Xerophyte - Knowledge

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photosynthetic mechanism without destroying the molecules involved in photosynthesis. When water is available again, these plants would "resurrect from the dead" and resume photosynthesis, even after they had lost more than 80% of their water content. A study has found that the sugar levels in resurrection plants increase when subjected to desiccation. This may be associated with how they survive without sugar production via photosynthesis for a relatively long duration. Some examples of resurrection plants include the

405: 1514: 104: 660: 1414: 920: 541: 1039: 906: 120: 1531: 419: 391:, stomatal aperture i.e. the size of the stoma opening, leaf area (allowing for more stomata), temperature differential, the relative humidity, the presence of wind or air movement, the light intensity, and the presence of a waxy cuticle. It is important to note, that whilst it is vital to keep stomata closed, they have to be opened for gaseous exchange in respiration and photosynthesis. 1018: 372:. Transpiration is natural and inevitable for plants; a significant amount of water is lost through this process. However, it is vital that plants living in dry conditions are adapted so as to decrease the size of the open stomata, lower the rate of transpiration, and consequently reduce water loss to the environment. Without sufficient water, plant cells lose 859:. These lipids become more fluid when temperature increases. Saturated lipids are more rigid than unsaturated ones i.e. unsaturated lipids becomes fluid more easily than saturated lipids. Plant cells undergo biochemical changes to change their plasma membrane composition to have more saturated lipids to sustain membrane integrity for longer in hot weather. 532:

stomata is reduced, thus, reducing transpiration. In a windier situation, this localisation is blown away and so the external water vapour gradient remains low, which makes the loss of water vapour from plant stomata easier. Spines and hair trap a layer of moisture and slows air movement over tissues.

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The surrounding humidity and moisture right before and during seed germination play an important role in the germination regulation in arid conditions. An evolutionary strategy employed by desert xerophytes is to reduce the rate of seed germination. By slowing the shoot growth, less water is consumed

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If the membrane integrity is compromised, there will be no effective barrier between the internal cell environment and the outside. Not only does this mean the plant cells are susceptible to disease-causing bacteria and mechanical attacks by herbivores, the cell could not perform its normal processes

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As compared to other plants, xerophytes have an inverted stomatal rhythm. During the day and especially during mid-day when the sun is at its peak, most stomata of xerophytes are closed. Not only do more stomata open at night in the presence of mist or dew, the size of stomatal opening or aperture is

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In periods of severe water stress and stomata closure, the cuticle's low water permeability is considered one of the most vital factors in ensuring the survival of the plant. The rate of transpiration of the cuticles of xerophytes is 25 times lower than that of stomatal transpiration. To give an idea

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Recent years has seen interests in resurrection plants other than their ability to withstand extreme dryness. The metabolites, sugar alcohols, and sugar acids present in these plants may be applied as natural products for medicinal purposes and in biotechnology. During desiccation, the levels of the

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The wilting of leaves is a reversible process, however, abscission is irreversible. Shedding leaves is not favourable to plants because when water is available again, they would have to spend resources to produces new leaves which are needed for photosynthesis. Exceptions exist, however, such as the

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Some xerophytes have tiny hair on their surfaces to provide a wind break and reduce air flow, thereby reducing the rate of evaporation. When a plant surface is covered with tiny hair, it is called tomentose. Stomata is located in these hair or in pits to reduce their exposure to wind. This enables

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are the 'drought escaping' kind, and not true xerophytes. They do not really endure drought, only escape it. With the onset of rainfall, the plant seeds germinate, quickly grow to maturity, flower, and set seed, i.e., the entire life cycle is completed before the soil dries out again. Most of these

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Non-succulent perennials successfully endure long and continuous shortage of water in the soil. These are hence called 'true xerophytes' or euxerophytes. Water deficiency usually reaches 60–70% of their fresh weight, as a result of which the growth process of the whole plant is hindered during cell

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In a still, windless environment, the areas under the leaves or spines where transpiration takes place form a small localised environment that is more saturated with water vapour than normal. If this concentration of water vapour is maintained, the external water vapour potential gradient near the

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or better known as CAM photosynthesis. It is also dubbed the "dark" carboxylation mechanism because plants in arid regions collect carbon dioxide at night when the stomata open, and store the gases to be used for photosynthesis in the presence of light during the day. Although most xerophytes are

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During dry times, resurrection plants look dead, but are actually alive. Some xerophytic plants may stop growing and go dormant, or change the allocation of the products of photosynthesis from growing new leaves to the roots. These plants evolved to be able to coordinately switch off their

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Many xerophytic plants produce colourful vibrant flowers and are used for decoration and ornamental purposes in gardens and in homes. Although they have adaptations to live in stressful weather and conditions, these plants thrive when well-watered and in tropical temperatures.

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a natural indoor humidity absorber. Not only will this help with cross-ventilation, but lowering the surrounding humidity increases the thermal comfort of people in the room. This is especially important in East Asian countries where both humidity and temperature are

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are a major class of proteins in plants and animals which are synthesised in cells as a response to heat stress. They help prevent protein unfolding and help re-fold denatured proteins. As temperature increases, the HSP protein expression also increases.

