591:
642:(meaning "Prince Pye"), in May 1661. Pye broke the siege and demanded that all the Chinese, with the exception of Youlang himself, swear allegiance to the king of Ava, after which they would be dispersed through the kingdom. The ceremony at which this was to be carried out turned into a disaster, with the Chinese, fearing that the plan was to murder them all, turning on the Burmese. Pye now ordered all the Chinese, again with the exception of Youlang, to be put to death.
671:, the capital of Yunnan, where in June he was personally strangled by Wu Sangui. Wu had played a major role in the overthrow of the dynasty, having opened the gates in the Great Wall to the Qing and later leading the Qing campaign against the Southern Ming. It is said that Youlang scorned Wu in his last moments, saying that he betrayed his people and country, and urged Wu to kill him faster because he was disgusted to see "a traitor's face."
1508:
546:, who was his own adoptive mother, and during his first five years of reign, she acted as his adviser, and it was said that she was "...versed in letters, aware of current events, analytical about tasks and clear in her reasoning. After the Emperor assumed the throne there was nothing in which he did not follow her wishes."
649:
entered Burma and demanded the surrender of
Youlang. Pye summoned his advisors, who pointed out that both the Burmese and the Chinese had previously delivered up persons to each other. In addition, Wu Sangui's army was large, and the Burmese had already suffered enough from the presence of their
538:
Zhu
Youlang became "Caretaker of the State" on 20 November 1646, following the death of the Longwu emperor. When Longwu's brother then declared himself emperor with the reign-title Shaowu, Youlang himself ascended the throne (24 December 1646) as Yongli emperor. A brief civil war between the two
637:
It soon became apparent to the
Burmese that Zhu Youlang intended to carve himself a kingdom in Burma, and war broke out between the exiled prince and his hosts. The Chinese devastated the land around Ava but failed to capture it, thanks to the defence offered by Pindale's mercenary Portuguese
466:. The Ming loyalists continued to resist in southern China, with several former Ming royal members regrouping in the south in attempt to re-establish the Ming governance, but all failed before the rapid Manchu military advance. Youlang ascended the throne in
650:
guest. Accordingly, on 22 January 1662, the last monarch of the
Southern Ming, together with his sons and grandsons, were put on boats and forwarded to Wu Sangui's camp near Ava. Thinking that he was being taken to his longtime military protector
638:
artillery (led by a mysterious Mi-thari Kattan, which might be a
Burmese attempt at an otherwise unknown "Mister Cotton"). Pindale's attempt to profiteer from the resulting famine led to his overthrow by his brother and chief general,
574:, who for five years was highly successful in enlarging Southern Ming territories in the southwest. This success, however, caused the Qing to place the entire region in the hands of the extremely capable former Ming official
662:
Zhu
Youlang, Prince of Gui and last serious claimant to the Ming throne, was delivered into the custody of Wu Sangui, a Chinese general who had once served the Ming, and Manchu prince, general, and high minister of state,
569:
in
Guangxi. He had a number of experienced and devoted followers, but became increasingly reliant on the military support of local warlords and bandit chieftains. The best and most effective of these was
518:. In the following two years, as the Qing extended their control over northern China, the remaining Ming loyalists attempted to regroup in the south, but in rapid succession the
1936:
395:. He led the remnants of the Ming loyalists with the assistance of peasant armies to resist the Qing forces in southwestern China, but he was then forced to exile to
594:
The flight of Prince Gui, the last ruling descendant of the Ming dynasty, who reigned as the Yongli
Emperor. The borders shown here are those of provinces in the
1160:
On 1 June 1662 (Yongli 16, 15th day of 4th month; 永曆十六年四月十五日), the Yongli
Emperor and his son was strangled with bowstrings in Kunming. After his death, the
1900:
418:. He inherited the title Prince of Gui (桂王) from his brother and lived an obscure life as a minor member of the Ming imperial family until the
1985:
1975:
1932:
1381:
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1970:
1268:
1307:
1671:
1376:
1965:
1980:
1916:
1888:
1884:
1680:
1625:
543:
59:
1876:
1337:
Shore, David
Harrison (1976), "Last Court of the Ming China: The Reign of the Yung-li Emperor in the South (1647–1662)",
1404:, vol. III, "A Century of Advance", Book One, "Trade, Missions, Literature", Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1086:
415:
326:
1492:
1472:
1454:
1409:
1278:
1248:
514:, a people from beyond the Great Wall, entered the city and proclaimed the end of the Ming and the beginning of the
1880:
1872:
549:
The continuing military pressure of the Qing forced Youlang to withdraw further into the south and west, first to
458:
against Li Zicheng. The Qing forces defeated the peasant armies and rapidly expanded to northern China, the Lower
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1512:
347:
1912:
595:
339:
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1573:
1530:
419:
388:
84:
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army led by Wu Sangui pursued and captured him from the king of Burma, and he was executed in June 1662.
