1007:
31:
75:
cartographic design. Related research linking phylogenetics and GIS has been conducted in areas of the southern
Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Pacific Oceans. Recent innovations in DNA bar-coding, for example, have allowed for explanations of phylogenetic relationships within two families of marine venomous fishes,
529:
Taylor, E. B., McPhail, J.D., 1998. Evolutionary history of an adaptive radiation species in pairs of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosterus): insights from mitochondrial DNA. Biological
Journal of the Linnean Society. 66: 271-291.Palumbi, S.R., 1996. What can molecular genetics contribute to marine
103:
Further development of research within zoogeography has expanded upon knowledge of the productivity of South
Atlantic ocean regions and distribution of organisms in analogous regions, providing both ecological and geographic data to supply a framework for the taxonomic relationships and evolutionary
115:
of animal species both on land and in the ocean. Through employment of GIS technology, linkages between abiotic factors of habitat such as topography, latitude, longitude, temperatures, and sea level can serve to explain the distribution of species populations through geologic time. Understanding
74:
Advancements in molecular biology and theory of evolution within zoological research has unraveled questions concerning speciation events and has expanded phylogenic relationships amongst taxa. Integration of phylogenetics with GIS provides a means for communicating evolutionary origins through
116:
correlations of habitat formation and the migration patterns of organisms at an ecological level allows for explanations of speciation events that may have arisen due to physical geographic isolation events or the incorporation of new refugia to survive unfavorable environmental conditions
71:, known as the father of zoogeography, phylogenetic affinities can be quantified among zoogeographic regions, further elucidating the phenomena surrounding geographic distributions of organisms and explaining evolutionary relationships of taxa.
491:
Taylor, E. B., McPhail, J.D., 1998. Evolutionary history of an adaptive radiation species in pairs of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosterus): insights from mitochondrial DNA. Biological
Journal of the Linnean Society. 66:
510:
Reichenbacher, B., Kowalke, T., 2009. Neogene and present-day zoogeography of killifishes (Aphanius and
Aphanolebias) in the Mediterranean and Paratethys areas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 281:
501:
Sachithanandam, V., Mohan, P.M., Muruganandam, N., 2015. DNA barcoding of marine venomous and poisonous fish of families
Scorpaenidae and Tetraodontidae from Andaman waters. Ecology and Conservation: 351-372.
131:
proposed 27 terrestrial and 18 marine, Murray (1866) proposed 4, Blyth (1871) proposed 7, Allen (1871) 8 regions, Heilprin (1871) proposed 6, Newton (1893) proposed 6, Gadow (1893) proposed 4.
187:
divisions, our planet is divided in zoogeographical (or faunal) regions (further divided as provinces, territories and districts), sometimes including the categories Empire and Domain.
1168:
83:, residing in the Andaman Sea. Continued efforts to understand species evolutionary divergence articulated in the geologic time scale based on fossil records for killifish (
933:
520:
Fiege, D., Ramey, P.A., Ebbe, B., 2010. Diversity and distributional patterns of
Polychaeta in the deep South Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research I.57:1329-1344.
710:
1158:
1163:
1130:
466:
146:
1184:
1153:
874:
940:
482:
Holt, B. G., et al. (2013). An update of
Wallace’s zoogeographic regions of the world. Science, vol. 339, no. 6115, pp. 74-78.
1120:
544:
1094:
823:
904:
1043:
1476:
1210:
59:
As a multifaceted field of study, zoogeography incorporates methods of molecular biology, genetics, morphology,
1523:
890:
884:
64:
17:
1189:
1052:
1430:
1115:
190:
The current trend is to classify the floristic kingdoms of botany or zoogeographic regions of zoology as
1435:
1125:
868:
456:
1533:
1445:
128:
107:
Modern-day zoogeography also places a reliance on GIS to integrate a more precise understanding and
1455:
787:
782:
Huxley, T.H. 1868. On the classification and distribution of the
Alectoromorphae and Heteromorpha.