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called myconoside is extracted and used in cosmetic creams as a source of anti-oxidant as well as to increase elasticity of the human skin. Although there are other molecules in these plants that may be of benefit, it is still much less studied than the

241:, seedling survival, and plant growth. These factors include infrequent raining, intense sunlight and very warm weather leading to faster water evaporation. An extreme environmental pH and high salt content of water also disrupt plants' water uptake. 887:

Under high light, it is unfavourable to channel extra light into photosynthesis because excessive light may cause damage to the plant proteins. Zeaxanthin dissociates light-channelling from the photosynthesis reaction - light energy in the form of

179:, can survive through both extremely wet and extremely dry periods and can be found in seasonally-moist habitats such as tropical forests, exploiting niches where water supplies are too intermittent for mesophytic plants to survive. Likewise, 1480:. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant popular across the globe. Agave nectar is garnered from the plant and is consumed as a substitute for sugar or honey. In Mexico, the plant's sap is usually fermented to produce an alcoholic beverage. 1021: 473:

Under conditions of water scarcity, the seeds of different xerophytic plants behave differently, which means that they have different rates of germination since water availability is a major limiting factor. These dissimilarities are due to

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called xanthophylls. Under normal conditions, violaxanthin channels light to photosynthesis. However, high light levels promote the reversible conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin. These two molecules are photo-protective molecules.

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Evaporative cooling via transpiration can delay the effects of heat stress on the plant. However, transpiration is very expensive if there is water scarcity, so generally this is not a good strategy for the plants to employ.

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Muller, Joachim; Sprenger, Norbert; Bortlik, Karlheinz; Boller, Thomas; Wiemken, Andres (1997). "Desiccation increases sucrose levels in Ramonda and Haberlea, two genera of resurrection plants in the Gesneriaceae".

652:, which is why photosynthesis is the first process to be affected by heat stress. Despite the many stresses, xerophytes have the ability to survive and thrive in drought conditions due to their physiological and 1713:"Transgenic salt-tolerant sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) constitutively expressing an Arabidopsis thaliana vacuolar Na/H antiporter gene, AtNHX3, accumulates more soluble sugar but less salt in storage roots" 490:

than other plants, so as to minimize water loss by transpiration and evaporation. They can may have fewer and smaller leaves or fewer branches than other plants. An example of leaf surface reduction is the

90:. Xerophytes such as cacti are capable of withstanding extended periods of dry conditions as they have deep-spreading roots and capacity to store water. Their waxy, thorny leaves prevent loss of moisture. 632:

have thin cuticles. Since resources are scarce in arid regions, there is selection for plants having thin and efficient cuticles to limit the nutritional and energy costs for the cuticle construction.

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on the ground around a plant can provide an evaporative barrier to prevent water loss. A plant's root mass itself may also hold organic material that retains water, as in the case of the arrowweed (

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Xerophytic plants exhibit a diversity of specialized adaptations to survive in such water-limiting conditions. They may use water from their own storage, allocate water specifically to sites of new

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sent up from the roots and through the transpiration stream. Since roots are the parts responsible for water searching and uptake, they can detect the condition of dry soil. The signals sent are an

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Wu, Guo-Qiang; Wang, Qian; Bao, Ai-Ke; Wang, Suo-Min (1 March 2011). "Amiloride Reduces Sodium Transport and Accumulation in the Succulent Xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum Under Salt Conditions".

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consumed by animals. In arid regions where water is scarce and temperatures are high, mesophytes will not be able to survive, due to the many stresses. Xerophytic plants are used widely to prevent

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and semi-deserts, water uptake by plants is a challenge due to the high salt ion levels. Such environments may cause an excess of ions to accumulate in the cells, which is very damaging.

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influx or intake into the plant is also reduced. As photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide as a substrate to produce sugar for growth, it is vital that the plant has a very efficient

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and xerophytes evolved to survive in such environments. Some xerophytes may also be considered halophytes; however, halophytes are not necessarily xerophytes. The succulent xerophyte

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Zeng, Yan Jun; Wang, Yan Rong; Zhang, Ju Ming (April 2010). "Is reduced seed germination due to water limitation a special survival strategy used by xerophytes in arid dunes?".

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Gechev, Tsanko S.; Hille, Jacques; Woerdenbag, Herman J.; Benina, Maria; Mehterov, Nikolay; Toneva, Valentina; Fernie, Alisdair R.; Mueller-Roeber, Bernd (1 November 2014).

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can solve micro-climate problems in buildings of humid countries. The CAM photosynthetic pathway absorbs the humidity in small spaces, effectively making the plant such as

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and waxy cuticles, the night opening of the stomata is the main channel for water movement for xerophytes in arid conditions. Even when water is not scarce, the xerophytes

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Zia, Ahmad; Walker, Berkley J.; Oung, Hui Min Olivia; Charuvi, Dana; Jahns, Peter; Cousins, Asaph B.; Farrant, Jill M.; Reich, Ziv; Kirchhoff, Helmut (September 2016).

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Gechev, Tsanko S.; Hille, Jacques; Woerdenbag, Herman J.; Benina, Maria; Mehterov, Nikolay; Toneva, Valentina; Fernie, Alisdair R.; Mueller-Roeber, Bernd (2014-11-01).

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for growth and transpiration. Thus, the seed and plant can utilise the water available from short-lived rainfall for a much longer time compared to mesophytic plants.

317: 222: 584:. Just like human skin, a plant's cuticles are the first line of defense for its aerial parts. As mentioned above, the cuticle contains wax for protection against 1896:

Ibañez, A.N.; Passera, C.B. (February 1997). "Factors affecting the germination of albaida (Anthyllis cytisoidesL.), a forage legume of the Mediterranean coast".