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1864:
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1721:
1560:
844:
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527:
1370:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1908:
1904:
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1860:
1657:
1484:
The great enterprise: the Manchu reconstruction of imperial order in seventeenth-century China
1444:
1324:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China
1238:
578:, who was named governor-general of five provinces. By 1658 Youlang had been forced back into
1892:
1868:
1852:
700:
180:
1960:
1955:
1449:, Volume 7 of The Cambridge History of China, Cambridge University Press, pp. 641 sq,
1365:
1223:
542:
Zhu Youlang succeeded to the throne with approval by his fathers widow and principal wife
8:
1443:
Struve, Lynn A. (1988), "Southern Ming", in Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis (eds.),
1161:
683:
1148:
654:, the forlorn emperor only realized his real destination when he arrived at Wu's camp.
438:
captured Beijing in 1644. The true beneficiaries of the collapse of the Ming were the
1777:
1488:
1468:
1450:
1432:
1419:
Struve, Lynn A. (1986), "The bitter end: Notes on the demise of the Yongli Emperor",
1405:
1274:
1244:
499:
431:
187:
1767:
1757:
1737:
1424:
1172:
era name until 1683 (Yongli 37; 永曆三十七年), when the Qing dynasty occupied Taiwan and
786:
674:
The last Ming dynasty princes who held out against the Qing after Zhu Youlang were
423:
404:
369:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1726:
1701:
1482:
1390:
1216:
748:
First-Class Female Attendant, of the Guo clan (常在 郭氏), personal name Liangpu (良璞)
706:
Zhu Cixuan, Crown Prince Aimin (哀愍太子 朱慈煊; 23 April 1648 – 1 June 1662), third son
615:
478:
455:
396:
245:
28:
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1716:
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1428:
1173:
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17:
1369:
1949:
1834:
1807:
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1638:
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1436:
870:
812:
503:
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463:
411:
381:
373:
315:
305:
33:
450:. After mass defection from Ming remnants, including a former Ming general,
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1526:
590:
439:
392:
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377:
293:
24:
1296:
Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644–1911
1802:
611:
539:
emperors ended a month later when the Qing captured and executed Shaowu.
272:
1813:
675:
651:
571:
435:
410:
Zhu Youlang was the son of Zhu Changying (朱常瀛), the seventh son of the
264:
1326:. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 1035.