678:
662:
755:
630:
576:
557:
Origins of biogeography. The role of biological classification in early plant and animal geography
67:
to delineate evolutionary events within defined regions of study around the globe. As proposed by
1440:
673:
Sclater, P.L. (1858). On the general geographical distribution of the members of the class Aves.
464:
903:
629:
Heilprin, A. 1887. The geographical and geological distribution of animals. New York: Appleton,
530:
biogeaography? An urchin’s tale. Journal of
Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 203: 75-92.
992:
910:
854:
1559:
1425:
1010:
982:
926:
177:
68:
35:
848:
820:
Animal life in Palestine. An introduction to the problems of animal ecology and zoogeography
1538:
1518:
1460:
1420:
1415:
1036:
108:
8:
1491:
1332:
1148:
977:
694:
646:
592:
191:
112:
1359:
1349:
899:
721:
Holt, B. G., et al. (2013). An update of Wallace’s zoogeographic regions of the world.
417:
162:
154:
342:
1. Ethiopian Region: Africa (except the northern corner), with part of southern Arabia
1528:
1450:
1379:
1369:
1292:
92:
883:
1389:
863:
843:
348:
3. Palearctic Region: Eurasia above the tropics, with the northern corner of Africa
803:
1364:
1354:
1257:
1029:
1021:
987:
771:
739:
603:
Blith, E. (1871): A suggested new division of the earth into zoological regions.
560:
470:
359:
5. Neotropical Region: South and Central America with the tropical part of Mexico
437:
1405:
1384:
1374:
972:
962:
573:
A Manual of the Mollusca; or a Rudimentary Treatise of Recent and Fossil Shells
138:
134:
80:
867:
1553:
1302:
1252:
1215:
1099:
60:
1410:
1287:
1282:
1277:
949:
76:
46:
141:(1876) identified the main zoogeographic regions of the world used today:
1267:
170:
142:
847:
351:
4. Nearctic Region: North America, excepting the tropical part of Mexico
1496:
1272:
657:
Gadow, H. 1893. Vögel. II. Systematischer Theil. In H. G. Bronn (ed.),
184:
158:
150:
96:
345:
2. Oriental Region: tropical Asia, with associated continental islands
1486:
1481:
1297:
49:
that is concerned with geographic distribution (present and past) of
768:
Evolutionary biogeography, an integrative approach with case studies
616:
Allen, J. A. 1871. On the mammals and winter birds of East Florida.
1318:
1262:
1225:
166:
124:
1220:
432:
427:
100:
53:
1194:
1084:
918:
641:
Newton, A. (1893). Article on Geographical Distribution in the
50:
1089:
1060:
422:
30:
1247:
705:
Cox, C. B. (2001). The biogeographic regions reconsidered.
265:
Australasia province (= Australian; Eastern Palaeotropical)
27:
Science of the geographic distribution of animal species
461:
Zoogeography: The Geographical Distribution of Animals.
738:. 9th edition. John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, p. 12,
367:
6. Australian Region: Australia, with New Guinea, etc.
736:
Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach
339:
Realm Megagea (Arctogea): the main part of the world
99:
areas revealed climatological influences during the
1051:
734:Cox, C. B., Moore, P.D. & Ladle, R. J. 2016.
1551:
784:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
197:Following, some examples of regionalizations:
1037:
934:
618:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
905:"Fishes, Geographical Distribution of"
1185:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
1044:
1030:
941:
927:
842:
862:
691:The geographical distribution of animals
589:The Geographical Distribution of Mammals
262:Austro-Columbia province (= Neotropical)
119:
29:
770:. Columbia University Press, New York,
541:Die geographische Verbreitung der Tiere
14:
1552:
898:
832:. London, Sidgwick and Jackson. 417 p.
659:Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs
559:. Dordrecht: Springer, xiv + 173 pp.,
388:Main regions of the Old World tropics
1025:
922:
1169:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
1131:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
752:GrundzĂĽge der marinen Tiergeographie
330:
296:
65:Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
24:
176:Marine regionalization began with
127:(1853) proposed 21 regions, while
104:branching of benthic polychaetes.
