486:
oscillator. There were many common practical threads to the two technologies and he was ably assisted in the laboratory by Arthur Lionel Rogers who manufactured much of the equipment. On 21 September 1897 Bragg gave the first recorded public demonstration of the working of wireless telegraphy in
Australia during a lecture meeting at the University of Adelaide as part of the Public Teachers' Union conference. Bragg departed Adelaide in December 1897, and spent all of 1898 on a 12-month leave of absence, touring Great Britain and Europe and during this time visited Marconi and inspected his wireless facilities. He returned to Adelaide in early March 1899, and already on 13 May 1899, Bragg and his father-in-law, Sir Charles Todd, were conducting preliminary tests of wireless telegraphy with a transmitter at the Observatory and a receiver on the South Road (about 200 metres). Experiments continued throughout the southern winter of 1899 and the range was progressively extended to Henley Beach. In September the work was extended to two way transmissions with the addition of a second induction coil loaned by Mr. Oddie of Ballarat. It was desired to extend the experiments cross a sea path and Todd was interested in connecting Cape Spencer and Althorpe Island, but local costs were considered prohibitive while the charges for patented equipment from the Marconi Company were exorbitant. At the same time Bragg's interests were leaning towards X-rays and practical work in wireless in South Australia was largely dormant for the next decade.
451:, Australia, and started work there early in 1886. Being a skilled mathematician, at that time he had limited knowledge of physics, most of which was in the form of applied mathematics he had learnt at Trinity. Also at that time, there were only about a hundred students doing full courses at Adelaide, of whom less than a handful belonged to the science school, whose deficient teaching facilities Bragg improved by apprenticing himself to a firm of instrument makers. Bragg was an able and popular lecturer; he encouraged the formation of the student union, and the attendance, free of charge, of science teachers at his lectures.
562:
698:
learned in the last war; their first recommendation was to "keep abreast of modern scientific developments". Anticipating another war, the
Ministry of Labour was persuaded to accept Hill as a consultant on scientific manpower. The Royal Society compiled a register of qualified men. They proposed a small committee on science to advise the Committee on Imperial Defence, but this was rejected. Finally in 1940, as Bragg's term ended, a scientific advisory committee to the War Cabinet was appointed. Brag was among the 2,300 names of prominent persons listed on the
2092:
2072:
371:
60:
482:, Bragg's father-in-law. The induction coil was utilized to produce the electric spark necessary for Bragg and Barbour to "generate short bursts of X-rays". The audience was favorably impressed. Bragg availed himself as a test subject, in the manner of Röntgen and allowed an X-ray photograph to be taken of his hand. The image of the fingers in his hand revealed "an old injury to one of his fingers sustained when using the turnip chopping machine on his father's farm in Cumbria".
554:
2087:
478:, a manufacturer of photographic and laboratory equipment. Barbour returned to Adelaide in April 1896. Barbour had conducted his own experiments shortly after return to Australia, but results were limited due to limited battery power. At the University, the tube was attached to an induction coil and a battery borrowed from Sir
1250:
The
Council invite applications for the above Professorship. Salary ÂŁ800 per annum. The appointment will be for a term of five years, subject to renewal at the discretion of the Council. Salary will date from March 1, 1886, and the Professor will be expected to enter on his duties on that date.
601:
set up by the
Admiralty. In September, his younger son Robert died of wounds at Gallipoli. In November, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with elder son William Lawrence. The Navy was struggling to prevent sinkings by unseen, submerged U boats. The scientists recommended that the best tactic was
619:
made a major stride with echolocation, generating intense sound pulses with quartz sheets oscillated at high frequency, which were then used as microphones to listen for echoes. Quartz was usable when vacuum tubes became available at the end of 1917 to amplify the faint signals. The
British made
610:
Scotland, staffed with navy men. In
November 1915, two young physicists were added to its staff. Bowing to outside pressure for using science, in July 1916, the Admiralty appointed Bragg as scientific director at Aberdour, assisted by three additional young physicists. They developed an improved
697:
was biological secretary and soon A. C. G. Egerton became physical secretary. During World War I all three had stood by for frustrating months before their skills were employed for the war effort. Now the cause of science was strengthened by the report of a high-level Army committee on lessons
522:
At the end of 1908, Bragg returned to
England. During his 23 years in Australia "he had seen the number of students at the University of Adelaide almost quadruple, and had a full share in the development of its excellent science school." He had returned to England on the maiden voyage of the
485:
As early as 1895, Professor
William H. (later Sir William) Bragg was working on wireless telegraphy, though public lectures and demonstrations focussed on his X-ray research which would later lead to his Nobel Prize. In a hurried visit by Rutherford, he was reported as working on a Hertzian
1027:
This is still a unique accomplishment, because no other parent-child combination has yet shared a Nobel Prize (in any field). In several cases, a parent has won a Nobel Prize, and then years later, the child has won the Nobel Prize for separate research. An example of this is with
624:
practicable by using mosaics of small quartz bits rather than slices from a large crystal. In
January 1918, Bragg moved into the Admiralty as head of scientific research in the anti-submarine division. By war's end British vessels were being equipped with
665:
and director of the Davy
Faraday Research Laboratory. This institution was practically rebuilt in 1929–30 and, under Bragg's directorship many valuable papers were issued from the laboratory. In 1919, 1923, 1925 and 1931 he was invited to deliver the
1986:"The Life and work of Sir William Bragg", the John Murtagh Macrossan Memorial Lecture for 1950, University of Queensland. Written and presented by Sir Kerr Grant, Emeritus Professor of Physics, University of Adelaide. Reproduced as pages 5–37 of
399:, England, the son of Robert John Bragg, a merchant marine officer and farmer, and his wife Mary née Wood, a clergyman's daughter. When Bragg was seven years old, his mother died, and he was raised by his uncle, also named William Bragg, at
919:
1068:
640:
is much more accurate in the sea than in the turbulent atmosphere. They were able to localize the sites of distant explosions, which were used to obtain the precise positions of British warships and of minefields.
1766:
497:, New Zealand, on "Some Recent Advances in the Theory of the Ionization of Gases". This idea was followed up "in a brilliant series of researches" which, within three years, earned him a fellowship of the
1241:, University of Adelaide, Pages 3 & 4. Proof of advertisement in the Oxford University Gazette of 16 October 1885, and the Cambridge University Reporter of 13 October 1885. The advertisements read:
5074:
885:(KWC) is named in memory of Bragg; the Sixth-Form invitational literary debating society at KWC, the Bragg Society, is also named in his memory. One of the school "Houses" at Robert Smyth School,
889:, Leicester, is named "Bragg" in memory of him being a student there. Since 1992, the Australian Institute of Physics has awarded The Bragg Gold Medal for Excellence in Physics for the best
4974:
509:
was made available to Bragg for experimentation. In December 1904 his paper "On the Absorption of α Rays and on the Classification of the α Rays from Radium" appeared in the
4989:
530:, a ship which vanished at sea on its second voyage the next year. He had been alarmed at the ship's tendency to list during his voyage, and had concluded that the ship's
1319:
George, Robert. (1996). 100 Years of X-Rays – the South Australian Connection. The Journal of the Radiology History & Heritage Charitable Trust. 12(Autumn/Winter): 3.