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Xerophytic plants may have similar shapes, forms, and structures and look very similar, even if the plants are not very closely related, through a process called

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Most plants have the ability to close their stomata at the start of water stress, at least partially, to restrict rates of transpiration. They use signals or

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Schwab, K. B.; Schreiber, U.; Heber, U. (1989-02-01). "Response of photosynthesis and respiration of resurrection plants to desiccation and rehydration".

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is a major threat to many countries such as China and Uzbekistan. The major impacts include the loss of soil productivity and stability, as well as the

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Line 1 represents typical mesophytic plants and line 2 represents xerophytes. The stomata of xerophytes are nocturnal and have inverted stomatal rhythm.

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of xerophytes are adapted to conserve water during dry periods. Some species called resurrection plants can survive long periods of extreme dryness or

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The color of a plant, or of the waxes or hair on its surface, may serve to reflect sunlight and reduce transpiration. An example is the white chalky

273:, as in the case of cacti, wherein the leaves are reduced to spines, or they do not have leaves at all. These include the C4 perennial woody plant, 1081:

If the water supply is not enough despite the employment of other water-saving strategies, the leaves will start to collapse and wilt due to water

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Bushes, also called semi-shrubs often occur in sandy desert region, mostly in deep sandy soils at the edges of the dunes. One example is the

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McNair, J.B. (1943). "Hydrophytes, xerophytes and halophytes and the production of alkaloids, cyanogenetic and organic sulphur compounds".

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are dispersed across the region. These shrubs have the additional property of being palatable to grazing animals such as sheep and camels.

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Atia, Abdallah; Rabhi, Mokded; Debez, Ahmed; Abdelly, Chedly; Gouia, Houda; Haouari, ChirazChaffei; Smaoui, Abderrazak (1 December 2014).

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Dell’Acqua, G.; Schweikert, K. (April 2012). "Skin benefits of a myconoside-rich extract from resurrection plant Haberlea rhodopensis".

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Water storage in swollen parts of the plant is known as succulence. A swollen trunk or root at the ground level of a plant is called a

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of some plants, or at below ground level. They may be dormant during drought conditions and are, therefore, known as drought evaders.

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The structural adaptations of these two resurrection plants are very similar. They can be found on the grounds of Bulgaria and Greece.

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of how low this is, the rate of transpiration of the cuticles of mesophytes is only 2 to 5 times lower than stomatal transpiration.

1652:” Xeromorphic”, The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms, Michael Hickey, Clive King, Cambridge University Press, 2001 1545:(ROS) and oxidative stress. Besides having anti-oxidant properties, other compounds extracted from some resurrection plants showed 194:

also have a need for xerophytic adaptations, since water is unavailable for uptake when the ground is frozen, such as the European

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sugars sucrose, raffinose, and galactinol increase; they may have a crucial role in protecting the cells against damage caused by

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There are many changes that happen on the molecular level when a plant experiences stress. When in heat shock, for example, their

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shrubs are not only edible to grazing animals in the area, they also play a vital role in the stabilisation of desert sand dunes.

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and growth. Different plant species possess different qualities and mechanisms to manage water supply, enabling them to survive.

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is a versatile xerophyte. All parts of the plant can be used either for aesthetics, for consumption, or in traditional medicine.

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Although some xerophytes perform photosynthesis using this mechanism, the majority of plants in arid regions still employ the C

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is called 'chalk lettuce' for its obvious structures. This xerophyte has fleshy succulent leaves and is coated with chalky wax.

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Mulroy, Thomas W. (1979). "Spectral properties of heavily glaucous and non-glaucous leaves of a succulent rosette-plant".

1073:, whose seeds lie dormant during drought and then germinate, grow, flower, and form seeds within four weeks of rainfall. 2355:

Toderich, K. N.; Shuyskaya, E. V.; Rajabov, T. F.; Ismail, Shoaib; Shaumarov, M.; Yoshiko, Kawabata; Li, E. V. (2013).

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is a xerophyte which grows in European countries such as France, and Italy and North African countries like Morocco.

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which will shed its leaves during prolonged dry seasons in the desert, then re-leaf when conditions have improved.

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structures become unstable, unfold, or reconfigure to become less efficient. Membrane stability will decrease in

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Plants absorb water from the soil, which then evaporates from their shoots and leaves; this process is known as

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balance in the plants to sustain life and growth. Prime examples of plants employing the CAM mechanism are the

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growth, or lose less water to the atmosphere and so channel a greater proportion of water from the soil to

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not only restricts the movement of water out of the plant, another consequence of the phenomenon is that

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may effectively shut down. Plants with such morphological and physiological adaptations are said to be

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and for fixation of sand dunes. In fact, in northwest China, the seeds of three shrub species namely

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larger at night compared to during the day. This phenomenon was observed in xeromorphic species of

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There are many factors which affect water availability, which is the major limiting factor of seed

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are commonly found in deserts, where there is little rainfall. Other xerophytes, such as certain

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is rarely seen in cultivation and does not flourish in areas without long exposure to sunlight.

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GINDEL, I. (April 1970). "The Nocturnal Behaviour of Xerophytes Grown Under Arid Conditions".

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and eco-adaptation as the seeds and plants of each species evolve to suit their surrounding.

