221:
724:
692:
other non-brahmin groups enjoyed a status equal to that of the
Brahmins. The Vellalar also had more authority, power and status than the Brahmins in some social and ritual contexts. They were more orthodox than the Brahmins in their religious practices. The Vellalar nobles had marriage alliances with Chola royal families.
691:
during the Chola era and many of the cult's leaders were drawn from the ranks of the
Vellalar. They were a prosperous community of farmers and landowners who had provided economic support to Shiva temples in the Tamil country. In the Tamil region, Vellalar like Mudaliyar and Pillai along with certain
845:
Coming to the
Vellalas, Andre Beteille, an authority on caste in South India writes: The term 'Vellala' is rather confusing because of its comprehensive use. Even the Vellalas proper, those who are of Vellala origin-are not a homogeneous unit but are subdivided into small sections. These sub-groups
674:
who were traditionally land-holders and lived inside forts, neither lease land for agriculture nor do they till their own fields. They also do not supervise cultivation directly due to the stigma attached to farming and manual labor. Similarly, the
Vellala Chettis, a branch of the Chozhia Vellalars
234:
The
Vellalars have a long cultural history that goes back to over two millennia in southern India, where once they were the ruling and land-owning community. Though the Vellalar have generally been associated with the landed gentry and agriculture, they are not a homogenous group and various people
375:
chieftains. We know of a queen of
Vikramaditya Varaguna, an Ay king of 9th century who is referred to as Murugan Chenthi and as Aykula Mahadevi from inscriptions. Her father, an Ay chief called Chathan Murugan is described as a Vennir Vellala that is a Vellala by birth, in the Huzur plates of king
827:, even in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, "Vellalar affiliation was as vague and uncertain as that of most other south Indian castes"; Vellalar identity was a source of prestige and "There were any number of groups sought to claim Vellalar status for themselves"
779:
From the Sangam period to the Chola period of Indian history (A.d. 600 to 1200), state-level political authority was in the hands of relatively low, Vellalar chieftains, who endowed local and nonlocal
Brahmins with land and honors, and were in turn legitimized by them.
653:
in the 15th century. The villages and areas settled by the Saiva
Velaalar even now have a small number of Jaina families and inscriptional evidence indicate that these were earlier Jaina settlements as is evident by the existence of old Jaina temples.
906:
Among the Tamil castes, both
Karkattar Vellalas (Arunachalam, 1975) and Kondaikatti Vellalas (Barnett, 1970) have much the same profile as the KP (Kottai Pillaimar): both are non-cultivating land-holders, with a history of service to ruling
410:) has a striking resemblance to the origin legend of the Hoysalas where ‘'sala'’ kills the tiger to save a sage. As per historian Arokiaswami, the Hoysala title ‘'Ballala'’ is only a variant of the Tamil word ‘'Vellala'’. The Hoysala king
1666:
430:, "the Vellalars were the dominant secular aristocratic caste under the Chola kings, providing the courtiers, most of the army officers, the lower ranks of the kingdom's bureaucracy, and the upper layer of the peasantry".
892:
All of those who feared for their lives converted to
Saivism (and not any other religious sect) adorning the sacred ash, 'throwing away their sacred threads', they assumed the identity of Saiva (nir-puci) vellalars or
487:. The Chola inscriptions state that the Velaikkara forces pledged under oath to commit suicide in case they failed to defend their king or in the event of his death. The Chalukya kings were also known by the title
1667:École pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences économiques et sociales, University of Oxford. Institute of Social Anthropology, Research Centre on Social and Economic Development in Asia (1995).
873:
Records in his third year gift of 90 sheep for a lamp by Velala Madurantakam alias Tandanayakan Rajadhiraja Ilangovelan of Nadar, a village in Tiraimur-nadu which was a sub-division of Uyyakondan-valanadu in
855:
Without going into detail, it must suffice to say that in Sripuram the Vellalas proper are segmented into three endogamous units: Chozhia Vellala, Karaikathu Vellala, and Kodikkal Vellala.