615:, where the staff was enlarged and they had access to a submarine for tests. In France, where scientists had been mobilized since the beginning of the war, the physicist
758:
2156:
462:. On 29 May 1896 at Adelaide, Bragg demonstrated before a meeting of local doctors the application of "X-rays to reveal structures that were otherwise invisible".
490:
5084:
5024:
5019:
1328:
Hall, Kersten T. (2014). The Man in the Monkeynut Coat: William Astbury and the Forgotten Road to the Double-Helix. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Page 26.
359:
1875:
458:, en route from New Zealand to Cambridge; this was the commencement of a lifelong friendship. Bragg had a keen interest in the new discovery of X-rays by
1615:
769:
310:
45:
4328:
4116:
835:
In 1889, in Adelaide, Bragg married Gwendoline Todd, a skilled water-colour painter, and daughter of astronomer, meteorologist and electrical engineer
808:
205:
4979:
2605:
2013:
1658:
170:
2025:
5029:
4934:
922:
also in Adelaide, Australia was completed in late 2023. It is named for both father and son and offers radiation therapy for cancer patients.
4984:
4944:
4939:
2149:
1811:
4578:
1566:
765:
5034:
1993:"William and Lawrence Bragg, Father and Son: The Most Extraordinary Collaboration in Science", John Jenkin, Oxford University Press 2008.
1251:
An allowance will be made for travelling expenses. Applications with testimonials should reach ... not later than December 1, 1885.
5069:
812:
4570:
4356:
611:
directional hydrophone, which finally convinced the Admiralty of their usefulness. Late in 1916, Bragg with his small group moved to
5079:
5009:
4929:
4602:
2142:
5014:
4693:
4479:
4337:
2670:
2047:
1009:
4994:
4364:
4321:
4109:
5089:
4969:
4594:
4219:
1172:
4949:
4428:
4412:
2598:
667:
4999:
5044:
4586:
4487:
2614:
1159:
1116:
1004:
824:
428:
4954:
4872:
4765:
4404:
4314:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4102:
894:
859:
5054:
5049:
4959:
658:
597:. He had to wait for almost a year to contribute to the war effort: finally, in July 1915, he was appointed to the
454:
Bragg's interest in physics developed, particularly in the field of electromagnetism. In 1895, he was visited by
4864:
4420:
2591:
1879:
1849:
1269:
598:
515:, and in the same issue a paper "On the Ionization Curves of Radium", written in collaboration with his student
5039:
4773:
4650:
4158:
2722:
1164:
754:
746:
444:
4436:
4380:
2362:
942:
William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg, "X Rays and Crystal Structure", G. Bell & Son, London, 1915.
589:
Both of his sons were called into the army after war broke out in 1914 . The following year he was appointed
3854:
3778:
1741:
855:
750:
649:
After the war Bragg returned to University College London, where he continued to work on crystal analysis.
489:
The turning-point in Bragg's career came in 1904 when he gave the presidential address to section A of the
331:
306:
148:
41:
2805:
1979:
written by Professor Andrade of London University for the Royal Society of London." Statement made by Sir
474:, a glass discharge tube. The tube had been obtained at Leeds, England, where Barbour visited the firm of
5064:
5004:
4964:
4896:
2880:
2498:
2450:
1923:
1628:
1111:
820:
742:
636:, the output from six microphones miles apart along the coast were recorded on moving photographic film.
314:
132:
49:
3497:
2061:
2029:
1719:
1514:
1458:
1406:. Vol. XXXV, no. 10, 241 (ONE O'CLOCK ed.). South Australia. 15 December 1897. p. 2
1297:
1046:
424:
122:
3262:
2056:
4741:
4725:
4154:
3665:
2506:
2386:
2378:
2108:
1542:
1486:
1430:
1402:
1343:
1220:. Vol. XXIII, no. 6, 596. South Australia. 18 December 1885. p. 2 (Afternoon Edition.)
1216:
1036:, who are the only mother-daughter pair. Several father-son pairs have won two separate Nobel Prizes.
897:. The two sides of the medal contain the images of Sir William Henry and his son Sir Lawrence Bragg.
882:
836:
594:
412:
244:
2306:
2017:
4781:
4519:
4135:
3625:
3573:
3421:
2394:
577:
and with his son, Lawrence Bragg, then a research student at Cambridge, founded the new science of
420:
2014:"Annotated Bibliography for William Henry Bragg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues"
1791:
5059:
4239:
3681:
3605:
3477:
3039:
2888:
2829:
2001:
1815:
637:
467:
3693:
1987:
1836:
1238:
4546:
4503:
4194:
3709:
3677:
3338:
3154:
3047:
2746:
2618:
930:
912:
723:
511:
479:
448:
339:
266:
236:
163:
20:
4143:
1518:. Vol. XXXI, no. 8989 (ONE O'CLOCK ed.). Adelaide. 28 September 1899. p. 2
3970:
3786:
3657:
3589:
3501:
3437:
2781:
2330:
2234:
773:
703:
578:
470:, an Adelaide pharmaceutical manufacturer, supplied the necessary apparatus in the form of a
343:
1033:
866:
to South Australia and was also the secretary of the Adelaide University Chess Association.
4924:
4919:
4634:
4626:
3886:
3473:
3234:
3106:
2970:
2868:
2714:
2178:
1121:
706:, of those who were to be arrested on the invasion of Great Britain and turned over to the
475:
408:
3818:
2927:
2583:
8:
4642:
4618:
3798:
3417:
3294:
3254:
2958:
2954:
2849:
2694:
2242:
2226:
1462:. Vol. XXXI, no. 8817 (ONE O'CLOCK ed.). Adelaide. 6 March 1899. p. 2
905:
848:
573:
from 1909 until 1915. He continued his work on X-rays with much success. He invented the
570:
561:
274:
270:
240:
152:
3922:
3214:
2218:
2091:
2071:
4888:
4805:
4757:
4082:
3954:
3746:
3705:
3689:
3633:
3621:
3577:
3521:
3513:
3433:
3413:
2482:
2466:
2442:
2426:
2126:
1976:
1796:
1683:
1675:
574:
531:
136:
2634:
2044:
1154:
869:
Bragg died in 1942 in England and was survived by his daughter Gwendolen and his son,
843:, born in 1890 in North Adelaide, and Robert. Gwendolen married the English architect
459:
4813:
4733:
4178:
3962:
3910:
3858:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3750:
3645:
3597:
3593:
3489:
3465:
3405:
3378:
3246:
3238:
3210:
3023:
2919:
2710:
2346:
1687:
1371:
1186:
1178:
1168:
901:
886:
729:
662:
535:
455:
400:
388:
375:
347:
262:
248:
3842:
3549:
4797:
4701:
4372:
4046:
4002:
3661:
3649:
3565:
3557:
3302:
3266:
3202:
3194:
3146:
3055:
2966:
2896:
2702:
2562:
2210:
1975:" most valuable record of his work and picture of his personality is the excellent
1667:
1574:
847:, Bragg taught William at the University of Adelaide, and Robert was killed in the
370:
4306:
3998:
3310:
4709:
4685:
4074:
4066:
4030:
3894:
3874:
3782:
3721:
3613:
3561:
3537:
3453:
3445:
3382:
3354:
3270:
3174:
2986:
2813:
2654:
2642:
2514:
2418:
2370:
2322:
2314:
2202:
2051:
957:
784:
590:
516:
177:
3190:
2738:
2134:
4837:
4562:
4208:
4167:
4050:
4042:
4034:
3966:
3950:
3942:
3866:
3850:
3826:
3810:
3717:
3697:
3637:
3401:
3278:
3162:
3138:
3090:
3031:
2946:
2876:
2837:
2797:
2762:
2678:
2570:
2554:
2434:
2250:
1653:
1546:. Vol. LIII, no. 16, 306. South Australia. 20 January 1911. p. 7
1107:
870:
840:
802:
777:
749:
from 1935 to 1940. He was elected an International Member of the United States
719:
694:
506:
463:
404:
335:
292:
258:
140:
59:
1579:
1509:
1453:
1397:
1366:
1292:
1211:
545:
There is a bust of William Bragg in North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia.
