483:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3423:Blepharospasm
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:Hemiballismus
3377:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3244:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3230:Brain abscess
3228:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3094:
3090:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:Schizophrenia
3035:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2966:Schizophrenia
2962:
2958:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:Drug overdose
2915:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2865:Sexual desire
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2745:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2551:Social phobia
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2486:-related and
2485:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1773:(2): 467–77.
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:(3): 543–51.
1733:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
939:
935:
931:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
885:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
842:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
819:
815:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
725:
719:
717:
712:
702:
699:
698:
692:
689:
688:meta-analysis
684:
682:
677:
674:
670:
660:
657:
655:
644:
636:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
577:
575:
570:
567:
557:
555:
550:
548:
544:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
458:
454:
450:
440:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
381:
379:
375:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
341:
332:
330:
324:
322:
321:shifting sets
318:
317:perseverative
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
264:problems and
263:
260:, as well as
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:hyperreflexia
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
133:
129:
125:
123:
119:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
95:
94:Complications
91:
87:
84:
82:
78:
73:
67:
63:
60:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
34:
30:
25:
19:
4174:
4163:
4139:
4128:
4113:
4098:
4083:
4040:
3939:
3912:
3873:Degenerative
3610:Inflammatory
3564:
3557:
3490:Stiff-person
3328:Parkinsonism
3301:Degenerative
3198:Encephalitis
3181:Inflammation
3171:, primarily
2997:Folie Ă deux
2922:Intoxication
2903:substances,
2901:Psychoactive
2820:Night terror
2637:Dissociative
2601:Panic attack
2425:
2153:Tic disorder
1838:
1834:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1807:
1797:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1679:
1675:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1591:(1): 22–34.
1588:
1585:Hypertension
1584:
1574:
1563:. Retrieved
1540:
1533:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1277:
1273:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1088:. Retrieved
1084:
1074:
1063:. Retrieved
1059:
1050:
1026:
1019:
984:
980:
941:. Retrieved
845:. Retrieved
791:
787:
728:. Retrieved
685:
681:hypertension
678:
666:
663:Epidemiology
658:
650:
642:
630:
607:
583:
571:
566:white matter
563:
551:
540:
527:vitamin B-12
523:electrolytes
492:
485:
475:(SPECT) and
466:
446:
433:amyloid beta
426:
399:hypertension
395:Risk factors
393:
384:Risk factors
346:
325:
305:frontal lobe
298:
242:bradykinesia
235:
216:
205:
195:
187:
182:
171:
158:
157:
112:Risk factors
18:
4165:MedlinePlus
4025:Fazio–Londe
3865:Both/either
3659:Generalised
3518:Early-onset
3513:Alzheimer's
3248:spinal cord
2970:schizotypal
2805:Hypersomnia
2795:Nonorganic
2536:Agoraphobia
2267:Cyclothymia
2262:Bipolar NOS
2237:(affective)
2109:Stereotypic
2017:Kleptomania
1810:. p. 8
1060:icd.who.int
401:, smoking,
365:hippocampus
270:free recall
248:, extensor
238:hemiparesis
225:within the
32:Other names
4200:Categories
4141:DiseasesDB
3633:paroxysmal
3605:Autoimmune
3398:Dyskinesia
3268:Meningitis
3246:Brain and
3122:Stereotypy
2985:Delusional
2974:delusional
2947:Withdrawal
2815:Parasomnia
2720:Nosophobia
2500:Adjustment
2488:somatoform
2421:Sundowning
2274:Depression
2257:Bipolar II
2146:Stuttering
2141:Cluttering
1937:Paraphilia
1565:2015-09-07
1173:: 803169.
1090:2021-03-19
1065:2022-12-09
707:References
673:prevalence
580:Prevention
490:analysis.
388:See also:
376:, such as
290:dysarthria
282:Wernicke's
272:and fewer
62:Psychiatry
4184:neuro/227
4176:eMedicine
3630:Episodic/
3508:Tauopathy
3459:Akathisia
3447:Myoclonus
3430:Athetosis
3362:Tauopathy
3075:Catatonia
3007:Psychosis
2842:Postnatal
2825:Nightmare
2431:Wandering
2284:Dysthymia
2252:Bipolar I
2207:Pervasive
2022:Pyromania
1947:Voyeurism
1942:Fetishism
1814:March 19,
1448:1980-5764
1343:1756-1833
1329:: h3029.