25:
1571:
1095:Montane grasslands and shrublands
836:
661:, vol. 6. Leipzig: C. F. Winter,
271:
200:
111:of the past, current, and future
1006:
1005:
948:
852:. In Rines, George Edwin (ed.).
725:, vol. 339, no. 6115, pp. 74-78.
233:
45:is the branch of the science of
1211:Flooded grasslands and savannas
885:"Distribution of Animals"
869:"Zoological Distribution"
822:. L. Mayer: Jerusalem. 506 p.,
812:
792:
776:
760:
744:
728:
715:
699:
683:
667:
651:
635:
623:
610:
597:
581:
565:
1524:Ecological land classification
1053:Biogeographic regionalisations
891:New International Encyclopedia
549:
533:
523:
514:
504:
495:
485:
476:
450:
13:
1:
443:
301:Scheme by Trouessart (1890):
1190:Deserts and xeric shrublands
575:. 3 parts. London, 1851-56,
571:Woodward, Samuel Pickworth.
7:
1431:Temperate Northern Atlantic
1121:Broadleaf and mixed forests
675:J. Proc. Linnean Soc. Zool.
411:
10:
1576:
1534:Vegetation classifications
1436:Temperate Northern Pacific
818:Bodenheimer, F.S. (1935).
798:Trouessart, E. L. (1890).
1511:
1469:
1446:Temperate Southern Africa
1398:
1342:
1331:
1311:
1238:
1203:
1177:
1139:
1108:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1001:
958:
543:. Wien, Gerold und Sohn,
34:Zoogeographic regions of
1456:Tropical Eastern Pacific
1406:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
800:La géographie zoologique
754:. Jena: Gustav Fischer,
399:Barrier-limited regions
377:Climate-limited regions
1477:Biogeographic provinces
1441:Temperate South America
1159:Moist broadleaf forests
875:Encyclopædia Britannica
830:Zoogeography of the sea
766:Morrone, J. J. (2009).
707:Journal of Biogeography
591:. London: Day and Son,
993:Microbial biogeography
911:Encyclopedia Americana
855:Encyclopedia Americana
750:Ortmann, A.E. (1896).
238:Huxley (1868) scheme:
39:
1539:Zoogeographic regions
1497:Global 200 ecoregions
1426:Temperate Australasia
1164:Dry broadleaf forests
693:. Macmillan, London,
539:Schmarda L. K. 1853.
457:Darlington, P.J., Jr.
402:5. Neotropical Region
218:IV. Regio Australiana
209:I. Regio Palaearctica
120:Zoogeographic regions
69:Alfred Russel Wallace
33:
1519:Altitudinal zonation
1461:Western Indo-Pacific
1421:Eastern Indo-Pacific
1416:Central Indo-Pacific
849:"Zoogeography"
828:Ekman, Sven (1953).
802:. Bailliere, Paris,
555:Ebach, M.C. (2015).
405:6. Australian Region
380:1. Palearctic Region
248:Palaearctic province
229:VI. Regio Neotropica
212:II. Regio Aethiopica
205:Creatio Palaeogeana
192:biogeographic realms
183:In a similar way to
91:) in locales of the
1492:Lists of ecoregions
1149:Tropical rainforest
978:Island biogeography
900:Jordan, David Starr
689:Wallace A.R. 1876.
643:Dictionary of Birds
394:4. Ethiopian Region
113:population dynamics
1529:Floristic kingdoms
1293:Hydrothermal vents
1154:Coniferous forests
1116:Coniferous forests
983:Palaeobiogeography
645:, p. 311. London,
469:2018-08-13 at the
418:Animal geographies
391:3. Oriental Region
383:2. Nearctic Region
323:Neotropical region
289:Neotropical region
277:Palaearctic region
251:Ethiopian province
226:V. Regio Nearctica
40:
1547:
1546:
1507:
1506:
1451:Tropical Atlantic
1327:
1326:
1234:
1233:
1126:Deciduous forests
1019:
1018:
864:Lydekker, Richard
844:Ingersoll, Ernest
587:Murray, A. 1866.