4913:
4829:
4821:
4789:
4717:
4666:
4610:
4471:
4341:
4094:
4078:
4026:
4018:
3994:
3938:
3934:
3914:
3898:
3870:
3802:
3581:
3545:
3429:
3366:
3250:
3230:
3166:
3126:
3114:
3094:
3063:
2686:
2646:
2490:
2338:
2282:
2274:
2258:
2186:
2116:
1481:
1425:
1338:
1264:
1182:
790:
633:
616:
498:
327:
198:
184:
3314:
1948:
1537:
1190:
827:, was created in 1970, and was named after both William and Lawrence Bragg.
4554:
4527:
4511:
4495:
4455:
4396:
4062:
4058:
4014:
3982:
3978:
3830:
3814:
3509:
3481:
3461:
3350:
3330:
3322:
3150:
3071:
2978:
2845:
2754:
2730:
2658:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2458:
2194:
2165:
1671:
998:
926:
796:
693:
Bragg was elected president of the Royal Society in 1935. The physiologist
471:
191:
4658:
4463:
4388:
4126:
4010:
3926:
3838:
3794:
3754:
3533:
3529:
3449:
3362:
3334:
3134:
3102:
2904:
2662:
2546:
2354:
2298:
2290:
2266:
2066:
1254:
Bragg was informed of his appointment by a letter dated 17 December 1885.
1029:
904:
is named the Bragg Building. The Sir William Henry Bragg Building at the
844:
416:
1901:
4880:
4845:
3986:
3902:
3882:
3725:
3673:
3286:
3222:
3178:
3015:
2931:
2821:
2789:
2474:
2402:
1980:
1876:"Sir William Henry Bragg Building is now open - Estates and Facilities"
603:
524:
396:
144:
94:
1853:
1679:
1538:"THE WARATAH. A PROFESSOR'S ALARM: SAVED BY A VISION. MISS HAY WARNED"
929:, presented a BBC Radio 4 programme "Bragg on the Braggs" on the 1915
3374:
3346:
3182:
553:
319:
2077:
431:, and in 1885 was awarded a first class honours in the mathematical
3122:
2081:
1301:. Vol. XXVIII, no. 7976. Adelaide. 30 May 1896. p. 7
863:
607:
557:
Commemorative plaque on the Parkinson Building, University of Leeds
355:
915:
to commemorate 100 years since the birth of Sir William H. Bragg.
632:
Inspired by William Lawrence's methods for locating enemy guns by
5075:
Presidents of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
707:
612:
494:
323:
226:
1347:. Vol. LXII, no. 15, 869. 22 September 1897. p. 6
1375:. Vol. LIV, no. 2, 921. 25 September 1897. p. 14
839:. They had three children, a daughter, Gwendolen and two sons,
432:
392:
90:
854:
Bragg played tennis and golf, and as a founding member of the
1273:. Vol. XXVIII, no. 8500. 15 January 1886. p. 5
733:
626:
621:
581:, the analysis of crystal structure using X-ray diffraction.
351:
1106:
501:
of London. This paper was also the origin of his first book
443:
In 1885, at the age of 23, Bragg was appointed (Sir Thomas)
2613:
699:
542:
was unstable at the Inquiry into the ship's disappearance.
2026:"Cambridge Physicists: William Lawrence Bragg (biography)"
1490:. Vol. LXIV, no. 16, 381. 15 May 1899. p. 4
759:
Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium
505:(1912). Soon after the delivery of his 1904 address, some
19:
Not to be confused with son and fellow Nobel Prize winner
1656:; Lonsdale, K. (1943). "William Henry Bragg. 1862-1942".
890:
32:
911:
In 1962, the Bragg Laboratories were constructed at the
1852:. Australian Institute of Physics. 2009. Archived from
1247:
ELDER PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS AND EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS
1001:– has 1931 photograph with Bragg, location unspecified.
920:
Australian Bragg Centre for Proton Therapy and Research
688:
491:
Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science
4975:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
378:, which has a plaque inside noting Bragg's attendance.
1652:
1567:"Structural biology: How proteins got their close-up"
569:
Bragg occupied the Cavendish chair of physics at the
4990:
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
2062:
Nobelprize.org – The Nobel Prize for Physics in 1915
1812:"John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science"
4336:
925:In August 2013, Bragg's relative, the broadcaster
2164:
4911:
1659:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
1998:A History of Radio in South Australia 1897–1977
745:in 1907, vice-president in 1920, and served as
4124:
1814:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from
5085:Members of the American Philosophical Society
4322:
4110:
2599:
2150:
1600:
602:to listen for the submarines. The Navy had a
330:, and active sportsman who uniquely shared a
318:(2 July 1862 – 12 March 1942) was an English
295:. Father and son jointly won the Nobel Prize.
5020:Academic staff of the University of Adelaide
1902:"Australian Bragg Centre for Proton Therapy"
1850:"Bragg Gold Medal for Excellence in Physics"
1530:
766:Commander of the Order of the British Empire
644:
538:. In 1911, he testified his belief that the
753:in 1939 and an International Member of the
4329:
4315:
4117:
4103:
2606:
2592:
2157:
2143:
2090:
2070:
1800:(Supplement). 30 March 1920. p. 3758.
1712:
1554:– via National Library of Australia.
1526:– via National Library of Australia.
1498:– via National Library of Australia.
1470:– via National Library of Australia.
1442:– via National Library of Australia.
1414:– via National Library of Australia.
1383:– via National Library of Australia.
1355:– via National Library of Australia.
1309:– via National Library of Australia.
1281:– via National Library of Australia.
1228:– via National Library of Australia.
1163:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
851:. Bragg's wife, Gwendoline, died in 1929.
58:
5025:People educated at King William's College
1578:
438:
1790:
1564:
1558:
1212:"The New Elder Professor of Mathematics"
1067:
560:
552:
369:
4980:Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium
2101:Professional and academic associations
1010:List of presidents of the Royal Society
728:"For their services in the analysis of
358:is named after him and his son. He was
5030:Presidents of the Institute of Physics
4935:Academics of University College London
4912:
1921:
1618:. The Davy Faraday Research Laboratory
1155:"Bragg, Sir William Henry (1862–1942)"
1152:
1102:
548:
4310:
4098:
2587:
2138:
1804:
1392:
1390:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
900:The Experimental Technique Centre at
862:, contributed to the introduction of
718:Bragg was joint winner with his son,
713:
565:X-ray spectrometer developed by Bragg
4985:Academics of the University of Leeds
4945:Australian people of English descent
4940:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
1609:
1605:. Stroud: Fonthill. pp. 93–128.