275: 184: 2443:"Sansevieria trifasciatas, xerophyte as indoor humidity absorber of small type residences 1" 470:

plants with swollen bases that are used to store water, may also display some similarities.

340:, a perennial resurrection semi-shrub. Compared to other dominant arid xerophytes, an adult 2405: 2218: 2147: 2136:"Ecophysiological aspects in 105 plants species of saline and arid environments in Tunisia" 1940: 1905: 1846: 1559: 1430: 1258: 805: 741: 664: 495:

of a cactus, while the effects of compaction and reduction of branching can be seen in the

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plant would evaporate water faster than the rate of water uptake from the soil, leading to

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Prijambada, Erlina; Sudikno, Antariksa; Murti Nugroho, Agung; Leksono, Amin (2016-03-01).

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Liu, Hua; Wang, Qiuqing; Yu, Mengmeng; Zhang, Yanyan; Wu, Yingbao; Zhang, Hongxia (2008).

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and damages in the long run. When one of the main molecules involved in photosynthesis,

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out of the leaf down this gradient. This loss of water vapour from the leaves is called

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photosynthesis pathways. A small proportion of desert plants even use a collaborated C

808:- before the water stress gets too severe, the plant will go into water-economy mode. 503:, which may be smaller than the plant's flower. This adaptation is exhibited by some 54:

to survive in an environment with little liquid water. Examples of xerophytes include

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system which maximises the utilisation of the little carbon dioxide the plant gets.

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Shrubs which grow in arid and semi-arid regions are also xeromorphic. For example,

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elongation. The plants which survive drought are, understandably, small and weak.

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and more wax. Flavonoids are UV-absorbing and act like sunscreen for the plant.

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are shrubs potent in the semi-arid regions of the northwest China desert. These

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Light stress can be tolerated by dissipating excess energy as heat through the

757: 682: 593: 345: 299: 254: 213: 162: 2160: 2135: 1984:"Notes on the cuticular ultrastructure of six xerophytes from southern Africa" 1773: 2637: 2534: 2388:

Kang, Jianjun; Duan, Jiaojiao; Wang, Suomin; Zhao, Ming; Yang, Zihui (2013).

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plant in dormancy re-flourishes when its roots are placed in a bowl of water.

852: 801: 722: 581: 500: 496: 404: 365: 143: 269:, which have round stems and can store a lot of water. The leaves are often 2542: 2485: 2323: 2246: 1960: 1917: 1789: 1746: 1697: 856: 817: 761: 653: 569: 516: 270: 265:

store water in their stems or leaves. These include plants from the family

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is under protection in China due to it being a major endangered species.

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is damaged by UV rays, it induces responses in the plant, leading to the

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are visibly coated with a 'powdery' white which is the epicuticular wax.

2623: 2230: 1952: 1603: 1550: 1434: 1363: 1237: 1086: 876: 686: 295: 147: 83: 71: 63: 51: 2314: 2297: 1873:"3.1.4 - Turgor loss, cytorrhysis, and plasmolysis | Plants in Action" 1413: 2597: 2578: 2440: 2338:"Craterostigma pumilum - Alpine Garden Society - Plant Encyclopaedia" 1598: 1554: 1449: 1301: 1269: 1181: 1175: 970: 911: 840: 821: 765: 730: 511: 463: 361: 291: 266: 217: 180: 59: 540: 1633: 1443: 1394: 1357: 1156: 1098: 1038: 843:

plant are found to utilise water more efficiently than mesophytes.

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plants are small, roundish, dense shrubs represented by species of

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to continue living - the cells and thus the whole plant will die.

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will not be transmitted into the photosynthetic pathway anymore.

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In brief, the rate of transpiration is governed by the number of

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Plants able to survive in an environment with little liquid water

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International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

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International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas

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can cause biochemical damage to plants, and eventually lead to

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of the cuticles varies in different species. Some examples are

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Combating Desertification in Asia, Africa and the Middle East

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has thick cuticle as expected to be found on xerophytes, but

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A study has shown that xerophytic plants which employ the

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on the left during autumn and on the right during summer.

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McNeil, Paul L.; Steinhardt, Richard A. (7 April 1997).

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of any known naturally-occurring biological substance.

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L. Taiz; E. Zeiger; I. M. Møller; A. Murphy (2015).

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of the plant is covered with water barriers such as