1409:
707:
region. The Smarta adopted the worship of Hindu deities and combined their Sanskritic background with Tamil Saiva and Vaishnava devotionalism and eventually identified themselves as
449:) having arrived with great weapons of war from the 78-nadus of Chola-mandalam and the 48000-bhumi of Jayangonda-cholamandalam (the northern districts of Tamil Nadu that is
402:
as in one of the Sangam poems, the ancestor of the Irungovel chieftain is said to have ruled the fortified city of Tuvarai. This city is identified with the Hoysala capital
2003:
Reading History with the Tamil Jainas. A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation. Volume 22 of Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures
1988:
Reading History with the Tamil Jainas. A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation. Volume 22 of Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures
933:
Reading History with the Tamil Jainas. A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation. Volume 22 of Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures
1410:
K. A. NILAKANTA SASTRI, M.A., Emeritus Professor of Indian History and Archaeology, University of Madras. Professor of Indology. University of Mysore. (1955).
476:
troops were special units of armed forces drawn from the right-hand castes that were close to the king. The units were generally named after the king like
197:
where it is used in the sense of a landowner. The term Velaalar (வேளாளர்) can be derived from the word Vel (வேள்), Vel being a title that was borne by the
1726:
1682:
1425:
275:
lists the six virtues of Vellalar as abstention from killing, abstention from stealing, propagation of religion, hospitality, justice and honesty.
263:
who apart from practising agriculture had the right to carry weapons and wear garlands when they were involved in affairs of the state. The term
299:
identifies the Kalabhras with the Kalappalar section of the Vellalar and equates king Achyuta Vikranta with Achyuta Kalappala the father of
212:
for flood, which gave rise to various rights of land; and it is because of the acquisition of land rights that the Vellalar got their name.
1236:
The Ventar-Velir-Velalar groups constituted the ruling and land-owning classes in the Tamil country since the beginning of recorded history
1591:
The Early History of the Vellar Basin, with Special Reference to the Irukkuvels of Kodumbalur. A Study in Vellala Origin and Early History
1576:
The Early History of the Vellar Basin, with Special Reference to the Irukkuvels of Kodumbalur. A Study in Vellala Origin and Early History
1213:
283:
In the years that immediately followed the Sangam age (from third to sixth century CE), the Tamil lands were ruled by a dynasty called
883:
It is also widely believed that the Saiva Vellalas of Madras State who are stricter vegetarians than even Tamil Brahmins, were Jainas.
1860:
Fernando, A. Denis N. (1987). "PENINSULAR JAFFNA FROM ANCIENT TO MEDIEVAL TIMES: Its Significant Historical and Settlement Aspects".
687:
The Vellalar were considered to be of high status and enjoyed a high rank during the Chola period. They helped promote and stabilize
287:. Historians believe that the Kalabhras belonged to the Vellalar community of warriors who were possibly once the feudatories of the
629:
are from the Vellalar social group. Also, the Saiva Velaalar sect are originally believed to have been Jainas before they embraced
864:
The Kongu Vellalar is an engogamous group. They use 'gounder' as a title and hence they are also known as Kongu Vellala Gounders.
1970:
Religion and Politics in Medieval South India. Papers of a Seminar Held by the Institute of Asian Studies and Andhra University
1710:
961:
2242:
2213:
1372:
1136:
1024:
990:
472:
troops of the Cholas with the Vellalas and notes that the contents of the above inscription confirm this identification. The
1084:. Anthropological Survey of India, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Department of Culture, Government of India. p. 243.
2266:
1241:
226:
1898:
1109:
2140:
1952:
1925:
1300:
1196:
766:
2063:
Population and Social Change in an Indian Village. Quarter Century of Development in Managadu Village, Tamil Nadu
220:
804:
733:
2145:, Publication (Indian Council of Social Science Research), Indian Council of Social Science Research, p. 10
1205:
1263:
662:
Even though at present, the term "Vellalar" is uncertain, a number of non-cultivating landholding castes like
2116:
546:
and had the title Uttama Chola Pallavaraiyan. Sekkilan Mahadevadigal Ramadeva was an elder contemporary of
799:
319:, verse 3179) to his patron Achyuta Vikranta who was then (fifth century CE) ruling the Chola kingdom as
2092:
1669:
Contributions to Indian Sociology Volumes 29-30 of Contributions to Indian Sociology: Occasional Studies
1917:
The Politics of Reconstruction and Development in Sri Lanka: Transnational Commitments to Social Change
1711:
K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, M.A., Professor of Indian History and Archaeology University of Madras (1937).
