981:
1274:
925:
937:
1232:
22:
208:
221:
1187:
1320:
1211:
531:
961:
1255:
1369:
244:
1006:
1026:
820:
615:
712:
193:
40:
3751:
4663:
4676:
1290:
3119:
415:
1038:
747:. The soil below ground level stays cool by virtue of being several meters below the surface. The insulation and heat capacity of the overlying earth maintains the same stable temperature day and night, and as nights in arid climates are quite cold, often below freezing, that stable temperature is quite cool. The air is also
269:, but with openings to the side, pointing in multiple directions. More sections reduce the flow rate, but increase the efficiency at suboptimal wind angles. If the wind hits the opening square-on, it will go in, but if it hits it at a sufficiently oblique angle, it will tend to slip around the tower, instead.
465:
Airflow speed is also important, especially for evaporative cooling (since it only works on dry air, and humidifies the air). It is possible for a windtower-ventilated building to have very high flow rates; 30 air changes per hour were measured in one experiment. Uniform, stable flow with no stagnant
264:
direction at that specific location: if the wind tends to blow from only one side, it may have only one opening, and no internal partitions. In areas with more variable wind directions, there may also be radial internal walls, which divide the windtower into vertical sections. These sections are like
505:
Routing the wind through the building cools the people in the building interior. The air flows through the house, and leaves from the other side, creating a through-draft; the rate of airflow itself can provide a cooling effect. Windcatchers have been employed in this manner for thousands of years.
272:
Windcatchers in areas with stronger winds will have smaller total cross-sections, and areas with very hot wind may have many smaller shafts in order to cool the incoming air. Windtowers with square horizontal cross-sections are more efficient than round ones, as the sharp angles make the flow less
601:
Courtyards in hot climates fill with cold air at night. This cold air then flows from the courtyard into adjacent rooms. The cold night air will flow in easily, as it is more dense than the rising warm air it is displacing. But in the day, the courtyard walls and awning shade it, while the air
924:
311:
may be necessary. Some dust can be dumped at the bottom of the windcatcher as the air slows (see diagram below), and more can be filtered out by suitable plantings or insect mesh. Physical filters generally reduce throughflow, unless the flow is very gusty. It may also be possible to fully or
766:
is a type of fountain with a thin sheet of flowing water, shaped to maximize surface area and thus evaporative cooling. Windcatchers are often used with salasabils may be used to maximize the flow of unsaturated air over the water surface and carry the cooled air to where it is needed in the
770:
Wetted matting can also be hung inside the windcatcher to cool incoming air. This can reduce flow, especially in weak winds. However, it can also produce a downdraft of cool air in windless conditions. The evaporative cooling within a windtower causes the air in the tower to sink, driving
493:
If a windcatcher's open side faces the prevailing wind, it can "catch" it, and bring it down into the heart of the building. Suction from the lee side of a windtower is also an important driving force, usually somewhat more constant and less gusty than the pressure on the upwind side (see
1157:
Windcatchers tend to have one, four, or eight openings. In the city of Yazd, all windcatchers are four- or eight-sided. The construction of a windcatcher depends on the direction of airflow at that specific location: if the wind tends to blow from only one side, it is built with only one
698:
are traditionally used to store water frozen overnight in desert areas, or over winter in temperate areas. They may use windcatchers to circulate air into an underground or semi-underground chamber, evaporatively cooling the ice so that it melts only slowly and stays fairly dry (see
735:, or underground canal (which also makes use of the subterranean heat reservoir described above). In this method, the open side of the tower faces away from the direction of the prevailing wind (the tower's orientation may be adjusted by directional ports at the top). When only the
727:
effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.
575:
lattice). It is designed to capture a cross-draft. The breeze is at least partly driven by convection (since one court will generally be warmer than the other), and may also be driven by wind pressure and evaporative cooling, so the garden and courtyard are used as windcatchers.
755:. The dry air is thus also humidified before entering the building. The cooled air is drawn up through the house and finally out the windcatcher, again by the Coandă effect. On the whole, the cool air flows through the building, decreasing the structure's overall temperature.
980:
383:
of the soil evens out the daily and even annual temperature swings. Even the thermal inertia of thick masonry walls will keep a building warmer at night and cooler during the day. Windcatchers can thus cool by drawing air over night- or winter-cooled materials, which act as
667:, the daily temperature swings are often extreme, with desert temperatures often dipping below freezing at night. Even the thermal inertia of thick masonry walls will keep a building warmer at night and cooler during the day; in hot-arid climates, thick walls with high
606:, the hot air floating on top of the cold air with little mixing. The fact that the openings are at the top will trap the cool air below, though it cannot cause the temperature to drop below the nightly minimum temperature. This mechanism also works in windtowers.
1210:
936:
462:). The relative importance of these two forces has been debated. The importance of windpressure increases with increasing wind speed, and is generally more important than buoyancy under most conditions in which the windcatcher is working effectively.
899:
with the vertical side left open and facing directly up or down wind (one of each per building). They work best if oriented within 10 degrees of wind direction; larger angles allow the wind to escape. Windcatchers were used in traditional
2320:
345:
s are more often used in damper climates, where high-volume air flow is more important compared to evaporative cooling. In hotter climates, they are narrower, and air is cooled on its way in. They are more commonly used in Africa.
1642:
1345:(inland southern France). It incorporates a very large aluminium windcatcher, which is much lighter than the equivalent masonry windcatcher would be. The size of the windcatcher allows it to work in any wind direction; the
1273:
175:. Windcatchers have also been used experimentally to cool outdoor areas in cities, with mixed results; traditional methods include narrow, walled spaces, parks and winding streets, which act as cold-air reservoirs, and
509:
The windtower essentially creates a pressure gradient to draw air through the building. Windtowers topped with horizontal airfoils have been built to enhance these pressure gradients. The shape of the traditional
2000:. The Seventh International Conference of Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development (SAUD 2010). Amman, Jordan: The Center for the Study of Architecture in Arab Region (CSAAR Press). pp. 247–266.
597:
means that the night air is colder than the daytime air; in arid climates, much colder. This creates appreciable buoyancy forces. Buildings may be designed to spontaneously increase ventilation at night.
1578:
1311:, Australia, has 3-story-tall "shower towers", made of cloth kept wet by a showerhead trickling at the top of each one. Evaporative cooling chills the air, which then descends into the building.
2461:
1117:
tend to be packed very closely together with high walls and ceilings, maximizing shade at ground level. The heat of direct sunlight is minimized with small windows that face away from the sun.
256:, with the vertical side left open and facing directly up or down wind (often one of each per building). This design works well in areas with strong low-level winds from a consistent direction.
5984:
2121:
743:. This pulls air into an intake on the other side of the building. The hot air brought down into the qanat tunnel is cooled by coming into contact with the water flow and the surrounding
803:
because they facilitate cooling in a warmer climate. Windcatchers can reduce temperature inside the house by 8 to 12 °C (14 to 22 °F) in comparison to the outdoor temperature.
1186:
560:), but this heats the house and makes it less comfortable. A more practical technique is to cool the air as it flows down and in, using heat reservoirs and/or evaporative cooling.
3179:
138:
conditions, and not all techniques will work everywhere; local factors must be taken into account in design. Windcatchers of varying designs are widely used in North Africa,
930:
Dwelling house in
Ancient Egypt with windcatcher. From a painting at the Pharaonic house of Neb-Ammun, Egypt, which dates from the 19th Dynasty, c. 1300 BC (British Museum).
960:
352:, on the other hand, are multisided (usually 4-sided), and they are typically tall towers (up to 34 meters tall) which can be closed in winter. They are more common in the
2435:"Industrial architecture in Egypt in the 19th and 20th centuries, Arsenal in the Citadel of Cairo: workshop hall with timber roof construction and wind catcher (malqaf)"
395:. The heat in the air goes into evaporating some of the water, and will not be released until the water re-condenses. This is a very effective way of cooling dry air.
142:, and India. A simple, widespread idea, there is evidence that windcatchers have been in use for many millennia, and no clear evidence that they were not used into
213:
The same interior. This wind tower has four openings and brown cloth vertical walls on the interior diagonals, so it can catch the wind from a range of directions.