1565:Stoddart, Charlotte (1 March 2022).
1021:
768:(CBE) in 1917 and Knight Commander (
757:. He was elected as a member of the
689:The Royal Society and the coming war
652:
1949:"BBC Radio 4 - Bragg on the Braggs"
1646:
1603:Great Scientists wage the Great War
979:An Introduction to Crystal Analysis
668:Royal Institution Christmas Lecture
13:
5035:Presidents of the Physical Society
1969:
1839:, University of Adelaide, page 43.
1434:. Adelaide. 11 May 1899. p. 3
1387:
1160:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1135:
1117:Dictionary of Australian Biography
1079:
1005:List of Nobel laureates in Physics
860:Adelaide University Lacrosse Clubs
825:South Australian House of Assembly
64:Portrait by the Nobel foundation (
14:
5101:
5070:Recipients of the Matteucci Medal
2045:Data from the University of Leeds
2006:
1878:. 15 October 2021. Archived from
1720:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915"
1293:"RONTGEN PHOTOGRAPHY UNSUSPECTED"
1069:"Bragg, William Henry (BRG880WH)"
1047:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915"
2085:
676:Concerning the Nature of Things,
659:Fullerian Professor of Chemistry
447:and Experimental Physics in the
427:. He graduated in 1884 as third
5080:Cavendish Professors of Physics
5010:Presidents of the Royal Society
4930:20th-century British physicists
2016:. 4 August 2010. Archived from
1941:
1922:Garner, Louise (2 March 2017).
1915:
1894:
1868:
1842:
1830:
1784:
1759:
1734:
1703:
1700:Van der Kloot 2014, pp. 201-207
1694:
1621:
1616:William Henry Bragg (1862–1942)
1601:Van der Kloot, William (2014).
1594:
1502:
1474:
1446:
1418:
1359:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1270:The South Australian Advertiser
965:Concerning the Nature of Things
936:
830:
599:Board of Invention and Research
5015:Recipients of the Copley Medal
2117:President of the Royal Society
1285:
1257:
1232:
1204:
1165:Australian National University
1061:
1039:
755:American Philosophical Society
747:President of the Royal Society
584:
445:Elder Professor of Mathematics
382:
1:
4995:Members of the Order of Merit
2363:Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer
1015:
629:manned by trained listeners.
342:: "for their services in the
65:
16:British scientist (1862–1942)
5090:Recipients of Franklin Medal
4970:Fellows of the Royal Society
2078:Works by William Henry Bragg
972:Old Trades and New Knowledge
813:National Academy of Sciences
751:National Academy of Sciences
679:Old Trades and New Knowledge
365:
7:
4950:Australian lacrosse players
2451:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
2084:(public domain audiobooks)
1709:Van der Kloot 2014, p. 202.
1454:"RETURN OF PROFESSOR BRAGG"
1073:A Cambridge Alumni Database
992:
821:Electoral district of Bragg
743:Fellow of the Royal Society
10:
5106:
5000:Nobel laureates in Physics
1988:Bragg Centenary, 1886–1986
1837:Bragg Centenary, 1886–1986
1244:THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE
1239:Bragg Centenary, 1886–1986
1075:. University of Cambridge.
893:thesis by a student at an
606:research establishment at
425:Trinity College, Cambridge
123:Trinity College, Cambridge
18:
5045:British crystallographers
4856:
4742:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
4726:Charles Scott Sherrington
4677:
4538:
4447:
4348:
4234:
4218:
4193:
4177:
4153:
4134:
3735:
3392:
3081:
2859:
2625:
2387:Charles Scott Sherrington
2379:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
2173:
2123:
2113:
2109:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
2105:
2100:
1990:, University of Adelaide.
1580:10.1146/knowable-022822-1
1487:South Australian Register
1403:The Express and Telegraph
1344:South Australian Register
1265:"THE ADELAIDE UNIVERSITY"
1217:The Express and Telegraph
876:
776:. He was admitted to the
774:1920 civilian war honours
645:University College London
634:the sound of their firing
595:University College London
407:. He was educated at the
289:
284:
280:
254:
245:University College London
232:
222:
215:
158:
128:
118:
102:
97:, England, United Kingdom
76:
57:
30:
4955:British lacrosse players
4782:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
2395:Charles Algernon Parsons
2057:Fullerian Professorships
2050:18 November 2007 at the
1398:"THE LATE MR. MCPHERSON"
1339:"PUBLIC TEACHERS' UNION"
503:Studies in Radioactivity
468:F. H. Faulding & Co.
421:exhibition (scholarship)
374:The Old Grammar School,
149:Bragg–Gray cavity theory
5055:British Nobel laureates
5050:English Nobel laureates
4960:Experimental physicists
4603:Benjamin Collins Brodie
4579:Marquess of Northampton
960:for 1925. Oxford, 1925.
881:The lecture theatre of
303:Sir William Henry Bragg
4547:William Hyde Wollaston
4240:Nobel Prize recipients
4220:Physiology or Medicine
4209:William Lawrence Bragg
2619:Nobel Prize in Physics
2523:Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
2307:Pierre Paul Émile Roux
1672:10.1098/rsbm.1943.0003
1426:"ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY"
1153:Tomlin, S. G. (1979).
1112:"Bragg, William Henry"
931:Nobel Prize in Physics
913:University of Adelaide
883:King William's College
724:Nobel Prize in Physics
710:. Bragg died in 1942.
566:
558:
512:Philosophical Magazine
449:University of Adelaide
439:University of Adelaide
413:King William's College
379:
340:Nobel Prize in Physics
267:William Thomas Astbury
237:University of Adelaide
164:Nobel Prize in Physics
21:William Lawrence Bragg
5040:X-ray crystallography
4651:George Gabriel Stokes
2331:Horace Tabberer Brown
2235:Alfred Russel Wallace
1924:"Bragg on the Braggs"
1510:"WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY"
1482:"WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY"
1122:Angus & Robertson
986:The Universe of Light
984:William Henry Bragg,
977:William Henry Bragg,
970:William Henry Bragg,
963:William Henry Bragg,
954:The Crystalline State
952:William Henry Bragg,
945:William Henry Bragg,
895:Australian university
579:X-ray crystallography
564:
556:
373:
4635:William Spottiswoode
4627:Joseph Dalton Hooker
4480:Earl of Macclesfield
2539:Edgar Douglas Adrian
2179:Josiah Willard Gibbs
1771:search.amphilsoc.org
1767:"APS Member History"
1654:Da c. Andrade, E. N.