1474:A more well-known xerophyte is the succulent plant 351: 2579:D. J. Taylor; N. P. O. Green; G. W. Stout (2001). 2564:(First ed.). Borntraeger Science Publishers. 1093:plants may drop their leaves in times of dryness. 528:them to maintain a humid environment around them. 2602:(Sixth ed.). Sinauer Associates Publishers. 1048:tree is both a winter and drought deciduous tree. 1003: 368:, and the water vapour diffuses through the open 212:In environments with very high salinity, such as 2635: 2387: 2076: 1012: 2583:(Third ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1710: 1104: 1076: 965:quite small, this mechanism allows a positive 618:, but have different cuticle ultrastructures. 348:, hence, it is considered a super-xerophytes. 1981: 1895: 1836: 1759: 748:In regions continuously exposed to sunlight, 614:which are xerophytes from the same region in 639: 481: 394: 146:. If placed in a dry environment, a typical 2186:. University of New Mexico. Archived from 1446:korshinskii, Artemisia sphaerocephala, and 846: 187:, which have wet winters and dry summers. 2524: 2466:International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2417: 2359:. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 249–278. 2313: 2159: 2110: 1999: 1982:Jordaan, A.; Kruger, H. (February 1998). 1728: 1679: 1085:still exceeding water supply. Leaf loss ( 697:and plants with swollen bases are called 515:species, which can be found growing near 302:and some grasses. Water is stored in the 1471:are also plants that form fixed dunes. 1412: 1037: 1016: 786: 658: 539: 248: 2629:Cactus and Succulent Society of America 1126: 14: 2636: 2049: 1930: 1810: 855:are made up of lipid molecules called 778: 535: 486:Xerophytic plants typically have less 279:which is a native of northwest China. 2447:Ecology, Environment and Conservation 2342:encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 960:Many succulent xerophytes employ the 677:Some plants can store water in their 523:Forming water vapour-rich environment 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1646: 1059:plant or more commonly known as the 866: 438:looks superficially very similar to 2176: 1337:Dormancy and reduced photosynthesis 580:Many xerophytic species have thick 24: 2553: 2283:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb03466.x 2064:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1970.tb02438.x 2036: 2008: 1122: 940:are generally small and non-woody. 875:. Violaxanthin and zeaxanthin are 795: 721:) on their surfaces, which reduce 705:Production of protective molecules 344:, bush has a strong resistance to 25: 2680: 2617: 2560:A. Fahn; David F. Cutler (1995). 1823: 1762:Biological Trace Element Research 2600:Plant Physiology and Development 2526:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.03.005 2478:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00692.x 2398:Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 1877:plantsinaction.science.uq.edu.au 1730:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01838.x 1681:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.03.005 1529: 1512: 918: 904: 895: 764:of protectant molecules such as 672: 458:. For example, some species of 417: 403: 352:Importance of water conservation 118: 102: 2500: 2457: 2434: 2381: 2348: 2330: 2289: 2261: 2202: 2127: 2070: 1988:South African Journal of Botany 1975: 1589:Arizona Cactus Botanical Garden 93: 1924: 1889: 1865: 1859:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.09.013 1804: 1753: 1704: 1655: 1583:Arid Forest Research Institute 1004:Delayed germination and growth 13: 1: 2001:10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30829-2 1717:Plant, Cell & Environment 1639: 1013:Resurrection plants and seeds 130:a.k.a. Serbian phoenix flower 2654:Deserts and xeric shrublands 2581:Biological Science 1 & 2 2419:10.1080/00380768.2012.763183 2365:10.1007/978-94-007-6652-5_13 1898:Journal of Arid Environments 1839:Journal of Arid Environments 962:Crassulacean acid metabolism 7: 2083:The Journal of Cell Biology 1571: 1105:Modification of environment 1077:Leaf wilting and abscission 575: 10: 2685: 938:CAM photosynthetic pathway 772:Heat shock proteins (HSPs) 727:volatile organic compounds 640:Physiological adaptations 234:pH and ionic composition. 