1292:
670:
who served ruling dynasties in various capacities also identify themselves as Vellalar. Likewise, the
1255:
20:
1364:
The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties
836:
The term "Vellalar" is a generic term for a group of high ranking Non-brahmin castes in TamilNadu
2271:
2164:
737:
1249:
1126:
1014:
980:
387:(near Pudukottai district). They were related to the Cholas by marriage. In an inscription of
2203:
1915:
1624:
Essays on Indian History and Culture. Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor B. Sheik Ali
1362:
1186:
582:
134:
101:
1754:
1220:
235:
from diverse backgrounds have identified themselves as a Vellalar in the course of history.
1350:. Publisher: Society for Archaeological, Historical, and Epigraphical Research. p. 72.
1188:
Societas to Civitas: evolution of political society in South India: pre-Pallavan Tamil̤akam
667:
522:
in south India from the seventh century CE onwards and helped revive Hinduism. Many of the
748:
8:
1079:
645:. While some of the Jains assign this conversion to the period of the Bhakti movement in
575:
547:
174:
2156:
1869:
1720:
1676:
1419:
650:
598:, involved in tillage and cattle cultivation. Local Sri Lankan literature, such as the
296:
153:. The Vellalar are members of several endogamous castes such as the numerically strong
2261:
2238:
2209:
1948:
1921:
1894:
1368:
1296:
1259:
1192:
1132:
1105:
1020:
986:
794:
591:
411:
388:
383:
or Irukkuvel chieftains were another ancient Velir clan who ruled from their capital
248:
190:
154:
1019:. Princeton Library of Asian Translations. Princeton University Press. p. 355.
671:
607:
483:
170:
158:
105:
88:
1942:
1888:
1286:
1099:
675:
were traders and merchants. The Adi-saiva vellalar sect is a strictly vegetarian
543:
519:
415:
359:
were an ancient group of Tamil chieftains who claimed Yadava (Yadu) descent. The
292:
2084:
1067:
Caste, Class and Power: Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village
1739:
1471:
Mathurā.The Settlement Pattern and Cultural Profile of an Early Historical City
587:
500:
450:
434:
427:
332:
166:
74:
57:
1080:
D. Tyagi; K. K. Bhattacharya; S. S. Datta Chaudhuri; D. Xaviour, eds. (2012).
2255:
1619:
789:
603:
535:
288:
272:
244:
2162:
1742:
Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India
1251:
Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries
614:
461:
442:
403:
336:
122:
47:
982:
Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu
445:(about 1072-1073 CE) describe how the great army of the right hand class (
824:
559:
304:
252:
96:
1944:
The Rise of Tamil Separatism in Sri Lanka: From Communalism to Secession
1873:
1270:
Not only were the Vellalas the landowning communities of South India,...
1558:
663:
646:
626:
595:
539:
384:
360:
162:
142:
92:
83:
2090:
2015:
1755:
Professor of Asian History Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund (2004).
641:
meaning the vellalars who left Jainism by smearing the sacred ash or
531:
380:
300:
268:
194:
150:
617:
and they formed one of the colonial political elites of the island.
1531:
The City in Indian History. Urban Demography, Society, and Politics
708:
700:
688:
630:
555:
523:
438:
406:
by some historians. Also, the legend of the chief killing a tiger (
284:
109:
70:
39:
676:
551:
464:
who has done a detailed analysis of this inscription equates the
399:
363:
were one such Velir group that ruled the territory in and around
344:
79:
43:
2205:
An Untouchable Community in South India: Structure and Consensus
1438:
391:
an Irukkuvel feudatory who was a high-ranking military officer (
2018:
Gender and the Household Domain. Social and Cultural Dimensions
1608:. Commissioner of Museums, Government of Tamil Nadu. p. 2.