683:The Universe of Life
476:Reynolds and Branson
466:, senior chemist of
291:He is the father of
4750:William Henry Bragg
4643:Thomas Henry Huxley
4619:George Biddell Airy
4203:William Henry Bragg
4144:Richard Willstätter
2411:William Henry Bragg
2243:George William Hill
2227:Albert A. Michelson
2067:William Henry Bragg
2000:(J. F. Ross, 1978)
1818:on 29 December 2010
906:University of Leeds
849:Battle of Gallipoli
809:John J. Carty Award
704:Special Search List
571:University of Leeds
549:University of Leeds
534:was just below her
419:and, having won an
275:John Burton Cleland
271:John Desmond Bernal
241:University of Leeds
206:John J. Carty Award
153:Bragg–Paul Pulsator
113:London, England, UK
37:William Henry Bragg
5065:Leeds Blue Plaques
5005:People from Wigton
4965:Optical physicists
4889:Venki Ramakrishnan
4838:Sir Michael Atiyah
4806:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
4758:Henry Hallett Dale
4357:Viscount Brouncker
2483:Thomas Hunt Morgan
2467:Henry Hallett Dale
2443:John Scott Haldane
2427:George Ellery Hale
2127:Henry Hallett Dale
2069:on Nobelprize.org
2032:on 21 October 2012
1882:on 15 October 2021
1797:The London Gazette
1722:. Nobel Foundation
1049:. Nobel Foundation
1034:Irène Joliot-Curie
947:The World of Sound
741:Bragg was elected
714:Honours and awards
672:The World of Sound
657:From 1923, he was
575:X-ray spectrometer
567:
559:
387:Bragg was born at
380:
137:X-ray spectroscopy
4907:
4906:
4734:Ernest Rutherford
4365:Joseph Williamson
4304:
4303:
4092:
4091:
2581:
2580:
2347:Ernest Rutherford
2166:Copley Medallists
2133:
2132:
2124:Succeeded by
2020:on 4 August 2010.
1746:www.nasonline.org
1571:Knowable Magazine
1372:Adelaide Observer
1174:978-0-522-84459-7
1032:and her daughter
902:Brunel University
887:Market Harborough
764:He was appointed
730:crystal structure
663:Royal Institution
653:Royal Institution
536:centre of gravity
519:, also appeared.
456:Ernest Rutherford
401:Market Harborough
376:Market Harborough
348:crystal structure
300:
299:
263:Kathleen Lonsdale
249:Royal Institution
217:Scientific career
133:X-ray diffraction
5097:
4900:
4892:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4849:
4841:
4833:
4825:
4817:
4809:
4801:
4798:Patrick Blackett
4793:
4785:
4777:
4769:
4761:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4729:
4721:
4713:
4705:
4702:Archibald Geikie
4697:
4689:
4670:
4662:
4654:
4646:
4638:
4630:
4622:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4590:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4531:
4523:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4491:
4483:
4475:
4467:
4459:
4440:
4432:
4424:
4421:Robert Southwell
4416:
4413:Earl of Pembroke
4408:
4400:
4392:
4384:
4376:
4373:Christopher Wren
4368:
4360:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4308:
4307:
4242:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4096:
4095:
4085:
4069:
4053:
4037:
4021:
4005:
3989:
3973:
3957:
3945:
3929:
3917:
3905:
3889:
3877:
3861:
3845:
3833:
3821:
3805:
3789:
3773:
3757:
3728:
3712:
3700:
3684:
3668:
3652:
3640:
3628:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3584:
3568:
3552:
3540:
3524:
3516:
3504:
3492:
3484:
3468:
3456:
3440:
3424:
3408:
3385:
3369:
3357:
3341:
3325:
3317:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3257:
3241:
3225:
3217:
3205:
3197:
3185:
3169:
3157:
3141:
3129:
3117:
3109:
3097:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3010:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2941:
2940:
2934:
2922:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2883:
2871:
2852:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2757:
2749:
2747:Kamerlingh Onnes
2741:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2649:
2637:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2566:
2563:George de Hevesy
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2219:Élie Metchnikoff
2214:
2211:Dmitri Mendeleev
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2106:Preceded by
2098:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2074:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2028:. Archived from
2021:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1856:on 12 March 2016
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1261:
1255:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1150:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1104:
1077:
1076:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1043:
1037:
1025:
908:opened in 2021.
841:William Lawrence
837:Sir Charles Todd
761:on 1 June 1946.
317:
255:Notable students
211:
210:
203:
196:
189:
182:
175:
168:
109:
86:
84:
70:
67:
62:
52:
28:
27:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5094:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4895:
4887:
4879:
4871:
4863:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4788:
4780:
4772:
4766:Robert Robinson
4764:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4732:
4724:
4716:
4710:William Crookes
4708:
4700:
4692:
4686:William Huggins
4684:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4649:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4601:
4595:Lord Wrottesley
4593:
4585:
4577:
4569:
4561:
4553:
4545:
4534:
4526:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4494:
4486:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4443:
4435:
4429:Charles Montagu
4427:
4419:
4411:
4405:Earl of Carbery
4403:
4395:
4387:
4379:
4371:
4363:
4355:
4344:
4335:
4305:
4300:
4238:
4230:
4214:
4211:(Great Britain)
4205:(Great Britain)
4189:
4173:
4149:
4130:
4123:
4093:
4088:
4072:
4056:
4040:
4024:
4008:
3992:
3976:
3960:
3948:
3932:
3920:
3908:
3892:
3880:
3864:
3848:
3836:
3824:
3808:
3792:
3776:
3760:
3744:
3737:
3731:
3715:
3703:
3687:
3678:Cohen-Tannoudji
3671:
3655:
3643:
3631:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3587:
3571:
3555:
3543:
3527:
3519:
3507:
3495:
3487:
3471:
3459:
3443:
3427:
3411:
3399:
3388:
3372:
3360:
3344:
3328:
3320:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3260:
3244:
3228:
3220:
3208:
3200:
3188:
3172:
3160:
3144:
3132:
3120:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2964:
2952:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2925:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2874:
2866:
2855:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2652:
2640:
2632:
2621:
2612:
2582:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2515:Joseph Barcroft
2513:
2507:Robert Robinson
2505:
2497:
2489:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2419:Arthur Schuster
2417:
2409:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2371:Albert Einstein
2369:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2323:William Bayliss
2321:
2315:Hendrik Lorentz
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2203:William Crookes
2201:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2163:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2086:
2052:Wayback Machine
2035:
2033:
2024:
2012:
2009:
1972:
1970:Further reading
1967:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1742:"William Bragg"
1740:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1515:Evening Journal
1508:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1459:Evening Journal
1452:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1298:Evening Journal
1291:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1175:
1151:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1108:Serle, Percival
1105:
1080:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1026:
1022:
1018:
995:
958:Romanes Lecture
939:
879:
833:
785:Matteucci Medal
716:
691:
655:
647:
591:Quain Professor
587:
551:
517:Richard Kleeman
460:Wilhelm Röntgen
441:
385:
368:
354:". The mineral
305:
296:
273:
269:
265:
261:
247:
243:
239:
208:
204:
201:
197:
194:
190:
187:
183:
180:
178:Matteucci Medal
176:
173:
169:
166:
162:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
114:
111:
107:
98:
88:
82:
80:
72:
68:
53:
40:
38:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5103:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5060:X-ray pioneers
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4893:
4885:
4881:Sir Paul Nurse
4877:
4869:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4846:Sir Aaron Klug
4842:
4834:
4826:
4818:
4810:
4802:
4794:
4786:
4778:
4770:
4762:
4754:
4746:
4738:
4730:
4722:
4714:
4706:
4698:
4690:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4663:
4655:
4647:
4639:
4631:
4623:
4615:
4607:
4599:
4591:
4583:
4575:
4571:Duke of Sussex
4567:
4563:Davies Gilbert
4559:
4551:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4524:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4492:
4488:Earl of Morton
4484:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4433:
4425:
4417:
4409:
4401:
4393:
4385:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4334:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4206:
4199:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4168:Romain Rolland
4164:
4162:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4122:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4099:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4070:
4054:
4038:
4022:
4006:
3990:
3974:
3958:
3946:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3890:
3878:
3862:
3846:
3834:
3822:
3806:
3790:
3774:
3758:
3741:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3713:
3701:
3685:
3669:
3653:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3609:
3601:
3585:
3569:
3553:
3541:
3525:
3517:
3505:
3493:
3485:
3469:
3457:
3441:
3425:
3414:P. W. Anderson
3409:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3370:
3358:
3342:
3326:
3318:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3258:
3242:
3235:Goeppert Mayer
3226:
3218:
3206:
3198:
3186:
3170:
3158:
3142:
3130:
3118:
3110:
3098:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2962:
2959:C. D. Anderson
2950:
2942:
2935:
2923:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2872:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2770:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2650:
2638:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2571:James Chadwick
2567:
2559:
2555:Archibald Hill
2551:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2435:Theobald Smith
2431:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2251:Francis Galton
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2075:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2042:
2022:
2008:
2007:External links
2005:
2004:
2003:
1996:Ross, John F.