2161:10.1007/s40333-014-0028-2 1774:10.1007/s12011-010-8662-9 1335: 1226:Sunken stomata and hairs 1200: 1163: 1140: 930:a.k.a. Haworth's pinwheel 482:Reduction of surface area 395:Morphological adaptations 46:'plant') is a species of 2031:LS1-OB.34 - Plant stress 1624:Raunkiær plant life-form 1056:Anastatica hierochuntica 853:plasma membrane of cells 564:, which has the highest 544:The succulent leaves of 318:Artemisia sphaerocephala 244: 2644:Drought-tolerant plants 1543:reactive oxygen species 1501:Sansevieria trifasciata 1408: 1319:Sansevieria trifasciata 1206:Surface area reduction 847:Phospholipid saturation 739:, or the chalky wax of 488:surface to volume ratio 382:permanent wilting point 223:Zygophyllum xanthoxylum 190:Plants that live under 2664:Drought-tolerant trees 2513:Biotechnology Advances 1918:10.1006/jare.1995.0142 1668:Biotechnology Advances 1423: 1146:Extensive root system 1049: 1035: 792: 669: 605:Hermannia disermifolia 551: 259: 185:Mediterranean climates 183:plants are adapted to 2271:Physiologia Plantarum 1461:Haloxylon ammodendron 1416: 1400:Geoffroea decorticans 1370:Craterostigma pumilum 1279:Brachychiton discolor 1234:Nassauvia falklandica 1066:Craterostigma pumilum 1045:Geoffroea decorticans 1041: 1027: 936:Plants utilising the 879:molecules within the 790: 758:photosystem II (PSII) 662: 543: 294:, some inconspicuous 276:Haloxylon ammodendron 252: 82:, during which their 2624:Drought Smart Plants 2140:Journal of Arid Land 2029:Turnbull, C. (2017) 1560:Haberlea rhodopensis 1431:loss of biodiversity 1358:Haberlea rhodopensis 1341:Resurrection plants 1259:Dudleya pulverulenta 1219:Eriogonum compositum 806:early warning system 742:Dudleya pulverulenta 665:Dudleya pulverulenta 456:convergent evolution 446:convergent evolution 376:, This is known as 337:Reaumuria soongorica 312:Caragana korshinskii 200:Haberlea rhodopensis 111:Haberlea rhodopensis 2410:2013SSPN...59..289K 2223:1989Plant.177..217S 2184:"Plant Adaptations" 2152:2014JArL....6..762A 2095:10.1083/jcb.137.1.1 1945:1979Oecol..38..349M 1910:1997JArEn..35..225I 1851:2010JArEn..74..508Z 1578:Index: Desert flora 1566:primary metabolites 779:Evaporative cooling 709:Plants may secrete 536:Reflective features 324:Hedysarum scoparium 230:to maintain normal 196:resurrection plants 2231:10.1007/bf00392810 2190:on January 4, 2015 1953:10.1007/BF00345193 1424: 1391:Coastal sage scrub 1293:CAM photosynthesis 1266:Nocturnal stomata 1244:Waxy leaf surface 1050: 1036: 793: 670: 599:Antizoma miersiana 552: 260: 89: 84:metabolic activity 2609:978-1-60535-255-8 2590:978-0-521-56178-5 2571:978-3-443-14019-9 2315:10.1111/tpj.13227 2302:The Plant Journal 1594:Drought tolerance 1568:mentioned above. 1406: 1405: 1381:Californian poppy 1346:Ramonda nathaliae 1313:Aeonium haworthii 1202:Reduce water loss 1091:Drought deciduous 1025: 982:Aeonium haworthii 927:Aeonium haworthii 873:xanthophyll cycle 867:Xanthophyll cycle 566:ultraviolet light 561:Dudleya brittonii 547:Dudleya brittonii 476:natural selection 435:Cereus peruvianus 411:Cereus peruvianus 192:arctic conditions 87: 64:gymnosperm plants 16:(Redirected from 2676: 2649:Plant morphology 2613: 2594: 2575: 2547: 2546: 2528: 2519:(6): 1091–1101. 2504: 2498: 2497: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2421: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2317: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2163: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2114: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2047: 2034: 2027: 2006: 2005: 2003: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1883: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1834: 1821: 1820: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1732: 1723:(9): 1325–1334. 1708: 1702: 1701: 1683: 1674:(6): 1091–1101. 1659: 1653: 1650: 1533: 1532: 1516: 1515: 1427:Land degradation 1387:Leaf abscission 1127: 1071:California poppy 1026: 922: 921: 908: 907: 733:plants, such as 719:epicuticular wax 646:protein molecule 611:Galenia africana 556:epicuticular wax 441:Euphorbia virosa 425:Euphorbia virosa 421: 407: 263:Succulent plants 154:and even death. 122: 106: 21: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2634: 2633: 2620: 2610: 2591: 2572: 2556: 2554:Further reading 2551: 2550: 2505: 2501: 2462: 2458: 2439: 2435: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2353: 2349: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2294: 2290: 2266: 2262: 2207: 2203: 2193: 2191: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2132: 2128: 2075: 2071: 2052:New Phytologist 2048: 2037: 2028: 2009: 1980: 1976: 1929: 1925: 1894: 1890: 1881: 1879: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1835: 1824: 1809: 1805: 1758: 1754: 1709: 1705: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1574: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1521:Nerium oleander 1517: 1513: 1477:Agave americana 1439:desertification 1433:due to reduced 1419:Agave americana 1411: 1307:Agave Americana 1302:Pineapple plant 1285:Quercus trojana 1253:Malosma laurina 1125: 1123:Mechanism table 1116:Pluchea sericea 1107: 1079: 1061:Rose of Jericho 1031:Rose of Jericho 1017: 1015: 1006: 999: 995: 991: 976:Agave Americana 947:Stomata closure 944: 943: 942: 941: 933: 932: 931: 923: 919: 915: 914: 912:Pineapple plant 909: 905: 898: 869: 849: 798: 796:Stomata closure 781: 736:Malosma laurina 707: 675: 642: 626:H. disermifolia 578: 538: 525: 484: 452: 451: 450: 449: 429: 428: 427: 422: 414: 413: 408: 397: 358:water potential 354: 247: 214:mangrove swamps 206:Ramonda serbica 140: 139: 138: 137: 133: 132: 131: 127:Ramonda serbica 123: 115: 114: 107: 96: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2682: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2619: 2618:External links 2616: 2615: 2614: 2608: 2595: 2589: 2576: 2570: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2499: 2472:(2): 132–139. 