704:
527:
243:
The Vellalar are spoken of as a group of people right from the
146:
1799:
1333:
An Outline of the Cultural History and Principles of Hinduism
985:. South Asia Research. Oxford University Press. p. 209.
712:
563:
454:
398:
The Irungovels are considered to be of the same stock as the
364:
356:
340:
308:
198:
138:
2097:(in Slovenian), Superintendent Government Press, p. 128
1844:
1348:
Madurai Through the Ages From the Earliest Times to 1801 A.D
534:
sang the glories of these Nayanmars in his magnum opus, the
2186:
2075:
1772:
A Survey of the Sources for the History of Tamil Literature
1052:
Applied Anthropology and Challenges of Development in India
696:
606:, narrates the migration of Vellala Nattar chiefs from the
328:
224:
Vellālars worshipping lingam, snake-stones and Ganēsa from
1698:
Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern
1516:
Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern
1214:"Meluhha and Agastya: Alpha and Omega of the Indus Script"
744:
2060:
1715:. Thompson & Co., Ltd., Printers, Madras. p. 11.
1441:
Pāli, A Grammar of the Language of the Theravāda Tipiṭaka
418:, the town that served as their capital in 14th century.
414:
is even now locally known as the ‘'Vellala Maharaja'’ in
376:
Karunandakkan, the predecessor of Vikramaditya Varaguna.
367:
during the Sangam period. The word Venad is derived from
1740:
Keith E. Yandell Keith E. Yandell, John J. Paul (2013).
1488:. Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot. p. 117.
1082:
Nutritional Status of Indian Population: Southern region
515:), in epigraphs and in the old Tamil lexicon Divakaram.
457:
district) by the grace of Rajendrachola (Kulottunga I).
2163:
University of Travancore; University of Kerala (1948),
1320:. International Institute of Tamil Studies. p. 33.
580:
The Vellalars of Sri Lanka have been chronicled in the
2235:
Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience
2045:
1354:
1315:
1769:
1651:
1397:
Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad: To A.D. 1336
562:
preachings by forcing him to sign a document stating
530:
saints, were Vellalar. In the 12th century CE, saint
311:
kingdom and authored Buddhist manuals refers (in the
247:
and are mentioned in many of the classical works of
2118:
The Justice Party: A Historical Perspective, 1916-37
2033:
Boundary Walls. Caste and Women in a Tamil Community
1787:
Temples of Tamilnadu Kancheepuram District, Volume 1
1543:
335:, the word Kalamba or Kalambam (in Tamil) means the
2091:Madras (India : State). Record Office (1957),
2016:Karuna Chanana, Maithreyi Krishna Raj, ed. (1989).
1981:
1979:
1829:
1006:
1468:
1184:
1159:. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 233.
2108:
1967:
1862:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka
1639:Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India
1501:Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India
649:others link it to a conflict with a ruler of the
633:. The Tamil Jains refer to the Saiva Velaalar as
2253:
2232:
2000:
1985:
1976:
1940:
1890:The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics
1559:T.A. Society (Tiruchchirāppalli, India) (1986).
1453:
930:
2132:
2035:. Hindustan Publishing Corporation. p. 27.
1941:Welhengama, Gnanapala; Pillay, Nirmala (2014).
1784:
1394:
1211:
1172:Tamil Culture in Ceylon: A General Introduction
1049:
945:
926:
924:
1345:
1169:
1101:Ritual and Recovery in Post-Conflict Sri Lanka
1064:
972:
703:for religious influence in the temples in the
550:, the king who is said to have persecuted the
453:) conquered and colonized southern Karnataka (
2191:. Princeton University Press. pp. 54–55.
2030:
1618:
1603:
1330:
267:itself occurs in the sense of a landowner in
201:chieftains of Sangam age among other things.
2080:. Princeton University Press. p. 45,54.
1814:
1725:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1681:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1641:. Oxford University Press. pp. 190–191.
1636:
1498:
1424:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1016:Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints
921:
679:group that traditionally served as priests.