567:
is a space similar to the ancient Roman tablinum, opening both onto a heavily shaded courtyard and onto a rear garden court (the garden side being shaded with a
2387:"The effect of wind-catchers (el-Malaqef) on the internal natural ventilation in hot climates with special reference to Egypt: A study on small physical models"
556:), so that it rises and pulls air out of the top of the house, creating a draft. This effect can be enhanced with a heat source at the bottom of the windtower (
700:
5934:
3831:
2694:
Kassir, Radwan M (September 4, 2015). "Passive downdraught evaporative cooling wind-towers: A case study using simulation with field-corroborated results".
5964:
2875:
2521:
2497:
1231:
127:(HVAC) systems. The maintenance costs are also lower. Unlike powered air-conditioning and fans, windcatchers are silent and continue to function when the
6130:
2472:
1180:
and other northern cities in Iran. These seem to function more as ventilators than as the temperature regulators seen in the central deserts of Iran.
6140:
406:
of body-warmed and water-saturated air clinging to the skin, so a human will feel cooler in moving air than in stagnant air of the same temperature.
3194:
775:(PDEC). It may also be generated using spray nozzles (which have a tendency to get blocked if the water is hard) or cold-water cooling coils (like
2125:
1130:
effect is strongest in the driest climates, such as on the
Iranian plateau, leading to the ubiquitous use of windcatchers in drier areas such as
904:, and only started to fall out of use in the mid-1900s C.E.. Their use is now being re-examined, as air conditioning accounts for 60% of Egypt's
2342:
Nouh Ma’bdeh, Shouib; Fawwaz
Alrebei, Odi; M. Obeidat, Laith; Al-Radaideh, Tamer; Kaouri, Katerina; I. Amhamed, Abdulkarem (December 29, 2022).
2275:"Studies of ventilation and thermal comfort in different wind tower-room configurations considering humidification for a warm climate of Mexico"
1219:, in Kashan, central Iran. Built in 1857, it is an excellent example of ancient Persian desert architecture. The two tall windcatchers cool the
450:
The windcatcher can function in two ways: directing airflow using the pressure of wind blowing into the windcatcher, or directing airflow using
3541:
3465:
3028:
2552:
830:
1703:
391:
Windcatchers that cool by drawing air over water use the water as a heat reservoir, but if the air is dry, they are also cooling the air with
5979:
3460:
2434:
4633:
1462:
372:
Night-flushing cools the house by increasing ventilation at night, when the outdoor air is cooler; windtowers can assist night flushing.
5472:
4721:
124:
123:. Generally, the cost of construction for a windcatcher-ventilated building is less than that of a similar building with conventional
4061:
751:
when some of the water in the qanat evaporates as the hot, dry surface air passes over it; the heat energy in the air is absorbed as
1730:
5974:
5906:
2868:
2386:
4577:
2842:
1814:
683:
are more modernly sometimes used). Windcatchers can thus cool by drawing air over night- or winter-cooled materials, which act as
6105:
1120:
The windcatcher's effectiveness had led to its routine use as a refrigerating device in Iran. Many traditional water reservoirs (
967:
2344:"Quantifying Energy Reduction and Thermal Comfort for a Residential Building Ventilated with a Window-Windcatcher: A Case Study"
2176:
2665:
Bahadori, Mehdi N. (1994). "Viability of wind towers in achieving summer comfort in the hot arid regions of the middle east".
115:
Neglected by modern architects in the latter half of the 20th century, the early 21st century saw them used again to increase
5779:
4638:
4277:
3609:
1839:
1052:
Windcatchers are common feature across many Middle
Eastern countries influenced by the spread of culture under Islamic rule.
2574:
5939:
5901:
1126:), which are capable of storing water at near freezing temperatures during summer months, are built with windcatchers. The
4572:
2861:
153:
Windcatchers vary dramatically in shape, including height, cross-sectional area, and internal sub-divisions and filters.
5762:
3534:
3021:
1943:. International Conference "Passive and Low Energy Cooling 1021 for the Built Environment", May 2005, Santorini, Greece
1254:
2731:
Montazeri, H.; Azizian, R. (2008). "Experimental study on natural ventilation performance of one-sided wind catcher".
379:, the daily temperature swings are often extreme, with desert temperatures often dipping below freezing at night. The
156:
Windcatching has gained some ground in
Western architecture, and there are several commercial products using the name
5804:
5517:
5053:
4782:
2043:
860:
4873:
3626:
549:. The hot air, which is less dense, tends to travel upwards and escape out the top of the house via the windtower.
1937:
772:
6125:
6120:
5954:
5768:
5148:
4546:
3094:
1610:"Simulation and Analysis of Ventilation Flow Through a Room Caused by a Two-sided Windcatcher Using a LES Method"
2528:
2504:
485:, walls, and fountains, for instance, as integral parts of an overall ventilation and heat-management strategy.
6145:
4712:
4643:
4324:
943:
2384:
1755:
6135:
6110:
6100:
5916:
5860:
5855:
5432:
4960:
4623:
4618:
4613:
3569:
3527:
3014:
1098:
1090:. They are used in the hot, dry areas of the Central Iranian Plateau, and in the hot, humid coastal regions.
1005:
901:
602:
outside is heated by the sun. The cool masonry will also chill the nearby air. The courtyard air will become
1678:
398:
Simply moving the air also has a cooling effect. Humans cool themselves using evaporative cooling when they
6155:
6115:
5477:
5028:
4949:
4908:
4628:
4608:
4603:
4582:
4455:
3843:
3687:
3579:
1338:
1334:
905:
2274:
2228:
6095:
5820:
5622:
5133:
5068:
4986:
4898:
4762:
3604:
3498:
2103:
703:). At night, the windcatchers may even bring sub-freezing night air underground, helping to freeze ice.
31:(water reservoir) with windcatchers (openings near the top of the towers) in the central desert city of
5969:
5850:
5557:
5322:
5166:
4006:
792:
116:
100:
are unidirectional, bidirectional, or multidirectional, on how they change with altitude, on the daily
2591:
160:. Some modern windcatchers use sensor-controlled moving parts or even solar-powered fans to make semi-
6022:
5881:
5845:
5647:
5277:
5232:
5160:
5012:
4955:
3599:
3589:
3089:
2385:
Ahmed Abdel Wahab Ahmed Rizk; Mohamed Abdel
Mawgoud Abdel Ghaffar; Mohamed Hefnawy (April 11, 2007).
1353:
800:
788:
594:
207:
3811:
3630:
2017:
6150:
6069:
5891:
5587:
5187:
4966:
4857:
4842:
4556:
3839:
3765:
3486:
3189:
1609:
656:
499:
76:
2273:
Carreto-Hernandez, L.G.; Moya, S.L.; Varela-Boydo, C.A.; Francisco-Hernandez, A. (April 1, 2022).
2157:
1392:, where it functions without the addition of mechanical devices in order to regulate temperature.
21:
6064:
5989:
5911:
5840:
5784:
5716:
5612:
5527:
5437:
5402:
4878:
3914:
3614:
3503:
3058:
2186:. Vol. 18, no. 2. Klmath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology. pp. 1–11.
1773:
1731:"'California and Texas are warnings': blackouts show US deeply unprepared for the climate crisis"
1431:
1087:
2826:
1894:
1342:
635:
588:
6054:
6016:
5896:
5607:
5038:
4103:
3655:
3434:
2438:
896:
752:
253:
3574:
6074:
5752:
5711:
5427:
5098:
4918:
4690:
4309:
3712:
3670:
3650:
3068:
1357:
1319:
603:
535:
220:
81:
542:
Buoyancy is usually not the main effect driving windcatcher air circulation during the day.
146:. The "place of invention" of windcatchers is thus intensely disputed; Egypt, Iran, and the
54:, has an elaborate 18-m windtower with two levels of openings, plus some smaller windtowers.
5876:
5866:
5810:
5747:
5642:
5222:
5171:
4737:
4655:
4409:
3707:
3702:
3692:
3677:
3660:
3645:
3635:
3584:
3564:
3550:
3455:
3099:
3084:
3037:
2781:
2740:
2629:
2240:
1346:
1238:
1061:
1037:
736:
695:
680:
627:
455:
147:
1176:
in traditional
Persian architecture. Shish-khans can still be seen on top of ab anbars in
694:), which maintain frigid temperatures in the middle of the day even without windcatchers.
530:
477:
Other elements are often used in combination with the windcatchers to cool and ventilate:
131:
power fails (a particular concern in places where grid power is unreliable or expensive).
