694:(or “sympathoadrenomedullary” or “sympathico-adrenal”) system. He theorized that the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal gland work together as a unit to maintain homeostasis in emergencies. To identify and quantify adrenaline release during stress, beginning in about 1919 Cannon exploited an ingenious experimental setup. He would surgically excise the nerves supplying the heart of a laboratory animal such as a dog or cat. Then he would subject the animal to a stressor and record the heart rate response. With the nerves to the heart removed, he could deduce that if the heart rate increased in response to the perturbation, then the increase in heart rate must have resulted from the actions of a hormone. Finally, he would compare the results of an animal with intact adrenal glands with those in an animal from which he had removed the adrenal glands. From the difference in the heart rate between the two animals, he could further infer that the hormone responsible for the increase in heart rate came from the adrenal glands. Moreover, the amount of increase in the heart rate provided a measure of the amount of hormone released. Cannon became so convinced that the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal gland functioned as a unit that in the 1930s that he formally proposed that the sympathetic nervous system uses the same chemical messenger—adrenaline—as does the adrenal gland.
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441:. Within his first experiments, he was able to watch the course of a button-down a dog's esophagus. He says in his autobiography, The Way of an Investigator, “The whole purpose of my effort was to see the peristaltic waves to learn their effects. Only after some time did I note that the absence of activity was accompanied by signs of perturbation, and when serenity was restored the waves promptly reappeared.”
607:
vessels in the skin and minimizes blood loss from physical trauma. Adrenaline also releases the key metabolic fuel, glucose, from the liver into the bloodstream. However, the fact that aggressive attack and fearful escape both involve adrenaline release into the bloodstream does not imply an equivalence of “fight” with “flight” from a physiological or biochemical point of view.
364:
His actions and his statements may infer his philosophy of life. Born into a
Calvinistic family, he broke away from religious authoritarianism and became independent from his prior dogma. Later in life, he states that naturally occurring events are what makes for a useful end. He took on the role of
717:
He put forward the Dry Mouth
Hypothesis, stating that people get thirsty because their mouths get dry. He experimented on two dogs. He made incisions in their throats and inserted small tubes. Any water swallowed would go through their mouths and out by the tubes, never reaching their stomachs. He
606:
As per Cannon, adrenaline exerts several important effects on different body organs, all of which maintain homeostasis in fight-or-flight situations. For example, in the skeletal muscle of the limbs, adrenaline relaxes blood vessels which increases local blood flow. Adrenaline constricts blood
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The regulating system that determines the homeostatic state consists of many cooperating mechanisms acting simultaneously or successively. Blood sugar is regulated by insulin, glucagon, and other hormones that control its release from the liver or its uptake by the
368:
E. Digby
Baltzell said that Dr. Cannon was once offered a job at the Mayo Clinic for twice his Harvard salary. Cannon declined, saying "I don't need twice as much money. All I need is fifty cents for a haircut once a month, and fifty cents a day to get lunch."
365:
a naturalist where believed that the body and mind are inseparable as an organismic unit. The explanations of his work should enable man to live more wisely, happily, and intelligently without the interjection of supernatural interference.
325:, a best-selling author and feminist reformer. On July 19, 1901, during their honeymoon in Montana, they were the first people to reach the summit of the unclimbed southwest peak (2657 m or 8716 ft) of Goat Mountain, between
661:
Constancy in an open system requires mechanisms that act to maintain this system, just like our bodies. Cannon based this proposition on insights into steady states such as glucose concentrations, body temperature, and acid-base
293:
Upon finishing his undergraduate studies in 1896, he entered
Harvard Medical School. He started using X-rays to study the physiology of digestion while working with Henry P. Bowditch. In 1900 he received his medical degree.
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at
Harvard as an instructor in the Department of Physiology while continuing his digestion study. Cannon was promoted to an assistant professor of physiology in 1902. He was a close friend of the physicist,
698:. Researchers in the area have come to question the validity of the notion of a unitary sympathoadrenal system, although clinicians often continue to lump together the two components.
310:
with other young instructors for social and professional purposes. In 1906, Cannon succeeded
Bowditch as the Higginson Professor and chairman of the Department of Physiology at
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2002:
927:
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2012:
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1214:"Dr. W.B. Cannon, 73, Neurologist, Dead. Harvard Psychology Professor for 36 Years Noted for His Work on Traumatic Shock Became Professor in 1906"
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1982:
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2007:
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602:, such as antagonistic encounters between members of the same species, evoke the release of adrenaline into the bloodstream.