538:. Sekkizhar was born in a Vellala family in
2189:Poems to Siva The Hymns of the Tamil Saints
2078:Poems to Siva The Hymns of the Tamil Saints
1360:
2208:. Princeton University Press. p. 37.
1588:
1573:
1528:
1247:
1154:
747:. Please do not remove this message until
2142:Dravidian Kinship and Modes of Production
2114:
1972:. Institute of Asian Studies. p. 15.
1847:Sri Ramanuja. Makers of Indian literature
1817:The City of the Cosmic Dance: Chidambaram
1789:. Controller of Publications. p. 54.
1695:
1563:. Asian Educational Services. p. 28.
1548:. Asian Educational Services. p. 53.
1513:
1483:
1439:Thomas Oberlies, Richard Pischel (2001).
1150:
1148:
1131:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 390.
1124:
1093:
1091:
767:Learn how and when to remove this message
343:symbol that is associated with Tamil god
1859:
1626:. Mittal Publications. pp. 105–107.
1561:The Tamilian Antiquary Volume 1, Issue 5
1280:
1278:
1045:
1043:
1012:
846:are always segmented and are endogamous.
743:Relevant discussion may be found on the
395:) of the king is described as a Velala.
219:
2201:
1913:
1622:(1990). H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy (ed.).
1503:. Oxford University Press. p. 350.
437:inscriptions from Avani and Uttanur in
259:but refers to a group of people called
238:
2254:
1834:. Manivasagar Pathippagam. p. 13.
1800:Balasubrahmanyam Venkataraman (1994).
1533:. South Asia Publications. p. 61.
1145:
1097:
1088:
1069:. Oxford University Press. p. 86.
2233:Lucassen, Jan; Lucassen, Leo (2014).
2138:
1893:. Duke University Press. p. 84.
1845:Madabhushini Narasimhacharya (2004).
1700:. Gyan Publishing House. p. 179.
1284:
1275:
1040:
518:The Vellalar also contributed to the
478:Rajaraja-terinda-valangai-velaikkarar
278:
2187:Indira Viswanathan Peterson (2014).
2076:Indira Viswanathan Peterson (2014).
1886:
1774:. Annamalai University. p. 135.
1654:A Military History of Medieval India
1191:. Kalinga Publications. p. 64.
897:(the Jainas who smeared sacred ash).
717:
699:have always competed with the Tamil
371:-nadu, that is the country ruled by
307:, the Pali writer who stayed in the
208:(வெள்ளாளர் ) may come from the root
185:The earliest occurrence of the term
2121:, Poompozhil Publishers, p. 17
1518:. Kalpaz Publications. p. 181.
1414:. G. S. Press, Madras. p. 108.
1178:
1128:Historical Dictionary of the Tamils
978:
482:the known (terinda) forces of king
421:
325:the favourite of the Kalamba family
227:Castes and Tribes of Southern India
13:
2226:
2065:. Mittal Publications. p. 42.
2061:A. Aiyappan, K. Mahadevan (1988).
1185:Venkatasubramanian, T. K. (1993).
586:and other historical texts of the
14:
2283:
2050:. Popular Prakashan. p. 209.
1473:. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 121.
1458:. National Book Trust. p. 8.
1335:. Stangard Printers. p. 269.
962:"Vellala | Encyclopedia.com"
2020:. Sage Publications. p. 92.
1759:. Psychology Press. p. 143.
1443:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 88.
1288:Rural Society in Southeast India
950:. SAGE Publications. p. 81.
722:
682:
657:
426:According to the anthropologist
2195:
2180:
2069:
2054:
2046:Govind Sadashiv Ghurye (1969).
2039:
2024:
2009:
1994:
1961:
1934:
1907:
1880:
1853:
1838:
1823:
1808:
1793:
1778:
1763:
1748:
1733:
1704:
1689:
1660:
1645:
1630:
1612:
1597:
1582:
1567:
1552:
1537:
1522:
1507:
1492:
1477:
1462:
1447:
1432:
1403:
1388:
1339:
1324:
1316:Ka. Ta Tirunāvukkaracu (1994).