8:
5742:
5732:
5706:
5492:
5154:
5063:
5033:
4933:
4903:
4797:
4757:
4667:
4425:
4267:
4197:
4169:
4108:
4001:
3682:
3665:
3640:
3619:
2139:
1425:
1419:
1127:
1030:
915:
Windcatchers in Egypt are often used in conjunction with other passive cooling elements.
909:
761:
748:
724:
392:
324:
161:
3429:
2785:
2744:
2633:
2402:
2244:
2177:"An Information Survival Kit for the Prospective Residential Geothermal Heat Pump Owner"
6005:
5949:
5886:
5663:
5542:
5537:
5327:
5138:
5123:
4705:
3594:
3481:
2916:
2719:
2653:
2641:
2294:
2080:
2005:
1385:
776:
2553:"How Ancient Persian Architecture Captured Wind Energy Underground to Green Buildings"
630:
which may be ventilated with windcatchers. The fountain pool adds evaporative cooling.
5577:
5532:
5287:
5282:
5212:
5108:
4944:
4747:
4364:
3776:
3379:
3324:
2964:
2799:
2756:
2723:
2711:
2682:
2678:
2657:
2645:
2398:
2298:
2187:
2039:
1995:
1538:
1193:
993:
838:
89:
43:
2462:"Designing the Malqaf for summer cooling in low-rise housing, an experimental study"
2272:
2195:
2084:
108:, and on how much dust needs to be removed. Despite the name, windcatchers can also
6044:
5799:
5794:
5377:
5083:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4888:
4521:
4329:
4207:
4051:
4041:
3964:
3771:
2977:
2789:
2752:
2748:
2703:
2674:
2637:
2365:
2355:
2286:
2252:
2248:
2072:
1657:
1550:
1110:
1079:
1042:
842:
796:
120:
97:
71:
2022:
1580:
Designing the Malqaf for summer cooling in low-rise housing, an experimental study
740:
6039:
6011:
5653:
5567:
5562:
5507:
5497:
5487:
5417:
5357:
5272:
5257:
5078:
5073:
5048:
5043:
4913:
4837:
4496:
4314:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4026:
3786:
3239:
2794:
2769:
2407:
1407:
1373:
1304:
1293:
1260:
1216:
1169:
Windcatchers in Iran may be quite elaborate, due to their use as status symbols.
1166:, 50 kilometers from Yazd: the windcatchers are short and have a single opening.
660:
380:
278:
261:
165:
128:
93:
2076:
5789:
5686:
5462:
5442:
5407:
5342:
5262:
5103:
5093:
5002:
4852:
4822:
4777:
4772:
4470:
4465:
4354:
4256:
4144:
4113:
3791:
3781:
3063:
2341:
2290:
1554:
1368:
684:
495:
451:
443:
403:
385:
321:
are usually bidirectional, set in symmetrical pairs, and are often used with a
96:
in buildings. Windcatchers come in various designs, depending on whether local
2620:
Bahadori, Mehdi N. (1978). "Passive
Cooling Systems in Iranian Architecture".
2360:
2343:
2060:
1662:
690:
Windcatchers are also often used to ventilate lower-level indoor spaces (e.g.
299:
If the wind is dusty or polluted, or there are insect-borne illnesses such as
6160:
6089:
5871:
5722:
5617:
5582:
5352:
5347:
5302:
5297:
5143:
5118:
5113:
5088:
5058:
4928:
4827:
4807:
4787:
4698:
4149:
4134:
2853:
2803:
2760:
2715:
2707:
2686:
2649:
2229:"The development of commercial wind towers for natural ventilation: A review"
2191:
1679:"A Glimpse of America's Future: Climate Change Means Trouble for Power Grids"
1537:
Saadatian, Omidreza; Haw, Lim Chin; Sopian, K.; Sulaiman, M.Y. (April 2012).
1046:
997:
806:
A window windcatcher can reduce the total energy use of a building by 23.3%.
623:
553:
285:
2227:
Richard Hughes, Ben; Kaiser
Calautit, John; Abdul Ghani, Saud (April 2012).
2065:
Proceedings of the
Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings
470:
is more effective at maintaining human comfort (for an extreme example, see
6049:
5727:
5627:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5522:
5457:
5337:
5307:
5247:
5242:
5217:
5128:
5007:
4923:
4847:
4832:
4817:
4680:
4435:
3697:
3138:
2949:
2929:
2901:
1890:
1297:
1102:
668:
664:
652:
641:
546:
467:
459:
439:
376:
361:
353:
336:
304:
293:
274:
199:
179:-like arrangements (see sections on night flushing and convection, below).
135:
3801:
2213:
1025:
659:, often loosely referred to as "geothermal heat pumps" by laypeople). The
614:
6059:
5701:
5632:
5572:
5552:
5547:
5422:
5382:
5367:
5312:
5237:
5207:
5202:
5018:
4883:
4802:
4016:
3996:
3364:
3104:
2987:
2885:
2038:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–136.
1994:
Mohamed, Mady A. A. (2010). S. Lehmann; H.A. Waer; J. Al-Qawasmi (eds.).
648:
471:
243:
101:
3273:
2818:
2370:
2226:
1422: – Thin-sheet fountain for evaporatively cooling buildings or water
5815:
5737:
5668:
5637:
5512:
5482:
5412:
5362:
5332:
5317:
5292:
5197:
4997:
4893:
4812:
4752:
4480:
4440:
4251:
3986:
3899:
3835:
3519:
3409:
3389:
3329:
3006:
2954:
2934:
2893:
2061:"Measurements of the performance of a wind-driven ventilation terminal"
1840:"Arab States Obstructing Registration Of Iranian Windcatcher At UNESCO"
1401:
1147:
947:
663:
of the soil evens out the daily and even annual temperature swings. In
570:
564:
557:
525:
478:
357:
308:
289:
229:
176:
172:
143:
4587:
4501:
4339:
3508:
1704:"U.S. power and natgas prices spike in Texas and California heatwaves"
640:
A windcatcher can also cool air by bringing it into contact with cool
545:
In a windless environment, a windcatcher can still function using the
171:
Windscoops have long been used on ships, for example in the form of a
5774:
5452:
5447:
5397:
5372:
5227:
5023:
4272:
4230:
4212:
3981:
3904:
3849:
3796:
3404:
3314:
3304:
3258:
3214:
1308:
1151:
691:
619:
552:
Heating of the windtower itself can heat the air inside (making it a
139:
1279:
A windtower from below, inside, showing that it is partly closed-off
731:
Windcatchers are used for evaporative cooling in combination with a
375:
A windcatcher can also cool air by drawing it over cool objects. In
5757:
5691:
5192:
4992:
4792:
4767:
4742:
4241:
4202:
4139:
4082:
4056:
4021:
3919:
3740:
3384:
3234:
3174:
3169:
2939:
2924:
2906:
2124:. National Groundwater Association. August 23, 2015. Archived from
1437:
1377:
1221:
1159:
1122:
1012:
942:
Ancient Egyptian House miniature showing windcatchers, dating from
711:
425:
192:
105:
39:
27:
4404:
3750:
3224:
2770:"Windcatchers and their applications in contemporary architecture"
2321:"Ancient windcatchers in Iran give architects cooling inspiration"
2158:"Ground Temperatures as a Function of Location, Season, and Depth"
1643:"Passive downdraught evaporative cooling: principles and practice"
1045:, in the 1800s: two-walled square towers with a diagonally-sloped
466:
corners is important. Turbulent flow should therefore be avoided;
5267:
4939:
4551:
4374:
4359:
4349:
4334:
4187:
4031:
3929:
3859:
3806:
3369:
3354:
3344:
3319:
3309:
3294:
3143:
2944:
2469:
26th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA2009)
1588:
PLEA2009 – 26th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture
1106:
744:
429:
300:
266:
225:
47:
1434: – Architecture based on local needs, materials, traditions
1289:
5944:
5696:
5502:
5252:
4511:
4460:
4450:
4445:
4430:
4398:
4369:
4344:
4319:
4246:
4192:
4118:
4066:
4046:
3934:
3924:
3909:
3894:
3424:
3414:
3394:
3349:
3229:
3204:
3199:
3153:
3148:
3133:
1264:
1242:
1177:
1163:
1143:
1139:
1135:
951:
4720:
4662:
1774:"Power grid struggles in Texas similar to those in California"
5959:
5392:
4526:
4506:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4097:
4087:
4036:
3991:
3976:
3970:
3944:
3939:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3854:
3735:
3359:
3339:
3334:
3263:
3248:
3184:
2394:
1413:
1114:
732:
716:
676:
672:
655:
temperature (MATT) (it is this depth which is used for many
399:
237:
3118:
5467:
5387:
4516:
4475:
4261:
4235:
4092:
4011:
3827:
3439:
3419:
3374:
3299:
3289:
3253:
3219:
3209:
2972:
1389:
1356:
in the UK uses windcatcher towers. The Queen's Building of
1246:
1201:
1197:
1131:
1094:
482:
233:
85:
51:
32:
1536:
1416: – Water management system using underground channels
538:
of air inside a room. Note hot air rising from the person.