1840:
1824:
1818:
1618:
646:
519:
451:
447:
400:
77:
678:, Prince of Ningjing and Zhu Hónghuán, Prince of Lu who accompanied
630:), provided his men surrendered their weapons. He finally fled into
364:; 1623–1662; reigned 24 December 1646 – 1 June 1662), personal name
1446:
The Cambridge history of China: The Ming dynasty, 1368-1644, Part 1
1240:
The Cambridge history of China: The Ming dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1
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619:
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Zhu Cizhuo, Prince Chong of Li (澧沖王 朱慈焯; 1654–1656), seventh son
1507:
1165:
607:
579:
550:
523:
511:
355:
754:
Zhu Cijue, Crown Prince Huaimin (懷愍太子 朱慈爝; b. 1645), first son
712:
Zhu Ciyi, Prince Shang of Mian (沔殤王 朱慈熠; 1654–1655), sixth son
757:
Zhu Ci?, Crown Prince Daomin (悼愍太子 朱慈𤇅; b. 1646), second son
645:
At this point, in December 1661, a Qing army of 20,000 under
631:
562:
623:
515:
1465:
Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers' Jaws
726:
Zhu Ciwei, Prince Dao of Fu (涪悼王 朱慈煒; 1654–1655, fifth son
709:
Zhu Ci?, Prince Ai of Yuan (沅哀王 朱慈𤇥; b. 1650), fourth son
255:
Yingtian Tuidao Minyi Gongjian Jingwen Weiwu Liren Kexiao
1204:《南明史》本紀第四：永曆十七年癸卯，春正月庚午朔，正朔在東都。上凶聞至，延平王鄭經為發喪，上諡曰匡皇帝，廟號昭宗。
682:
to Taiwan. Zhu Shugui acted as his representative in the
1243:. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. p. 676.
610:, from where he sought refuge under the protection of
582:, on the very edge of China's southwestern frontier.
1215:
618:of Burma. Pindale gave him permission to live at
1947:
1679:
1487:, vol. 1, University of California Press,
240:Yongli (永曆): 5 February 1647 – 1 June 1662
734:Noble Lady, of the Yang clan (貴人 楊氏; d. 1661)
533:
510:. Six weeks later, on 5 June, the army of the
502:, the last Ming emperor, committed suicide at
376:, reigning in turbulent times when the former
1665:
49:
1400:Lach, Donald F.; Van Kley, Edwin J. (1993),
1392:China monumentis: qua sacris quà profanis, …
686:and performed rites in his name until 1683.
585:
430:, and the suicide of the last Ming emperor,
1582:Succeeded by the peerage of Prince of Gui.
1672:
1658:
454:, who allowed the Qing forces to pass the
1273:. Harvard University Press. p. 837.
1382:United States Government Printing Office
1309:The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register
1236:
1200:
1198:
589:
493:
399:and eventually captured and executed by
1345:
1321:
279:Zhaozong (昭宗) (conferred by Zheng Jing)
1948:
1364:
1262:
1260:
995:
991:
981:
887:
777:
773:
626:(both near the modern Burmese city of
1653:
1350:. Vol. 2. p. 1035, note 87.
1336:
1195:
1091:
1085:
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703:, of the Wang clan (孝刚匡皇后 王氏;d.1662)
530:emperors were captured and executed.
407:"Yongli" means "perpetual calendar".
1626:Emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty
1377:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
1266:
1213:
745:Noble Lady, of the Yang clan (貴人 楊氏)
723:Noble Lady, of the Dai clan (貴人 戴氏)
160:Yongli 16, 15th day of the 4th month
60:Emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty
40:Emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty
1986:People executed by the Qing dynasty
1976:People executed by the Ming dynasty
1341:, Princeton University, p. 208
1257:
742:Noble Lady, of the Liu clan (貴人 劉氏)
144:Tianqi 3, 9th day of the 10th month
13:
1237:Fairbank, John King (1988-02-26).
731:Concubine, of the Mou clan (宮嬪 某氏)
14:
2012:
1501:
602:In 1658 Zhu Youlang retreated to
434:, after the peasant rebel leader
1991:People executed by strangulation
1971:17th-century executions by China
1506:
1423:, vol. 21, pp. 62–76,
717:Consort, of the Dou clan (妃 竇氏)
1330:
1293:Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles:
720:Consort, of the Mou clan (妃 某氏)
614:(1608–1661), ninth king of the
442:, ruled by the emerging nation
195:Zhu Cijue, Crown Prince Huaimin
1322:Wakeman, Frederic Jr. (1985).