1309:
1163:
1118:
1073:
1058:
900:
886:
877:
867:
858:
849:
805:Ponnambalam-Coomaraswamy family
532:Sekkilan Mahadevadigal Ramadeva
441:Taluk dated in the 3rd year of
1849:. Sahitya Akademi. p. 25.
1770:Muthusamy Govindasamy (1977).
1652:Gurcharn Singh Sandhu (2003).
1606:The Gopuras of Thiruvannamalai
954:
939:
839:
830:
817:
1:
1914:Gerharz, Eva (3 April 2014).
1819:. Orient Longman. p. 32.
1593:. Amudha Nilayam. p. 29.
1578:. Amudha Nilayam. p. 28.
1544:P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar (1993).
1174:. Kalai Nilayam. p. 136.
1054:. Punthi-Pustak. p. 152.
914:
620:
594:population and are the major
447:perumpadai valangai mahasenai
1830:Caṇmukam Meyyappan̲ (1992).
1804:. Mudgala Trust. p. 65.
1656:. Vision Books. p. 208.
1318:Chieftains of the Sangam Age
1219:. p. 16. Archived from
569:
350:
180:
7:
2267:Social groups of Tamil Nadu
1469:Vijaya Laxmi Singh (2005).
800:List of Vellalar sub castes
783:
749:conditions to do so are met
711:and started worshipping in
613:Their dominance rose under
499:means region or country in
10:
2288:
1968:Andhra University (1972).
1947:. Routledge. p. 168.
1361:Chakrabarty, D.K. (2010).
1293:Cambridge University Press
1125:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2017).
573:
255:does not contain the term
215:
149:and northeastern parts of
18:
2202:Moffatt, Michael (2015).
2166:Journal of Indian History
2094:Tanjore District Handbook
2001:R. Umamaheshwari (2018).
1986:R. Umamaheshwari (2018).
1920:. Routledge. p. 73.
1832:Chidambaram Golden Temple
1744:. Routledge. p. 249.
1454:K. R. Srinivasan (1979).
1412:The Colas, Second Edition
1367:. OUP India. p. 84.
1256:Brill Academic Publishers
1104:. Routledge. p. 77.
931:R. Umamaheshwari (2018).
118:
63:
53:
35:
30:
21:Vellalar (disambiguation)
2005:. Springer. p. 223.
1990:. Springer. p. 222.
1785:C. Chandramouli (2003).
1529:Indu Banga, ed. (1991).
1395:N. Subrahmanian (1993).
1285:Gough, Kathleen (2008).
1050:P. R. G. Mathur (1994).
946:Rowena Robinson (2003).
935:. Springer. p. 250.
810:
625:At present, most of the
590:. They form half of the
468:military forces and the
295:. Scholar and historian
2048:Caste and Race in India
1346:D. Devakunjari (1979).
1170:M. D. Raghavan (1971).
1065:André Béteille (2012).
1013:Peterson, I.V. (2014).
507:, that is kings of the
2115:Rajaraman, P. (1988),
2031:Kamala Ganesh (1993).
1671:. Mouton. p. 265.
1604:F. H. Gravely (2002).
1456:Temples of South India
1331:C. Sivaratnam (1964).
231:
1815:B. Natarajan (1974).
1637:Burton Stein (1994).
1499:Burton Stein (1994).
1212:Iravatham Mahadevan.
1098:Derges, Jane (2013).
583:Yalpana Vaipava Malai
566:is the greatest god.
223:
1546:South Indian Shrines
1399:. Ennes. p. 67.
668:Kondaikatti Velaalar
664:Kaarukaatha Velaalar
321:Kalamba-kula nandane
239:In Sangam literature
19:For other uses, see
1887:Holt, John (2011).
1802:Tillai and Nataraja
1248:André Wink (2002).
1157:From Tribe to Caste
1155:Dev Nathan (1997).
948:Christians of India
736:of this section is
576:Sri Lankan Vellalar
548:Kulothunga Chola II
491:, that is kings of
175:Sri Lankan Vellalar
163:Karkarthar Vellalar
102:Sri Lankan Vellalar
2139:Gough, K. (1978),
1757:A History of India
1696:Raj Kumar (2008).