284:
Taller windcatchers catch higher winds. Higher winds blow
3399:
414:
2122:"Groundwater temperature's measurement and significance"
2768:
Sangdeh, Parham Kheirkhah; Nasrollahi, Nazanin (2022).
2628:(2). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 144–154.
1442:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2696:
Building Services Engineering Research and Technology
1815:"An ancient engineering feat that harnessed the wind"
1608:
Niktash, Amirreza; Huynh, B. Phuoc (July 2–4, 2014).
1384:
A windcatcher has been used in the visitor center at
966:
Model of an Ancient Egyptian house with windcatcher,
347:
987:
890:
884:
759:
568:
511:
433:
419:
340:
330:
322:
316:
247:
1404: – Vent installed at the peak of a sloped roof
1329:has an extremely wide aluminium windcatcher scoop.
782:
739:side is left open, air is drawn upwards using the
579:Buoyancy forces are used to cause night flushing.
1997:Traditional Ways of Dealing with Climate in Egypt
1162:opening. This is the style most commonly seen in
516:roof also creates suction as wind blows over it.
260:The construction of a windcatcher depends on the
6087:
2071:(SB2). London, UK: Thomas Telford Ltd: 129–136.
1617:Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering
1467:Architectural Record: Building for Social Change
3466:Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity
2883:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1349:perpendicular to the wind flow remains large.
582:
4706:
3535:
3022:
2869:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1935:
679:) are common (though thinner walls with high
3461:Traditional Persian residential architecture
1938:"Badgir in traditional Iranian architecture"
1889:
1670:
1607:
1324:
1105:. Most buildings are constructed from thick
446:below while allowing hot air rise out of it.
2459:
1813:Abdolhamidi, Shervin (September 27, 2018).
1812:
1756:"A Tale of Two Grids: Texas and California"
360:. Taller windcatchers also have a stronger
6131:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
5473:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
4722:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
4713:
4699:
3542:
3528:
3029:
3015:
2876:
2862:
2831:Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2378:
2098:
2096:
2094:
1956:
1899:Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture
1380:also uses a very wide aluminium windscoop.
1204:: one of the tallest existing windcatchers
647:Below approximately 6m of depth, soil and
418:A pair of short traditional windcatchers (
296:). Higher air is also usually less dusty.
125:heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
16:Architectural element for creating a draft
2793:
2575:"Queen's Building, DeMontfort University"
2369:
2359:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1661:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
861:Learn how and when to remove this message
252:in Egypt in 1878. Short wood-and-matting
6141:Architecture in the United Arab Emirates
5907:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
3549:
3036:
2318:
2174:
2168:
2052:
2033:
2027:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1543:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1367:
1318:
1288:
1036:
1024:
710:
613:
534:Vertical temperature gradient caused by
529:
413:
242:
219:
38:
20:
2538:
2091:
1993:
1722:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1360:uses stack-effect towers to ventilate.
1020:
968:Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim
773:passive downdraught evaporative cooling
609:
134:Windcatchers rely on local weather and
6088:
2817:G.R Dehghan Kamaragi (January 2016). "
2453:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1696:
1676:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1428: – Thermal convection power plant
827:The examples and perspective in this
706:
281:; suitable shaping increases suction.
5780:Programmable communicating thermostat
4694:
3523:
3010:
2857:
1912:
1858:
1748:
1728:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1576:
1481:
644:. These are often found underground.
636:Passive cooling § Earth coupling
589:Passive cooling § Night flushing
315:The short, wide right-triangle-prism
312:partially close the windcatcher off.
5902:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
2840:
2058:
1953:(the English is hard to understancd)
1766:
1640:
1561:
1539:"Review of windcatcher technologies"
813:
681:resistance against heat transmission
2555:. This Big City.net. March 20, 2012
1832:
1801:
1729:Singh, Maanvi (February 19, 2021).
1623:
1083:
1066:In Iran, a windcatcher is called a
883:In Egypt windcatchers are known as
75:
13:
5763:Minimum efficiency reporting value
4578:Influences on Western architecture
2849:. Vol. III. pp. 368–370.
2642:10.1038/scientificamerican0278-144
2613:
2184:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin
1677:Plumer, Brad (February 16, 2021).
1594:
1460:
908:(and thus the need for 60% of its
845:, or create a new, as appropriate.
367:
14:
6172:
5805:Standard temperature and pressure
5518:Packaged terminal air conditioner
5054:Passive daytime radiative cooling
4783:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
2827:"The wind factor in air movement"
2824:
2811:
2702:(1). SAGE Publications: 103–120.
2319:Hambling, David (July 13, 2023).
2217:of this article in February 2001.
1895:"The wind factor in air movement"
1577:Attia, Shady (June 22–24, 2009).
1440: – Ancient Persian ice-house
1341:is a multi-purpose hall built in
1326:Zénith de Saint-Étienne Métropole
1033:in Doha has unusual windcatchers.
409:
329:(evaporative cooling unit) and a
4874:Absorption-compression heat pump
4674:
4661:
3749:
3117:
2460:Shady Attia (June 22–24, 2009).
1650:Architectural Research Quarterly
1410: – Building design approach
1272:
1253:
1230:
1209:
1185:
1172:A small windcatcher is called a
1004:
979:
959:
935:
923:
818:
488:
206:
191:
5769:Normal temperature and pressure
5149:Vapor-compression refrigeration
4547:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
2584:
2567:
2514:
2490:
2427:
2335:
2312:
2279:Journal of Building Engineering
2266:
2220:
2150:
2132:
2114:
1798:unreliability of American grids
1792:
895:. They are generally shaped as
809:
783:Windcatchers and climate change
109:
6106:Islamic architectural elements
2753:10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.01.005
2739:(12). Elsevier BV: 2193–2202.
2408:Microsoft Word document (.doc)
2253:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.11.066
2175:Rafferty, Kevin (April 1997).
1641:Ford, Brian (September 2001).
1454:
944:Early Dynastic Period of Egypt
651:is always at about the annual
558:such as humans, ~80 Watts each
424:); wind is forced down on the
1:
5917:Testing, adjusting, balancing
5861:Building information modeling
5856:Building services engineering
5433:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
4961:Demand controlled ventilation
4909:Building insulation materials
2673:(5–8). Elsevier BV: 879–892.
2140:"Mean Annual Air Temperature"
1447:
1099:diurnal temperature variation
902:ancient Egyptian architecture
787:Windcatchers can be used for
519:
5478:High-pressure cut-off switch
5029:Ice storage air conditioning
4950:Dedicated outdoor air system
4639:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
2795:10.1016/j.enbenv.2020.10.005
2774:Energy and Built Environment
2679:10.1016/0960-1481(94)90108-2
2592:"Zion Canyon Visitor Center"
2522:"Air-conditioning avoidance"
2498:"Air-conditioning avoidance"
2437:. Dainst.org. Archived from
1284:
1086:). The devices were used in
906:peak electrical power demand
801:adaptation to climate change
793:buildings energy consumption
789:mitigation of climate change
771:circulation. This is called
7:
5821:Thermostatic radiator valve
5623:Thermostatic radiator valve
5134:Underfloor air distribution
5069:Radiant heating and cooling
4987:Energy recovery ventilation
4899:Automobile air conditioning
4763:Domestic energy consumption
3499:List of ab anbars of Qazvin
2401:. p. 1. Archived from
2077:10.1680/stbu.2010.163.2.129
1395:
1363:
1113:. Towns centered on desert
988:
891:
885:
841:, discuss the issue on the
777:hydronic underfloor heating
760:
583:Night flushing (colder air)
569:
512:
434:
420:
348:
341:
331:
323:
317:
248:
182:
10:
6177:
5970:Institute of Refrigeration
5851:Architectural technologist
5323:Electrostatic precipitator
4007:Islamic geometric patterns
2291:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103675
2104:"Whither the Windcatcher?"
