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The cause for "wow"-effects on a warped disc is basically the same; a variation in the linear velocity of the stylus relative to the disc. This can be by either radial warping (similar to the eccentric hole case) or by the disc warping out of its plane. This would mean that the stylus would have to
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If the grooves are not centered exactly relative to the spindle hole, the linear velocity of the stylus, instead of dropping gradually as the groove spirals towards the center, varies every revolution to be too high (resulting in a higher pitch) when the stylus is further out, and too low when the
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have been developed that correct wow and flutter by tracking various spurious things on the tape or film, which can be re-purposed as timing references. A system developed by
Plangent Processes substantially reduces wow and flutter of very high rates to extremely low levels, with a substantial
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at the head. It adds a roughness to the sound that is not typical of wow and flutter, and damping devices or heavy rollers are sometimes employed on professional tape machines to prevent it. Scrape flutter measurement requires special techniques, often using a 10 kHz tone.
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A similar problem can occur with tape recorders. The changes in frequency are caused by irregular tape motion during recording or playback. For example, a change in the angular velocity of the
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Scrape flutter—a high-frequency flutter of above 1000 Hz—can sometimes occur from the tape vibrating as it passes over a head, as a result of rapidly interacting stretch in the tape and
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This article is about the phenomenon affecting analog audio mediums. For the signal believed by some to be of extraterrestrial origin, see
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stylus is further inwards (resulting in a lower pitch). The more eccentric the positioning, the greater the pitch variation.
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variation that could result from warping of the record or from a pressing plate that was not precisely centered.
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shell. The terms "wow and flutter" are often referred to together, flutter being a higher-rate version of wow.
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travel faster over the warped section as it must displace both in and out of the plane of the disc.
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A typical modern cassette recorder may have a wow and flutter specification of 0.08%.
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When playing gramophone records, wow is a once-per-revolution
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analyzes the already digitized musical material and uses
287:"Celemony Capstan: Wow & Flutter Removal Software"
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235:improvement in quality. The software Capstan by
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214:A similar problem can also occur in
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