1315:
1301:
1287:
1230:
1207:
1154:
1141:
622:, near the Burmese capital of
360:
351:
343:
213:Zhu Cizhuo, Prince Chong of Li
210:Zhu Ciyi, Prince Shang of Mian
201:Zhu Cixuan, Crown Prince Aimin
69:24 December 1646 – 1 June 1662
1:
1966:17th-century Chinese monarchs
1901:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
1481:Wakeman, Frederic E. (1985),
1183:
1981:Executed people from Beijing
1681:Emperors of the Ming dynasty
1402:Asia in the Making of Europe
1389:Kircher, Athanasius (1667),
1188:
1147:Dates given here are in the
424:fall of the imperial capital
420:rebellions of peasant armies
198:Zhu Ci?, Crown Prince Daomin
7:
1267:Mote, Frederick W. (2003).
763:
534:Campaigns in southern China
481:, he fled to Burma. A Qing
477:By 1661, pressed back into
474:emperor in November 1646.
207:Zhu Ciwei, Prince Dao of Fu
10:
2017:
1429:10.1179/014703786788764176
1358:
1346:Wakeman, Frederic (1985).
993:
979:Yongli Emperor (1623–1662)
928:Empress Xiaojing (d. 1597)
881:
775:
596:People's Republic of China
488:
368:, was the fourth and last
204:Zhu Ci?, Prince Ai of Yuan
22:
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1467:, Yale University Press,
1087:Empress Dowager Zhaosheng
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1463:Struve, Lynn A. (1993),
1176:surrendered to the Qing.
1134:
845:Empress Dowager Xiaoding
667:. He was transported to
657:
506:as a rebel army entered
422:, which resulted to the
16:Not to be confused with
1590:Zhu You'ai, Prince Gong
1270:Imperial China 900-1800
389:progressively conquered
380:was overthrown and the
235:Era name and dates
102:Zhu You'ai, Prince Gong
1996:Southern Ming emperors
599:
565:, then south again to
1639:Southern Ming dynasty
1515:at Wikimedia Commons
1366:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
1168:continued to use the
701:Empress Xiaogangkuang
593:
494:Historical background
374:Southern Ming dynasty
181:Empress Xiaogangkuang
1535:(line of one of the
1531:Prince of Gui's line
1348:The Great Enterprise
544:Empress Dowager Wang
318:, Prince Duan of Gui
1371:"Chu Yu-lang"
1214:Keay, John (2008).
1162:Kingdom of Tungning
684:Kingdom of Tungning
498:In April 1644, the
348:traditional Chinese
1574:Prince of Yongming
1339:Ph.D. dissertation
1222:. Harper. p.
1149:Gregorian calendar
695:Consort and Issue:
600:
416:Empress Dowager Ma
340:simplified Chinese
115:Prince of Yongming
2001:Executed monarchs
1943:
1942:
1648:
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1603:Succeeded by
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332:
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259:(應天推道敏毅恭檢經文緯武禮仁克孝
230:Zhu Youlang (朱由榔)
2008:
1819:Prince of Lu (魯)
1808:Prince of Lu (潞)
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1218:China: A History
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1889:N. Dynasties
1885:S. Dynasties
1829:
1633:
1624:
1594:
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1568:New creation
1567:
1551:
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1527:House of Zhu
1525:
1522:Zhu Youlang
1505:
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1421:Ming Studies
1420:
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1391:
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1311:, pp.188–190
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462:valley, and
440:Qing dynasty
409:
393:China proper
386:Qing dynasty
378:Ming dynasty
365:
359:
335:
333:
260:
256:
252:
162:(永曆十六年四月十五日)
156:(1662-06-01)
32:
25:Chinese name
1961:1662 deaths
1956:1623 births
1881:16 Kingdoms
1089:(1578–1669)
873:(1597–1645)
847:(1545–1614)
815:(1563–1620)
789:(1537–1572)
612:Pindale Min
391:the entire
366:Zhu Youlang
273:Temple name
154:1 June 1662
146:(天啟三年十月初九日)
99:Predecessor
74:Predecessor
29:family name
1950:Categories
1873:3 Kingdoms
1843:(doubtful)
1630:1646–1662
1605:Zhu Ciying
1578:1636–1646
1184:References
676:Zhu Shugui
652:Li Dingguo
572:Li Dingguo
557:, then to
483:Han Banner
436:Li Zicheng
265:Zheng Jing
138:1623-11-01
110:Zhu Ciying
1803:Hongguang
1778:Chongzhen
1437:0147-037X
1344:Cited in
1189:Citations
647:Wu Sangui
634:in 1661.