2036:The Physics of Atmospheres
1555:10.1016/j.rser.2011.11.037
1059:
633:
586:
523:
6032:
6023:Volatile organic compound
5998:
5925:
5882:Environmental engineering
5846:Architectural engineering
5829:
5677:
5648:Ultra-low particulate air
5233:Automatic balancing valve
5180:
5161:Variable refrigerant flow
5013:Heat recovery ventilation
4956:Deep water source cooling
4866:
4728:
4652:
4596:
4565:
4539:
4489:
4441:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
4418:
4302:
4295:
4221:
4178:
4127:
4075:
3953:
3869:
3820:
3758:
3747:
3728:
3721:
3557:
3474:
3448:
3282:
3162:
3126:
3115:
3077:
3051:
3044:
2986:
2963:
2915:
2892:
2780:(1). Elsevier BV: 56–72.
2393:(in English and Arabic).
2361:10.3390/buildings13010086
2059:Shea, Andy (April 2010).
1663:10.1017/S1359135501001312
1354:Bluewater Shopping Centre
1314:
1225:(courtyard) of the house.
873:
595:diurnal temperature cycle
442:vent), used to shade the
119:and cut power demand for
88:(Persia), used to create
6070:Template:Home automation
5892:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
5588:Solar-assisted heat pump
5188:Air conditioner inverter
4967:Displacement ventilation
4858:Vapour pressure of water
4843:Thermal destratification
4557:Museum with No Frontiers
2733:Building and Environment
2708:10.1177/0143624415603281
878:
791:as they can "reduce the
657:ground-source heat pumps
294:in a different direction
6065:World Refrigeration Day
5912:Refrigerant reclamation
5841:Architectural acoustics
5785:Programmable thermostat
5717:Clean air delivery rate
5613:Thermal expansion valve
5528:Pressurisation ductwork
5438:Ground source heat pump
4879:Absorption refrigerator
4668:Architecture portal
2034:Houghton, John (2002).
1463:"The Windcatcher House"
1432:Vernacular architecture
1335:Saint-Étienne Métropole
1088:Achaemenid architecture
1055:
1041:Simple windcatchers in
897:right triangular prisms
432:side. In the center, a
428:side and leaves on the
402:. A draft disrupts the
254:right triangular prisms
6126:Appropriate technology
6121:Architectural elements
6055:Glossary of HVAC terms
6017:Sick building syndrome
5897:Mechanical engineering
5608:Smoke exhaust ductwork
5039:Mixed-mode ventilation
4573:Indo-Saracenic Revival
3973:(multicoloured ashlar)
1936:A. A'zami (May 2005).
1590:. Quebec City, Canada.
1381:
1330:
1325:
1301:
1049:
1034:
753:energy of vaporization
720:
631:
539:
447:
257:
240:
198:Wind tower, exterior,
55:
36:
6146:Architecture in Egypt
6075:Template:Solar energy
5753:Intelligent buildings
5712:Carbon dioxide sensor
5099:Room air distribution
4919:Central solar heating
4310:Congregational mosque
3768:(four-arch structure)
2847:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2819:Badgirs, Persian Gulf
2596:National Park Service
2412:on September 23, 2015
2211:The author issued an
1371:
1358:DeMontfort University
1322:
1292:
1040:
1028:
992:roofs shading narrow
723:In dry climates, the
714:
617:
536:stable stratification
533:
500:Bernoulli's principle
456:temperature gradients
417:
246:
223:
110:function without wind
82:architectural element
42:
24:
6136:Sustainable building
6111:Islamic architecture
6101:Architecture in Iran
5877:Duct leakage testing
5867:Deep energy retrofit
5811:Thermographic camera
5748:Infrared thermometer
5223:Air source heat pump
5172:Water heat recycling
4738:Air changes per hour
4634:Ottoman architecture
4624:Moorish architecture
4619:Islamic architecture
4614:Iranian architecture
4037:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
3891:(or müezzin mahfili)
3551:Islamic architecture
3509:List of ziyarat-gahs
3456:Islamic architecture
3038:Iranian architecture
2534:on October 23, 2007.
2510:on October 23, 2007.
2201:on February 17, 2012
1347:cross-sectional area
1343:Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
1239:Ganjali Khan Complex
1062:Persian architecture
1021:Middle East and Asia
829:may not represent a
749:evaporatively cooled
628:Iranian architecture
610:Subterranean cooling
148:United Arab Emirates
6156:Passive ventilation
6116:Low-energy building
5743:HVAC control system
5733:Home energy monitor
5707:Building automation
5493:Inverter compressor
5155:Variable air volume
5064:Passive ventilation
5034:Kitchen ventilation
4934:Constant air volume
4904:Autonomous building
4671: •
4658: •
4644:Yemeni architecture
4629:Mughal architecture
4609:Berber architecture
4604:Arabic architecture
4268:Salsabil (fountain)
4002:Islamic calligraphy
3449:Theory and analysis
2786:2022EnBEn...3...56S
2745:2008BuEnv..43.2193M
2634:1978SciAm.238b.144B
2622:Scientific American
2245:2012ApEn...92..606H
2128:on August 23, 2015.
1780:. February 18, 2021
1426:Solar updraft tower
1420:Salsabil (fountain)
1192:The windcatcher of
1128:evaporative cooling
1031:University of Qatar
950:near Cairo. Now in
910:generating capacity
725:evaporative cooling
707:Evaporative cooling
393:evaporative cooling
354:Persian Gulf region
224:An eight-sectioned
162:passive ventilation
80:) is a traditional
6096:Cooling technology
6006:Indoor air quality
5950:ASTM International
5887:Hydronic balancing
5664:Wood-burning stove
5543:Radiator reflector
5328:Evaporative cooler
5139:Underfloor heating
5124:Thermal insulation
4345:Kuttab (or maktab)
3482:Architects of Iran
3283:Traditional cities
2978:Human-lifting kite
2917:Vehicle propulsion
2023:low-res bw version
1683:The New York Times
1386:Zion National Park
1382:
1376:cricket ground in
1331:
1302:
1050:
1035:
721:
715:A windcatcher and
632:
540:
448:
356:and in areas with
258:
241:
56:
37:
6083:
6082:
5999:Health and safety
5578:Scroll compressor
5533:Process duct work
5288:Convection heater
5283:Condensing boiler
5213:Air-mixing plenum
5109:Solar combisystem
4945:Cross ventilation
4748:Building envelope
4688:
4687:
4535:
4534:
4291:
4290:
4278:Shading Umbrellas
4062:Stucco decoration
3962:For overview, see
3777:Four-centred arch
3517:
3516:
3113:
3112:
3004:
3003:
2965:Kite applications
2841:Roaf, S. (1988).
2399:Assiut University
1296:. Wind towers in
1194:Dowlatabad Garden
1111:insulation values
986:Windcatchers and
871:
870:
863:
604:stably stratified
90:cross ventilation
44:Aghazadeh Mansion
6168:
6045:Building science
5800:Smart thermostat
5795:Room temperature
5378:Fireplace insert
5084:Radon mitigation
4982:Electric heating
4977:District heating
4972:District cooling
4889:Air conditioning
4715:
4708:
4701:
4692:
4691:
4681:Islam portal
4679:
4678:
4677:
4666:
4665:
4300:
4299:
3965:Islamic ornament
3844:South Asian dome
3772:Discharging arch
3753:
3726:
3725:
3570:Anatolian Seljuk
3544:
3537:
3530:
3521:
3520:
3490:s, castles, and
3430:Takht-e Soleymān
3240:Persian Garden (
3121:
3049:
3048:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3008:
3007:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2834:
2807:
2797:
2764:
2727:
2690:
2667:Renewable Energy
2661:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2549:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2527:. Archived from
2526:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2503:. Archived from
2502:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2471:. Archived from
2466:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2363:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2194:. Archived from
2181:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2162:builditsolar.com
2154:
2148:
2147:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2100:
2089:
2088:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2001:
1991:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1933:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1887:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1810:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1778:ABC7 Los Angeles
1770:
1764:
1763:
1762:. March 2, 2021.