1238:1573-7365
1130:1526-632X
1110:Neurology
981:Continuum
647:Prognosis
639:Treatment
614:diuretics
572:Although
560:Pathology
443:Diagnosis
359:, or the
231:affective
178:cognition
149:Frequency
141:Treatment
66:neurology
57:Specialty
4211:Dementia
4181:med/3150
3996:SMALED2B
3991:SMALED2A
3688:Migraine
3680:Headache
3646:epilepsy
3642:Seizures
3500:Dementia
3403:Dystonia
2810:Insomnia
2480:Neurotic
2447:Delirium
2373:Dementia
2212:Specific
1857:31294622
1789:24625796
1748:21694455
1706:26510729
1676:BMJ Open
1654:37706297
1615:36129176
1525:33778577
1517:29210074
1466:29354216
1409:29213752
1361:26079686
1304:30177276
1246:35029798
1199:35004913
1148:31142635
1011:35678401
938:28613567
847:10 April
818:31248555
730:10 April
695:See also
574:atheroma
515:syphilis
422:genotype
369:thalamus
349:infarcts
329:syphilis
294:aphasias
163:dementia
81:Symptoms
4135:D015161
4008:SMA-PME
4003:SMA-PCH
3986:SMALED1
3698:Tension
3693:Cluster
3418:Meige's
3235:Amoebic
2519:Anxiety
2358:PDD-NOS
2247:Bipolar
1900: (
1697:4636675
1606:9742151
1457:5769994
1400:5619038
1352:4468575
1295:6231970
1190:8733168
1139:6598791
1032:591–603
1002:9833847
943:9 April
809:6719789
686:A 2018
419:APOE-ε4
286:Broca's
167:strokes
4170:000746
3727:Stroke
3541:Pick's
3468:Tremor
3435:Chorea
2763:Eating
2611:Stress
2528:Phobia
2484:stress
2343:Autism
2136:Speech
1925:Sexual
1855:
1787:
1746:
1704:
1694:
1652:
1613:
1603:
1556:
1523:
1515:
1464:
1454:
1446:
1407:
1397:
1359:
1349:
1341:
1302:
1292:
1244:
1236:
1197:
1187:
1146:
1136:
1128:
1038:
1009:
999:
936:
816:
806:
633:statin
531:folate
529:, and
413:, and
335:Causes
313:abulia
309:apathy
254:ataxia
227:ICD-11
219:mental
184:ICD-11
103:Causes
68:
4124:290.4
4109:F01.1
4041:both:
3973:DSMA1
3968:SMAX2
3963:SMAX1
3943:only:
3916:only:
3820:Other
3742:Other
3654:Focal
3287:Brain
3190:Brain
3068:Other
2797:sleep
2584:Other
2440:Other
2306:Mania
1978:Other
1521:S2CID
601:, or
192:DSM-5
4146:8393
4130:MeSH
4119:9-CM
4094:6D81
3644:and
3355:PKAN
3350:NBIA
2972:and
2621:PTSD
2235:Mood
2075:ADHD
1853:PMID
1816:2024
1785:PMID
1744:PMID
1702:PMID
1650:PMID
1611:PMID
1554:ISBN
1513:PMID
1462:PMID
1444:ISSN
1405:PMID
1357:PMID
1339:ISSN
1300:PMID
1242:PMID
1234:ISSN
1195:PMID
1144:PMID
1126:ISSN
1036:ISBN
1007:PMID
945:2024
934:PMID
849:2024
814:PMID
732:2024
519:urea
292:and
262:gait
221:and
4115:ICD
4100:ICD
4085:ICD
3958:SMA
3941:LMN
3914:UMN
3905:MND
3771:CSF
3722:TIA
3367:PSP
3343:NMS
3312:and
3173:CNS
3009:and
2596:OCD
2124:RAD
2119:DAD
2085:ODD
1843:doi
1775:doi
1736:doi
1692:PMC
1684:doi
1642:doi
1601:PMC
1593:doi
1546:doi
1503:hdl
1493:doi
1489:144
1452:PMC
1436:doi
1395:PMC
1387:doi
1347:PMC
1331:doi
1327:350
1323:BMJ
1290:PMC
1282:doi
1226:doi
1185:PMC
1175:doi
1134:PMC
1118:doi
997:PMC
989:doi
804:PMC
796:doi
624:or
605:.
483:.
469:ECG
464:).
367:or
299:In
284:or
161:is
4202::
4179::
4168::
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