1994:
1991:
1984:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1940:
1914:
1893:
1867:
1841:
1829:
1803:
1783:
1758:
1733:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1645:
1620:
1608:
1593:
1557:
1543:The Advertiser
1529:
1501:
1473:
1445:
1431:The Advertiser
1417:
1386:
1358:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1284:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1231:
1203:
1173:
1134:
1078:
1060:
1038:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1002:
994:
991:
990:
989:
982:
975:
968:
961:
950:
943:
938:
935:
878:
875:
856:North Adelaide
832:
829:
817:
816:
806:
803:Franklin Medal
800:
794:
788:
778:Order of Merit
720:Lawrence Bragg
715:
712:
690:
687:
685:respectively.
654:
651:
646:
643:
593:of Physics at
586:
583:
550:
547:
507:radium bromide
464:Samuel Barbour
440:
437:
409:Grammar School
405:Leicestershire
384:
381:
367:
364:
336:Lawrence Bragg
298:
297:
293:Lawrence Bragg
290:
287:
286:
282:
281:
278:
277:
256:
252:
251:
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
213:
212:
160:
156:
155:
130:
129:Known for
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
112:
110:(aged 79)
104:
100:
99:
89:
78:
74:
73:
63:
55:
54:
39:
36:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5102:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4830:George Porter
4827:
4823:
4822:Andrew Huxley
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4790:Howard Florey
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4718:J. J. Thomson
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4694:Lord Rayleigh
4691:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4668:
4667:Joseph Lister
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4611:Edward Sabine
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4587:Earl of Rosse
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4472:Martin Folkes
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4342:Royal Society
4339:
4332:
4327:
4325:
4320:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4120:
4115:
4113:
4108:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3734:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3667:
3666:R. Richardson
3663:
3659:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3498:Chandrasekhar
3494:
3491:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2971:G. P. Thomson
2968:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2890:
2889:O. Richardson
2885:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2723:Van der Waals
2719:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2687:J. J. Thomson
2683:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:Paul Langevin
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2339:Joseph Larmor
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2283:J. J. Thomson
2280:
2276:
2275:Ray Lankester
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2259:George Darwin
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:Joseph Lister
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1903:
1897:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1833:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1604:
1597:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
987:
983:
980:
976:
973:
969:
966:
962:
959:
955:
951:
948:
944:
941:
940:
934:
932:
928:
923:
921:
916:
914:
909:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
874:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
828:
826:
822:
814:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
791:Rumford Medal
789:
786:
783:
782:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
735:
731:
725:
721:
711:
709:
705:
701:
696:
686:
684:
680:
677:
673:
669:
664:
660:
650:
642:
639:
638:Sound ranging
635:
630:
628:
623:
618:
617:Paul Langevin
614:
609:
605:
600:
596:
592:
582:
580:
576:
572:
563:
555:
546:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:
520:
518:
514:
513:
508:
504:
500:
499:Royal Society
496:
492:
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
377:
372:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:with his son
333:
329:
328:mathematician
325:
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
294:
288:
283:
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:
253:
250:
246:
242:
238:
235:
231:
228:
225:
221:
218:
214:
207:
200:
199:Faraday Medal
193:
186:
185:Rumford Medal
179:
172:
171:Barnard Medal
165:
161:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
106:12 March 1942
105:
101:
96:
92:
79:
75:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
34:
29:
26:
22:
4897:Adrian Smith
4857:21st century
4749:
4678:20th century
4555:Humphry Davy
4539:19th century
4528:Joseph Banks
4520:John Pringle
4512:James Burrow
4496:James Burrow
4456:Isaac Newton
4448:18th century
4397:Samuel Pepys
4381:John Hoskyns
4349:17th century
4270:
4202:
3522:von Klitzing
3514:Van der Meer
2766:
2531:Oswald Avery
2499:Thomas Lewis
2459:Arthur Evans
2410:
2195:Eduard Suess
2114:
2034:. Retrieved
2030:the original
2018:the original
1997:
1956:. Retrieved
1952:
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
1880:the original
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1854:the original
1844:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1816:the original
1806:
1795:
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1770:
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1714:
1705:
1696:
1663:
1657:
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1632:
1623:
1611:
1602:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1570:
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1541:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1513:
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1485:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1457:
1448:
1436:. Retrieved
1429:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1401:
1377:. Retrieved
1370:
1367:"SECOND DAY"
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1342:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1296:
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1268:
1259:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1215:
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
1158:
1125:. Retrieved
1115:
1072:
1063:
1051:. Retrieved
1041:
1023:
999:George Gamow
985:
978:
971:
964:
953:
946:
937:Publications
927:Melvyn Bragg
924:
917:
910:
899:
880:
868:
853:
834:
831:Private life
819:The current
818:
797:Copley Medal
763:
740:
732:by means of
727:
717:
692:
682:
678:
675:
671:
656:
648:
631:
588:
568:
544:
539:
526:
521:
510:
502:
488:
484:
480:Charles Todd
472:Crookes tube
453:
442:
386:
350:by means of
302:
301:
233:Institutions
216:
192:Copley Medal
108:(1942-03-12)
25:
4925:1942 deaths
4920:1862 births
4774:Lord Adrian
4659:Lord Kelvin
4464:Hans Sloane
4437:Lord Somers
4389:Cyril Wyche
4127:Nobel Prize
3566:Steinberger
3482:K. Siegbahn
3474:Bloembergen
3195:Chamberlain
2928:Schrödinger
2838:M. Siegbahn
2767:W. H. Bragg
2763:W. L. Bragg
2547:G. H. Hardy
2355:Horace Lamb
2299:James Dewar
2291:Ivan Pavlov
2267:Felix Klein
2168:(1901–1950)
1958:29 December
1933:29 December
1928:leeds.ac.uk
1822:25 February
1792:"No. 31840"
1666:(12): 276.