2022:
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Bodily
Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage: An Account of Recent Researches Into the Function of Emotional Excitement
596:
Bodily
Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage: An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement
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in a goose at the APS meeting in
December 1896 and published his first paper on this research in the first issue of the
934:
668:
conditions require that any tendency toward change automatically meets with factors that resist change. An increase in
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349:, a military plastic surgeon and radiation researcher. The daughters were Wilma Cannon Fairbank (who was married to
1301:"Walter Cannon: Homeostasis, the Fight-or-Flight Response, the Sympathoadrenal System, and the Wisdom of the Body"
614:
As a military physician in World War I he discovered that the blood of shocked men was acidic. As a member of the
2027:
1987:
1972:
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429:, directed the laboratory in physiology at Harvard. Here Cannon began his research: he used the newly discovered
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failed to produce shock. The shock was successfully treated by infusing saline containing some larger molecules.
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can be found at The Center for the
History of Medicine at the Countway Library, Harvard Medical School.
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results in thirst as the body attempts to dilute the concentration of sugar in the extracellular fluid.
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with physiologist Philip Bard to try to explain why people feel emotions first and then act upon them.
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infused acid into an anesthetized cat, which died. However, a second trial done with Bayliss and
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658:. Cannon presented four tentative propositions to describe the general features of homeostasis:
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not only physical emergencies, such as blood loss from trauma but also psychological emergencies
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In 1945 Cannon summarized his career in physiology by describing his focus at different ages:
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Cannon, Bradford. "Walter Bradford Cannon: Reflections on the Man and His Contributions".
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Homeostasis does not occur by chance, but is the result of organized self-government.
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Van der Kloot, William (2010). "William Maddock Bayliss's therapy for wound shock".
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found out that these dogs would lap up the same amount of water as control dogs.
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Cannon supported animal experimentation and opposed the arguments of anti-
223:, the son of Colbert Hanchett Cannon and his wife Wilma Denio. His sister
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The Way of an Investigator: a scientist's experiences in medical research
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began his career in science as a Harvard undergraduate in the year 1892.
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Pencak, William (Spring 1996). "A Conversation with E. Digby Baltzell".
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Cannon’s notion of a unitary sympathoadrenal system persists to this day
618:
Special Committee on Shock and Allied Conditions, he advocated treating
524: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Age 59 – 68: chemical mediation of nerve impulses (collaboration with
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251:
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434:
1465:, by Steven Lehrer (contains information about X-ray experiments)
916:(2nd enlarged ed.). New York: W.W. Norton and Company. 1963.
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Some modern extensions of Beaumont's studies on Alexis St. Martin
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until 1942. From 1914 to 1916, Cannon was also President of the
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928:"Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 – 2002"
1354:"Walter Cannon: Homeostasis and the Fight-or-Flight Response"
573:
485:
Age 68 + : chemical sensitivity of nerve-isolated organs
112:
1453:
Walter Bradford Cannon: Experimental Physiologist: 1871-1945
902:. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. 1932. pp. 177–201.
195:, professor and chairman of the Department of Physiology at
282:. A high school teacher, Mary Jeannette Newson, became his
690:
Cannon proposed the existence and functional unity of the
254:
family was intellectually active, including readings from
1379:
Walter B. Cannon: The Life and Times of a Young Scientist
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Walter B. Cannon: the Life and Times of a Young Scientist
1416:
Wolfe, Elin L., A. Clifford Barger, Saul Benison (2000)
1377:
Benison, Saul A., Clifford Barger, Elin L. Wolfe (1987)
1096:
Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies
962:
Saul Benison, A. Clifford Barger, Elin L. Wolfe (1987)
1067:
Yerkes, Robert (May 1946). "Walter Bradford Cannon".
227:(1877-1960) became a noted hospital social worker at
191:(October 19, 1871 – October 1, 1945) was an American
572:
sulfate) into foodstuffs to improve the contrast of
395:criticizing the arguments of anti-vivisectionists.
1043:
751:Some Characteristics of Antivivisection Literature
789:1926, 'Physiological Regulation of Normal States'
238:, Cannon counts himself among the descendants of
2003:Honorary members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
1954:
862:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
353:), Linda Cannon Burgess, Helen Cannon Bond, and
1195:The Journal of the American Medical Association
594:to describe an animal's response to threats in
1482:Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage
146:Member of the National Academy of Sciences USA
2033:Members of the American Philosophical Society
1503:
1317:
859:(1947). "Walter Bradford Cannon. 1871-1945".
775:Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage
767:Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage
433:to study the mechanism of swallowing and the
1518:Subfields of and cyberneticians involved in
150:Member of National Academy of Sciences, USSR
556:He was one of the first researchers to mix
489:
1510:
1496:
1413:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1979.
1411:Snatched from Oblivion: A Cambridge Memoir
1393:International Journal of Stress Management
475:Age 51 – 59: stable states of the organism
398:Walter Cannon died on October 1, 1945, in
207:. He popularized his theories in his book
31:
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727:Cannon wrote several books and articles.
540:Learn how and when to remove this message
391:. In 1911, he authored a booklet for the
345:The couple had five children; A son, Dr.
1438:Works by or about Walter Bradford Cannon
894:
892:
580:is a modern derivative of this research.
409:
219:Cannon was born on October 19, 1871, in
2013:People from Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin
1118:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
472:Age 46 – 51: wound shock investigations
1955:
1281:
1093:
1066:
553:Use of salts of heavy metals in X-rays
468:bodily effects of emotional excitement
297:After graduation, Cannon was hired by
1491:
1455:- biography at Harvard Square Library
1449:at the American Physiological Society
1418:Walter B. Cannon, Science and Society
1256:"Cannon, Walter Bradford (1871-1945)"
1007:
1005:
889:
568:subnitrate, bismuth oxychloride, and
374:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
266:. Cannon's curiosity also led him to
1983:Foreign members of the Royal Society
1484:, New York: D. Appleton and Company
1346:
1044:Fred Spicker, Moni (June 19, 2011).
855:
522:adding citations to reliable sources
493:
2008:People from Franklin, New Hampshire
1475:Walter Bradford Cannon, Homeostasis
759:The Mechanical Factors of Digestion
576:images of the digestive tract. The
337:. The peak was subsequently named,
13:
1371:
1002:
979:
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849:
616:British Medical Research Council's
214:
14:
2044:
1469:The Walter Bradford Cannon papers
1431:
1404:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1299:Goldstein, David (May 16, 2009).
733:A Laboratory Course in Physiology
654:, and popularized it in his book
357:, a painter and author living in
16:American physiologist (1871–1945)
1400:The Birth of Scientific Activism
818:Autonomic Neuro-effector Systems
744:'Medical Control of Vivisection'
626:to neutralize the acid. He and
498:
306:, and together they founded the
1589:Cybernetics in the Soviet Union
1311:
1292:
1288:. FQ Legacy Books. p. 326.
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509:needs additional citations for
459:Age 26 – 40: digestion and the
380:in 1908, and the United States
343:United States Geological Survey
203:", and developed the theory of
1998:Harvard Medical School faculty
1037:
1021:American Physiological Society
989:American Physiological Society
956:
944:
920:
906:
722:
450:American Journal of Physiology
378:American Philosophical Society
316:American Physiological Society
229:Massachusetts General Hospital
1:
1993:Harvard Medical School alumni
1202:(1): 816–817. March 18, 1911.
1032:6th APS President (1914-1916)
842:
1409:Schlesinger, Marian Cannon.
642:He developed the concept of
588:In 1915, he coined the term
393:American Medical Association
382:National Academy of Sciences
7:
221:Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin
211:, first published in 1932.
142:Fellow of the Royal Society
54:Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin
10:
2049:
2023:Writers from Massachusetts
1569:Computational neuroscience
1270:The Way of an Investigator
686:The Sympathoadrenal System
372:Cannon was elected to the
236:The Way of an Investigator
1652:
1526:
982:"William Townsend Porter"
646:from the earlier idea of
355:Marian Cannon Schlesinger
182:
172:
162:
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137:
127:
100:
80:
61:
39:
30:
23:
1742:Charles Geoffrey Vickers
1629:Second-order cybernetics
1268:On page 218 of his book
1242:"Walter Bradford Cannon"
1190:"Animal Experimentation"
1114:"Walter Bradford Cannon"
1013:"Walter Bradford Cannon"
737:Harvard University Press
490:Scientific contributions
423:Henry Pickering Bowditch
359:Cambridge, Massachusetts
280:William Kingdon Clifford
260:John Fiske (philosopher)
201:fight or flight response
1604:Engineering cybernetics
1534:Artificial intelligence
1282:Cannon, Walter (2010).
405:
400:Franklin, New Hampshire
299:William Townsend Porter
73:Franklin, New Hampshire
2028:Writers from Wisconsin
1988:Harvard College alumni
1973:American physiologists
1927:Walter Bradford Cannon
1817:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
1672:Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
1619:Management cybernetics
1544:Biomedical cybernetics
1539:Biological cybernetics
1395:, vol. 1, no. 2, 1994.