1514:Raj Kumar (2008).
979:Orr, L.C. (2000).
651:Vijayanagar empire
639:nīr-pūci-vellalars
297:M. Raghava Iyengar
279:Post-Sangam period
232:
106:Yazhpana Kudanaadu
2244:978-9-00427-136-4
2215:978-1-40087-036-3
1486:History of Kerala
1374:978-0-19-908832-4
1138:978-1-53810-686-0
1026:978-1-4008-6006-7
992:978-0-19-535672-4
895:nir-puci-nayinars
795:List of Vellalars
777:
776:
769:
635:nīr-pūci-nayinārs
412:Veera Ballala III
389:Rajadhiraja Chola
249:Sangam literature
191:Sangam literature
155:Arunattu Vellalar
128:
127:
2279:
2248:
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1589:M. Arokiaswami.
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1574:M. Arokiaswami.
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966:encyclopedia.com
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672:Kottai Pillaimar
608:Coromandel Coast
602:, an account on
592:Sri Lankan Tamil
484:Rajaraja Chola I
422:The Chola period
317:Vinayavinicchaya
171:Thuluva Vellalar
159:Chozhia Vellalar
28:
27:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2229:
2227:Further reading
2224:
2223:
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2200:
2196:
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2157:
2148:
2146:
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1484:R. Leela Devi.
1482:
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1258:. p. 321.
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742:
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723:
697:Smarta Brahmins
685:
660:
623:
578:
572:
544:Thondaimandalam
520:Bhakti movement
505:Velkulattarasar
424:
416:Thiruvannamalai
353:
331:language as in
281:
261:Velaan Maanthar
241:
218:
183:
114:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2285:
2275:
2274:
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2194:
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2131:
2107:
2083:
2068:
2053:
2038:
2023:
2008:
1993:
1975:
1960:
1953:
1933:
1926:
1906:
1900:978-0822349822
1899:
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1338:
1323:
1308:
1301:
1295:. p. 29.
1274:
1264:
1240:
1226:on 7 June 2011
1204:
1197:
1177:
1162:
1144:
1137:
1117:
1111:978-1136214882
1110:
1087:
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792:
785:
782:
775:
774:
730:
728:
721:
684:
681:
659:
656:
622:
619:
610:to Sri Lanka.
600:Kailiyai Malai
588:Jaffna kingdom
574:Main article:
571:
568:
451:Tondaimandalam
433:Two identical
428:Kathleen Gough
423:
420:
352:
349:
280:
277:
273:Pattinappaalai
240:
237:
217:
214:
182:
179:
167:Kongu Vellalar
133:is a group of
126:
125:
120:
119:Related groups
116:
115:
113:
112:
99:
86:
77:
67:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2284:
2273:
2272:Indian castes
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
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2257:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2231:
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2217:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2183:
2169:, p. 274
2168:
2167:
2159:
2144:
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2111:
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2095:
2087:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2012:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1954:9781135119713
1950:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1927:9781317692799
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1919:
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1692:
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1633:
1625:
1621:
1620:B. Sheikh Ali
1615:
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874:Solamandalam.