2456: 2433: 2404:(2): 289–299. 2380: 2373: 2347: 2329: 2308:(6): 664–680. 2288: 2260: 2217:(2): 217–227. 2201: 2175: 2146:(6): 762–770. 2126: 2069: 2058:(2): 399–404. 2035: 2007: 1974: 1939:(3): 349–357. 1923: 1904:(2): 225–231. 1888: 1864: 1845:(4): 508–511. 1822: 1803: 1768:(3): 356–367. 1752: 1703: 1654: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1619:Kinetic Theory 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1580: 1573: 1570: 1553:properties. A 1551:anti-bacterial 1528: 1527: 1518: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1377:Dormant seeds 1374: 1373: 1352:Ramonda myconi 1342: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1326:Curled leaves 1323: 1322: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1172: 1167: 1161: 1160: 1147: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1124: 1121: 1106: 1103: 1078: 1075: 1014: 1011: 1005: 1002: 1000:-CAM pathway. 997: 993: 989: 955:photosynthesis 951:carbon dioxide 935: 934: 924: 917: 916: 910: 903: 902: 901: 900: 899: 897: 894: 868: 865: 848: 845: 797: 794: 780: 777: 706: 703: 674: 671: 641: 638: 594:ultrastructure 577: 574: 537: 534: 524: 521: 483: 480: 431: 430: 423: 416: 415: 409: 402: 401: 400: 399: 398: 396: 393: 353: 350: 346:water scarcity 300:Zygophyllaceae 255:Cistus albidus 246: 243: 163:photosynthesis 135: 134: 124: 117: 116: 108: 101: 100: 99: 98: 97: 95: 92: 42:'dry' + φυτόν 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2681: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2611: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2557: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2393: 2384: 2376: 2374:9789400766518 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2205: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2032: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1878: 1874: 1868: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1756: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1658: 1649: 1645: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1567: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1523: 1522: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1496:CAM mechanism 1492: 1490: 1488: 1481: 1479: 1478: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1330:Esparto grass 1328: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1214:Basal rosette 1211: 1210:Barrel cactus 1208: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1189:Fleshy tuber 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1165:Water storage 1162: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1120: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1102: 1100: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1047: 1046: 1040: 1033: 1032: 1010: 1001: 986: 984: 983: 978: 977: 972: 968: 963: 958: 956: 952: 948: 939: 929: 928: 913: 896:CAM mechanism 893: 891: 885: 882: 878: 874: 864: 860: 858: 857:phospholipids 854: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 825: 823: 819: 815: 809: 807: 803: 789: 785: 776: 773: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 754:DNA mutations 751: 746: 744: 743: 738: 737: 732: 728: 724: 723:transpiration 720: 716: 712: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 673:Water storage 667: 666: 661: 657: 656:specialties. 655: 651: 647: 637: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 617: 613: 612: 607: 606: 601: 600: 595: 592:factors. The 591: 587: 583: 573: 571: 567: 563: 562: 557: 549: 548: 542: 533: 529: 520: 518: 514: 513: 508: 507: 502: 501:basal rosette 498: 494: 489: 479: 477: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 447: 443: 442: 437: 436: 426: 420: 412: 406: 392: 390: 385: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 366:transpiration 363: 359: 349: 347: 343: 342:R. soongorica 339: 338: 332: 330: 326: 325: 320: 319: 314: 313: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 292:Papilionaceae 288: 284: 280: 278: 277: 272: 268: 264: 257: 256: 251: 242: 240: 235: 233: 229: 225: 224: 219: 215: 210: 208: 207: 202: 201: 197: 193: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 164: 160: 155: 153: 149: 145: 144:transpiration 129: 128: 121: 113: 112: 105: 91: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 2659:Desert flora 2599: 2580: 2561: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2450: 2446: 2436: 2401: 2397: 2394:ammodendron" 2391: 2383: 2356: 2350: 2341: 2332: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2192:. Retrieved 2188:the original 2178: 2143: 2139: 2129: 2086: 2082: 2072: 2055: 2051: 2030: 1994:(1): 82–85. 