1332:10.1098/rsnr.2009.0068
951:Way of an Investigator
914:The Wisdom of the Body
900:The Wisdom of the Body
875:10.1098/rsbm.1947.0008
795:The Wisdom of the Body
656:The Wisdom of the Body
425:, who had worked with
415:
414:Walter Bradford Cannon
312:Harvard Medical School
209:The Wisdom of the Body
199:. He coined the term "
197:Harvard Medical School
189:Walter Bradford Cannon
177:Harvard Medical School
92:Harvard Medical School
25:Walter Bradford Cannon
2018:Vivisection activists
1887:Anthony Stafford Beer
1722:Ernst von Glasersfeld
1480:W. B. Cannon (1915),
1463:Explorers of the Body
980:Barger, A. Clifford.
705:Cannon developed the
413:
335:Glacier National Park
323:Cornelia James Cannon
234:In his autobiography
132:Cornelia James Cannon
1917:Valentin Braitenberg
1797:Jay Wright Forrester
1144:search.amphilsoc.org
1140:"APS Member History"
1069:Psychological Review
940:on January 24, 2013.
811:Digestion and Health
518:improve this article
264:James Freeman Clarke
1942:William Grey Walter
1882:Sergei P. Kurdyumov
1842:N. Katherine Hayles
1624:Medical cybernetics
1584:Conversation theory
1046:"Mount Cannon (MT)"
598:. He asserted that
333:. That area is now
268:Thomas Henry Huxley
1922:William Ross Ashby
1847:Natalia Bekhtereva
1822:Maleyka Abbaszadeh
1762:Heinz von Foerster
1687:Buckminster Fuller
1614:Information theory
1564:Catastrophe theory
1165:"Walter B. Cannon"
1120:. February 9, 2023
1083:– via EBSCO.
822:Arturo Rosenblueth
707:Cannon-Bard theory
702:Cannon-Bard theory
624:sodium bicarbonate
480:Arturo Rosenblueth
416:
321:He was married to
288:Harvard University
276:George Henry Lewes
118:Cannon–Bard theory
1950:
1949:
1872:Ranulph Glanville
1787:Jakob von UexkĂĽll
1767:Humberto Maturana
1727:Francis Heylighen
1447:6th APS President
1398:Kuznick, Peter. "
1320:Notes Rec. R. Soc
1222:. October 2, 1945
1169:www.nasonline.org
550:
549:
542:
452:in January 1898.
186:
185:
157:Scientific career
96:
89:
2040:
1937:Warren McCulloch
1912:Valentin Turchin
1862:Pyotr Grigorenko
1807:John N. Warfield
1732:Francisco Varela
1692:Charles François
1662:Alexander Lerner
1639:Sociocybernetics
1559:Neurocybernetics
1512:
1505:
1498:
1489:
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1442:Internet Archive
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1258:. July 28, 2012.
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933:. Archived from
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652:milieu interieur
545:
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494:
444:He demonstrated
351:John K. Fairbank
248:coureur des bois
240:Jacques de Noyon
94:
87:
68:
50:October 19, 1871
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35:
21:
20:
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1953:
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1902:Talcott Parsons
1892:Stuart Kauffman
1792:Jason Jixuan Hu
1777:Igor Aleksander
1757:Gregory Bateson
1752:Gordon S. Brown
1737:Frederic Vester
1717:Erich von Holst
1677:Allenna Leonard
1667:Alexey Lyapunov
1648:
1594:Decision theory
1522:
1516:
1434:
1406:, December 1988
1374:
1372:Further reading
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869:(15): 407–426.
854:
850:
845:
784:Traumatic Shock
725:
692:sympathoadrenal
628:William Bayliss
620:shocked wounded
591:fight or flight
585:Fight or flight
546:
535:
529:
526:
515:
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492:
408:
389:vivisectionists
347:Bradford Cannon
256:James Martineau
244:French Canadian
225:Ida Maud Cannon
217:
215:Life and career
120:
116:
111:
109:Fight or flight
107:
90:
85:Harvard College
76:
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65:October 1, 1945
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1978:Cyberneticists
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1857:Norbert Wiener
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1852:Niklas Luhmann
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1827:Manfred Clynes
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1802:Jennifer Wilby
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1772:I. A. Richards
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1682:Anthony Wilden
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1654:Cyberneticians
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1641:
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1634:Cybersemiotics
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1579:Control theory
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1432:External links
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1326:(3): 271–286.