1550:2 September
1522:11 February
1466:11 February
1410:11 February
1305:11 February
1277:11 February
1224:11 February
1030:Marie Curie
845:Alban Caroe
585:World War I
417:Isle of Man
383:Early years
338:– the 1915
332:Nobel Prize
259:W. L. Bragg
141:Bragg's law
87:2 July 1862
69: 1915
4914:Categories
4504:James West
4338:Presidents
4155:Literature
4083:L'Huillier
4047:Hasselmann
4003:Strickland
3971:Kosterlitz
3895:Perlmutter
3634:Brockhouse
3339:Schrieffer
3211:Hofstadter
3163:C. N. Yang
2920:Heisenberg
2897:De Broglie
2475:Niels Bohr
2403:Max Planck
2121:1935–1940
1981:Kerr Grant
1860:11 January
1494:8 February
1438:8 February
1379:8 February
1351:8 February
1120:. Sydney:
1016:References
695:A. V. Hill
604:hydrophone
532:metacentre
411:there, at
397:Cumberland
145:Bragg peak
95:Cumberland
83:1862-07-02
4873:Lord Rees
4814:Lord Todd
4146:(Germany)
4136:Chemistry
4129:laureates
4067:Zeilinger
3887:Novoselov
3855:Kobayashi
3779:Abrikosov
3626:J. Taylor
3606:de Gennes
3598:R. Taylor
3490:K. Wilson
3438:R. Wilson
3422:Van Vleck
3393:1976–2000
3383:Rainwater
3379:Mottelson
3355:Josephson
3303:Gell-Mann
3267:Schwinger
3255:Prokhorov
3215:Mössbauer
3175:Cherenkov
3167:T. D. Lee
3091:Cockcroft
3082:1951–1975
2881:C. Wilson
2860:1926–1950
2806:Guillaume
2695:Michelson
2655:Becquerel
2626:1901–1925
2615:Laureates
1907:22 August
1688:202574479
1196:7 October
1183:1833-7538
1127:7 October
1053:9 October
933:winners.
823:, in the
780:in 1931.
772:) in the
726:in 1915:
722:, of the
366:Biography
362:in 1920.
320:physicist
119:Education
4865:Lord May
4170:(France)
4075:Agostini
3963:Thouless
3955:McDonald
3943:Nakamura
3911:Wineland
3843:GrĂĽnberg
3799:Politzer
3783:Ginzburg
3771:Giacconi
3751:Ketterle
3706:'t Hooft
3690:Laughlin
3682:Phillips
3662:Osheroff
3590:Friedman
3562:Schwartz
3558:Lederman
3478:Schawlow
3454:Weinberg
3263:Tomonaga
3155:Brattain
3147:Shockley
3056:Blackett
3048:Appleton
3040:Bridgman
2987:Lawrence
2967:Davisson
2947:Chadwick
2830:Millikan
2814:Einstein
2703:Lippmann
2671:Rayleigh
2663:M. Curie
2659:P. Curie
2082:LibriVox
2048:Archived
1977:obituary
1726:26 April
1633:iucr.org
1586:25 March
1191:70677943
1110:(1949).
993:See also
871:Lawrence
864:lacrosse
608:Aberdour
429:wrangler
389:Westward
360:knighted
356:Braggite
344:analysis
4340:of the
4195:Physics
4063:Clauser
4027:Penrose
4011:Peebles
3967:Haldane
3935:Akasaki
3923:Englert
3915:Haroche
3899:Schmidt
3859:Maskawa
3811:Glauber
3803:Wilczek
3787:Leggett
3767:Koshiba
3747:Cornell
3738:present
3722:Kroemer
3718:Alferov
3710:Veltman
3694:Störmer
3614:Charpak
3594:Kendall
3578:Dehmelt
3546:Bednorz
3446:Glashow
3434:Penzias
3430:Kapitsa
3402:Richter
3375:A. Bohr
3351:Giaever
3331:Bardeen
3295:Alvarez
3279:Kastler
3271:Feynman
3151:Bardeen
3115:Zernike
3107:Purcell
2877:Compton
2822:N. Bohr
2711:Marconi
2643:Lorentz
2635:Röntgen
2617:of the
811:of the
708:Gestapo
661:at the
613:Harwich
540:Waratah
527:Waratah
495:Dunedin
415:on the
391:, near
324:chemist
227:Physics
4899:(2020)
4891:(2015)
4883:(2010)
4875:(2005)
4867:(2000)
4848:(1995)
4840:(1990)
4832:(1985)
4824:(1980)
4816:(1975)
4808:(1970)
4800:(1965)
4792:(1960)
4784:(1955)
4776:(1950)
4768:(1945)
4760:(1940)
4752:(1935)
4744:(1930)
4736:(1925)
4728:(1920)
4720:(1915)
4712:(1913)
4704:(1908)
4696:(1905)
4688:(1900)
4669:(1895)
4661:(1890)
4653:(1885)
4645:(1883)
4637:(1878)
4629:(1873)
4621:(1871)
4613:(1861)
4605:(1858)
4597:(1854)
4589:(1848)
4581:(1838)
4573:(1830)
4565:(1827)
4557:(1820)
4549:(1820)
4530:(1778)
4522:(1772)
4514:(1772)
4506:(1768)
4498:(1768)
4490:(1764)
4482:(1752)
4474:(1741)
4466:(1727)
4458:(1703)
4439:(1698)
4431:(1695)
4423:(1690)
4415:(1689)
4407:(1686)
4399:(1684)
4391:(1683)
4383:(1682)
4375:(1680)
4367:(1677)
4359:(1662)
4079:Krausz
4073:2023:
4059:Aspect
4057:2022:
4051:Manabe
4043:Parisi
4041:2021:
4031:Genzel
4025:2020:
4019:Queloz
4009:2019:
3999:Mourou
3995:Ashkin
3993:2018:
3987:Thorne
3983:Barish
3977:2017:
3961:2016:
3951:Kajita
3949:2015:
3933:2014:
3921:2013:
3909:2012:
3893:2011:
3881:2010:
3865:2009:
3849:2008:
3837:2007:
3827:Mather
3825:2006:
3819:Hänsch
3809:2005:
3793:2004:
3777:2003:
3761:2002:
3755:Wieman
3745:2001:
3716:2000:
3704:1999:
3688:1998:
3672:1997:
3658:D. Lee
3656:1996:
3650:Reines
3644:1995:
3632:1994:
3620:1993:
3612:1992:
3604:1991:
3588:1990:
3574:Ramsey
3572:1989:
3556:1988:
3550:MĂĽller
3544:1987:
3538:Rohrer
3534:Binnig
3528:1986:
3520:1985:
3510:Rubbia
3508:1984:
3502:Fowler
3496:1983:
3488:1982:
3472:1981:
3462:Cronin
3460:1980:
3444:1979:
3428:1978:
3412:1977:
3400:1976:
3373:1975:
3367:Hewish
3361:1974:
3345:1973:
3335:Cooper
3329:1972:
3321:1971:
3311:Alfvén
3309:1970:
3301:1969:
3293:1968:
3285:1967:
3277:1966:
3261:1965:
3247:Townes
3245:1964:
3239:Jensen
3231:Wigner
3229:1963:
3223:Landau
3221:1962:
3209:1961:
3203:Glaser
3201:1960:
3189:1959:
3173:1958:
3161:1957:
3145:1956:
3133:1955:
3121:1954:
3113:1953:
3101:1952:
3095:Walton
3089:1951:
3072:Powell
3070:1950:
3064:Yukawa
3062:1949:
3054:1948:
3046:1947:
3038:1946:
3030:1945:
3022:1944:
3014:1943:
2985:1939:
2977:1938:
2965:1937:
2953:1936:
2945:1935:
2926:1933:
2918:1932:
2903:1930:
2895:1929:
2887:1928:
2875:1927:
2869:Perrin
2867:1926:
2846:Franck
2844:1925:
2836:1924:
2828:1923:
2820:1922:
2812:1921:
2804:1920:
2796:1919:
2790:Planck
2788:1918:
2782:Barkla
2780:1917:
2761:1915:
2753:1914:
2745:1913:
2737:1912:
2729:1911:
2721:1910:
2709:1909:
2701:1908:
2693:1907:
2685:1906:
2679:Lenard
2677:1905:
2669:1904:
2653:1903:
2647:Zeeman
2641:1902:
2633:1901:
2573:(1950)
2565:(1949)
2557:(1948)
2549:(1947)
2541:(1946)
2533:(1945)
2525:(1944)
2517:(1943)
2509:(1942)
2501:(1941)
2493:(1940)
2485:(1939)
2477:(1938)
2469:(1937)
2461:(1936)
2453:(1935)
2445:(1934)
2437:(1933)
2429:(1932)
2421:(1931)
2413:(1930)
2405:(1929)
2397:(1928)
2389:(1927)
2381:(1926)
2373:(1925)
2365:(1924)
2357:(1923)
2349:(1922)
2341:(1921)
2333:(1920)
2325:(1919)
2317:(1918)
2309:(1917)
2301:(1916)
2293:(1915)
2285:(1914)
2277:(1913)
2269:(1912)
2261:(1911)
2253:(1910)
2245:(1909)
2237:(1908)
2229:(1907)
2221:(1906)
2213:(1905)
2205:(1904)
2197:(1903)
2189:(1902)
2181:(1901)
2036:2 July
1886:4 July
1686:
1680:769040
1678:
1638:7 July
1629:"IUCr"
1189:
1181:
1171:
988:(1933)
981:(1928)
974:(1926)
967:(1925)
956:– The
949:(1920)
877:Legacy
815:(1939)
805:(1930)
799:(1930)
793:(1916)
787:(1915)
433:tripos
393:Wigton
352:X-rays
223:Fields
209:(1939)
202:(1936)
195:(1930)
188:(1916)
181:(1915)
174:(1915)
167:(1915)
159:Awards
91:Wigton
4271:1915
4179:Peace
4125:1915
4015:Mayor
3979:Weiss
3939:Amano
3927:Higgs
3903:Riess
3875:Smith
3871:Boyle
3851:Nambu
3831:Smoot
3795:Gross
3763:Davis
3736:2001–
3726:Kilby
3638:Shull
3622:Hulse
3530:Ruska
3466:Fitch
3450:Salam
3347:Esaki
3323:Gabor
3287:Bethe
3251:Basov
3191:Segrè
3179:Frank
3139:Kusch
3127:Bothe
3103:Bloch
3032:Pauli
3016:Stern
2979:Fermi
2932:Dirac
2905:Raman
2850:Hertz
2798:Stark
2739:Dalén
2715:Braun
2115:46th
1983:, in:
1776:3 May
1751:3 May
1684:S2CID
1676:JSTOR
734:X-ray
700:Nazis
627:sonar
622:sonar
423:, at
313:
309:
285:Notes
48:
44:
4296:1920
4291:1919
4286:1918
4281:1917
4276:1916
4266:1914
4261:1913
4256:1912
4251:1911
4246:1910
4227:None
4186:None
4159:1915
4035:Ghez
3883:Geim
3839:Fert
3815:Hall
3698:Tsui
3646:Perl
3582:Paul
3418:Mott
3406:Ting
3363:Ryle
3315:NĂ©el
3183:Tamm
3135:Lamb
3123:Born
3024:Rabi
3008:1942
3001:1941
2994:1940
2955:Hess
2939:1934
2912:1931
2774:1916
2755:Laue
2731:Wien
2038:2024
1960:2019
1935:2019
1909:2020
1888:2022
1862:2009
1824:2011
1778:2023
1753:2023
1728:2018
1640:2019
1588:2022
1552:2018
1524:2018
1496:2018
1468:2018
1440:2018
1412:2018
1381:2018
1353:2018
1307:2018
1279:2018
1226:2018
1198:2008
1187:OCLC
1179:ISSN
1169:ISBN
1129:2008
1055:2008
918:The
858:and
681:and
103:Died
77:Born
3867:Kao
3674:Chu
2080:at
1953:BBC
1668:doi
1575:doi
891:PhD
770:KBE
670:on
525:SS
493:at
346:of
315:FRS
311:KBE
50:FRS
46:KBE
33:Sir
4916::
4081:/
4077:/
4065:/
4061:/
4049:/
4045:/
4033:/
4029:/
4017:/
4013:/
4001:/
3997:/
3985:/
3981:/
3969:/
3965:/
3953:/
3941:/
3937:/
3925:/
3913:/
3901:/
3897:/
3885:/
3873:/
3869:/
3857:/
3853:/
3841:/
3829:/
3817:/
3813:/
3801:/
3797:/
3785:/
3781:/
3769:/
3765:/
3753:/
3749:/
3724:/
3720:/
3708:/
3696:/
3692:/
3680:/
3676:/
3664:/
3660:/
3648:/
3636:/
3624:/
3596:/
3592:/
3580:/
3576:/
3564:/
3560:/
3548:/
3536:/
3532:/
3512:/
3500:/
3480:/
3476:/
3464:/
3452:/
3448:/
3436:/
3432:/
3420:/
3416:/
3404:/
3381:/
3377:/
3365:/
3353:/
3349:/
3337:/
3333:/
3313:/
3269:/
3265:/
3253:/
3249:/
3237:/
3233:/
3213:/
3193:/
3181:/
3177:/
3165:/
3153:/
3149:/
3137:/
3125:/
3105:/
3093:/
2969:/
2957:/
2930:/
2879:/
2848:/
2765:/
2713:/
2661:/
2657:/
2645:/
1951:.
1926:.
1794:.
1769:.
1744:.
1682:.
1674:.
1662:.
1631:.
1573:.
1569:.
1540:.
1512:.
1484:.
1456:.
1428:.
1400:.
1389:^
1369:.
1341:.
1295:.
1267:.
1214:.
1185:.
1177:.
1167:.
1157:.
1137:^
1114:.
1081:^
1071:.
873:.
738:.
702:'
674:;
435:.
403:,
395:,
326:,
322:,
307:OM
93:,
66:c.
42:OM
4330:e
4323:t
4316:v
4161:)
4157:(
4118:e
4111:t
4104:v
2607:e
2600:t
2593:v
2158:e
2151:t
2144:v
2040:.
1962:.
1937:.
1911:.
1890:.
1864:.
1826:.
1780:.
1755:.
1730:.
1690:.
1670::
1664:4
1642:.
1590:.
1577::
1200:.
1131:.
1057:.
736:"
85:)
81:(
71:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