520:Hongguang
504:Coal Hill
452:Wu Sangui
448:Manchuria
432:Chongzhen
405:era title
401:Wu Sangui
361:Yǒnglì Dì
123:1636–1646
107:Successor
1837:(regent)
1821:(regent)
1810:(regent)
1768:Taichang
1758:Longqing
1738:Chenghua
1732:Yingzong
1722:Yingzong
1395:, Vienna
764:Ancestry
751:Unknown
669:Yunnanfu
628:Mandalay
468:Zhaoqing
23:In this
1753:Jiajing
1748:Zhengde
1743:Hongzhi
1727:Jingtai
1702:Jianwen
1539:'s son)
1359:Sources
680:Koxinga
665:Aixinga
640:Pye Min
620:Sagaing
604:Kunming
567:Nanning
559:Jiangxi
555:Guangxi
512:Manchus
508:Beijing
489:History
460:Yangtze
444:Manchus
428:Beijing
372:of the
370:emperor
301:Dynasty
253:Emperor
177:Empress
1913:W. Xia
1841:Dingwu
1835:Dongwu
1830:Yongli
1825:Shaowu
1814:Longwu
1773:Tianqi
1717:Xuande
1712:Hongxi
1707:Yongle
1697:Hongwu
1550:
1491:
1471:
1453:
1435:
1408:
1277:
1247:
1170:Yongli
1166:Taiwan
690:Family
608:Yunnan
580:Yunnan
551:Guilin
528:Shaowu
526:, and
524:Longwu
414:, and
382:Manchu
358::
356:pinyin
350::
342::
323:Mother
312:Father
167:Burial
120:Tenure
91:Tenure
27:, the
1857:Shang
1763:Wanli
1600:1646
1552:Died:
1545:Born:
1135:Notes
658:Death
632:Burma
563:Hunan
446:from
384:-led
289:House
257:Kuang
225:Names
188:Issue
66:Reign
1929:Qing
1925:Ming
1921:Yuan
1909:Song
1905:Liao
1897:Tang
1861:Zhou
1689:Ming
1634:None
1554:1662
1547:1623
1489:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1451:ISBN
1433:ISSN
1406:ISBN
1275:ISBN
1245:ISBN
561:and
516:Qing
334:The
151:Died
132:Born
94:1646
1937:PRC
1933:ROC
1917:Jīn
1893:Sui
1877:Jìn
1869:Han
1865:Qin
1853:Xia
1425:doi
1224:410
1164:in
624:Ava
606:in
553:in
352:永曆帝
344:永历帝
294:Zhu
261:匡皇帝
51:永曆帝
34:Zhu
31:is
1952::
1935:/
1931:→
1927:→
1923:→
1919:→
1915:/
1911:/
1907:/
1903:→
1899:→
1895:→
1891:→
1887:/
1883:→
1879:/
1875:→
1871:→
1867:→
1863:→
1859:→
1855:→
1431:,
1380:.
1374:.
1259:^
1197:^
522:,
426:,
354:;
346:;
1787:明
1673:e
1666:t
1659:v
1427::
1415:.
1384:.
1283:.
1253:.
1226:.
1151:.
598:.
338:(
267:)
140:)
136:(
37:.
20:.
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