1991: 1987: 1977: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1880:. Retrieved 1876: 1867: 1842: 1838: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1671: 1667: 1657: 1648: 1558: 1539: 1519: 1499: 1493: 1485: 1482: 1475: 1473: 1465: 1459: 1456:H. scoparium 1455: 1448: 1442: 1425: 1417: 1398: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1336: 1317: 1311: 1305: 1283: 1277: 1257: 1251: 1248:Prickly pear 1233: 1217: 1201: 1192: 1180: 1174: 1164: 1155: 1149: 1142:Water uptake 1141: 1114: 1108: 1095: 1080: 1064: 1060: 1054: 1051: 1043: 1029: 1007: 987: 980: 974: 959: 945: 925: 886: 881:chloroplasts 870: 861: 850: 837:A. Americana 836: 826: 818:Crassulaceae 810: 799: 782: 770: 747: 740: 734: 708: 699:caudiciforms 685:structures, 681:structures, 676: 663: 643: 634: 629: 625: 622:A. miersiana 621: 620: 609: 603: 597: 579: 570:reflectivity 559: 553: 545: 530: 526: 517:Death Valley 510: 504: 497:barrel cacti 485: 472: 468:caudiciforms 453: 439: 433: 424: 410: 386: 355: 341: 335: 333: 322: 316: 310: 308: 285: 281: 274: 261: 253: 236: 221: 211: 204: 198: 189: 167: 156: 141: 125: 109: 94:Introduction 43: 39: 31: 29: 2277:: 153–158. 2194:December 2, 1629:Xeriscaping 1547:anti-fungal 1469:xanthoxylum 1467:Zygophyllum 1194:Raphionacme 1133:Adaptation 1111:leaf litter 1083:evaporation 654:biochemical 630:G. africana 616:Namaqualand 558:coating of 432:The cactus 384:, and die. 378:plasmolysis 329:psammophile 239:germination 88:xeromorphic 76:desiccation 52:adaptations 2669:Xerophiles 2638:Categories 2562:Xerophytes 2089:(1): 1–4. 1882:2018-03-21 1640:References 1604:Hydrophyte 1435:vegetation 1364:Anastatica 1238:Bromeliads 1170:Succulence 1130:Mechanism 1087:abscission 877:carotenoid 766:flavonoids 729:) of some 464:euphorbias 296:Compositae 287:Ephemerals 218:Halophytes 177:bromeliads 173:succulents 171:and other 148:mesophytic 72:physiology 68:morphology 18:Xerophytic 2535:0734-9750 2392:Haloxylon 2239:0032-0935 2170:1674-6767 2103:0021-9525 1933:Oecologia 1782:0163-4984 1739:1365-3040 1690:0734-9750 1599:Halophyte 1557:found in 1555:glycoside 1452:scoparium 1450:Hedysarum 1270:Tea plant 1182:Euphorbia 1176:Kalanchoe 1136:Examples 971:pineapple 841:pineapple 829:epidermis 822:Liliaceae 814:Cactaceae 762:synthesis 731:chaparral 512:Eriogonum 271:vestigial 267:Cactaceae 232:cytosolic 181:chaparral 78:of their 62:and some 60:pineapple 50:that has 32:xerophyte 2543:24681091 2486:22023081 2428:93593296 2324:27258321 2255:23789946 2247:24212344 1969:23753011 1961:28309493 1790:20352373 1747:18518917 1698:24681091 1634:Xerocole 1572:See also 1489:sibirica 1444:Caragana 1395:Wiliwili 1157:Prosopis 1099:ocotillo 802:hormones 650:plastids 582:cuticles 576:Cuticles 298:, a few 228:vacuoles 2494:9546089 2406:Bibcode 2219:Bibcode 2148:Bibcode 2121:9105031 2112:2139853 1941:Bibcode 1906:Bibcode 1847:Bibcode 1819:: 1–17. 1813:Lloydia 1798:7477284 1274:Alfalfa 890:photons 827:As the 750:UV rays 691:leaves. 590:abiotic 444:due to 389:stomata 370:stomata 362:diffuse 356:If the 152:wilting 80:tissues 2606: 2587: 2568: 2541: 2533: 2492: 2484: 2426: 2371: 2322: 2253: 2245: 2237: 2211:Planta 2168: 2119: 2109: 2101: 1967: 1959: 1796: 1788: 1780: 1745: 1737: 1696: 1688: 1585:(AFRI) 1298:Cactus 1151:Acacia 979:, and 967:carbon 833:lignin 820:, and 711:resins 695:caudex 689:, and 586:biotic 493:spines 374:turgor 321:, and 159:tissue 66:. The 44:phuton 38:ξηρός 34:(from 2490:S2CID 2424:S2CID 2251:S2CID 1965:S2CID 1794:S2CID 1505:high. 1487:Phlox 992:and C 715:waxes 687:stems 683:trunk 568:(UV) 506:Agave 460:cacti 304:bulbs 245:Types 169:Cacti 56:cacti 48:plant 40:xeros 36:Greek 2604:ISBN 2585:ISBN 2566:ISBN 2539:PMID 2531:ISSN 2482:PMID 2369:ISBN 2320:PMID 2243:PMID 2235:ISSN 2196:2014 2166:ISSN 2117:PMID 2099:ISSN 1957:PMID 1786:PMID 1778:ISSN 1743:PMID 1735:ISSN 1694:PMID 1686:ISSN 1549:and 1464:and 1409:Uses 1230:Pine 1109:The 851:The 839:and 713:and 679:root 628:and 608:and 588:and 509:and 203:and 70:and 2521:doi 2474:doi 2414:doi 2361:doi 2310:doi 2279:doi 2275:100 2227:doi 2215:177 2156:doi 2107:PMC 2091:doi 2087:137 2060:doi 1996:doi 1949:doi 1914:doi 1855:doi 1770:doi 1766:139 1725:doi 1676:doi 1119:). 2640:: 2537:. 2529:. 2517:32 2515:. 2511:. 2488:. 2480:. 2470:34 2468:. 2451:22 2449:. 2445:. 2422:. 2412:. 2402:59 2400:. 2396:. 2367:. 2340:. 2318:. 2306:87 2304:. 2300:. 2273:. 2249:. 2241:. 2233:. 2225:. 2213:. 2164:. 2154:. 2142:. 2138:. 2115:. 2105:. 2097:. 2085:. 2081:. 2056:69 2054:. 2038:^ 2010:^ 1992:64 1990:. 1986:. 1963:. 1955:. 1947:. 1937:38 1935:. 1912:. 1902:35 1900:. 1875:. 1853:. 1843:74 1841:. 1825:^ 1815:. 1792:. 1784:. 1776:. 1764:. 1741:. 1733:. 1721:31 1719:. 1715:. 1692:. 1684:. 1672:32 1670:. 1666:. 1397:, 1393:, 1367:, 1361:, 1355:, 1349:, 1316:, 1310:, 1304:, 1300:, 1282:, 1276:, 1272:, 1256:, 1250:, 1236:, 1232:, 1216:, 1212:, 1179:, 1154:, 1042:A 1028:A 985:. 973:, 824:. 816:, 745:. 701:. 602:, 519:. 315:, 209:. 58:, 30:A 2612:. 2593:. 2574:. 2545:. 2523:: 2496:. 2476:: 2453:. 2430:. 2416:: 2408:: 2377:. 2363:: 2344:. 2326:. 2312:: 2285:. 2281:: 2257:. 2229:: 2221:: 2198:. 2172:. 2158:: 2150:: 2144:6 2123:. 2093:: 2066:. 2062:: 2033:. 2004:. 1998:: 1971:. 1951:: 1943:: 1920:. 1916:: 1908:: 1885:. 1861:. 1857:: 1849:: 1817:6 1800:. 1772:: 1749:. 1727:: 1700:. 1678:: 998:3 994:4 990:3 717:( 448:. 20:)

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