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1647:
1638:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1605:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1574:
1559:
1558:
1549:(3): 1477–1495.
1534:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1461:Malone, Alanna.
1458:
1443:
1328:
1276:
1257:
1234:
1213:
1189:
1085:
1043:Hyderabad, Sindh
1011:Windcatchers in
1008:
991:
983:
963:
939:
927:
894:
888:
866:
859:
855:
852:
846:
822:
821:
814:
797:carbon footprint
765:
719:used for cooling
574:
515:
437:
423:
351:
344:
334:
328:
320:
251:
210:
195:
121:air-conditioning
98:prevailing winds
84:, originated in
79:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6151:Passive cooling
6086:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6040:ASHRAE Handbook
6028:
6012:Passive smoking
5994:
5927:
5921:
5833:
5831:
5825:
5679:
5673:
5654:Whole-house fan
5568:Run-around coil
5563:Reversing valve
5508:Mechanical room
5498:Kerosene heater
5488:Infrared heater
5418:Gasoline heater
5358:Fan filter unit
5273:Condensate pump
5258:Centrifugal fan
5176:
5079:Radiant heating
5074:Radiant cooling
5049:Passive cooling
5044:Microgeneration
4914:Central heating
4862:
4838:Thermal comfort
4730:
4724:
4719:
4689:
4684:
4675:
4673:
4660:
4648:
4592:
4583:Moorish Revival
4561:
4531:
4497:Albarrana tower
4485:
4414:
4401:in modern Iran)
4315:Dar al-Muwaqqit
4287:
4238:(fountain type)
4223:
4217:
4180:
4174:
4165:Reflecting pool
4160:Persian gardens
4155:Paradise garden
4123:
4100:(entrance hall)
4071:
4027:Nagash painting
3949:
3871:
3865:
3816:
3787:Lambrequin arch
3754:
3745:
3717:
3688:Sudano-Sahelian
3553:
3548:
3518:
3513:
3504:List of mosques
3470:
3444:
3278:
3158:
3122:
3109:
3073:
3040:
3035:
3005:
3000:
2982:
2959:
2911:
2888:
2884:Application of
2882:
2836:(free fulltext)
2825:Fathy, Hassan.
2814:
2767:
2730:
2693:
2664:
2619:
2616:
2614:Further reading
2611:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2539:
2531:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2441:on May 13, 2013
2433:
2432:
2428:
2415:
2413:
2405:
2383:
2379:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2225:
2221:
2214:updated version
2212:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2110:. May 23, 2012.
2102:
2101:
2092:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2032:
2028:
2013:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1957:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1888:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1846:. June 16, 2019
1838:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1811:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1710:. June 16, 2021
1702:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1675:
1671:
1645:
1639:
1624:
1612:
1606:
1595:
1583:
1575:
1562:
1535:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1441:
1408:Passive cooling
1398:
1374:Kensington Oval
1366:
1317:
1305:Council House 2
1298:concrete canyon
1294:Council House 2
1287:
1280:
1277:
1268:
1261:Golestan Palace
1258:
1249:
1237:Windcatcher of
1235:
1226:
1217:Borujerdi House
1214:
1205:
1190:
1064:
1058:
1047:skillion rooves
1023:
1016:
1009:
1000:
984:
970:
964:
955:
940:
931:
928:
881:
876:
867:
856:
850:
847:
836:
823:
819:
812:
785:
709:
685:heat reservoirs
661:thermal inertia
638:
624:earth-sheltered
612:
591:
585:
528:
522:
491:
452:buoyancy forces
412:
386:heat reservoirs
381:thermal inertia
370:
368:Cooling methods
279:flow separation
262:prevailing wind
218:
217:
216:
215:
214:
211:
203:
202:
196:
185:
166:passive cooling
129:electrical grid
94:passive cooling
17:
12:
11:
5:
6174:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6020:
6014:
6009:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5931:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5837:
5835:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5790:Psychrometrics
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5766:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5687:Air flow meter
5683:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5463:Heating system
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5443:Heat exchanger
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5408:Gas compressor
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5343:Expansion tank
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5263:Ceramic heater
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5104:Solar air heat
5101:
5096:
5094:Renewable heat
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5010:
5005:
5003:Forced-air gas
5000:
4995:
4990:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4853:Thermodynamics
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4823:Psychrometrics
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4778:Gas compressor
4775:
4773:Fluid dynamics
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4718:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4695:
4686:
4685:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4600:
4598:
4597:Category pages
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4471:Medina quarter
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4257:Riwaq (arcade)
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4145:Islamic garden
4142:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3792:Multifoil arch
3789:
3784:
3782:Horseshoe arch
3779:
3774:
3769:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:Dalan e Vorudi
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3064:Parthian style
3061:
3055:
3053:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2838:
2822:
2813:
2812:External links
2810:
2809:
2808:
2765:
2728:
2691:
2662:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2583:
2566:
2537:
2513:
2489:
2478:on May 3, 2013
2452:
2426:
2391:www.aun.edu.eg
2377:
2334:
2323:. The Guardian
2311:
2265:
2233:Applied Energy
2219:
2167:
2149:
2144:www.icax.co.uk
2131:
2113:
2090:
2051:
2044:
2026:
1955:
1911:
1857:
1831:
1800:
1791:
1765:
1747:
1721:
1695:
1669:
1656:(3): 271–280.
1622:
1593:
1560:
1480:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1397:
1394:
1365:
1362:
1316:
1313:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1191:
1184:
1057:
1054:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1003:
1001:
985:
978:
976:
972:
971:
965:
958:
956:
941:
934:
932:
929:
922:
920:
880:
877:
875:
872:
869:
868:
833:of the subject
831:worldwide view
826:
824:
817:
811:
808:
784:
781:
708:
705:
642:thermal masses
634:Main article:
611:
608:
587:Main article:
584:
581:
524:Main article:
521:
518:
496:Venturi effect
490:
487:
411:
410:Airflow forces
408:
404:boundary layer
369:
366:
277:, encouraging
212:
205:
204:
197:
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
184:
181:
150:all claim it.
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6173:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5928:organizations
5924:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5872:Duct cleaning
5870:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5828:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5723:Control valve
5721:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5676:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5643:Turning vanes
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5618:Thermal wheel
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5583:Solar chimney
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5353:Fan coil unit
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5298:Cooling tower
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5144:Vapor barrier
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5119:Solar heating
5117:
5115:
5114:Solar cooling
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5089:Refrigeration
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5059:Passive house
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4929:Chilled water
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4828:Sensible heat
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4808:Noise control
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4788:Heat transfer
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4711:
4709:
4704:
4702:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4683:
4682:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4456:Hasht-Bihisht
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4330:Jama'at Khana
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4150:Mughal garden
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3868:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Caravanserais
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:Early Islamic
3083:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3009:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2576:
2570:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2530:
2523:
2517:
2506:
2499:
2493:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2423:
2416:September 21,
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2322:
2315:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2045:0-521-01122-1
2041:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2019:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1795:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1589:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1469:. McGraw-Hill
1468:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1014:
1007:
1002:
999:
998:Cairo Citadel
995:
990:
982:
977:
974:
973:
969:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
933:
926:
921:
918:
917:
916:
913:
911:
907:
903:
898:
893:
887:
865:
862:
854:
844:
840:
839:improve this
834:
832:
825:
816:
815:
807:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
780:
779:in reverse).