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828:"Voodoo" Death
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507:This section
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477:
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471:
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466:Age 40 – 46:
465:
462:
458:
457:
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453:
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447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:Walter Cannon
412:
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385:
383:
379:
376:in 1906, the
375:
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327:Lake McDonald
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246:explorer and
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64:
60:
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42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1932:Walter Pitts
1926:
1837:Marian Mazur
1712:Cliff Joslyn
1554:Biosemiotics
1417:
1410:
1403:
1392:
1378:
1357:. Retrieved
1348:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1304:
1294:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1250:
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1217:
1208:
1199:
1193:
1184:
1174:December 21,
1172:. Retrieved
1168:
1159:
1149:December 21,
1147:. Retrieved
1143:
1134:
1124:December 21,
1122:. Retrieved
1117:
1108:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1048:. SummitPost
1039:
1031:
1024:. Retrieved
1016:
992:. Retrieved
988:
975:
966:. pp.16–32,
963:
958:
950:
946:
935:the original
922:
913:
908:
899:
866:
860:
851:
834:
817:
809:
801:
793:
782:
774:
765:
757:
750:
726:
689:
666:Steady-state
655:
622:by infusing
605:
595:
589:
562:heavy metals
536:
527:
516:Please help
511:verification
508:
454:
449:
443:
418:
417:
397:
386:
371:
367:
363:
339:Mount Cannon
320:
304:G. W. Pierce
296:
292:
272:John Tyndall
235:
233:
218:
208:
193:physiologist
188:
187:
173:Institutions
156:
122:Voodoo death
95:(1900, M.D.)
67:(1945-10-01)
18:
1968:1945 deaths
1963:1871 births
1867:Qian Xuesen
1747:Gordon Pask
1644:Synergetics
1609:Homeostasis
1549:Biorobotics
1520:cybernetics
1305:BrainImmune
1075:: 137–146.
857:Dale, H. H.
723:Publication
670:blood sugar
644:homeostasis
639:Homeostasis
611:Wound shock
578:barium meal
564:(including
446:deglutition
205:homeostasis
115:experiments
105:Homeostasis
1957:Categories
1426:0674002512
1387:0674945808
1226:October 5,
1017:Presidents
994:January 8,
953:, pp. 16–7
843:References
632:Henry Dale
530:April 2018
331:Logan Pass
308:Wicht Club
167:Physiology
46:1871-10-19
1599:Emergence
1527:Subfields
1459:Chapter 9
1102:(2): 261.
1026:March 22,
883:121861871
714:Dry mouth
384:in 1914.
341:, by the
290:in 1892.
252:Calvinist
81:Education
1359:June 27,
1340:20973450
676:tissues.
662:balance.
435:motility
1440:at the
1052:May 10,
826:1942, '
820:, with
777:(2 ed.)
566:bismuth
461:bismuth
439:stomach
437:of the
1477:(1932)
1424:
1385:
1338:
881:
833:1945,
816:1937,
808:1937,
800:1933,
792:1932,
781:1923,
772:1920,
764:1915,
756:1911,
748:1911,
742:1910,
731:1910,
570:barium
431:x-rays
284:mentor
278:, and
262:, and
250:. His
163:Fields
138:Awards
128:Spouse
88:(1896)
985:(PDF)
938:(PDF)
931:(PDF)
879:S2CID
574:x-ray
558:salts
113:X-ray
1422:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1361:2024
1336:PMID
1228:2010
1176:2023
1151:2023
1126:2023
1054:2012
1028:2015
996:2017
463:meal
406:Work
329:and
242:, a
75:, US
62:Died
56:, US
40:Born
1461:of
1402:".
1328:doi
1077:doi
871:doi
650:of
560:of
520:by
1959::
1420:.
1381:.
1334:.
1324:64
1322:.
1303:.
1216:.
1200:56
1198:.
1192:.
1167:.
1142:.
1116:.
1100:63
1098:.
1073:53
1071:.
1030:.
1019:.
1015:.
1004:^
987:.
891:^
877:.
865:.
735:,
402:.
361:.
318:.
274:,
270:,
258:,
231:.
148:,
144:,
1511:e
1504:t
1497:v
1363:.
1342:.
1330::
1307:.
1272:,
1244:.
1230:.
1178:.
1153:.
1128:.
1079::
1056:.
998:.
970:.
885:.
873::
867:5
830:'
543:)
537:(
532:)
528:(
514:.
482:)
48:)
44:(
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