331:Darlington (1957)
326:Australian region
311:Palearctic region
297:Trouessart (1890)
286:Australian region
245:Nearctic province
222:Creatio Neogeana
215:III. Regio Indica
16:(Redirected from
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1339:
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1074:
1066:
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1022:
1009:
1008:
952:
943:
936:
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920:
919:
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907:
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887:
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878:(11th ed.).
871:
859:
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796:
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774:
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726:
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317:Ethiopian region
308:Antarctic region
280:Ethiopian region
109:predictive model
21:
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1550:
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1503:
1465:
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1319:Endolithic zone
1307:
1240:
1230:
1199:
1173:
1141:
1135:
1104:
1070:
1055:
1050:
1020:
1015:
997:
988:Panbiogeography
954:
950:
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882:
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797:
793:
786:1868: 294-319,
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733:
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716:
709:, 28: 511-523,
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471:Wayback Machine
455:
451:
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373:Second scheme:
333:
320:Oriental region
314:Nearctic region
299:
292:Nearctic region
283:Oriental region
274:
254:Indian province
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203:
122:
28:
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22:
15:
12:
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5:
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1471:
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1408:
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1387:
1382:
1377:
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1362:
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1333:Biogeographic
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973:Phytogeography
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139:Alfred Wallace
135:Philip Sclater
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81:tetraodontidae
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356:Realm Neogea
355:
350:
347:
344:
341:
340:
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337:
336:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
305:Arctic region
304:
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291:
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279:
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275:
264:
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234:Huxley (1868)
228:
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93:Mediterranean
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62:
61:phylogenetics
57:
55:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
18:Zoogeographic
1560:Biogeography
1470:Subdivisions
1360:Australasian
1350:Afrotropical
1312:Other biomes
1288:Benthic zone
1283:Pelagic zone
1278:Neritic zone
1268:Kelp forests
1140:Tropical and
968:Zoogeography
967:
951:Biogeography
909:
889:
873:
853:
829:
819:
813:Bibliography
799:
794:
783:
778:
767:
762:
751:
746:
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722:
717:
706:
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690:
685:
677:2: 130–145,
674:
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583:
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438:LĂ©on Croizat
372:
334:
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221:
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196:
189:
182:
175:
163:Australasian
133:
123:
106:
89:Aphanolebias
88:
84:
77:scorpaenidae
73:
58:
47:biogeography
43:Zoogeography
42:
41:
1380:Neotropical
1370:Indomalayan
1343:Terrestrial
1273:Coral reefs
1142:subtropical
1069:Terrestrial
171:Neotropical
159:Indomalayan
143:Palaearctic
137:(1858) and
1487:Ecoregions
1482:Bioregions
1390:Palearctic
1298:Cold seeps
1258:Intertidal
620:2:161–450.
463:New York,
444:References
185:geobotanic
151:Afrotropic
147:Aethiopian
97:Paratethys
1365:Holarctic
1355:Antarctic
1263:Mangroves
1109:Temperate
242:Arctogea
1554:Category
1512:See also
1385:Oceanian
1375:Nearctic
1253:Littoral
1226:Mangrove
1216:Riparian
1011:Category
902:(1920).
866:(1911).
846:(1920).
492:271-291.
467:Archived
412:See also
259:Notogea
180:(1896).
167:Nearctic
129:Woodward
125:Schmarda
85:Aphanius
1239:Aquatic
1221:Wetland
894:. 1905.
723:Science
433:Zoology
428:Animals
178:Ortmann
157:(today
149:(today
101:Miocene
54:species
36:Wallace
1411:Arctic
1399:Marine
1335:realms
1241:biomes
1195:Steppe
1085:Tundra
1071:biomes
1061:Biomes
607:3: 427
605:Nature
511:43-56.
459:1957.
63:, and
51:animal
38:, 1876
1090:Taiga
423:Fauna
155:India
1248:Pond
169:and
95:and
87:and
79:and
1204:Wet
1178:Dry
161:),
153:),
1556::
908:.
888:.
872:.
194:.
173:.
165:,
145:,
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1045:e
1038:t
1031:v
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805:.
789:.
773:.
757:.
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680:.
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648:.
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473:.
20:)
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