778:
774:
768:
764:
763:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:Coandă effect
738:
734:
729:
726:
718:
713:
704:
702:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:arid climates
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
637:
629:
625:
621:
616:
607:
605:
599:
596:
590:
580:
577:
573:
572:
566:
561:
559:
555:
554:solar chimney
550:
548:
543:
537:
532:
527:
517:
514:
507:
503:
501:
497:
489:Wind pressure
486:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
463:
461:
457:
453:
445:
441:
436:
431:
427:
422:
416:
407:
405:
401:
396:
394:
389:
387:
382:
378:
377:arid climates
373:
365:
363:
359:
355:
350:
343:
338:
333:
327:
326:
319:
313:
310:
309:air filtering
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
270:
268:
263:
255:
250:
245:
239:
235:
231:
228:windtower in
227:
222:
209:
201:
194:
180:
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
154:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
73:
69:
65:
61:
53:
49:
45:
41:
34:
30:
29:
23:
19:
6050:Fireproofing
5834:and services
5830:Professions,
5728:Gas detector
5658:
5628:Trickle vent
5603:Smoke damper
5598:Smoke canopy
5593:Space heater
5523:Plenum space
5458:Heating film
5338:Exhaust hood
5308:Dehumidifier
5248:Blast damper
5243:Barrier pipe
5218:Air purifier
5129:Thermosiphon
5008:Free cooling
4924:Chilled beam
4848:Thermal mass
4833:Stack effect
4818:Particulates
4798:Infiltration
4729:Fundamental
4672:
4659:
4656:Islamic arts
4436:Caravanserai
4282:
3961:
3915:Loudspeakers
3840:Persian dome
3802:Pointed arch
3600:Indo-Islamic
3590:Great Seljuk
3491:
3487:
3269:Windcatchers
3268:
3241:
2995:
2950:Land sailing
2930:Sailing ship
2902:Wind turbine
2846:
2835:
2830:
2777:
2773:
2736:
2732:
2699:
2695:
2670:
2666:
2625:
2621:
2599:. Retrieved
2595:
2586:
2569:
2557:. Retrieved
2529:the original
2516:
2505:the original
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2473:the original
2468:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2439:the original
2429:
2421:
2414:. Retrieved
2403:the original
2390:
2380:
2371:10919/113078
2351:
2347:
2337:
2325:. Retrieved
2314:
2302:. Retrieved
2282:
2278:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2236:
2232:
2222:
2203:. Retrieved
2196:the original
2183:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2126:the original
2116:
2108:Conservation
2107:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2035:
2029:
1996:
1945:. Retrieved
1902:. Retrieved
1898:
1891:Hassan Fathy
1848:. Retrieved
1843:
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1818:
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1777:
1768:
1760:www.nrdc.org
1759:
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1735:The Guardian
1734:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1707:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1682:
1672:
1653:
1649:
1616:
1587:
1579:
1546:
1542:
1471:. Retrieved
1466:
1456:
1383:
1351:
1332:
1303:
1300:to the left.
1220:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1156:
1121:
1119:
1103:arid climate
1097:shows large
1092:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1051:
996:courtyards,
914:
882:
857:
848:
828:
810:Regional use
805:
786:
769:
757:
730:
722:
689:
669:thermal mass
653:mean-average
646:
639:
600:
592:
578:
562:
551:
547:stack effect
544:
541:
508:
504:
492:
476:
468:laminar flow
464:
460:stack effect
449:
440:roof lantern
397:
390:
374:
371:
362:stack effect
339:vent). Wide
337:roof lantern
314:
305:dengue fever
298:
283:
271:
259:
200:Dubai Museum
170:
157:
155:
152:
136:microclimate
133:
114:
67:
63:
59:
57:
26:
18:
6060:Warm Spaces
5702:Blower door
5680:and control
5678:Measurement
5659:Windcatcher
5633:Trombe wall
5573:Sail switch
5553:Refrigerant
5548:Recuperator
5423:Grease duct
5383:Freeze stat
5368:Fire damper
5238:Back boiler
5208:Air ionizer
5203:Air handler
5167:Ventilation
5019:Hybrid heat
4884:Air barrier
4803:Latent heat
4283:Windcatcher
4264:(courtyard)
4017:Mosque lamp
3997:Girih tiles
3954:Decorations
3832:Arabic dome
3365:Khorramabad
3052:Pre-Islamic
2996:Windcatcher
2988:Air current
2886:wind energy
2601:October 29,
2014:|work=
1844:ifpnews.com
1819:www.bbc.com
1078:"catcher" (
946:, found in
851:August 2020
649:groundwater
472:Tesla valve
358:dust storms
158:windcatcher
117:ventilation
102:temperature
60:windcatcher
6090:Categories
5816:Thermostat
5738:Humidistat
5669:Zone valve
5638:TurboSwing
5513:Oil heater
5483:Humidifier
5413:Gas heater
5363:Fan heater
5333:Evaporator
5318:Economizer
5293:Compressor
5198:Air filter
5181:Components
4998:Forced-air
4894:Antifreeze
4867:Technology
4813:Outgassing
4753:Convection
4566:Influences
4481:Well house
4252:Mashrabiya
3900:Hussainiya
3836:Onion dome
3627:Indonesian
3615:Qutb Shahi
3410:Shahrisabz
3390:Persepolis
3380:Nakhchivan
3330:Gur-e-Amir
3059:Achaemenid
2955:Rotor ship
2935:Power kite
2894:Wind power
2422:EL-MALAQEF
2327:August 28,
2304:August 28,
2258:August 28,
1448:References
1402:Ridge vent
1174:shish-khan
1109:with high
1060:See also:
989:shuksheika
975:cityscapes
948:Abou Rawsh
799:" and for
767:building.
701:lede image
696:Ice houses
692:shabestans
571:mashrabiya
565:takhtabush
526:Convection
520:Convection
513:shuksheika
479:courtyards
435:shuksheika
332:shuksheika
230:Souq Waqif
177:takhtabush
173:dorade box
144:prehistory
104:cycle, on
68:wind scoop
64:wind tower
5926:Industry
5775:OpenTherm
5453:Heat pump
5448:Heat pipe
5398:Fume hood
5373:Fireplace
5278:Condenser
5228:Attic fan
5024:Hydronics
4540:Resources
4303:Religious
4273:Shabestan
4231:Hypostyle
4213:Shadirvan
3982:Arabesque
3905:Imamzadeh
3870:Religious
3850:Semi-dome
3797:Ogee arch
3766:Chahartaq
3729:Materials
3656:Almoravid
3631:Malaysian
3405:Samarkand
3315:Ctesiphon
3259:Shabestan
3215:Imamzadeh
3190:Chahartaq
2907:Wind mill
2804:2666-1233
2761:0360-1323
2724:111048250
2716:0143-6244
2687:0960-1481
2658:119819386
2650:0036-8733
2559:March 20,
2482:April 22,
2445:April 22,
2348:Buildings
2299:244435768
2205:March 21,
2192:0276-1084
2016:ignored (
2006:cite book
1947:March 21,
1309:Melbourne
1285:Australia
1123:ab anbars
1074:"wind" +
843:talk page
762:salasabil
675:, stone,
622:, a cool
620:shabestan
265:parallel
168:systems.
164:and semi-
140:West Asia
6033:See also
5758:LonWorks
5692:Aquastat
5558:Register
5538:Radiator
5193:Air door
4993:Firestop
4793:Humidity
4768:Enthalpy
4758:Dilution
4743:Bake-out
4731:concepts
4654:Part of
4490:Military
4426:Baradari
4419:Civilian
4242:Jharokha
4203:Mechouar
4140:Charbagh
4083:Andaruni
4057:Socarrat
4022:Muqarnas
3920:Maqsurah
3812:Vaulting
3741:Tadelakt
3722:Elements
3671:Zayyanid
3651:Aghlabid
3385:Nishapur
3274:Yakhchāl
3235:Panjdari
3175:Andaruni
3170:Ab anbar
3163:Elements
3144:Khaneqah
3095:Ilkhanid
3069:Sasanian
2940:SkySails
2925:Sailboat
2843:"Bādgīr"
2085:55886961
1904:July 29,
1893:(1986).
1850:July 29,
1824:July 29,
1784:July 29,
1740:July 29,
1714:July 29,
1688:July 29,
1473:July 27,
1438:Yakhchal
1396:See also
1378:Barbados
1364:Americas
1222:andaruni
1160:downwind
1101:with an
1093:Central
1013:Khartoum
994:airshaft
892:malaaqef
837:You may
626:room in
426:windward
325:salsabil
286:stronger
267:chimneys
183:Location
106:humidity
48:Abarkooh
28:ab anbar
5832:trades,
5403:Furnace
5268:Chiller
4940:Coolant
4588:Mudéjar
4552:ArchNet
4502:Alcázar
4375:Musalla
4360:Maqbara
4350:Madrasa
4340:Külliye
4335:Khanqah
4325:Gongbei
4224:cooling
4222:Passive
4188:Chhatri
4181:objects
4179:Outdoor
4128:Gardens
4104:Mirador
4042:Shabaka
4032:Qashani
3987:Banna'i
3930:Minaret
3872:objects
3862:(eaves)
3860:Chhajja
3807:Squinch
3708:Umayyad
3703:Timurid
3693:Swahili
3678:Ottoman
3661:Almohad
3646:Moorish
3636:Iranian
3605:Bengali
3585:Fatimid
3580:Chinese
3575:Ayyubid
3565:Abbasid
3492:ghal'eh
3370:Mashhad
3355:Kashmar
3345:Isfahan
3320:Derbent
3310:Bukhara
3295:Andijan
3149:Mosques
3134:Bazaars
3105:Safavid
3100:Timurid
3078:Islamic
3045:Periods
2945:Iceboat
2782:Bibcode
2741:Bibcode
2630:Bibcode
2241:Bibcode
2239:: 606.