870:
861:
852:
842:
833:
826:
823:According to
820:
816:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
790:Pallavaraiyan
788:
787:
781:
771:
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746:
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739:
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719:
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693:
690:
683:Social status
680:
678:
673:
669:
665:
658:Current usage
655:
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648:
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632:
628:
618:
616:
611:
609:
605:
604:Kalinga Magha
601:
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541:
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536:Periyapuranam
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348:
346:
342:
339:, the sacred
338:
334:
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326:
322:
318:
314:
313:Nigamanagātha
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
276:
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262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:Sangam period
236:
229:
228:
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213:
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202:
200:
196:
192:
189:(வேளாளர்) in
188:
178:
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156:
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148:
144:
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136:
132:
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72:
69:
68:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2234:
2204:
2197:
2188:
2182:
2171:, retrieved
2165:
2158:
2147:, retrieved
2141:
2134:
2123:, retrieved
2117:
2110:
2099:, retrieved
2093:
2086:
2077:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2011:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1969:
1963:
1943:
1936:
1916:
1909:
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1855:
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1810:
1801:
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1638:
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1614:
1605:
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1584:
1575:
1569:
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1554:
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1530:
1524:
1515:
1509:
1500:
1494:
1485:
1479:
1470:
1464:
1455:
1449:
1440:
1434:
1411:
1405:
1396:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1363:
1356:
1347:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1317:
1311:
1287:
1269:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1228:. Retrieved
1221:the original
1207:
1187:
1180:
1171:
1165:
1156:
1127:
1120:
1100:
1081:
1075:
1066:
1060:
1051:
1030:. Retrieved
1015:
1008:
996:. Retrieved
981:
974:
965:
956:
947:
941:
932:
902:
894:
888:
879:
869:
860:
851:
841:
832:
819:
778:
763:
754:
732:
705:Kaveri delta
694:
686:
661:
642:
638:
634:
624:
612:
599:
581:
579:
554:philosopher
517:
512:
508:
504:
496:
492:
489:Velpularasar
488:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:Burton Stein
459:
446:
443:Kulottunga I
432:
425:
407:
404:Dwarasamudra
397:
392:
378:
372:
368:
354:
337:Kadamba tree
324:
320:
316:
312:
282:
264:
260:
256:
242:
233:
225:
209:
205:
203:
186:
184:
130:
129:
123:Tamil people
75:Thondai Nadu
64:Subdivisions
48:Christianity
25:
16:Indian caste
825:Susan Bayly
757:August 2022
643:(tiru)-nīru
627:Tamil Jains
560:Vaishnavite
408:Pulikadimal
393:Dandanayaka
305:Buddhadatta
271:. The poem
253:Tolkappiyam
97:Pandya Nadu
2256:Categories
1380:16 January
1265:9004092498
915:References
907:dynasties.
734:neutrality
647:Tamil nadu
621:In Jainism
615:Dutch rule
596:husbandmen
540:Kundrathur
480:, that is
474:Velaikkara
470:Velaikkara
460:Historian
385:Kodumbalur
143:Tamil Nadu
141:states of
110:Vanni Nadu
104:‡ —
93:Chola Nadu
91:‡ —
84:Kongu Nadu
82:‡ —
2237:. BRILL.
2173:4 January
2149:4 January
2125:4 January
2101:4 January
1721:cite book
1713:The Colas
1677:cite book
1420:cite book
745:talk page
715:temples.
709:Shaivites
701:Shaivites
570:Sri Lanka
524:Nayanmars
503:) and as
495:country (
381:Irunkovel
351:The Velir
301:Meykandar
285:Kalabhras
269:Paripadal
204:The word
195:Paripadal
181:Etymology
151:Sri Lanka
73:‡ —
54:Languages
36:Religions
2262:Vellalar
1874:23731055
1032:29 March
998:29 March
784:See also
738:disputed
689:Shaivism
666:and the
631:Hinduism
558:for his
556:Ramanuja
466:Valangai
439:Mulbagal
400:Hoysalas
323:meaning
293:Pallavas
291:and the
265:Vellalar
257:Vellalar
206:Vellalar
187:Velaalar
131:Vellalar
71:Mudaliar
40:Hinduism
31:Vellalar
677:Saivite
552:Brahmin
361:Ay Vels
345:Murugan
341:totemic
230:(1909).
216:History
137:in the
80:Gounder
44:Jainism
2241:
2212:
1951:
1924:
1897:
1872:
1868:: 84.
1371:
1299:
1262:
1230:7 June
1195:
1135:
1108:
1023:
989:
528:Shaiva
526:, the
511:clan (
289:Cholas
251:. The
210:Vellam
193:is in
147:Kerala
139:Indian
135:castes
89:Pillai
1870:JSTOR
1224:(PDF)
1217:(PDF)
811:Notes
713:Shiva
564:Shiva
513:kulam
501:Tamil
497:pulam
455:Kolar
435:Tamil
365:Venad
357:Velir
333:Tamil
327:. In
309:Chola
199:Velir
58:Tamil
2239:ISBN
2210:ISBN
2175:2023
2151:2023
2127:2023
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