1708:Reuters
1107:ceramic
1080:Persian
1015:, Sudan
737:leeward
430:leeward
349:Baudgir
307:, then
301:malaria
275:laminar
249:Malqafs
226:masonry
72:Persian
5985:SMACNA
5945:ASHRAE
5765:(MERV)
5719:(CADR)
5697:BACnet
5650:(ULPA)
5503:Louver
5428:Grille
5303:Damper
5253:Boiler
5151:(VCRS)
4952:(DOAS)
4512:Kasbah
4461:Kasbah
4451:Hammam
4446:Ghorfa
4431:Bazaar
4410:Zawiya
4399:takyeh
4370:Mosque
4320:Dargah
4247:Kucheh
4193:Eidgah
4119:Zenana
4067:Zellij
4052:Sitara
4047:Shamsa
3935:Minbar
3925:Mihrab
3910:Kiswah
3895:Gonbad
3759:Arches
3713:Yemeni
3683:Somali
3666:Hafsid
3641:Mamluk
3620:Mughal
3610:Deccan
3558:Styles
3435:Tehran
3425:Tabriz
3415:Shiraz
3395:Qazvin
3350:Kashan
3230:Kucheh
3205:Hashti
3200:Gonbad
3180:Biruni
3154:Takyeh
3090:Seljuk
2802:
2759:
2722:
2714:
2685:
2656:
2648:
2354:: 86.
2297:
2190:
2083:
2042:
1339:Zénith
1315:Europe
1267:, Iran
1265:Tehran
1243:Kerman
1178:Qazvin
1164:Meybod
1150:, and
1144:Sirjan
1140:Kashan
1136:Kerman
1084:بادگیر
1068:bâdgir
952:Louvre
919:models
889:, pl.
886:malqaf
874:Africa
421:malqaf
342:malqaf
318:malqaf
290:cooler
77:بادگیر
35:, Iran
6025:(VOC)
6019:(SBS)
6008:(IAQ)
5965:CIBSE
5960:BSRIA
5863:(BIM)
5807:(STP)
5771:(NTP)
5393:Freon
5163:(VRF)
5157:(VAV)
5015:(HRV)
4989:(ERV)
4963:(DCV)
4936:(CAV)
4527:Ribat
4522:Qalat
4507:Amsar
4466:Mahal
4405:Türbe
4395:Takya
4390:Surau
4385:Rauza
4380:Qubba
4365:Mazar
4355:Maqam
4296:Types
4208:Sebil
4098:Liwan
4088:Harem
4076:Rooms
3992:Girih
3977:Alfiz
3971:Ablaq
3945:Zarih
3940:Qibla
3889:Dikka
3884:Bedug
3879:Anaza
3855:Tajug
3821:Roofs
3736:Qadad
3698:Tatar
3595:Hausa
3475:Lists
3360:Khiva
3340:Herat
3335:Hatra
3325:Ganja
3264:Talar
3249:Qanat
3242:hayāt
3225:Kariz
3127:Types
2720:S2CID
2654:S2CID
2578:(PDF)
2532:(PDF)
2525:(PDF)
2508:(PDF)
2501:(PDF)
2476:(PDF)
2465:(PDF)
2395:Asyut
2295:S2CID
2199:(PDF)
2180:(PDF)
2081:S2CID
1941:(PDF)
1646:(PDF)
1613:(PDF)
1584:(PDF)
1414:Qanat
1263:, in
1241:, in
1115:oases
879:Egypt
745:earth
733:qanat
717:qanat
677:brick
673:adobe
483:domes
454:from
400:sweat
292:(and
238:Qatar
66:, or
6161:Wind
5980:LEED
5940:AMCA
5935:AHRI
5468:HEPA
5388:Flue
5313:Duct
4517:Ksar
4476:Souq
4397:(or
4262:Sahn
4236:Howz
4198:Fina
4170:Riad
4135:Bagh
4114:Qa’a
4109:Hosh
4093:Iwan
4012:Jali
3828:Dome
3440:Yazd
3420:Susa
3375:Merv
3300:Baku
3290:Amol
3254:Sahn
3220:Iwan
3210:Howz
3185:Burj
2973:Kite
2800:ISSN
2757:ISSN
2712:ISSN
2683:ISSN
2646:ISSN
2603:2018
2561:2012
2484:2013
2447:2013
2418:2016
2329:2023
2306:2023
2260:2023
2207:2009
2188:ISSN
2040:ISBN
2018:help
1949:2012
1906:2023
1852:2023
1826:2023
1786:2023
1742:2023
1716:2023
1690:2023
1475:2023
1390:Utah
1372:The
1352:The
1333:The
1323:The
1247:Iran
1202:Iran
1198:Yazd
1148:Nain
1132:Yazd
1095:Iran
1056:Iran
1029:The
795:and
593:The
498:and
444:qa'a
303:and
288:and
234:Doha
92:and
86:Iran
52:Iran
33:Yazd
5990:UMC
5975:IIR
5955:BRE
5348:Fan
3488:Arg
3400:Qom
3305:Bam
2790:doi
2749:doi
2704:doi
2675:doi
2638:doi
2626:238
2366:hdl
2356:doi
2287:doi
2249:doi
2073:doi
2069:163
1658:doi
1551:doi
1337:'s
1307:in
1196:in
1152:Bam
1076:gir
1072:bâd
912:).
502:).
474:).
46:in
25:An
6092::
3842:/
3838:/
3834:/
3629:/
2845:.
2829:.
2821:".
2798:.
2788:.
2776:.
2772:.
2755:.
2747:.
2737:43
2735:.
2718:.
2710:.
2700:37
2698:.
2681:.
2669:.
2652:.
2644:.
2636:.
2624:.
2594:.
2540:^
2467:.
2420:.
2397::
2389:.
2364:.
2352:13
2350:.
2346:.
2293:.
2285:.
2283:46
2281:.
2277:.
2247:.
2237:92
2235:.
2231:.
2182:.
2160:.
2142:.
2106:.
2093:^
2079:.
2067:.
2063:.
2010::
2008:}}
2004:{{
1958:^
1914:^
1897:.
1860:^
1842:.
1817:.
1803:^
1776:.
1758:.
1733:.
1706:.
1681:.
1652:.
1648:.
1625:^
1615:.
1596:^
1586:.
1563:^
1547:16
1545:.
1541:.
1483:^
1465:.
1388:,
1245:,
1200:,
1154:.
1146:,
1142:,
1138:,
1134:,
1082::
1070:,
758:A
687:.
618:A
563:A
481:,
388:.
364:.
236:,
232:,
112:.
74::
62:,
58:A
50:,
4714:e
4707:t
4700:v
3967:)
3960:(
3846:)
3830:(
3543:e
3536:t
3529:v
3494:s
3244:)
3030:e
3023:t
3016:v
2877:e
2870:t
2863:v
2833:.
2806:.
2792::
2784::
2778:3
2763:.
2751::
2743::
2726:.
2706::
2689:.
2677::
2671:5
2660:.
2640::
2632::
2605:.
2580:.
2563:.
2486:.
2449:.
2410:)
2406:(
2374:.
2368::
2358::
2331:.
2308:.
2289::
2262:.
2251::
2243::
2209:.
2164:.
2146:.
2087:.
2075::
2048:.
2020:)
1951:.
1908:.
1854:.
1828:.
1788:.
1744:.
1718:.
1692:.
1666:.
1660::
1654:5
1619:.
1557:.
1553::
1477:.
954:.
864:)
858:(
853:)
849:(
835:.
671:(
458:(
438:(
335:(
70:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
